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A08591 Sir Thomas Ouerbury his obseruations in his trauailes vpon the state of the Xvii. Prouinces as they stood anno Dom. 1609 The treatie of peace being then on foote. Overbury, Thomas, Sir, 1581-1613. 1626 (1626) STC 18903; ESTC S113538 13,386 32

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old And all those Commodities that those Northerne Countries abound with and these Southerne stand in need of they likewise conuey thither which was the auncient Trade of the Easterlings And this they doe hauing little to export of their owne by buying of their Neighbour-Countries the former and selling them againe what they bring backe at their owne prises and so consequently liue vpon the idlenesse of others And to this purpose their Scituation serues fitly for Riuers of the Rhene the Maze and Skeld end all in their Dominions and the Baltike Sea lies not farre from them All which affoord them whateuer the great Continent of Germany Russia and Poland yeelds then they againe lying betweene Germany and the Sea doe furnish it backe with all Commodities forraigne To remember some pieces of their Discipline as patternes of the rest The Watches at night are neuer all of one Nation so that they can hardly concurre to giue vp any one Towne The Commissaries are no where so strict vpon Musters and where he findes a Company thither hee reduceth them so that when an Armie marcheth the List and the Poll are neuer farre disagreeing Their Army is euer well Clothed well Armed and had neuer yet occasion to mutinie for Pay or Victualls The Souldiers commit no where fewer Insolencies vpon the Burgers fewer Robberies vpon the Countrie nor the Officers fewer deceipts vpon the Souldiers And lastly they prouide well that their Generall shall haue small meanes to inuade their liberties For first their Army is composed of many Nations which haue their seuerall Commanders and the Commands are disposed by the States themselues not by the Generall And secondly he hath neuer an implicit Commission left to discretion but by reason their Countrie hath no great bounds receiues daily Commands what to doe Their Territory containes sixe entire Prouinces Holland Zealand Virick Groninghen Oueriscell and Ariezland besides three parts of Gelderland and certaine Townes in Brabant and Flanders the ground of which is for the most part fruitfull the Townes no where so equally beautifull strong and rich which equality growes by reason that they appropriate some one Staple Commodity to euery Town of note only Amsterdam not only passeth them all but euen Siuill Lisbone or any other Mart Towne in Christendome and to it is appropriated the trade of the East Indies where they maintaine commonly forty Ships besides which there goe twice a yeare from it and the adioyning Townes a great Fleete to the Baltique Sea Vpon the fall of Antwerp that rose rather then Middleborough though it stand at the same Riuers mouth and is their second Mart towne to which is appropriated our English Cloth Concerning the people they are neither much deuout nor much wicked giuen all to drinke and eminently to no other vice hard in bargaining but Iust surly and respectlesse as in all Democracies thirstie industrious and cleanly dishartened vpon the least ill successe and insolent vpon good Inuentiue in Manufactures cunning in Traffique and generally for matter of Action that naturall slownesse of theirs sutes better by reason of the aduisednesse and perseuerance it brings with it then the rashnesse and changeablenesse of the French and Florentine wits and the equality of spirits which is among them and the Swissers renders them so fit for a Democracie which kinde of Gouernment Nations of more stable wittes being once come to a Consistent greatnesse haue seldome long endured Obseruations vpon the State of the Arch-Dukes Countrie 1609. By Sir THO. OVERBVRY AS soone as I entred into the Arch-Dukes Countrie which begins after Lillow presently I beheld workes of a Prouince and those of a Prouince distressed with Warre the people heartlesse and rather repining against their Gouernours then reuengefull against the Enemies the brauery of that Gentrie which was left and the Industry of the Merchant quite decayed the Husbandman labouring only to liue without desire to be rich to anothers vse the Townes whatsoeuer concerned not the strength of them ruinous And to conclude the people here growing poore with lesse taxes then they flourish with on the States side This Warre hath kept the King of Spaine busie euer since it began which some 38. yeares agoe and spending all the Money that the Indies and all the Men that Spaine and Italy could affoord hath withdrawne him from perseuering in any other Enterprise Neither could he giue ouer this without forgoing the meanes to vndertake any thing hereafter vpon France or England and consequently the hope of the Westerne Monarchy For without that handle the Mynes of Peru had done little hurt in these parts in comparison of what they haue The cause of the expensefulnes of it is the remotenesse of those Prouinces from Spaine by reason of which euery Souldier of Spain or Italy before he can arriue there costs the King an hundred Crownes and not aboue one of ten that arriues prooues good besides by reason of the distance a great part of the Money is drunke vp betwixt the Officers that conuey it and pay it The cause of the continuance of it is not only the strength of the Enemy but partly by reason that the Commanders themselues are content the War shall last so to maintaine and render themselues necessaries and partly because the people of those Countries are not so eager to haue the other reduced as willing to be in the like state themselues The vsuall Reuenew of those Prouinces which the Arch-Duke hath amounts to 1200000. Crownes a yeare besides which there come from Spaine euery Moneth to maintaine the War 150000. Crownes It was at the first 300000. Crownes a moneth but it fell by fifties to this at the time when the Treaty began Flanders payes more toward the warre then all the rest as Holland doth with the States There is no Spaniard of the Counsell of State nor Gouernour of any Prouince but of the Counsell of Warre which is only actiue There they only are and haue in their hands all the strong Townes Castles of those Prouinces of which the Gouernours haue but only the Title The Nations of which their Armie consists are chiefly Spaniards Italians emulous one of another there as on the other side the French and English and of the Country chiefly Burgundians and Wallons The Popes Letters and Spinola's inclination keepe the Italians there almost in equality of Command with the Spaniard himselfe The Gouernors for the King of Spaine there successiuely haue bin the D. of Alva Don Lewis de Requiesens Don Iohn d'Austria the Prince of Parma the Arch-Duke Ernestus the Cardinall Andrew of Austrich and the Cardinall Albert till he maried the Infanta Where the Dominion of the Ach-Duke and the States part there also changeth the nature of the Country that is about Antwerp For all below being flat and betwixt Medow and Marsh thence it begins to rise and become Champion and consequently the people are more quicke and spiritfull as the Brabanter Flemming and Wallon The
Sir THOMAS OVERBVRY HIS OBSERVATIONS IN HIS TRAVAILES VPON THE STATE OF THE XVII PROVINCES AS THEY STOOD ANNO DOM. 1609. The Treatie of Peace being then on foote Printed M.DC.XXVI SIR THOMAS OVERBVRY'S OBSERVATIONS IN HIS TRAVELS VPON THE STATE of the 17. Prouinces as they stood Anno Dom. 1609. the Treaty of Peace being then on foote And first of the PROVINCES Vnited ALL things Concurred for the rising and maintenance of this State the Disposition of the people beeing as mutenous so industrious and frugall the Nature of the Countrey euery where Fortifiable with water the Scituation of it hauing behinde them the Baltique Sea which yeelds them all materials for Ships and many other Commodities and for Men hard before them France and England both fearing the Spanish greatnesse and therefore both Concurring for their Ayde the remotenesse of their Master from them the Change of Religion falling out about the time of their Reuolt and now the Marquise of Brandenburgh a Protestant like to become Duke of Cleue The discontentments of the Low-Countries did first appeare soone after the going away of the Kings of Spaine while the Dutchesse of Parma Gouerned to suppresse which beginnings the Duke of Alva being sent inflamed them more vpon attempting to bring in the Inquisition and Spanish Decimation vpon the Beheading Count Horne and Count Egmont persecuting those of the Religion and vndertaking to build Cittadels vpon all their Townes which hee effected at Antwerpe but enterprising the like at Flushing that Towne reuolted first and vnder it began the Warre But the more generall reuolt of the Prouinces happened after the Death of Don Lewis de Requiesens and vpon the comming downe of Don Iohn of Austria when all the Prouinces excepting Luxenburgh vpon the sacke of Antwerpe and other Insolencies Proclaimed the Spaniards Rebels and Enemies to the King yet the abjuring of their obedience from the Crowne of Spaine was not in a yeare or two after Holland and Zealand vpon their first standing out offered the Soueraigntie of themselues to the Queene then the Protection both which shee neglected and that while the French sent greater ayde and more men of qualitie then wee but after the Ciuill Warre began in France that kept them busie at home and then the Queene seeing the necessitie of their being supported vpon the pawning of Brill and Flushing sent Money and Men And since that most part of the great exploits there haue beene done by the English who were commonly the third part of the Armie being foure Regiments besides eleuen hundred in Flushing and the Ramekins and fiue hundred in the Brill But of late the King of France appearing more for them then ours and paying himselfe the French that are there they giue equall if not more Countenance to that Nation But vpon these two Kings they make their whole dependancie and though with more respect to him that is stronger for the time yet so as it may giue no distaste vnto the other For the manner of their Gouernment They haue vpon occasion an assembly of the generall States like our Parliament being composed of those which are sent from euery Prouince vpon summons and what these Enact stands for Lawe Then is there besides a Counsell of State residing for the most part at the Hage which attends daily occasions being rather imployed vpon affaires of State then of particular Iustice. The most potent in this Counsell was BARNAVILL by reason of his Aduocates of Holland And besides both these euery Prouince and great Towne haue particular Counsells of their owne To all which assemblies aswell of the generall States as the rest the Gentrie is called for order sake but the State indeed is Democraticall the Merchant and the Tradesman being predominant the Gentrie now but few and poore and euen at the beginning the Prince of Orange saw it safer to relie vpon the Townes then them Neither are the Gentrie so much engaged in the cause the people hauing more aduantages in a free State they in a Monarchy Their care in gouernment is very exact and particular by reason that euery one hath an imediate interest in the State Such is the equality of Iustice that it renders euery man satisfied such the publike regularity as a man may see their Lawes were made to guide not to entrappe such their exactnesse in casting the expence of an Armie as that it shall bee equally farre from superfluity and want and as much order and certaintie in their acts of Warre as in ours of Peace teaching it to bee both Ciuill and rich And they still retaine that signe of a Common-wealth yet vncorrupted Priuate Pouertie and publike Weale for no one priuate man there is exceeding rich and few very poore and no State more sumptuous in all publike things But the question is whether this being a free State will aswell subsist in Peace as it hath done hitherto in Warre Peace leauing euery one to attend his particular wealth when feare while the Warre lasts makes them concurre for their common safety And Zealand vpon the least securitie hath euer beene enuious at the predominancie of Holland and Vtrich ready to Mutinie for Religion and besides it is a doubt whether the same care and sinceritie would continue if they were at their Consistence as appeares yet whiles they are but in rising The Reuenew of this State ariseth chiefely from the Earle of Hollands Demaynes and Confiscated Church liuings the rising and falling of Money which they vse with much aduantage their Fishing vpon our Coasts and those of Norway Contribution out of the Enemies Countrie Taxes vpon all things at home and Impositions vpon all Merchandizes from abroad Their expences vpon their Ambassadours their Shippings their Ditches their Rampiers and Munition and commonly they haue in pay by Sea and Land 60000. men For the strength The nature of the Countrie makes them able to defend themselues long by land neither could any thing haue endangered them so much as the last great Frost had not the Treatie beene then on foot because the Enemy being then Master of the field that rendred their Ditches Marshes and Riuers as firme ground There belongs to that State 20000. Vessells of all sorts so that if the Spaniard were entirely beaten out of those parts the Kings of France and England would take asmuch paines to suppresse as euer they did to raise them For being our Enemies they are able to giue vs the Law at Sea and eate vs out of all trade much more the French hauing at this time three Ships for our one though none so good as our best Now that whereupon the most part of their Reuenew and strength depends is their Traffique in which mysterie of State they are at this day the wisest for all the Commodities that this part of the world wants and the Indies haue as Spice Silke Iewells Gold they are become the Conueyers of them for the rest of Christendome except vs as the Venetians were of