of the thirde and the second affirmed of it in part they serue to make a reason in Ferison concluding that the generall is denied of the speciall in part as 1 Pleasaunt this is the generall terme 2 Profitable speciall 3 Correction prouing 20 Set downe this reason at large thus Fe ris on No correction is pleasaunt Some correction is profitable therefore Some profitable thing is not pleasāt 21 F. In this word Ferison noteth that the reasons placed in this seat must be reduced to Ferio and ▪ S. sheweth howe euen by turning the second foresaye withoute rebatement of signe 22 In this ranke no forme of arguing is good where the second foresay is a naysay that is to saye when the speciall terme is denyed of the prouing terme either wholy or in part If either of the foresayes be left oute of a reason by rule to knovve vvhich it is Chap. 10. 1 If the backset be one in both the shewsayes the seconde foresaye wanteth either in the first or the thirde ranke 2 But if the foreset be one in bothe the shewsayes the firste foresaye wanteth either in the first or the second ranke 3 If ye haue two shewsayes concluding a reason and one worde a foreset in the first and a backset in the later there wanteth the seconde foresaye in the seconde ranke 4 If ye haue two shewsayes concludyng a reason and one woorde a backset in the firste and a foresette in the latter there wanteth the firste foresaye in the thirde ranke 5 Trie these rules by the examples set foorth already in eche seat and ye shall sée they neuer fayle To knovve in hovv many seates eche endsay may be concluded 1 An vniuersall yeasaye is onely proued in Barbara 2 An vniuersall naysaye is thrée wayes concluded in Celarent Cesare and Camestres 3 A particular yeasay is foure wayes proued in Darij Darapti Disamis and Datisi 4 A particular naysaye is concluded in sixe seates in Ferio Festino Baroco Felapton Bocardo Ferison 5 By this it is plaine that an vniuersall yeasaye is moste harde to proue and most easie to disproue that a particular naysaye is most easy to proue and most hard to disproue The fourth Boke of Witcraft Of Inuention or fynding out of argumentes Chap. 1. 1 HOwe the prouing terme must lye to the foresette and backsette of eche demaunde that a necessarie reason may bée made of thrée termes wée haue shewed afore in our thirde booke 2 It foloweth nowe that wée teache a way to get store of prouing termes 3 For as the good and ready marchaunt prouideth store of sundry wares and sorteth euery kinde by it selfe adding special markes for his better direction that hée may with conuenient spéede fit and serue his customer whē he calleth So the quick and sharpe reasoner must gather general rules together and place them in order that he may haue in a redinesse when néed shall be store of reasons for proofe or disproofe of matters in doubt 4 Therfore is witcraft wel deuided of the Grecians into two parts wherof the firste is called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say in englishe the decerning part the other is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as muche to saye as the finding parte 5 This for that by searching it fyndeth oute the prouing terme The other not only for that it iudgeth of the forme of an argument but also for that it descryeth the truth and falshode of al sentences and noteth the force and signification of wordès 6 Some men doe thinke that the fynding part is first to be taught and that by the course of nature it ought to come afore the other in order 7 For as he that will make an house first prouideth timber stone bricke clay lyme nayles pinnes and other thinges wherof he will haue his house to be buylded and after hireth workemen to sette these thinges together and to frame them in order which doone his deuised house is finished and made Euen so the cunning reasoner first findeth out say they by the vse of the places the matter whervppon he will speake and after séeketh by the rules of a perfect reason how to order and dispose the same 8 This reason in my iudgemente serueth neither for him that woulde practise Witcrafte nor for him that shoulde teache it 9 For how can a man eyther inuent or teach any good reasons to proue matters that lye in doubt the nature of sentences and wordes being not first knowne 10 Seing eche question stādeth of them and is not thoroughly knowne afore the force of eche woord be deepely considered with due consideration had how the wordes agree or disagrée in a perfect sentence 11 Now to returne this similitude and to make it good against oure aduersaries we saye 12 No craftesman can fitte hymselfe of stuffe afore hée hath cast in his mynde the shape and forme of the thing that hee will make 13 In lyke maner no good reasoner can fynde out the prouing terme by the vse of the places afore hée haue learned by the rules of a perfect reason what maner of prouing terme will serue his purpose 14 That is to say how the prouing terme in the two foresayes must be coupled or vncoupled to y forset or backset of y question that y same may be directly concluded 15 By this it is playne that the shape of a thing that is to be made would firste be deuised in mynde afore the stuffe were prouided 16 Otherwyse it will commonly fall foorth that there will bée eyther losse in prouiding to muche or lacke in prouiding to little 17 Wée haue therfore in our thrée former bookes spoken of the decerning part of Witcrafte and haue reserued the fynding parte to be intreated of in this oure fourth Booke 18 But here I aduise thée of one thing gentle reader that thou looke not that I should set foorth all the places whereof men vse to gather arguments and omitte none 19 For that thing I suppose no man hathe doone heretofore nor shal do hereafter 20 Neyther is it one mannes worke to begin and ende an art in suche sort as nothing can be sayd more 21 It is well if we wryte that whiche may profite many neither is it fit to leaue many good things vndene or many profitable things vntaught bycause we cannot do and say all that is good and profitable 22 Nowe bicause the tenne storehouses are fit for inuention I haue thought good to appoynt them for places 23 And where as there are diuers other places besides which can not conueniently be referred to any of the ten storehouses I haue added and interlaced them in suche order as I iudged was fittest either for memorie or inuention 24 The generall places whiche I haue gathered out of sundry authors to yelde a reasoner store of argumentes are in number twentie and two I thinke good to name and order them thus Of 1 Substance 2 Quantitie 3 Qualitie 4 The cause 5 The effecte 6 Preparation 7 Dooing 8 Suffering 9 Tyme 10
the minde As for deuising of newe termes and compoâ—…ding of wordes our tongue hath a speciall grace wherein it excelleth many other is comparable with the best The cause is for that the moste parte of Englyshe woordes are shorte and stande on one siâ—…lable a péece So that two or thrée of them are ofte times fitly ioyned in one Of these kinde of wordes I haue deuysed many and am now to giue a reason of my dooing But first I desire thée gentle Reader not to scoffe at them afore thou knowe what they meane or that thou hast founde out thy selfe or learned of others more apte and fit termes then they are And if any maÌ„ do cast out a reason and say Loquendum vt vulgus that is to say he that speaketh must vse such termes as the common people is in vre withall and therfore that we may not deuise newe names but reteyne and vse the olde I answer this common saying taketh place where there are words alredy extant and in vse fit to make the minde of the speaker knowne to his audience but the matter standes not so with vs Therefore consider the case as it is An arte is to be taughte in that toung in whichâ—… it was neuer written afore Nowe the question lyeth whether it were better to borrowe termes of some other toung in whiche this sayde Arte hath bene written and by a litle chaunge of pronouncing to séeke to make them Englishe wordes whiche are none in déede or else of simple vsual wordes to make compounded termes whose seuerall partes considered alone are familiar and knowne to all english men For trial hereof I wish you to aske of an english man who vnderstandeth neither Gréek nor Latin what he conceiueth in his mind when he heareth this word a backset and what he doth conceiue when he heareth this terme a Predicate And doubtlesse he must confesse if he consider the matter aright or haue any sharpnesse of wit at al that by a backset he conceiueth a thing that muste be set after and by a predicate that he doth vnderstande nothing at all The like shall fall foorth when comparison is made betwixt any of our new termes compounded of true english words and the inkhorne termes deriued of straunge and forain languages For he that is an englishman born and vnderstandeth no toung but his owne shal at the first eyther conceiue the meaning of oure words by himself or else soon learne them vpon an other maÌ„s instruction and teaching but for these inkhorne termes it is certaine that he shall neither vnderstande them by himselfe nor keepe them in remembraunce when he is taught theyr signification of others bicause the worde can make him no helpe We therfore that deuise vnderstandable termes compounded of true auncient english woords do rather maintain and continue the antiquitie of our mother tongue then they that with inckhorne termes doe chaunge and corrupt the same making a mingle mangle of their natiue speache and not obseruing the propertie thereof They that will haue no newe woordes deuised where there is want seme not well to consider howe speache groweth or wherefore it was deuised by man For names are not giuen vnto things afore the things themselues be inuented Therfore olde names will not serue to make newe deuises knowen It is a fondnesse I graunt to deuise newe names where there are olde in vse which agréeing to the propertie of the speach may serue the turne well enoughe For no man is of power to change or to make a language when he will but when fit names are deuised and spoken they force the hearers to like of them and to vse them and so do they by consent of manye growe to a speache Therfore gentle reader if thou doubt what is ment by any of our strange and new deuised termes consider their partes as they are taken by themselues alone and the consideration of the partes shall leade thée to the knowledge of the whole But if thys shall not serue thy turne thou maist looke in the table placed in the end of our booke and it shall shewe thée in order their meanyng eyther by numbers referring thée to the places where they are plainely taughte or making some shorte exposition of them if there be none in the booke afore There shal be added also for some mens better contentation the Latine termes And thus much for proufe that this arte maye be taught in oure mother tongue and for defence of the termes that we haue deuised to teache and set foorth the same Newe let vs aunswere them which iudge it hurtfull to haue thys arte written and setfoorth in englishe They builde chiefely vppon two poyntes Fyrst they suppose that it shoulde bée a greate decaye and hynderaunce vnto learnyng Secondlye that it shoulde minister vnto many matter of contentioÌ„ and strife The first part of their supposition is proued to be false by plaine experience for what maÌ„ of experience and wit seeth not that learning did neuer so flourishe in England in our forefathers dayes as it doth now and hathe done of late euen since men haue begon to write of Artes in our englishe tongue And as for contentioÌ„ which groweth betwixt partie and partie when they argue and dispute of matters to and fro that is no fault to be imputed or ascribed vnto arte but an infirmitie and heate of choller incident to the nature of sharpe wits and commonly chancing â–ª when men leaue the cause and bestowe their speache vpon by matters which thing the arte of reason reproueth terming it a shift and a wranglers point But let vs consider the profite that commeth of this arte so shall wée beste sée that learning hath no enemies but them that are ignoraunt those which know not what profite commeth of knowledge This arte serueth to manye singular purposes For she doth not onely teach an order to reason wittily of doubtfull matters and to speake forceably of them either of or on But she also yeldeth to them that are cunning and experte in hir a generall vnderstanding to iudge of all matters whatsoeuer and to discerne what is saide or done according to reason and what is not And where euery particular science hath but one speciall matter to intreate of as Arithmeticke to intreate of numbers Geometrie of bignesse Physicke of health c. This facultie that wée here speake of is tyed to no speciall matter but taketh in hand the debating of all things so farre as wit and reason can extende Hir preceptes are verye generall and are vsed for groundes and principles in all sciences She trieth whether y rules of arte be true or false she is a searching facultie by reason whereof she teacheth a man the sooner to espy what is right what is wrong what maketh for him and what maketh against him But to speake more particularly of hir worke shée sorteth all wordes and placeth euery kind by it selfe eaching what they signifie as they are
Store-house alone yet may the same indirectly after a sort be also referred to some other 11 As a father is properlye a respecting word but indirectly he may bée taken for a substaunce bicause a father is a man which is properly a substaunce 12 The cause is for that thinges which directly perteine to an inholder are soâ—…e tymes in common speach indirectly saydâ—… of hys inbeer 13 And againe such thinges as properly belong to some inbeer are sayde of hys inholder 14 So we saye a lyne is an inholder of straightnesse yet indirectly for directly a bodyed substaunce is the proper inholder of straightnesse and not a line That Storehouses helpe to inlarge a matter and that euerye vvord may after a sorte be deduced through them all 15 The Storehouses serue not onely to teache vs the sorce and nature of ech plain meanyng word as whether it doth signifye a substaunce a quantitie a qualitie a respect c. 16 But they serue also to amplifie and to set for the a matter at large and then they teache vs to séeke the substaunce the quantitie the qualitie the respecte thâ—… place the tyme the ordering and the hauing of the thing wée speake of and so to deduce one woorde throughe all the Storehouses Which though it bée properly placed in some one yet indirectlye and after a sorte it maye be deduced and brought through them all Woordes exempted out of the Storehouses Chap. 10. 1 These nyne kinde of words following are exempted out of the Storehouses as not properly placed in any one of them 1 2 The words of art inuented to expresse y rules of any scieÌ„ce as a nown a pronown a verbe c. a foreset a backset a shewsay c. 2 3 Unperfite wordes which by them selues teach the hearers no matter but serue onely to helpe to furnishe out a sentence and to make it perfite as or if and c. 3 4 Wordes that signifie lacke or want of any natural power as dumbnesse deaffenesse darkenesse c. 4 5 Wordes that signifie matters which are not in déede but are fayned to bee as Hobthrus rawhed purgatorie 5 6 Wordes that signifie a parte of any whole thing as an hand a soote a legge an arme so long as they remaine partes not seuered from their whole 6 7 God for that he is infinite and not able to be comprehended of any thing howbeit some men doe iudge him to be a most perfect substaunce 7 8 Wordes that signifie all things without destinction as a thyng a matter a whatsicallit 9 The Storehouses are called generall wordes for that they containe manye but these may be termed surmounting generalls bycause they containe all 8 10 Two or moe wordes expressing matter that is contained in diuers Storehouses as a white horse a righteous man. 11 For white and righteous are placed in one Storehouse and man and horse in another 9 12 Wordes of double vnderstanding for these afore they bée restrayned to one saywhat maye haue place in diuers Store-houses and therefore vnfit to be assygned to one Hovv vvordes of double vnderstanding maye be knovven Chap. 11. 1 What like sounding wordes are and howe in arguing and conference of talke they are to be restrained to signify but one thing we haue said afore 2 Now for the better discussing of y matter we shall shew a meane how one maye be sure that this or that word is of double vnderstanding and yelde a reason for the same 3 But here we wil onely set forth certain rules to discerne such as cannot easely bée perceyued of many for those which easely shew themselues néede no teacher 1 4 First if anye of his gayâ—…ettes bée of double vnderstanding then is the principall also as 5 Sharp is a word of double vnderstanding for his contrarie gainset in voyce is flat and in edge dull 6 Therefore it must folow of necessitiâ—… that it is not one sharpnesse which is contrarye to flatnes in voyce and to dulnesse in edge 2 7 If it be found to be in many storehouses as this worde grey sigâ—…fiyng a beast that pastureth in the night is a substance but signifying a colour mixed and made of blacke and white it is a qualitie 3 8 If it be perceyued by dyuers senses as clearenesse for it is not one and the same clearenes that is sene heard the one consisting in colour and the other in sound 4 9 If his ofspring be diuersly taken then is his originall also or contrary wise if in the originall there be doublenesse then is there dublenesse in the ofspring too as 10 If to iudge rightly â—…e two wayes takeÌ„ the one to gyue sentence accordyng to the euidence broughte in the other to gyue sentence accordyng to the truthe of the matter 11 Then must a ryghteous iudge be two wayes taken that is righteous so farre as â—…idence leadeth and righteous so farre as truth requireth 5 12 If a worde haue diuers saywhattes not differyng onely in wordes but also in meaning 13 And here it is sometimes good to consider the say whattes of wordes as they are defined and set forth whâ—… they are coupled and ioyned with other wordes 14 For taking so much awaye from the saywhattes as is proper to ech worde annexed to the originall the rest in all the saywhattes must be one and the same 15 For example thus if ye ioyne to this word cleare aire and voyce defining a cleare aire and a cleare voyce seuerally and then after take so muche from either say what as properly apperteyneth to aire and voyce the rest that remayneth in both the saywhattes shal be one if cleare were a plaine meaning word 16 Nowe the thing that remaineth â–ª is not one and therefore cleare is diuersly taken 17 For a cleare voyce is a voyce pleasant to the eare wythout horsenesse or iarring 18 But a cleare aire is an aire voyde of cloudes so that voice and aire taken from these two saywhattes the rest that remaineth is not one in them both 19 For pleasant to the eare and wythout horsenesse or iarring is a thing dissenting muche from that which is voyd of cloudes 20 By these meanes and suche lyke woordes are proued to bée of double vnderstanding Of disagreeable vvordes Chap. 12. 1 Wordes which cannot be coupled and ioyned together in a true perfect yeasay are either differing wordes or gainsettes 2 Differing wordes are those whereof one differeth from many in lyke manner and sort 3 Gaynsettes are two disagréeable words wherof the one so setteth foote against the other as against no other thyng in lyke sort in so muche that neither the one can be affirmed of the other neither they both of any third thing at one time and in one respecte 4 These gaynsets are deuided into foure sortes into contrarye termes respectyng terms depriuing terms denying terms 5 What contrarie termes and respecting termes are we haue said afore 6 Depriuing termes are taken in thys place not onelye
signe and is called a particular shewsay as some men are learned or else it hath no signe at all and then it is called an vndetermined shewsay as man is mortall 5 The singular and vndetermyned shewsayes are alwayes taken in a reason as particulars 6 No shewsay is true where the backset béeing a common woorde hath an vniuersall signe ioyned vnto it as All men are all creatures or men are al creatures 7 But in a singular shewsay it mayâ—… â–ª as these men are all the frendes I haue Of signes and marks vvhich shevv the quantitie and qualitie of eche shevvesay Chapter 13. 1 There are foure sortes of signes and markes so termed bycause they note the quantitie and qualitie of euery shewsay a Generall yeamarke as all Generall naymarke none Particular yemarke some Particular naymark somenot 2 The particular naymarke is commonly expressed in oure mother tong by two wordes some and not some other wordes alwayes being placed betwixte them for we vse not to saye some not men are learned but some men are not learned Of a true and a false shevvsay Chapter 14. 1 If men do affirme that thing to bée which is not or do denye that thing to be which is they make a lye and their shewsay or saying is false 2 But if that thing be in déede whiche they affirme to be or if that thing be not in déede whiche they denye to be then is their saying true 3 So that the truth or falshod of mens sayings dependeth wholly of the matter that is vttered by their words 4 To know whether eche matter fall out according to this or that mans saying or not it apperteyneth not onely to witcraft to decide but eche saying is tryed to be true or false by that arte where vnto it doth properly appertaine To knovv vvhich is a necessarie shevvsay vvhich is an vnpossible shevvsay and vvhich is a chanceable shevvsay Cha. 15. 1 If the backset be a saywhat a propretie a kynde a difference or a naturall and an vnremoueable Inbéer the shewsay is necessarie 2 If the backsette be a remoueable inbeer the shewsay is chaunceable 3 But if the backset be none of these then is it an vnpossible shewsay 4 A necessarie shewsay differeth from an vnpossible shewsay for that this is alwayes false and the former always truâ—… Of gaynsaying shevvsayes Chapter 16. 1 Gaynsaying shewsays are two shewsayes the one a yeasaye and the other a naysay chaunging neyther foreset backset nor verbe 2 There are thrée sortes of gaynsaying shewsays Contrarie shewsays lesse than contrarie shewsays and more than contrarie shewsayes 3 Contraries are two generall shewsayes the one a yeasaye and the other a naysay as eche man is good and no man is good 4 Lesse then contraryes are two particular shewsayes the one a yeasaye and the other a naysaye as some men are good and some men are not good 5 More then contraryes are two shewsayes the one being generall the other particuler the one a yeasaye the other a naysay as all men are good and some men are not good or no man is good and some men are good 6 Contraryes are neuer bothe true yet chaunceth it sometimes that they are both false as when the backset is a remoueable inbeer as eche man is learned and no man is learned 7 Lesse then contraryes are neuer both false but maye in chaunceable such sayes bee bothe true as some men are learned and some are not learned 8 More then contraryes are most repugnant one to another for if the one be true the other of necessitie is false or if the one bee false the other of necessitie is true as all men are learned and some men are not learned or no man is learned some man is learned Of Shevvesayes that are of lyke force Chap. 17. 1 Those shewesayes are of lyke force and strength which differ in wordes and agrée in meaning 2 It doth properlye pertaine to grammer and not to Witcrafte to knowe which sayinges agrée in sense and which do not 3 Yet for so muche as artes are knit together in such a bande of knowledge that no man can bée cunning in anye one but he must haue some knowledge in manye they doe by vsurpation some times borow one of an other so muche as doth serue their present purpose 4 Therfore many writers of Witcraft intreate in this place of shewesayes that are of lyke force onely by reason of thys nay word not diuersly placed afore or after tho signes 5 But here is to be noted that the same rules hold not in our Englishe tongue y the Latyns vse hereof in their tongue 6 Therefore take these as certaine and as for the rest know that either they are not in vse or â—…they helde not in such sort as the Latin authors do appoint 7 In oure mother tongue wée vse to â—…e this woorde not eyther onelye afore the sygne or onely after the signe as for to place it afore the signe and aâ—…ter two in one sentence it standeth not with the propertie of our speache 8 Not ioyned in a shewesaye to a generall yeamarke altereth the qualitie and diminisheth the quantitie thereof and makes the saying all one whether it bee placed afore or after the signe 9 For of a generall yeasay it makes a particular naysaye as not all that speake you faire are your frendes or all that speake you faire are not your frendes These two sayinges are both one in sense and meanyng and as muche to saye as some that speake you fayre are not your frendes 10 Nowe it is playne that this last sentence is a particular naysay therefore the two former sayinges muste néedes bée so too beyng of like force and value that it is of 11 If not be placed in a shewesaye before a particular yeamarke it altereth the qualitie and augmenteth the quantitie thereof for not one is as muche to saye as none 12 Not beyng placed afore fewe signifyeth manye and beyng placed afore manye signifieth fewe 13 Moe wayes of placyng of not afore the signe to make anye good sense in our mother tongue I finde not 14 These fewe examples doe shewe all in small roome that is necessarye to bée spoken of touching this matter 1 Not all are All are not is as much to say as 1 some are not 2 Not one is 2 none are 3 Not a fewe 3 manye 4 Not many 4 a fewe Of a compounded Shevvsay Chap. 18. 1 What a compounded shewsay is wée haue said afore side 66. verse 9. 2 There are two sortes of compounded shewsayes 3 They of the first sort do speake with adding of if and or cause or time 4 They of the second sort adde the maner of beyng by some one of these foure preambles as it chaunceth it is possible it is vnpossible it is necessarye or els by som other termes of like force that these or some one of these is of 5 A shewsay compounded with an if maye be called an ifsaye and doth
simplelye neither affirme nor denye but vppon condition as if ye doe wel ye shal be well reported or if yée doe yll yee shall not bée well reported 6 In these two sayings nothing is affirmed simplye or deuided but vpon condition of well doyng or yll 7 A shewsay compâ—…unded with and is called a coupling shewsay this is neuer true except all partes be true 8 As Iohn William and Robert are learned is not true excepte all partes bée true but false it is when any parte is vntrue 9 Also Iohn is learned discrete and riche this sayinge is false if Iohn be eyther not learned not discrete or not riche and true it is not but when all the things recyted take place in him 10 A shewsaye compounded with or is a parting shewsaye and is true when any parte is true and neuer false â—…cepte all partes be false as Iohn Robert or William is at home 11 This is true if any of them be at home false when none of them is at home 12 A shewsay compounded with adding the cause as because you serued faithfully I giue you this forme and a shewsay compounded with condition of time as when I dye you shall haue my land may well be referred to an ifsaye for in affirming and denying they obserue the same lawe that it doth Of Shevvsayes compounded by adding the manner of beyng or not beynge Chap. 19. 1 There are foure Preambles wherby the maner of being or not being of things is set forth as it chanceth it is possible it is vnpossible it is necessary 2 When anye shewesaye hath anye of these preambles put vnto it then it is called a shewsaye compounded by adding the manner of being or not beyng 3 Two things are chiefly to be handled in these compounded shewsayes 4 The first is to shewe when they affirme and when they denye the seconde is to shewe how they agree and how they folow eche vpon other Of the affirming or denying of a Shevvsay compounded by adding the manner of beyng or not beyng 5 Generally they neuer denie but when this nayworde not is placed afore the preamble 6 For if it bée not put to at all or else placed after the preamble they affirme 7 For example it chaunced that Iohn comming from London was robbed the naysaye is it did not chaunce that Iohn comming from London was robbed 8 As for this saying it chaunced that Iohn commyng from London was not robbed is a yeasay and thus in like maner of the rest 9 This saying it is vnpossible for man to flye is in forme and maner of speaking a yeasay and in meaning a naysay Hovv Shevvsayes compounded by adding the manner of being or not being follovv one vpon another 10 Shewsaies compounded by adding the manner of being or not beyng folow one vpon another but not in like sort It chaunceth to be hath these folowing vpon it 1 1 it is possible to be 2 it is not vnpossible to be 3 it is not necessary to be It chaunceth not to be 2 1 it is possible not to be 2 it is not vnpossible not to be 3 it is not necessarye not to be It dothe not chance to be 3 1 it is not possible to be 2 it is vnpossible to be 3 it is necessarye not to be It dothe not chance not to be 4 1 it is not possible not to be 2 it is vnpossible not to be 3 it is necessarye to be 11 For where we afore deuided a shewsay reckning some to be 〈◊〉 some necessary some vnpossible we had 〈◊〉 how the foreset was coupled or not coupled to the baâ—…kset vpon the sequele of the matter 12 But here deuiding a shewsay into a chaunceable shewsay a possible shewsaye an vnpossible shewsay and into a nessarye shewsay we doe respect the prâ—…amble onely for the naming of the shewsay As for the truth of such sayings that is to bee considered as it falleth forth in matter vttered by them The thyrd booke of Witcraft Chap. 1. 1 WE haue spokeÌ„ heretofore of words and sayings it remaineth that we nowe proceede to intreate of a reason 2 Let vs therefore here set downe those things which are necessarilye required for the due vnderstanding of a perfect reason 3 First wée will shewe what a reason is secondlye we will declare how manye kindes of reasons there are thirdlye wée will lay forth the parts of a reason fourthly we will tell howe such partes are to be found out and how they are to be ordered and disposed to make a reason that shall inferre a necessary endsaye VVhat a reason is 4 A reason is a compounded shewsaye prouing that which lyeth in controuersie by knowne and graunted sayings 5 For euen as certaine words must bée coupled together in due order to make a perfect sentence so muste certaine shewesayes be ioyned together in a due 〈◊〉 to make a perfect reâ—…son That there are but tvvo kindes of reasons and what either kind is Chapter 2. 1 There are but two wayes to proue a doubtful matter 2 For either we rise by examples of selfe-things and specialls to the knowlâ—…dge of the generall or els contrarywise we fall by the rule of the generall to the knowledge of speciall and selfethings 3 The first way may be called a reason by example the seconde a reason by rule Examples of a reason by example 4 If a skilfull Lawyer be the best Lawyer and a skilfull Mariner the best Mariner and a skilfull Phisition the best Phisition then is he accompted best in eche arte that hath most skill therin 5 Another all light things ascende for smoke breath flame and fire do so 6 Here are we brought by diuers particulars 〈◊〉 by examples to come to the knowledge of two generall rules 7 The firâ—…t rulâ—… is that he is best artificer that hath most skill in his arte 8 The sâ—…conde is that all light things ascende Of a Reason by rule 9 A reason by rule is a reason that standeth of three shewesayes framed in suche sorte that two of them being graunted to be true the third must by force of them be true also for example thus All light things ascend Breath is light therefore Doth breath ascende 10 For he that graunteth that all lyghte things do ascend also that breth is light must néedes graunt by force of these that breath doth ascend too VVhat diuersitie there is betvvixt a reason by example and a reason by rule Chapter 3. 1 A reason by example pertaineth so common sense and experience A reason by rule belongeth to arte 2 A reason by example serueth to proue the principles of arte by certaine â–ª particular examples A reason by rule proueth particular cases by principles and generall rules 3 So that a reason by example ascendeth to the general a reason by rule descendeth to the particular 4 A reason by example allureth the ignorant a reason by rule forceth the learned 5 The number of shewesayes in a reason by
pang eyther of the bodie or of the mynde The vse of this place 41 If a fault be committed through any passion or pang eyther of the mynde or bodie the pang shall excuse the fact if the pacient himself were no cause herof at al. 42 If he were some occasion yet not the chiefe occasion therof then it shall extenuate the facte 43 But if he was the onely cause or the chiefe cause of his owne maladie then the passion procureth to the partie neyther pardon nor pitie for it is commonly and truely sayde He that will kill when he is drunke shall be hanged when he is sobre Examples of Passions 44 This mans déede of gifte is not good in the lawe for he was straughte and besides himselfe when he sealed it 45 Take héede of that Dogge for he is madde Of Forme 46 Forme fashion shape and making are counted of some as parte of a thyng and so they be in very deede if the matter bée narrowly considered howebéeit a parte by the iudgement of the common sorte is taken onely for a bodyed portion of a sole substaunce and manye reasons are gathered of the forme of a thyng by them which neyther thinke forme or fashion any parte at all 47 Wée will therefore make forme a place by it selfe folowing that in arte which we learne to be common in practise 48 Fairenes and fauour appertaine to this place they differ in this that fairenesse â—…sisteth chiefly in colour and fauoure in proportion The deuision of forme and fashion 49 There is a newe fashion and an olde fashion a straunge fashion and an vsual fashion a trimme fashion and a rude fashion a commodious fashion and an vnprofitable fashion c. Examples of Forme 50 My yong Lord will loue my lady his wyfe righte well for she is bothe faire and well fauoured 51 This horsse and this greyhounde can not choose but be good there is such trimme making in them both Of the causes Chap. 10. 1 No man is saide to knowe anye thyng throughly afore he know the causes therof 2 A cause is a meane wherby any thing is made to haue a being The deuision of causes 3 There are foure causes the matter the forme the workman and the ende The 1 Matter 2 Forme 3 Woorkman 4 Ende 4 Matter is the stuffe whereof a thing is made 5 Formeis the shâ—…e and fashion which added to the matter maketh the thing perfect and yeldeth both â—…ame and béeing thervnto 6 Woorkmen are doers from whence mouing first commeth 7 An ende is the vse of a thyng that is made causing the workman to take the enterprise in hande 8 Of this it is playne that matter without forme is vnprofitable stuffe and that forme is not added to the matter withoute a workeman nor that any thing worketh except it be moued by some profitable ende 9 Therfor do authors knit these four causes togyther which knowledge are very profitable and reasons are gathered of them very orderly Examples of the causes 10 As if I say My bootes are good for they keep out wete wel Myne argument is taken of the matter for the cause is the goodnesse of the leather whereof my bootes are made 11 But if I saye I lyke my bootes wel for they are fit for me and well shapen my reason is taken of the forme whiche consisteth in the fashion of the boote 12 If I say My bootes are well made for he that made them is a cunning shoemaker my reason taketh his force of the workeman 13 If I say I make my bootes thus for I mynde to ryde drye my reason taketh his force of the ende whiche is the vse I purpose to haue of my bootes 14 Thoughe forme and matter maye well for bréefenesse sake bée reckened as partes and so be referred to the first generall place whiche we called substaunce bicause the cause séemeth to be without the thing where as these haue their béeing in the thing nay rather the thing it selfe is nothing else but the forme and matter ioyned together and taken as one yet in common speach we neuer séeme otherwise to consider of a part then as it is a bodied portion of some whole 15 Therefore haue I made Matter and Forme places by themselues 16 If any man be contentious and say that it is but that to teache one thing often I aunswer that it is no inconuenience that one argument vpon sundry respects be referred to sundrie places Rules appertaining to the Matter and the Forme 17 The matter may be good of a thyng though the forme 〈◊〉 ill as the golde in the ring may be good and the fashion of the ring nought 18 Agayne the forme may be good and the matter nought as the shoe maye bee well made and yet the leather kéepe oute no water 19 So that nothing can be ill whose form and matter are both good nor nothing can be good if eyther his matter or his forme be ill Hovve vvorkmen are deuided 20 There are thrée kyndes of workers some things doe worke as nature teacheth them some as reason guydeth them and some at aduenture 21 The first worketh of necessitie the seconde of fréewill the third by chaunce 22 Workemen are also many sundrye wayes deuided for some do worke thinges in common and some do things alone some worke more in short tyme and do it ill and some work little in long tyme and do it wel some worke for pleasure and some for profite some of force and some of fréewill c. Generall rules belonging to vvorkmen 23 When there are naturall and necessarie workemen there muste néedes be necessarie and naturall woorkes 24 And againe where the worke is necessarie and naturall there the workeman must bée so too 25 One workeman alone can not doe a common worke 26 He worketh fast inough that worketh that well which he doth 27 And he worketh ouerfasic that doth any thing ill or amisse 28 He worketh well that worketh with aduisement 29 And he ofte faulteth in his work that hasteth to muche 30 He is a singular workeman that will ridde much in shorte tyme and doe it well withall Generall rules and principles gathered of an ende 31 If the ende of a thing be good and lawfull then is the preparation and all things tending to that ende lawfull too 32 For if it be lawful to fight in defence of of a mannes countrey then is warre and the vse of a mans weapon lawfull 54 But if the ende be vnlawfull and ill then are all thinges ill and vnlawfull that are appointed to that ende Of the Effect of things Chap. 11. 1 After wée haue searched out the causes of thinges it behoueth vs to consider their effect which is nothing else but the workmans déede Hovve vvorkes and effectes are deuided 2 Some workes are doone only with the bodie some only with the mynde some by helpe of them both some are workes that tende to profite some to pleasure some are vaine tending to
no good vse at all there is a long woorke and a short woorke a slowe worke and a quicke worke an ill worke and a good woorke c. Rules gathered of an effect or of the vvorke that is done 3 If the worke be well done the cost that is made therevppon is well bestowed and the workeman deserueth his praise 4 If the worke be not more worth then the coast that is bestowed vppon it there is laboure lost 5 That worke is good whiche commendeth the workeman and that a naughty worke which putteth the doer to shame 6 The worke of the mind in good things is alwayes more excellente then the worke of the body but in il things it is farre worse An example of an Effecte 7 Fuchsius was a good Phisitian for hée hath done many notable cures 8 If ye will set downe this reason at large do thus Da ri i Whosoeuer hath doone many notable cures was a good Phisitian But Fuchsius hathe done many notable cures therefore Fuchsius was a notable Phisitian Of preparation Chap. 12. 1 As the efficient cause doth alwayes respect an effect so doth the end or finall cause require a preparation 2 By preparation I understande not only the acte of prouiding but the things also y are prepared as meanes to bring a purpose or deuise to passe Hovve preparation is deuided 3 Preparation is eyther greate or small sumptuous or meane open or secrete lawfull or vnlawfull to muche to little or in a meane Rules belonging to preparation 4 If preparation be made there muste néedes be an ende purposed but contrarywise it followeth not that yf there bée an ende purposed there shoulde bée by and by preparation made bycause the ende is in purpose afore the means can be gotten that are prepared for an ende 5 Agayne if preparation be not made â–ª nor things prouided that are necessarily required for an ende it foloweth that the end is not obteyned An example of preparation 6 There will be warre for there is a generall muster taken through the whole realme a number of souldiers are prest into wages the Quéenes Ships furnished with men vitayle and shot and greate prouiding of armoure Of doing Chap. 13. 1 No doer or efficiente cause can make any worke nor no preparation will serue to obteyne any ende without doing Therefore in mine opinion the storehouse of doing followeth right aptly in this place For doing is the laboure that is taken in making of a worke which bringeth the workeman by meanes as by steps and degrées to hys appointed end Hovv doings and laboure are deuided 2 Some dooinges leaue a woorke which remayneth to be séene after the labor is ended as the doing that is bestowed in building an house leaueth an house to be vewed and séene when the worke is finished 3 Some doings leaue behinde them no suche worke as may be séene with eie and yet a worke too as the trauaile and payne that is taken in getting of learning 4 Learning is the worke that remayneth of the laboure which though it cannot be vewed by the eie yet maye it not therefore be called no worke or sayde not to remaine 5 For learning remayneth in déede in the minde of man and differeth much from the paine that was taken in getting of it 6 Agayne there is a sharpe laboure a softe laboure and a meane laboure the firste serueth for spéede the seconde for ease the thirde for continuance Rules of Laboure 7 That laboure is well bestowed that bringeth forth a good worke 8 That is lost labour and in vaine that faileth of his appointed ende 9 Haste in doing maketh waste in the woorke as the common saying is haste â—…keth waste An example of Doing 10 These are ill men for they sweare they dice they rauishe they robbe they kyll Of Suffering and of his diuision Chapter 14. 1 We must consider whether the suffering be in the body in the minde or in external things as what losse the party hath sustained what domage what pain what sicknesse what griefe c. An example of Suffering 2 He loueth mée entirelye for hée hath ventured his life and sustained great dyspleasure for my sake Of time and place Chap. 15. 1 What place and time are loke in our first booke the. 24. side and. 27. 28. verses 2 And for the deuision of time looke 41. â—…de beginning at the. 6. verse and so forth till ye come to the twelfth 3 And to knowe howe places are deuided looke the. 43. side and the. 22. verse An example of place 4 I had no libertie this moneth to bée where I woulde for I was all this time in prison An example of time 5 Aristotle was not king Alexanders scholemaister for Aristotle was deade aâ—…ore king Alexander was borne Of the vse of these tvvo places 6 Necessarye argumentes maye be gathered of time and place to disproue but to proue or perswade they are but probable 7 For this reason holdeth of force the partie that is accused to haue done thys murther was not in that place where the fact was don or had no being at that time Ergo he is not giltie of that crime 8 Nowe if you reason he was there at that time and none sene there but hee it argueth a probabilitie that he should haue bene the doer but it forceth no necessitie Of Order Chap. 16. 1 Order is a thing very necessarye in all matters For no armie is of force excepte the men be in araye and in order no house can stand except the timber and stone bée laide in due order no fire will burne except the stickes and the coales lie in order no writing can be red except y letters be set in order no talke can bée vnderstanded except the woords be spoken in order to conclude nothing is weldon that is not done in order and nothing is ill done but that is done out of order The vse of this place 2 This place yeldeth manye probable argumentes to perswade or disswade to praise or dispraise 3 But necessary reasons to proue a facte to be done or not done it yeldeth fewe 4 Thoughe placing of it selfe narowly sifted admit no degrées of more or lesse yet when the ordering of one thyng is compared to the ordering of another coÌ„mon speache vseth to make degrées and to saye one thing is better ordered then another 5 For we vse to say the armie is in better order nowe then it was afore or the common weale is better gouerned now then it hath bene heretofore An example of Order 6 The state of the common weale must néedes soone change all things are so farrâ—… out of order Of Hauing Chap. 17. 1 Argumentes are taken of Hauing when the force of the reason dependeth of the Hauing of a thing and not of the thing that is had or possessed 2 As when it is said come not neare this beare for she hath whelpes 3 The force of this reason lieth not in the whelpe but in hauing of a