¶ A treatise of Schemes Tropes very profytable for the better vnderstanding of good authors gathered out of the best Grammarians Oratours by Rychard Sherry Londoner ¶ Whervnto is added a declamacion That chyldren euen strayt froÌ„ their infancie should be well and gently broughte vp in learnynge Written fyrst in Latin by the most excellent and famous Clearke Erasmus of Roterodame To the ryght worshypful Master Thomas Brooke Esquire Rychard Shyrrey wysheth health euerlastynge⸫ I Doubt not but that the title of this treatise all straunge vnto our Englyshe eares wil cause some men at the fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should meane yea and peraduenture if they be rashe of iudgement to cal it some newe fangle and so casting it hastily from theÌ„ wil not once vouch safe to reade it and if they do yet perceiuynge nothing to be therin that pleaseth their phansy wyl count it but a tryfle a tale of Robynhoode But of thys sorte as I doubte not to fynde manye so perhaps there wyll be other whiche moued with the noueltye thereof wyll thynke it worthye to be looked vpon and se what is contained therin These words Scheme and Trope are not vsed in our Englishe tongue neither bene they Englyshe wordes No more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by continual vse very familier to most men and come so often in speakyng that aswel is knowen amongest vs the meanyng of them as if they had bene of oure owne natiue broode Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys worde Paraphrasis homelies vsurped abolyshed wyth manye other lyke And what maruail is it if these words haue not bene vsed here tofore seynge there was no suche thynge in oure Englishe toÌ„gue where vnto they shuld be applyed Good cause haue we therefore to gyue thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue both wyth matter and wordes haue endeuoured to make it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best It is not vnknowen that oure language for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene complayned of and yet not trewely for anye defaut in the toungue it selfe but rather for slackenes of our couÌ„trimen whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many in it as plainly doth appere not only by the most excellent monumentes of our auÌ„cieÌ„t forewriters Gower Chawcer and Lydgate but also by the famous workes of many other later inespeciall of y e ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot which first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all kynde of wordes and phrases after that setting abrode good lye monumentes of hys wytte lernynge and industrye aswell in historycall knowledge as of eyther the Philosophies hathe herebi declared the plentyfulnes of our mother touÌ„ge loue toward hys country hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune and bodye so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys natiue tongue that as he passed therin those wyth whome he lyued so was he lykelye to haue bene equal wyth anye other before hym had not enuious death to hastely beriued vs of thys iewel teachyng al men verely no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and stable but that quick lye it may be ouerthrowen and broughte to the grounde Manye other there be yet lyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure myndes in al kindes of Sciences and that what sentence soeuer we conceiue the same to haue Englyshe oracion natural and â–ª holpeÌ„ by art wher by it may most eloqueÌ„tly be vttered Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke wyth you Master Brooke among other matters this present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place and offered it selfe demed to be bothe profitable and pleasaunte if they were gathered together and handsomelye set in a playne ordre and wyth theire descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue And bicause longe ago I was well acquaynted wyth them when I red them to other in y e Latin and that they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of good authoures I was so muche the more ready to make them speak English partli to renew the pleasure of mine old studies and partelye to satysfy your request Beside this I was moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke Rodulphus Agricola whyche in a certeine Epistle wrytten vnto a frynde of hys exhorteth meÌ„ what soeuer they reade in straunge toâ—gues â–ª diligently to translate the same into their owne language because that in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute in our speaking and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly hangeth together or is darkelye ruggishly and superfluously wrytteÌ„ No lerned nacion hath there bene but y â— learned in it haue written of schemes fygures which thei wold not haue don except thei had perceyued the valewe Wherfore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle lesure I red ouer sundrye treatises as wel of those which wrot long ago as of others now in our daies fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer brieflye some confuselye and falselye some Mosellane hathe in hys tables shewed a fewe fygures of grammer and so hathe confouÌ„ded them together that his second order called of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians then to hys purpose Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes but so that you may soone perceyue he did it by the waye as muche as serued hys purpose Cicero in hys boke of an oratour wyth hys incomperable eloquence hathe so hid the preceptes that scarselye they may be tryed oute by theyr names or by theyr exaÌ„ples Erasmus in hys double copye of words and thynges hath made as y e tytle declareth but a comentarye of them bothe and as it wer a litle bil of remembrauÌ„ce Wherfore to make these thinges more playne to y e students that lyst to reade them in oure tongue I haue taken a lytle payne more thorowelye to try the definicions to apply the examples more aptly to make things defused more plaine as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the dylygente I haue not translated them orderly out of anye one author but runninge as I sayde thorowe many and vsyng myne owne iudgement haue broughte them into this body as you se and set them in so playne an order that redelye maye be founde the figure and the vse wherevnto it serueth Thoughe vnto greate wittes occupyed wyth weightye matters they do not greatelye pertayne yet to such as perchauÌ„ce shal not haue perfecte instructoures they may be commodious to helpe them selues for y e better vnderstandynge
holye thing out of an holy place is worse then some other kynde of theft No lesse matter of argumentacion ministreth the qualitie of time which signifieth two thynges Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present past or to come Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a thynge and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it we saye he cometh in time And in the seuenth of Ihon when Christ sayth My tyme is not yet come tyme is taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. c. The Rethoricianes put chaunce vnder tyme because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to the time that foloweth but of thys wyll we speke in the place called Euent Facultie is a power to do the thynge that is taken in hand and in coniectures two thinges speciallye be considered whether he could or wold Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it and is made more probable wheÌ„ the nature of the mynde is ioyned to it as it is not like he wyl abide in his glorye because he is enuious and ambicious Also when we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge when it is not in his power to get agayne that is gone Instrument semeth to be a part of facultie for instrumentes sometyme are cause of oure hablenes to do a thinge and it is a more mischeuous deede to kyl with venome theÌ„ with swearde And to instrumeÌ„t soâ—e is the manour of doyng that almoste it is all one But more properlye perteyne to the manour or fashion those thynges that be eyther excused or made greater by wyl As lesse faute is it to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie then of a purpose and full deliberacion The vse of circuÌ„stances profiteth to amplifie to extenuate to euidence to confirmacion and probabilitie And hytherto be referred also the common places that indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes of causes of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth and Aristotle in hys Topyckes But before we speake of them it is to be noted that thys woorde place is taken foure maner of wayes They are called common places because thei be entreated of of bothe partes althoughe not in all one cause as he that is sore spoken agaynste by witnesses swadeth that we shulde not geue credite to witnesses Contrarye he that is holâ—en by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses and so of other that we spake of before when we entreated of vnartificial argumentes Lyke to thys sorte be sentences whyche wee eâ—aggerate as it were wythoute the cause but so that they serue to the cause whiche wee haue in hande as bee the amplificacions of vertues and the exaggeracions of vices As when wee accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede A common place shall bee wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much it profiteth to keepe goodnesse to bee in companye wyth good men and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the companye of euyll men dothe cause In the third sence places be called seates of argumentes whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to echâ— kyndes of causes As in the kynde suasorie honest profitable pleasauÌ„t easye necessarie c. In demonstratiue kynde kynred contrey goodes of the bodye and of the mynde In the Iudiciall kynde inespecial deniall those that we spake of euen nowe The fourth places be general whych declare what belongeth to euerye thynge and howe oute of eche of them there be taken argumentes partly necessary and partlye probable These be commen to the Oratours with the Logicians albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye written of them in hys Topickes and in his Rethorickes hathe not touched theÌ„ and they profite much both to iudgement and to endightynge but the varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them sumwhat darke because amonge them selues they can not wel agre neyther of the names neyther of the number neyther of the order An example is a rehearsall of a thynge that is done and an applyynge of it vnto our cause eyther for similitude or dissimilitude profitable to perswade garnyshe and delyght Examples some be taken out of hystories some of tales some of fayned argumeÌ„tes in comedies and bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion Comparacion sheweth it equall lesse or bygger Parable is a feete similitude whych sheweth y e example that is brought ether like vnlyke or coÌ„trarye Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen and when it was brought into extreme losse by theyr valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens So Ualla whan thorowe the ignoraÌ„ce of y e Barbarians learnyng was destroyed restored it agayn as it wer from death into hys former brightnes Unlike As not lyke thanke is done to Laurence and Camillus because that the one moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe deliuered his contrey from the vngracious that other styrred vp by desyre of fame or rather wyth an euyll luste to checke manye noâ— restored agayn the latteÌ„tâ—ng oppressed but brought it as it were into certen rules CoÌ„trary Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about treason Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of hys sonne Comparacion sheweth y e thing y t is brought eyther equall lesse or bigger Lesse as our elders haue warred oftentymes because theyr marchauÌ„tes and mariners wer euyl entreated What mynd ought you to be in so many thousande citizens of Rome slaine at one message and one time Equall as in the same Cicero For it happed vnto me to stand for an offyce wyth two gentlemenne that one very naughte that other very gentle yet ouercame I Catiline by dignitie and Galba by fauoure Bygger As for Milo they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe kylled a man when M. Horacius was quitte whyche kylled hys owne syster Parable which some call similitude some coÌ„paracion is a comparyng of a thyng y t hath no life or no bodye to our cause and purpose for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke And as example is taken of y e dede of a man and the person of an hystorye or that is fabulous and fayned so is comparison taken of thinges that be done or that be ioyned to them by nature or by chaunce As Attilius retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of kepynge faythe and promise But a shyp in the whych the sayles be â—oysed vp or takeÌ„ down after the blowyng of the winde is a parable whiche reacheth a wyse man to geue place to tyme and applye hymselfe to the world that is presente And lyke fashion is of dilaâ—yng a parable as we haue shewed in example For sometime it is noted in a word as Doest thou not vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned Sometyme it is more largelye declared as in the oracion for Muâ—ena And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen c. Analogia Icon called of the latines Imago an Image in Englyshe is
haue taken hurte monyshe vs thys came euyll to passe hereafter take heede but or euer ye take the matter in hande it cryeth If thou do thys thou shalt get vnto the euyll name and myschiefe Let vs knytte therfore this threfolde corde that both good teachyng leade nature and exercise make perfite good teachyng Moreouer in other beastes we do perceiue that euery one doth sonest learne that that is most properly belonging to hys nature and whych is fyrste to the sauegarde of hys healthe and that standeth in those thynges whith brynge either payne or destruccioÌ„ Not onlye liuing thyngs but plantes also haue this sence For we se that trees also in that parte where the sea doth sauour or the northen winde blow to shrynke in their braunches and boughes and where the wether is more gentle there to spreade them farther oute And what is that that properly be longeth vnto man Uerelye to lyue according to reason and for that is called a reasonable creature and diuided froÌ„ those that caÌ„ not speake And what is most destruccioÌ„ to maÌ„ Folyshenes He wyll therfore be taught nothyng soner then vertue and abhorre from nothynge sooner then folyshnesse if so be the diligence of the parentes wyll incontinent set a worke the nature whyle it is emty But we here meruelous complantes of the common people howe readye the nature of chyldreÌ„ is to fal to vyce how hard it is to drawe them to the loue of honesty They accuse nature wrongfullye The greatest parte of thys euyll is thorowe oure owne faute whyche mar the wittes w t vyces before we teache them vertues And it is no maruell if we haue them not verye apte to learne honestye seyng they are nowe already taughte to myschiefe And who is ignoraunt that the labour to vnteache is both harder and also goth before teachyng Also the common sorte of men do amysse in thys pointe thre maner of wayes eyther because they vtterlye neglecte the bryngynge vp of children or because they begynne to fashion their myndes to knoweledge to late or because they putte them to those men of whome they maye learne that that muste be vnlerned agayne Wee haue shewed those fyrst maner of men vnworthi to be called fathers and that they very litle differ from suche as serâ—e theyr infantes out abrode to be destroyed and that they oughte worthely to be punyshed by the lawe which doth prescribe this also diligentlye by what meanes chyldren shuld be brought vp afterwards youth The second sorte be very manye wyth whom nowe I specially entend to stâ—iue The thyrd doth amysse two wayes partly thorowe ignoraunce partly thorowe retchlesnes And syth it is a rare thynge and a shame to be ignoraunte to whome thou shuldest put oute thy horse or thy grounde to be kepte howe muche more shamefull is it not to knowe whom thou shuldeste put thy chylde in truste wythal beynge the dearest part of thy possessions Ther thou beginnest to lerne that that thou canst not skyll well of thy selfe thou axest counsell of the beste seene here thou thynkeste it maketh no matter to whom thou commitâ—est thy sonne Thou assignest to thy seruantes eueri man his office that is metest for hym Thou tryest whom thou mayest make ouersear of thy husbandrie whome to appoint to the kitchen and who shulde ouersee thy housholde And if there be any good for nothynge a slug a dulhead a foole a waster to hym we coÌ„mit oure childe to be taught and that thynge whych requireth the cunningest man of all is put to y e worst of our seruauntes What is vntoward if here menne haue not an vntoward mind Ther be some whych for theyr couetous mynd be a feard to hyre a good master and geue more to an horskeper then a teacher of the chyld And yet for al that they spare no costly feastes nyght day thei playe at dice and bestowe mâ—ch vpon houndes fooles In thys thynge onely they be sparers and nigardes for whose cause spaâ—inge in other thynges myght be excused I wold ther wer fewer whych bestowe more vpon a rotten whore then vpon bringyng vp of their chylde Nothyng sayth the Satir writer staÌ„deth the father in lesse cost then the sonne Peraduenture it wyll not be much amisse here to speake of y e day dyet which longe ago was muche spokeÌ„ of in y e name of Crates They report it after thys fashion Alow to thy coke x. pouÌ„d to thy phisicion a grote to thy flatterer .v. taleÌ„ts to thy couÌ„seller smoke to thy harlot a talent to thy philosopher .iii. halfpeÌ„s What lacketh to this preposterous count but to put to it y t the teacher haue iii. farthings Howbeit I thinke y t the master is meant vnder y e name of philosopher WheÌ„ one that was riche in money but nedâ— of wit axed Aristippus wharwages he wold axe for teching his son he answered .v. C. grotes You aâ—e quod heâ—o great a suÌ„me for w t this much money a man maye bye a seruaunce Then the philosopher very properly againe but now quod he for one thou shalt haue two a sonne mete to do the seruice and a philosopher to teache thy sonne Further if a man shulde bee axed whether he wold haue hys onlye sonne dead to wynne an hundred horses if he had any â—rumâ—e of wysedome he wold answer I thinke in no wise Whi geuest thou then more for â—hi horse why is he more diligeÌ„tly takeÌ„ hede to then thy sonne why geuest thou more for a fole then for the bringyng vp of thy chylde Be frugall and sparynge in other thynges in thys poynt to be thryfty is no sparynge but a madnes There be other agayn that take good heede in chosyng a master but that is at the desyre of their friendes They lette passe a meere and cunninge man to reache chyldren and take one that can no skyll for none other cause but that he is set forwardes at the desyres of their friendes Thou mad man what meanest thou In saylynge thou regardest not the affeccion of theÌ„ y t speake good wordes for a man but thou secteste hym to the helme whych can beste skyll to gouerne the shyp in the sonne wheÌ„ not only he hymself is in ieopardy but the father and mother and all the housholde yea and the common wealth it selfe wylte thou noâ— vse like iudgement Thy horse is sicke whether wilt thou sende for a â—eche at the good worde of thy friend or for his cuÌ„nyng in lechcraft What Is thy sonne of lesse price vnto the then thi horse Yea settest thou lesse by thy selfe then by thy horse This beyng a foule thynge in meane citizens how much more shamefull is it in great menne At one supper a dashynge agaynst the mischeuous rocke of dice and so hauynge shypwrake thei lose two hundred pouÌ„d and yet they saye they be aâ— coste iâ— vpon theyr son they bestowe aboue xx pounde No man can geue nature eyther to himselfe or to other howbeit
long workes vse some of these fautes yet must not their examples be folowed nor brought into a coÌ„mon vsage of speakyng Barbarie and hys partes Barbarie is a faute whych turneth the speche froÌ„ his purenes and maketh it foule and rude and the partes be these Barbarismus is when a worde is either naughtely wrytten or pronouÌ„ced coÌ„trary to the ryght law maner of speakinge And it is done by addicion detraccioÌ„ chaunging transposynge eyther of a letter a syllable tyme accent or aspiracioÌ„ Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be called figures and partly doute ye not but both the speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you mow Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil pronouncing certein letters of tomuch gapyng or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth Inconueniens structura is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the partes of spech in construccion whych is maâ—ked by all thynges that belong to the partes of speche as when one paâ—â—e is put for another when gender for gender case for case tyme for tyme mode for mode number for number aduerbe for aduerbe preposicion for preposicioÌ„ whych because it is vsed of famous authores in stede of fautes be called figures Vertue Uertue or as we saye a grace dygnitye in speakynge the thyrde kynde of Scheme is when the sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen maner of speaking of the people Of it be two kyndes Proprietie and garnyshyng Proprietie and his partes Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther be no fautes committed but thynges done as they shulde be The partes bee proposicion and accenting Proportio proporcion is whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued By thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye true and naturall speche as be the fyne metals from the grosser To speke is no lawe but an obseruacion or markyng not leanyng vpoÌ„ cause but vpon example For in eloquence the iudgement of excelleÌ„t men standeth for reason as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst boke Extensio is that wherby a swete and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes is kepte because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or accent some wyth a flarre some strayned out This grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of y e voyce in pleasaunte pronunciacion Garnyshyng and his kyndes Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth is wheÌ„ the oracioÌ„ is gaylye set oute and floryshed w t diuerse goodly figures causyng much pleasauntnes and delecracioÌ„ to the hearer and hath two kyndes composicion and exornacion Composicion is an apte settinge together of wordes whych causeth all the partes of an oracion to bâ—e trymmed al alyke And in it muste be considered that we so order our wordes that the sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after a stronger but that it styl go vp warde and increase There is also a naturall order as to saye men women daye and nyght easte and weste rather then backewardes In thys muste be auoyded also to often comyng together of vowels which make the oracion wyde and gapyng To muche repetyng of all one letter in the beginnâ—ng of wordes to much repeting of one word and that they ende not to much all alyke that the sentence be not hold on to longe which werieth the hearer and the speaker nor that manye consonaÌ„tes run not to harshely together wyth many other which Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour and Quintilian in hys nynth wherof here to put examples were to longe Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng theÌ„ w t diuerse goodly colours and tropes or chauÌ„gings of speach Tropes Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures Tropes also be comprehended Neuerthelesse ther is a notable difference betwixt theÌ„ In figure is no alteracion in the wordes froÌ„ their proper significacions but only is the oracion seÌ„tence made by theÌ„ more plesauÌ„t sharpe vehemeÌ„t after y e affeccioÌ„ of him that speketh or writeth to y e which vse although tropes also do serue yet properlye be they so called because in them for necessitye or garnyshynge there is a monynge and chaungynge of a worde and sentence from theyr owne significacioÌ„ into another whych may agre wyth it by a similitude The former parâ—es ben these Translatio translacion that is a worde translated from the thynge that it properlye signifieth vnto another whych may agre with it by a similitude And amonge all vertues of speche this is the chyefe None perswadeth more effecteouslye none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes more euidently none moueth more mightily the affeccions none maketh the oracioÌ„ more goodlye pleasaunt nor copious Translacions be diuerse Some froÌ„ the body to the mynd as I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge for newely begunne it Also I smell where aboute you go for I perceyue From the reasonable to the vnresonable as Uyrgyll in hys Georgere applyed the counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men to bees From the vnreasonable to the resonable What whinest thou what charterest thou That one taken of a wolfe that other of a pye From the liuinge to the not liuyng The mouthe of the well the fatnes of the earth The lande wyl spewe them oute From the not lyuynge to the liuyng Cicero florisheth in eloqueÌ„ce From the liuyng to the liuynge The iews winched against Moses From the not liuinge to the noâ— liuynge The wordes flowe oute of hys mouth He is good for a greue wounde Abusio when for a certeyne and proper worde we abuse a lyke or that is nie vnto it as when we say longe counsel lytle talke smal matter Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion wee take wordes that be somwhat nye whych properly do belong to vnlyke thinges Transsumptio TranssuÌ„pcion is when by degrees we go to y t that is shewed as he hyd hym selfe in the blacke deâ—â—eâ— By blacke is vnderstande ful of darkenes consequently stepe downe and verye depe Metonomya Transnominacion when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys owne beynge referred to another thing hath another this is done diuerse waies When the chiefe master or doâ—r of a thyng is put for y e thing it self as Put vpon you the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also You play Iudas w t me When the place or that that coÌ„teineth is put for the thyng that is in it as All the round â—arthe prayseth God Oxforth some say hath not forsaken all popery for the studentes therin When that that is conteyned is put for that that doth conteine as The fryer Austens is goodly buylded for y e house wher y e fryers wer When the doer is put for that y t is done as God brought the Israelites out of Egypte wyth a stretched out arme and stronge hande Also Is gods hand drawen in for power and strength When y t is done is put for y e doer
the thynges that be dispersed thorowout all the cause are gathered together into â—ne place that y e oracion shulde be the wayghtier rebukefuller thus What faute is he without why shuld you O Iuâ—ges be mynded to deliuer hym He is an harlot of hys owne bodye he lyeth in wayte for others gredy in temperate wanton proud vnnatural â—o his parentes vnkynd to hys frindes troubleous to hys kynsefolke stubburn to hys betters dysdaynful to his equals cruel to hys inferiours finally intollerable to all men Exclamacio exclamacioÌ„ is whiche sheweth the significacion of sorowe or of anger by callyng vpon eyther a man a place or a thynge Cicero in hys oratour O deceitful hope of men â–ª and frayle fortune our vayne contencions whych ofteÌ„ tymes are broken in the myd way rushe downe and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they cause the hauen Hereunto beloÌ„geth expectacioÌ„ obtestacioÌ„ wishyng rebuking Execracio eâ—ecracion O fye vpon Idolatry that taketh away the honoure due vnto God alone and geueth it to synfull creatures and Images made by mans hand Obtestacio obtestacion wheÌ„ for God or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue any thynge As Cicero for Publius Sestius O I praye you for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you y â— as it was your wylles to saue me so you wyl vouchsaf to saue theÌ„ thorow whose helpe you receiued me agayne Votum wyshynge O wolde God that the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea whan wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia Increpacio Cicero agaynst Catiline Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not knowen and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the laste nyghte and what the nyghte before Interrogacio Euerye interrogacioÌ„ is not of grauity neither yet a Scheme but thys whyche when those thinges de rehearsed vp whiche hurâ—e oure aduersaryes cause strengthneth that thynge that is gone before thus seynge then that he spake all these wordes and dyd all these thynges whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes froÌ„ the coÌ„mon wealthe or not Raciocinatio raciocinacion is by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken that oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of euery proposicion after thys maner Thys was well ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys lyfe whome they had taken in batayl Why so for the power whyche fortune had geuen vs it to consume in the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle before had set in hyeste degree were agaynste reason Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you I wyl not remember it Why so For it is the poynte of a valiaunte man suche as contend for the vyctorye them to count enemyes suche as be ouercome those to count meÌ„ so that fortitude maye diminishe war humanitie increase peace But he if he had ouercome wolde he haue done so Uerelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse Why shulde ye spare hym then because such foly I am wont to despise not to folowe Subiectio when we axe of oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs and answere to ourselues thus Shall we tary in synne God forbyd Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus O Iewes what can you say for denyall of Christe Wyl you saye that you haue not youre Messias but your prophets say the contrarye Your Types are confouÌ„ded Whom wyl you be iudged by by Hystories Oures declare that you be out of the way shall come agayne to Christ. Tacite obiectioni responsio wheÌ„ we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be obiected agaynst vs as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide Penelope wylling her husband Ulysses to come home hymsâ—lfe and wryte nothyng vnto her Wher he myght haue layed for hys tarying the warres she priuely toke awaye y t excuse saying Troy is destroied Dubitatio dubitacion when wee doute of two thynges or of many whych we shuld inespecially speke of Much hurted the coÌ„mon wealth at that tyme whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of the consulles or the malyce or bothe I can not tell Expeditio expedicion when many reasons rehearsed vp wherby a thynge myghte be done or not the other are taken away and one left that we entende thus It muste needes bee that thys controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes or vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them The wordes as they stande brynge wyth them greaâ—e inconuenience to wytte to expositoures and the other textes The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al these incoÌ„ueniences satisfieth reason expositours texts of the scripture wherfore wyt expositour scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence then the worde Conclusio conclusioÌ„ is which by a brief argumeÌ„tacion of these thinges that be spoken bâ—fore or done inferreth that thynge that necessarilye shulde folowe thus And if a reuelacion wer geuen to the Trotanes y e Troy myght not be taken without y e arowes of Philecâ—etâ—s and thei did nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in dede was Troy to be taken Permissio permission when we shew y t we geue grauÌ„t any thyng altogether to a mans wyll thus Because al thynges takeÌ„ away only is left vnto me my body mynd these thynges whych only ar lefte vnto me of many I graunte theÌ„ to to you and to your power CoÌ„municacio coÌ„municacion is when we leaue sumwhat to y e Iudges to be estemed thus I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what hurt y e coÌ„moÌ„ welth shal take hereof Diuisio diuision is which diuiding one thyng froÌ„ another endeth theÌ„ both by shewing a reasoÌ„ thus why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge if y u bee good y u haste not deserued it if thou be naught thou carest not for it Also what shuld I speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou do remember them I shuld but trouble you If you haue forgotten them when by deede I haue profited nothyng what good can I do in wordes Contentio contencion when the reason staÌ„deth by contrary wordes or contraries be rehearsed by coÌ„parison thus Flattery hath pleasauÌ„t begynnynges but the same hathe verye bytter endynges Cicero agaynst Catiline when they coulde not lyue honestlye they had rather dye shamefully They that be after the fleshe care for these thynges y t be of the fleshe They that be after the spirite care for the thynges of the spirite Contrarium contrary is that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y e one bryefely and easelye thus For he that alwayes wyll be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs how shuld a man trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters He that in familiare coÌ„municacion and company of hys friendes wyl neuer say truth thinkest theÌ„ y t he wil
that on is committed when anye worde is fautely spoken or writen that other when in many wordes ioyned together the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed to that that goeth before Of composicion and dygnitye we wyll speake here after when we come to the figures of rethoryque Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oracioÌ„ we thinke good bryeâ—â—ye to shewe you of the thre kyndes of stile or endyghting in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied For that there be thre sundry kyndes called of the Grekes characters of vs figures I trowe there is no man though he be meanlye learned but he knoweth namely when we se so manye wryters of sciences bothe Greke and latine whych haue ben before tyme to haue folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of wrytyng the one vnlyke to the other And there hath bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge The greate the small the meane The greate kynde The greate the noble the mightye and the full kynde of endyghtynge wyth an incredible a certen diuine power of oracion is vsed in wayghty causes for it hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes proper translated graue sentences whych ar handled in amplificacion and commiseracion and it hathe exornacions bothe of woordes and sentences wherunâ—o in oracions they ascribe verye great strength and grauitie And they that vse thys kynde bee vehement various copious graue appoynted and readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius for Sylla for Titus Annius Milo for Caius Rabirius agaynste Cariline agaynste Uerres agaynste Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes fall into fautes when vnto them that seemeth a graue oracion whych swelleth and is puffed vp whych vseth straunge wordes hardelye translated or to olde and that â—e nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke or more graue then the thing requyreth The small kynde The small kynde of indighting is in a subtile pressed and fyled oracion meete for causes that be a lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng It hathe fyne sentences subtile sharpe teachyng all thynges and makynge them more playne not more ample And in the same kynde as Cicero sayeth in hys oratoure some bee craftye but vnpolyshed and of purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull Other in that leaâ—es are trymme that is somwhat floryshynge also and garnyshed Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys philosophicall disputacions in the oracioÌ„ for Quincius for Roscius y e Comedy plaier TeceÌ„ce Plautus in their Comedies Such as caÌ„ not haÌ„dsomly vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendeâ—nes of wordes fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion The meane kynde The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of the lower and yet not of the loweste and moste comen wordes and sâ—nteÌ„ces And it is ryghtly called the temperate kynde of speakyng because it is very nygh vnto the small and to the greate kynde folowyng a moderacion and temper betwyxt theÌ„ And it foloweth as we saye in one tenour distinguyshyng all the oracion wyth small ornamentes bâ—th of wordes and sentences Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius for Aulus Cecinna for Marcus Marcellus and moste of all in hys bookes of oâ—â—ices In this it is fautye to come to the kynd that is nye vnto it â–ª whyche is called dissolute because it waueth hyther and thyther as it were wythout senowes and ioyntes standyng surely in no poynte And sâ—che an oracion can not caâ—se the heaâ—er to take anye heede â—hen it goeth so in and out and comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes Of Schemes and Tropes Scheme is a Greke worde and signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that daunsers vse to make wheÌ„ they haue won the best game but by translacion is taken for the fourme fashion and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or payntinge and is taken here now of vs for the fashion of a word sayynge or sentence otherwyse wrytten or spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage and that thre suÌ„dry waies by figure faâ—â—e vertue Figure Fygure of Scheme y e fyrst part is a behaueoure maner or fashion eyther of sentence oracion or wordes after some new wyse other theÌ„ men do commenlye vse to wryâ—e or speake and is of two sortes Dianoias that is of sentence and Lexeos of worde Figure of Dianoias or sentence because it properlye belongeth to oratoures â–ª we wyll speake of it hereafter in place conuenient now wyll we entrete of the figure Lexeos or of worde as it perteyneth to the Gramarians Figure of worde Figure Lexeos or of worde is when in speakyng or wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe or straunge otherwyse then after y e comen custume is of ii kyndes diccion construccion Figure of Diccion Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word either written or pronouÌ„ced hath these partes Appositio apposicioÌ„ the putting to eyther of letter or sillable at the begynnyng of a worde as He all to bewretched hym Ablatio the takynge awaye of a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde of a letter when we say The peÌ„thesis of thys house is to low for the epenthesis Wher note this y e word peÌ„thesis is a greke worde yet is vsed as an englishe as many mo be and is called a pentis by these figures Sincope and Apheresis the whole word beynge as is before epenthesis so called because it is betwyxt y e lyght vs as in al occupiers shops coÌ„menli it is Interpositio when a letter is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the laste as RelligioÌ„ for religion relliques for reliques Consicio contrary to Epenthesis is when somewhat is cutte of from the myddeste of the worde as Idolatry for Idololatâ—y Preassumpcio when a sillable is added to a word the significacion of the worde therby nothyng altered as He vseth to slacken his matters for to slacke his matters Absissio y e cuttyng away of a letter or sillable froÌ„ the end of a word as She is a wel â—ayr may for maid Extensio the making loÌ„g of a sillable whych by nature is short as This was ordeined by acte for ordined Contractio the makynge short of a sillable which bi nature is loÌ„g as He is a man of good perseuerauÌ„ce wher some men coÌ„mit .ii. fautes at once one y t they take perseuerauÌ„ce for knoweledge whiche signifieth alwais coÌ„tinuance an other y t they make this sillable ue short where it is euerlonge and so do they erre in thys worde adherentes also makyng he short when it is alwayes longe as when they saye I defye hym and all his
absteine from a lye in a coÌ„mon audience Membrum oracionis a meÌ„ber of the reasoÌ„ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed but receyued agayne w t an other parte thus Thou dyddest bothe profite thyne enemie and hurte thy frynd Thys exornacion may be made of two partes only but the perâ—iteste is made of thre thus Thou diddest profite thine enemy hurt thi frind and dydst no good to thy selfe Articulus article is when eche word is set a sunder by cutting the oracion thus By sharpnes voyce countenaunce thou madeste thyne enemyes afrayd Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth enuye wronges power falsehead Compar euen or equall is when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche we spake before that they be made of euen number of sillables but thys equalitie must not stand by numbryng of them but by perceyuyng of it in y e mynd Christe afore the Iudge was led on hys head a croune of thorne was putte in token that in dede the kynge of Iews he was borne Here be some mo wordes in on meÌ„ber then in an other yet sound they to the eare of lyke lengthe Similiter cadens fallyng al alike is when in the same construccion of wordes ther be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe same cases thus Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue plenteful of money Cicero for Flaccus There is in theÌ„ no varietie of opinion none of wyll none of talke Similiter desinens endynge al alyke when words or senteÌ„ces haue alyke endyng as Thou dareste do fylthely and studiâ—st to speke baudely Content thy selfe w t thy state in thy herte do no man hate be not the cause of stryfe and baâ—e Gradacio is wheÌ„ we rehearse again the word y t goth next before desâ—â—d to other thinges by degrees thus To Affrican industry gat vertue vertue glory glory hatered Definicio definicioÌ„ wherby y e proper effect of any thynge is declared briefely absolutely in this wyse This is not diligeÌ„ce but couetousnes because y e diligeÌ„ce is a â—edy sauing of thine own couetousnes is a wrongful desyrâ— of othermens Transicio transicioÌ„ is wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken what may folowe as What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue told now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to hys pareÌ„tes Also Cicero for the law of Manilius Because we haue spoken of y e kind of the warre now wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it Occupatia occupacion is when we make as though we do not knowe or wyl not know of y t thyng y t wee speke of most of al in this wyse I wyl not say that y u tokest money of our felowes I wyl not stand much in thys that y u robbedst kingdoms cityes and al mens houses I passe ouer thy theftes al thy â—auyns Dissolutio when the oracion lacketh coniuÌ„ccions thus Obey thy pareÌ„tes be ruled by thi kinsfolke folow thy fryndes â–ª obey the lawes Auersio auersion when we turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to another personne eyther present or absent or to a thing to the whych we fayne a person as a precher speaking of priestes that feede not the flocke may fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter sayinge O Peter I wold thou liuedst sawest what thy brethren do howe far they be gone froÌ„ that thou prescribedst them to do Againe O world howe pleasant be the thynges that thou dost promyse how bytter ben they that thou geuest Necessum necessitie when we coÌ„fesse the thynge to be done but excuse it by necessitye eyther of y e person or tyme thus I confesse that thys I dyd But the woman that thou gauest me dyd deceyue me Also somtyme I was in that opinion but the tyme so required Refractio that is the turninge backe agayne of a worde into a coÌ„trary significacion thus I knowe kynge Ezechias that all thys lyfe is but bitternes but I praye thee gyue me suche bytternes Verborum bombus when small triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng wordes Example of this naâ—e you in Terâ—nce of y e boasting souldiar creping smel feast Diminutio when greate matters are made lyghte of by wordes as when he was wel beateÌ„ bi a knaue that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle stryke hym Extenuatio the makyng lesse of a thynge to auoyde arrogance thus If I haue any wit O Iudges if any eâ—ercyse of endyghtyng al may I thanke Archias the Poete of Cicero for Archias Eleuacio when we make lyghte of and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs whych to aunswer vnto it is labour and we saye they perteyne not to the purpose or that they are vnworthy to be answered vnto or that we kepe them tyll another tyme Of thys ther nedeth none example AS oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed and the fyrste order of the Rethorical figures We nowe come vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence called of Quintilian Cicero the ornameteÌ„s of sentence Figures of sentence Particion called also â—iuision distribucion rethoricall is when a thing that mai be generally spokeÌ„ is more largely declared and diuided into partes Example He is perfiâ—ely seene in all the sciences This seÌ„tence spoken as it were in a suÌ„me may be enlarged if seuerally you reherse vp al the kindes of learning There is no kynd of doctrine at al but he is exquisitely sene in it There is no science but he hathe learned it thorowly and so learned it that you wâ—lde thynke he had laborâ—d onely in it So maruelouslye he knoweth all the â—ables of al the Poetes he so aboundeth in the floures of the Rethoricians He hath so boulted oute the paynefull rules of the gramarians So perfitely knoweth he the subtilnesse of the Logicians and hath so soughte oute the priuities of natural thynges and ouercome the harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome he hathe passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines and hath thorowlie perceyued the mathematical demoÌ„stracions He so knoweth the mocions of the starres the reasons of numbers the measurynges of the earth the situacions names spaces of cities mountaynes fluddes and fountaynes he so knoweth the difference and harmonies of tunes He so remeÌ„breth all hystoryes olde and late So knoweth all good authors all antiquities nouelties and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in Greke as latyne Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe bene found and taught of good authors al that thorowlye â—ath be perceyued knowen and remeÌ„bred Here these wordes â—e is perfitelye seene in all the sciences bee declared in theyr partes Enumeracion is much lyke vnto thys when not beynge contente at once to declare the ende of the matter we rehearse
certeine tediousnes muste bee deuoured as of cannyng wythout booke sayinge the lesson agayn and wyth wrytinge it for scant maye a man fynde anye that hathe so apte a wytie to bee taught so tractable and that so wil folowe whyche wyll accustume it selfe to these thynges wythout prickyng forward Chrisippus apoynted thre yeres to the nouâ—ses not that in the meane space there shuld be no teachynge of manners and speach but that the infame shulde be prepared by fayr meanes to lern vertue and letters ether of the nurses or of the parentes whose maners wythout peradueÌ„ture do help very much to the good fashionyâ—ge of chyldren And because the fyrste teachyng of chyldren is to speake playnly and wythout faute in this afore tyme the nourses and the parentes helpe not a lytle Thys begynnyng not only very muche profiteth to eloqueÌ„ce but also to iudgement and to the knowledge of all disciplines for the ignoraunce of tonges eyther hath marred all the sciences or greatly hurt theÌ„ eueÌ„ diuinitie it selfe also phisicke law The eloquence of the Gracchians was muche merueyled at in tyme paste but for the most they myghte thanke theyr mother Cornelia for it as Tullie iudgeth It apeareth sayth he that the chyldren wer not so much brought vp in the mothers lappe as in the mothers coÌ„municacion So theyr fyrste scholyng was to them the mothers lap Lelia also expressed in her goodly talke the eloquence of her father Caius And what marueile While she was yet yonge she was dyed wyth her fathers communicacion euen when she was borne in his armes The same happened to the two sisters Mucia and Licinia neeces vnto Caius Specially is praysed the elegance of Licinia in speakyng whiche was the daughter of Lucius Crassus one Scâ—pios wyfe as I weene What nedes many words All the house and all the kynred euen to the nepheus and their cosyns dyd often expresse elegance of their fore fathers in artificiall and cunnyng speakyng The daughter of Quintus Hortencius so expressed her fathers eloquence that ther was longe ago an oracion of hers to se that she made before the officers called Triumuiri not only as Fabius sayth to the prayse of womankynd To speake without faâ—â— no litle helpe â—rynge also the nourses tutors and playe felowes For as touching the tonges so great is the readines of that age to learne them that wythin a few monethes a chylde of Germany maye learne Frenche and that whyle he dothe other thinges also neyther dothe that thynge come euer better to passe then in rude and verye yonge yeres And if this come to passe in a barbarous and vnruled tonge whych wryteth otherwyse then it speaketh and the whych hathe hys schriches and wordes scarse of a man howe muche more easely wyl it be done in the Greeke or Latine tonge Kyng Mithridates is read to haue perfitly knowen .xxii. tonges so that he could plead the lawe to euery nacion in their owne tonges wythoute anye interpreter The mistocles within a yeres space lerned perfitely the Persians tong because he wolde the better coÌ„men wyth the kyng If suÌ„what old age can do that what is to be hoped for of a chylde And all this businesse standeth specially in two thynges memorye and imitacion We haue shewed before alredy that there is a certein naturall greate desyre in chyldren to folowe other and very wyse men wryte that memorie in chyldren is verye sure in holdinge faste and if we distrust their authoritie experience it selfe wyll proue it vnto vs. Those thynges that we haue seene beyng chyldren they so abide in our mindes as though we had sene them yesterdaie Thinges that we read to day wheÌ„ we be old wythin two daies after if we read theÌ„ agayn they seme newe vnto vs. Furthermore howe fewe haue we seene whych haue had good successe in lernynge the tonges when they were olde And if some haue wel spedde them in knoweledge yet the right sound and pronunciacion hath chaunsed either to none or to very few For rare examples be no common rules Neyther for thys muste we call chyldren to lerne the tonges after sixtene yere olde because that the elder Cato lerned latine and Greeke when he was thre score and ten yeres olde But Cato of Utica muche better lerned then the other and more eloquent when he was a chylde was continuallye wyth hys master Sarpedo And here we ought so much the more to take heede because that yonge age led rather by sense then iudgemeÌ„t wyll assone or peraduenture soner lerne leudnes things y t be naught Yea we forget soner good thinges theÌ„ naught Gentile philosophers espyed that merueyled at it and could not search out the cause whiche christeÌ„ philosophers haue shewed vnto vs which telleth y t this redines to mischiefe is setteled in vs of Adam the first father of maÌ„kind Thys thynge as it can not be false so is it very true that the greateste parte of this euyll coÌ„meth of leude and naughty bryngyng vp inespeciallye of tender youthe whyche is plyeable to euerye thynge We fynd in writyng that great Alexander lerned certeine fautes of hys master Leonides whyche he could not leaue when he was well groweÌ„ vâ— and a great Emperour Therfore as long as amonge the latines floryshed that olde vertuousnes of good maners chyldren were not committed to an hyrelynge to be taught but were taughte of the parentes them selues their kinsfolke as of their vncles both by father and mother of the graundfathers as Plutarch sayth For they thought it especially perteyned to the honour of their kynred if they had very manye excellentlye well seene in liberall knowledge where as now adayes all nobilitie almost staÌ„deth in painâ—ed grauen armes dauncing huntynge and dicynge Spurius Carbilius of a bond man made free whose patrone Carbilius brought in the fyrste example of diuorce is reported to be the fyrste that taught an opeÌ„ graÌ„mer schole Before thys tyme it was counted a verye vertuous office if euery maÌ„ taughte hys kynsefolke in vertue and lernyng Nowe is thys theyr onlye care to seeke for their chyld a wyfe wyth a good dowrye That done they thynke they haue done all that belongeth to a father But as the world is alwayes redy to be worse and worse day nâ—â—nes hathe perswaded vs to commâ—e this office to a tuter that is one of our householde and a gentleman is put to be taught of a seruaunte In whyche thynge in deede if we wolde take heede whom we chose the ieopardy were so muche the lesse because the teacher liued not only in y e fathers syght but also wer vnder hys power if he dyd amysse They that wer very wyse either bought lerned seruauntes or prouided they myghte be lerned that they myghte be teachers to their children But howe muche wyser were it if the parents wolde get lernyng for thys entent that they them selues myght teach theyr owne chyldren Uerelye by thys meanes the profite wolde be double as the coÌ„moditie is double