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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	good_a	see_v	work_n	3,903	5	5.7692	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A19451	The country-mans recreation, or the art of planting, graffing, and gardening in three bookes. The first declaring divers wayes of planting, and graffing ... also how to cleanse your grafts and cions, how to helpe barren and sicke trees, how to kill wormes and vermin and to preserve and keepe fruit, how to plant and proyne your vines, and to gather and presse your grape ... how to make your cider and perry ... The second treateth of the hop-garden, with necessary instructions for the making and the maintenance thereof ... Whereunto is added, the expert gardener, containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that art ...	Mascall, Leonard, d. 1589. Booke of the arte and maner, howe to plant and graffe all sortes of trees. aut; Scot, Reginald, 1538?-1599. Perfite platforme of a hoppe garden. aut	1640 (1640)	STC 5874; ESTC S108874	101,331	202

brusing of your fruit then dry them with a cloth and keepe them all the winters vntill St. Andrewes tide then a little after sow them in good earth as thin as ye doe Peason and then rake them over as the other How one ought to use his earth to sowe Pepins without dunging BVt in this manner of doing in the Spring it is not so great need for to raise or digge the earth so deep as that which is dunged in winter but to devide your quarters in covering your Pepins not so much with earth as those which be sowne with good dung but when ye haue sowne them a little rake all them over How ye ought to take heed of Poultrey for scraping of your beddes or quarters AS soone after as your Pepins be sowne vpon your beds or quarters let this be done one way or other that is take good heed that your Hennes doe not scrape your beds or quarters therefore sticke them all over light and thin with boughes or thornes and take good heed also to Swine and other Cattell How to weed or cleanse your Beds and quarters AND when the winter is past and gone and that yee see your Pepins rise and grow so let them increase the space of one yeere but see to cleanse weeds or other things which may hurt them as you shall see cause And in the Summer when it shall waxe dry water them well in the evenings How one ought to pluck vp the wild Cions AND when these wild Cions shall be great as of the growth of one yeere ye must then plucke them vp all in Winter following before they doe begin to spring againe Then shall yee set them and make of them a wild Orchard as followeth CHAP. II. Treateth how one shall set againe the small wild trees which come of Pepins when they be first pluckt up FOr the Bastard or little wilde Trees incontinent assoone as they be pluckt up ye must haue of other good earth wel trimmed and dunged and to be well in the Sunne and well prepared and drest as it is sayd in the other part before of the Pepins How to dung your Bastard or wild young Trees which come of Pepins ABout Advent before Christmas ye must digge and dung well the place whereas ye will set them and make your square of earth even plaine so large as ye shall think good then set your wild trees so farre one from another as yee thinke meet to be graft so that they may be set in even rankes and in good order that when need shall require ye may remoue or renue any of them or any part thereof How ye ought in replanting or setting to cut off in the middest the principall great rootes IN what part soever ye doe set any Trees ye must cut off the great maister roote within a foote of the stocke and all other bigge rootes so that ye leaue a foote long thereof and so let them be set and make your rankes crosse-wise one from another halfe a foote or thereabouts and ye must also see that there be of good dung more deepe and lower then ye doe set your Trees to comfort the sayd rootes withall How you ought to set your Trees in ranke YE shall leaue betweene your ranckes from one rancke to another one foote or thereabouts so that yee may set them with good fat earth all over the rootes How to make the space from one ranke to another YE shall leave betweene your rankes from one rancke to another one foote or thereabouts so that ye may passe betweene every ranke for to clense them if need require and also for to graffe any part or parcell thereof when time shall be meet But ye must note in making thus your rankes ye shall make as many allies as rankes And if ye thinke it not good to make as many allies then devide those into quarters of five foot broad or thereabouts and make and set foure rankes in each quarter of the same one foot from another as ye use to set great Cabbage and assoone after as ye have set them in rankes and in good order as is aforesaid then shall ye cut off all the setts even by the ground But in this doing see that ye doe not plucke up or loose the earth what is about them or if you will ye may cut them before ye doe set them in rankes If ye doe so see that ye set them in such good order and even with the earth as is aforesaid And it shall suffice also to make your rankes as ye shall see cause And looke that ye furnish the earth all over with good dung without mingling of it in the earth nor yet to cover the said Plants withall but strowed betwixt and yee must also looke well to the cleansing of weedes grasse or other such things which will be a hurt to the growth of the Plants How to water Plants when they waxe dry IT shall be good to water them when the time is dry in the first Yeare Then when they have put forth of new Cions leave no more growing but that Cion which is the principall and fairest upon every stocke one all the other cut off hard by the stocke and ever as they doe grow small twigges about the stocke ye shall in the Moneth of March and Aprill cut them all of hard by the stocke And if ye then sticke by every Plant a pretty wand and so bind them with Willow barke Bryer or Osiers it shall profit them much in their groweth Then after five or sixe yeares groweth when they be so bigge as your finger or there abouts ye may then remove any of them whereas ye will haue them grow and remaine How one ought to remove Trees and to plant them againe THe manner how ye ought to remoue trees is shewed in the sixt Chapter following then about two or three yeares after their removing ye shall graffe them for then they will be the better rooted As for the others which ye leaue still in rankes ye may also graffe them where as they stand as ye shall see cause good When ye haue plucked vp the fairest to plant in either places as is aforesayd also the manner how to Graffe them is shewd in the fift Chapter following But after they shall be so graft in what place soever it be ye shall not remoue or set them in of her places againe vn●ill the Graffes be well closed vpon the head of the wild stocke When the best time is to replant or remoue VVHen the head of the stocke shall be all over closed about the graffes then ye m●y when ye will transplant and remoue them at a due time where they shall continue For with often removing ye shall doe them great hurt in their rootes and be in danger to make them dye Of negligence and forgetfulnesse IF peradventure ye forget through negligence and haue let small Cions two or three yeares grow about the rootes of your

thereon ye may graffe on them againe as ye shall see cause according as every arme shall require Of barrennesse of trees the time of cutting all branches and of uncovering the Rootes SOmetimes a man hath certaine old Trees which be almost spent as of the Peare-trees and Plum-trees and other great Trees the which beare scant of fruit but when as ye shall see some Branches well charged therewith then ye ought to cut off all the other ill Branches and Boughes to the end that those that remaine may have the more Sap to nourish their fruit and also to uncover their rootes after Alhallontide and to cleave the most greatest rootes thereof a foote from the trunke and put into the said clefts a thin state of hard stone there let it remaine to the end that the humour of the Tree may enter out thereby and at the end of Winter ye shall cover him againe with as good fat earth as ye can get and let the stone alone Trees which ye must helpe or plucke up by the Rootes ALL sorts of Trees which spring Cions from the Rootes as Plum-trees all kind of Cherry-trees and small Nut-trees ye must helpe in plucking their Cions from their roots in Winter as soone as conveniently ye can after the leafe is fallen For they doe greatly plucke downe and weaken the said trees in drawing to them the substance of the earth What doth make a good Nut. BUt chiefly to plant these Cions the best way is to let them grow and be nourished two or three years from the roote and then to transplant them or set them in the Winter as is aforesaid The Cions which be taken from the foote of the Hasell-trees make good Nuts and to be of much strength and vertue when they are not suffered to grow too long from the Roote or foote aforesaid Trees eaten with Beasts must be graffed againe VVHen certaine graffes being well in Sappe of three or foure yeares or thereabouts be broken or greatly endamaged with beasts which have broked thereof it shall little profit to leave those Graffes so but it were better to cut them and to graffe them higher or lower then they were before For the Graffes shall take as well upon the new as old Cion being graffed as on the wild stocke But it shall not so soone close as upon the wild stocke-head How your wild Stockes ought not hastily to be removed IN the beginning when ye have graffed your Graffes on the wild Stocke doe not then hastily plucke up those Cions or wild stockes so graffed untill ye shall see the graffes put forth a new sheute the which remaining still ye may graffe thereon againe so that your graffes in hasty removing may chance to dye When ye cut off the naughty Cions from the Wood. VVHen your Graffes on the stockes shall put forth of new wood or a new sheute as of two or three foot long and if they put forth also of other small superfluous Cions about the said members or branches that ye would nourish cut off all such ill Cions hard by the head in the same yeare they are graffed in but not so long as the wood is in Sappe till the Winter after How sometimes to cut the principall Members ALso it is good to cut some of the principall Members or Branches in the first Yeare if they have too many and then againe within two or three yeares after when they shall be well sprung up and the graffes well closed on the head of the stocke ye may trimme and dresse them againe in taking away the superfluous branches if any there remaine for it is sufficient enough to nourish a young Tree to leave him one principall Member on the head so that he may be one of those that hath beene grafted on the Tree before yea and the Tree shall be fairer and better in the end then if he had two or three branches or precidence at the foote But if the Tree have beene graffed with many great Cions then you must leave him more largely according as ye shall see cause or need to recover the clefts on the head of the said graffe or stocke How to guide and governe the said Trees VVHen that your Trees doe begin to spring ye must order and see to them well the space of three or foure yeares or more untill they be well and strongly grown in helping them above in cutting the small twigs and superfluous wood untill they be so high without branches as a man or more if it may be and then see to them well in placing the principall branches if need be with forkes or wands prickt right and well about them at the foot and to proine them so that one branch doe not approach too nigh the other nor yet fret the one the other when as they doe enlarge and grow and ye must also cut off certaine branches in the Tree where as they are too thicke A kind of Sicknesse in Trees LIkewise when certaine Trees are sicke of the Gall which is a kind of Sicknesse that doth eate the Barke therefore ye must cut it and take out all the same infection with a little Chizell or such like thing This must be done at the end of Winter then put on that infected place of Oxe Dung or Hogs Dung and bind it fast thereon with Cloutes and wrap it with Oziers so let it remaine a long time till it shall recover againe Trees which have Wormes in the Barke OF Trees which have Wormes within their Barkes is where as ye shall see a swelling or rising therein therefore ye must cut or cleave the said barke unto the wood to the end the humour may also distill out thereat and with a little hooke ye must plucke or draw out the said wormes withall the rotten wood ye can see then shall ye put upon the said place a Plaister made of Oxe Dung or Hogs Dung mingled and beaten with Sage and a little of unsleckt Lime then let it be all well boild together and wrap it on a cloth and bind it fast and close thereon so long as it will hold The Lees of Wine shed or powred upon the Rootes of Trees the which be somewhat sicke through the coldnesse of the Earth which Lees doth them much good Snayles Ants and Wormes doth marre Trees ALso ye must take heed of all manner of young trees and specially of those graffes the which many Wormes and Flyes doe endamage and hurt in the time of Summer those are the Snailes the Pismires or Ants the field Snaile which hurteth also all other sorts of Trees that be great principally in the time that the Cuckow doth sing and betwixt Aprill and Midsommer while they be tender There be little Beasts called Sowes which have many Legs and some of them be gray some black and some hath a long sharpe snowt which be very noysome and great hurters of young Graffes and other young Trees also for they cut them off in eating

doe it with their hands Abuses in Hilling SOme observe no time and some no measure in making their hills but having hard say that hills are necessary they make them they care not when nor how Some make hills once for all and never after plucke down the same but better it were to make no hill then so to doe for after the first yeare it doth derogate and not adde any comfort to the roote except the same be every yeare new made and dressed c. Some use to breake off the tops of the Hops when they are growne a xi or xii foote high because thereby they burnish and stocke exceedingly wherein though I cannot commend their doings yet doe they much better then such as will have their Poles as long as their Hops But if your Pole be very long and that the Hop have not attained to the top thereof before the middest of Iuly you shall doe well then to breake or cut off the top of the same Hop for so shall the residue of the growing time serve to the maintenance and encrease of the branches which otherwise would expire without doing any good in that matter because that whole time would then be imployed to the lengthening of the stalke which little prevaileth I say to the stocking or encrease of the Hoppe And here is to be noted that many covetous men thinking in hast to enlarge their lucre doe find at leisure their commodity diminished whilest they make their hills too thicke their Poles too long and suffer too many stalkes to grow upon one Pole wherein I say while they runne away flattering themselves with the imagination of double gaines they are overtaken with trebble dammage that is to say with the losse of their time their labour and their cost Of the gathering of Hoppes NOte that commonly at St. Margarets day Hops blow and at Lammas they bell but what time your Hops begin to change colour that is to say somewhat before Michaelmas for then you shall perceive the seed to change colour and waxe browne you must gather them and for the speedier dispatch thereof procure as much helpe as you can taking the advantage of faire weather and note that you were better to gather them too rath then too late To doe the same in the readiest and best order you must pull downe foure hills standing together in the middest of your Garden cut the rootes of all those hills as you shall be taught in the title of Cutting c. Then pare the plot small levell it throw water on it tread it and sweepe it so shall it be a faire floore whereon the Hoppes must lye to be picked Then beginning neare unto the same cut the stalkes asunder close by the tops of the hills and if the Hops of one Pole be growne fast unto another cut them also asunder with a sharpe hooke and with a forked staffe take them from the Poles You may make the Forke and Hooke which cutteth asunder the Hops that grow together one apt instrument to serve both these turnes Then may you with the forked end thrust up or shove off all such stalkes as remaine upon each Hop pole and carry them to the floore prepared for that purpose For the better doing hereof it is very necessary that your Poles be straight without scrags or knobs In any wise cut no more stalkes then you shall carry away within one houre or two at the most for if in the meane time the Sunne shine hote or it happen to raine the Hops remaining cut in that sort will be much impaired thereby Let all such as helpe you stand round about the floore and suffer them not to pingle in picking one by one but let them speedily strip them into Baskets prepared ready therefore It is not hurtfull greatly though the smaller leaves be mingled with the Hops for in them is retained great vertue insomuch as in Flanders they were sold Anno Domini 1566. for xxvi shillins viii pence the hundreth no one Hop being mingled with them Remember alwayes to cleare your floore twice or thrice every day and sweepe it cleane at every such time before you goe to worke againe If the weather be unlike to be faire you may carry these Hoppes into your house in Blankets or Baskets c. and there accomplish this worke Use no linnen hereabouts for the Hops will staine it so as it can never be washed out Jf your Poles be scraggie so as you cannot strip the stalkes from them in this order you must pull them up with maine force before the Hops be gathered and this is painfull to your selfe hurtfull to your Hops and a delay to your worke Then must you lay these poles upon a couple of forked stalkes driven into the ground being two or three yards distant one from another as Spits upon Ranges and so dispatch this businesse if the weather be faire if it be like to be foule you must be faine to carry the Hops together with the Pole into your Barne or house In any wise let not the Hops be wet when you cut them from the hills neither make any delay of gathering after the same time of cutting for in standing abroad they will shed their seed wherein consisteth the chiefe vertue of the Hop and hereof I cannot warne you too often nor too earnestly Now by order I should declare unto you the manner of drying your Hops but because I must therewithall describe the places meet for that purpose with many circumstances appertaining thereunto I will be bold first to finish the worke within your Hop-garden and then to lead you out of the same into the place where you must dry your Hops c. When your Hops are gathered assoone as you have leisure take up your poles and pise them that remaine good as I have shewed you in the title of Poles Then carry out your broken Poles and the Hop-straw to the fire Now may you depart out of your Garden till the March following except in the meane time you will bring in dung or good earth to the maintenance thereof towards the heightning of your hills or else will plough it c. What there is to be done in Winter hereen TO be curious in laying Dung upon the hills in Winter as to comfort or warme the rootes as some doe it shall bee needlesse rather plucke downe the hills and let the rootes lye bare all the Winter season and this is usually done where Hops are best ordered especially to restraine them from too rath springing which is the cause of Blasts and many other Inconveniences If the ground be great that you keepe you shall be driven so to doe otherwise you shall not be able to overcome your worke in due time In any case you must avoid new horse-dung as a very noysome and pernicious thing for your Hops Stall dung is the best that can be wished for to serve this turne so it be throughly rotten Rather use no dung

the upper side of each roote so cut may be longest in setting and for the small Rootes which come forth all about thereof ye may not cut them off as the great rootes How ye ought to enlarge the holes for your Trees when ye Plant them FOr when as ye set the Trees in the holes ye must then enlarge the rootes in placing them and see that they take all downe-wards without turning any rootes the end upward and ye must not plant or set them too deepe in the earth but as ye shall see cause It shall be sufficient for them to be planted or set halfe a foote or there-abouts in the earth so that the earth be above all the rootes halfe a foote or more if the place be not very burning and stony Of Dung and good Earth for your Plants and Trees ANd when as ye would replant or set ye must have of good fat Earth or Dung well mingled with a part of the same earth whereas ye tooke your plants out of with all the upper crests of the earth as thicke as ye can have it the said earth which ye shall put about the rootes must not be put too nigh the roots for doubt of the dung being laid too nigh which will put the said rootes in a heate but let it be well mingled with the other earth and well tempered in the holes and the smallest and slenderest Cions that turnes up among those Rootes ye may plant there very well If ye have wormes amongst the Earth of your Rootes IF there be wormes in the fat Earth or Dung that ye put about your roots ye must mingle it well also with the dung of Oxen or Kine or slekt Sope-ashes about the Roote which will make the wormes to dye for otherwise they will hurt greatly the Rootes To digge well the earth about the Tree Rootes ALso ye must digge well the earth principally all round over the rootes and more oftner if they be dry then if they be wet ye must not plant or set Trees when it raineth nor the earth to be very moyst about the rootes The Trees that be planted or set in Vallies commonly prosper well by Drought and when it raineth they that be on the Hills are better by watering with drops then others but if the place or ground be moist of nature ye must plant or set your Trees not so deepe thereon The nature of Places ON high and dry places ye must plant or set your Trees a little more deeper then in the Vallies and ye must not fill the holes in high places so full as the other to the end that the Raine may better moysten them Of good Earth VNderstand also that of good earth commonly commeth good fruit but in certaine places if they might be suffered to grow they would season the Tree the better Otherwise they shall not come to proofe nor yet have a good tast With what ye ought to bind your Trees VVHensoever your Trees shall be replanted or set ye must knocke by the roote a stake and bind your Trees thereto for feare of the wind and when they doe spring ye shall dresse them and bind them with bands that may not breake which bands may be of strong soft hearbes as Bulrushes or such like or of old linnen clouts if the other be not strong enough or else ye may bind them with Oziers or such like for feare of fretting or hurting your Trees CHAP. VII Of medicining and keeping the Trees when they are planted The first councell is when your Trees be but Plants in dry weather they must be watered THe young trees which be newly Planted must sometimes in Summer be watred when the time waxeth dry at the least the first yeare after they be planted or set But as for the greater trees which are well taken and rooted a good time ye must dig them all over the rootes after Alhallontide and uncover them foure or five foote compasse about the roofe of the tree and let them so lye uncovered untill the latter end of Winter And if ye doe then mingle about each tree of good fat earth or dung to heate and comfort the earth withall it shall be good With what Dung ye ought to Dung your Trees ANd principally unto Mossie trees dung them with Hogs dung mingled with other earth of the same ground and let the dung of Oxen be next about the roots and ye shall also abate the Mosse of the Trees with a great knife of wood or such like so that ye hurt not the barke thereof When ye ought to uncover your Trees in Summer IN the time of Summer when the earth is scantly halfe moist it shall be good to digge at the foote of the Trees all about on the roote such as not have beene uncovered in the Winter before and to mingle it with good fat earth and so fill it againe and they shall doe well When ye ought to cut or proyne your Trees ANd if there be in your Trees certaine Branches of superfluous wood that ye will cut off tarry untill the time of the entring in of the Sappe that is when they begin to bud as in March and Aprill Then cut off as ye shall see cause all such superfluous Branches hard by the Tree that thereby the other Branches may prosper the better for then they shall sooner close their sappe upon the cut places then in the Winter which should not doe so well to cut them as certaine doe teach which have not good experience But for so much as in this time the Trees be entring into the Sappe as is aforesaid Take heed therefore in cutting then off your great Branches hastily that through their great waight they doe not cleave or separate the Barke from the Tree in any part thereof How to cut your great Branches and when ANd for the better remedy first you shall cut the same great Branches halfe a foote from the tree and after to saw the rest cleane hard by the body of the Tree then with a broad Chizell cut all cleane and smooth upon that place then cover it with Oxe Dung Ye may also cut them well in Winter so that ye leave the trunke or branch somewhat longer so as ye may dresse and cut them againe in March and Aprill as is before mentioned How ye ought to leave these great Branches cut OTher things here are to be shewed of certaine grafts and old Trees onely which in cutting the great branches thereof truncheon-wise doe renue againe as Walnuts Mulberry-trees Plum-trees Cherry-trees with others which ye must disbranch the boughes thereof even after Alhallontide or as soone as their leaves be fallen off and likewise before they begin to enter into Sappe Of Trees having great Branches THe said great Branches when ye shall disbranch them ye shall so cut them off in such Truncheons to lengthen the Trees that the one may be longer then the other that when the Cions be growne good and long