The Composition or making of the moste excellent and pretious Oil called Oleum Magistrale First published by the commaundement of the King of Spain vvith the maner hovv to apply it particulerly The which Oyl cureth these disseases folowiÌ„g That is to say WouÌ„ds ContusioÌ„s Hargubush shot Cankerê pain of the Raines Apostumes Hemerhoids olde Vlcers pain of the Ioints and Gout and indifferently all maner of disseases Also the third book of Galen of curing of pricks and wounds of Sinowes A method for curing of vvounds in the ioynts and the maner how to place them A breef gathering togither of certain errours which the common Chirurgians dayly vse Very profitable and necessary for all Chirurgians all other which are desirous to knowe the right method of curing Faithfully gathered and translated into English by George Baker Chirurgian 1574. VERO NIHIL VERIVS ¶ TO THE RIGHT honourable Edward de Vere Earle of Oxford Vicount Bulbeck Lord of Escales and Badlesmere and Lord great Chamberlain of England his singuler good Lord and maister George Baker vvisheth helth long life vvith much increace of vertue honor IT IS NOT vnknowene to any right honorable which haue beene but meanly conuersant in good learning how far the GretiaÌ„s did surmount all the nations of the world in renown of vertue learning politique gouernmeÌ„t and noble victoryes For what nation dooth not reuereÌ„ce their sages what people dooth not imbrace their studyes what Cittie dooth not desire their gouernment what prouince was not subiect to their Empire yea was not Grecia the Theatre Spectacle and light of the whole world were there not in it many famouse Citties whose peple inhabitaÌ„ts for ciuilitie whose lawes for policy whose edifices for magnificence might seem Angelicall deuine and celestiall as Athens and Thebes c. But none more famouse theÌ„ the Cittie of Sparta whiche by the space of vij c. yeeres excelled all the Cities of Grecia when they moste florished hoth in renown of glory and equitie of lawes wheÌ„ they were subdued this one cittie Sparta by defending them selues froÌ„ forain inuasion atchiued more honor then whole Graecia did euer win by enlargiÌ„g their Empire For when Philip of Macedonia in his coÌ„quest of those Ilandish Cuntreyes and his sonne AlexaÌ„der after him at the winning of Thebes were proclamed Emperours of Sea and land the Spartanes consented not therto nor would be come tributoryes What should be the cause that this one Citie should lesse fear the force of Alexander then all other how became it so inexpugnable was it so strongly fortified with walles and Bulwarks and warlike munition not at all The courage of the Citizens was their onely wall of defence Did the name of Hercules whose progenie they were defend them nay rather the good counsail of Licurgus made them invincible who among other things exhorted them to indeuer to excel the whole world in renown of vertue and glory of valiantnes as their proginitour Hercules did whiche if they did not it were but vain to vaunt of their petydegree Can it be said that the multitude of CitizeÌ„s made theÌ„ stroÌ„g that when by continuall warre the number was greatly diminished and their force much wekened Surely by concord they were preserued Such is the strength that the obseruatioÌ„ of good lawes doth bring to common welths such frutes kindely braunches not degenerating from a vertuous stock do yeeld such commodyties proceed from vertue and contrary effects from contrary causes as may appeer in those same Lacedemonians which afterwards by degeneratioÌ„ were brought to the like thraldome that their neighbours were in beeing at length more ashamed then proud of their pety degree more fearful theÌ„ glad of their long resistance Such alteration folowed the chauÌ„ge of gouernment when no iot of Licurgus lawes nor any other steps of their proginitors vertues remained among them but eche man neglected his othe giuen to the common welth eche man as he was able most to prevail exercised tirany ouer his owne Citizens eche maÌ„ accouÌ„ted that libertie to doo what liked him to liue riotously and licentiously eche man studied to enrich himself to fortifye his owne house and to fether his owne nest But in the mene time the streÌ„gth of the coÌ„mon welth decayed and their forrain enemyes increaced and at length they found by experience how pernitious a thing it is to abrogate good lawes to chaunge the countenaunce of a wel gouerned state To race out the memory of their noble progenitors Which example right Honorable I wish to be marked of all noble families and famouse Cities that therin they may coÌ„sider that by vertue they are preserued and by degeneration they fall Yet doo I not wright these thiÌ„gs to your honor by the way of exhortation but rather as a testimony of that which is alredy apparaÌ„t to all men namely to your honors study carefully to ioyne the commendation of vertue with your nobilitie of blood and linage whose desire it is with noble Themistocles so to aduaunce the glory of your cuntrey wherby your owne honor is the more excellent that no barbarous Siriphian may vpbraid your honor as though it depended onely of the nobilitie of your country and family when as if opportunitie would serue your honor I dout not would be found in noble attempts and valeant acts nothing inferiour to Themistocles In the meane time among infinit tokens this is one espetial signe of your honours heroicall minde that is in courage actiuitie and Chiualry you your self seek to expresse Achilles and other noble personages so also your honor doth hartely imbrace all suche as excel in any worthy vertue whether it be to coÌ„mend adorne her with her semly coulours as Homer c or to attend like handmaids on her as Hipocrates or Galen with their needful art of Chirurgiry neither dooth your honor suffer them to passe vnrewarded as may appeer by the moste parte of theÌ„ which your honor hath entertaiÌ„ed into your seruice as I myself haue had experieÌ„ce since it pleased your honor to entertain me though farre vnworthy for my professioÌ„ in the art of Chirurgiry since the which time I haue accouÌ„ted bothe my self and all my labours whatsoeuer to be due vnto your honor So that if by continuall study I might happely inueÌ„t or by dayly practise in the art of Chirurgery finde out any mistery which other before me had not obtaiÌ„ed I was fully purposed to coÌ„secrat and dedicate the same vnto your name not that I am so foolish to think that by any my inuentioÌ„s labours any thing shold be added to that huge hepe of your heroycal vertues but partly because as I haue said I might transfere them to any other beeing owing vnto your honor and partely because the renown of your honours name might obtaine grace for my boldnesse and bring credit to my labours But in the meane time till I shall be able of myne owne knowledge to ad some thing to the perfectioÌ„ of the
swelling of the Coddes and yard and glistereth like vnto a slikt paper which comes sudainly and is round and light so that there be not another humour adioyned with it This is to be cured with Carnificatiues as Oleum nucum Oleum Anethinum Costinum c. and there may be added to of Séeds and hearbes as Semen anisi Carui Faeniculi Agni casti Ruta Calaminta Origani c. Hernie Humorale HErnie Humorale is an Apostume contained likwise in the cods whiche is ingendred of humors hot and colde not muche declining from his naturall habite which may lye betwéen Scrotum and Dartos or betwéen heritroydes and Dartos or onely within heritroydes as for the causes signes and curation are like to other Apostumes Now that I haue declared the definition causes and signes of hernies it shall not be amisse to expound in few woords those parts which must be opened when any of these kindes must be cured by handy operation and this is tobe noted first that the Testicles are couered with three Tunicles the first of them takes his originall of the skin is called Scrotum or pursse the second which takes his originall of the PeretoneuÌ„ and is called Dartos the third whiche is proper to the said Testicle and is called Heritroydes these two last doo not onely couer the Testicles but also the Spermatike vessels aswell they whiche bring the substance where with the Sperme is made which are named Preparans as theÌ„ which bring the Sperme to the neck of the bladder which is called Eiaculatoires or expelling the which goes vp to Osepubis The declaratioÌ„ of the waights and mesures vsed in Chirurgery HEer gentle Reader I thought good to declare certain waights and mesures for the better vnderstaÌ„ding of this book of Galens and all other of his woorks to the end that yung Studients in this art should haue none occasion of let froÌ„ the perfit vnderstanding of it and first I wil shew you how they were called in the olde time of the Greekê also of the Romains and as neer as I can how muche euery one dooth contain according to our measure And as for the names of the simples I thought it good to write them in the Latin as they were for by the searching of their english names the Reader shall very much profit and another cause is that I would not haue euery ignorant asse to be made a Chirurgian by my Book for they would doo more harme with it then good First Mina which the Gréeks call Mna there are of diuers sortes for some are Romain others Attique others Egiptienne others Alexandrine but Romains is according to Paulus Aegineta and Galens 16. vnces The pound according to the Romains is 12. vnces The Attique and Egiptienne is .16 vnces The vnce whiche is the 12. parte of a pound is 8. Drams Deunx is 11. vnces which are .264 Scrupples that is 2. third partes and 1. fourth parte of a pound Dextans is the half and the third part of a pound that is to say 10. vnces and 240. Scrupples Vitruuius in his third Booke saith that it is the measure of ten Inches Dodrans is the half and one quarter of a pound which is 230. Scrupples Vitruuius in his Book afore said dooth call Dodrans the measure of 12. Inches Bis is 2. third partes which is 8. vnces and 240. Scrupples Sextunx is 1. half and 1. twelf parte that is 7. vnces and 168. Scrupples Selibra is half a pound or Semis and 144. Scrupples Quincunx is 5. vnces Triens is the 3. parte of a pound which is 4. vnces and 120. Scrupples Quadrans is the 4. parte of a pound which is 3. vnces and 72. Scrupples Sextans is the 6. part of a pound whiche is 2. vnces and 48. Scrupples Vnsia is to say an vnce whiche is 8. Drams Semiuncia is half an vnce Denarius or Drachma is the 8. parte of an vnce and is 3. Scrupples which the Gréeks call Grammata that is xxiiij letters in the Gréek and the vnce hath as many Scrupples as the Gréek hath letters Scrupple is as it were the beginning of all waights as an introduction and is 2. Oboles an Oboles is 2. Siliques and a Silique 2. Chalces the Chalces is 8. Graines The pound of liquid things as Wine Oile and such like was in Roome measured by a vessel of Horne whiche had xij rundels about it and euery one of them did signifie an vnce and was called a mesured pound Galen makes mention in his first book Decom medic secundum genera in the making of the white plaister Amphora of the Italy measure dooth contain 72. pound of Oile and of Wine 80 and of Hunny 108. the Hunny is the 4. parte more heuyer then is the wine and the half more then Oile The Ceranium is of Wine and Vinagre 80. pound and of Oile 72. pound and of Hunny 120. pound The Vrne is of wine vinagre 40. l. of Oil 36. l. and of Hunny 60. pound The Conge is of Wine and Vinagre 10. pound of Oil 9. pound and of Hunny 15. pound The Sestier is of Wine and Vinagre 1. pound 8. vnces of Oil 1. pound and of Hunny 2. pound The Hemine is of Wine and Vinagre 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces and of Hunny 1. pound The Cotile is of Wine and Vinagre 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces and of Hunny 1. pound The Oxibaphus is of Wine and Vinagre 18. Drams of Oile 18. Drams and of Hunny 27. Drams The Acetabule is of Wine and Vinagre .18 Drams of Oile 18. Drams and of Hunny 27. Drams The Ciath is of Wine and Vinagre 12. Drams and 4. Scrupples of Oile 18 Drams and of Hunny 20. Drams The Cheme is of wine Vinagre 3. Drams and one Scrupple and of Oile 3. Drams and of Hunny 5. Drams The end of waights and measures of the auncient writers ¶ Faults escaped in the Printing ¶ Note wheras you finde this letter a that dooth signifie the first side of the leaf and this letter b the second side In the first page read the third Book of Galen of the composition of medicines in general Then in the first page of the Epistle to the Reader the xij xvi lines for iudications read indications In the 11. leaf a. the xiij and xiiij lines read drachmas for drachmas Opoponacis for Apoponax In the 14. leaf a. and the xix line read the sixth he dooth for he dooth vi loose In the 26. leaf a. and the vi line read Maron for Maron And in the xij line of the same read phou idest for phoud est In the 27. leaf a. the xviij line red the childes pareÌ„ts did send for Galen for did send him to Galen In the 30. leaf a the first line read Paps or Brests for Dugs In the 31. leaf a. the iiij and v. line leue out the whole and sound partes In the 33. leaf b. the xv line read Olei mirtiles for Olei mirh In the 36 leaf a. the iij. line read bowing for lowing In the 38. leaf a. the xvi line read no apostume in the groin then acording for Apostume according In the 41. leaf a the iiij line read qualitie for qualtitie And in b. the xxiij line read wouÌ„d potions for wunted potions Fo. 47. line .6 read is none other thing Gentle Reader I shall most hartely desire thee that if in the reading this work other faults you finde then heer is noted not rashly to coÌ„demne the Author for assure your self that by his wil none should haue escaped and though the Printer be neuer so careful yet in the printing some wil escape Vale FINIS Imprinted at London at the long Shop adioyning vnto Saint Mildreds Church in the Pultrie by Iohn Alde ¶ Octostichon Ioannis Banisteri Nottinghamiensis medicae Chirurgicae artis professoris in laudem medicinae Miramur crebro medicos molimine claros corpora praeceptis nostra iuuare suis Eccé quót assidué scribuÌ„t hinc inde libellos in laudes artis docte Galene tuae Hanc et maiores hanc et coluere minores hijs confert magna parte Bakerus opem Cuius ab ingenio prodit vigilique labore vtilis iste liber dignus ipse legi Hanc artem docuit vasto qui presidet orbi saepius hanc laudat filius ipse dei Haec visum caecis mutis parat ista loquelam hac audit surdus claudus et hac graditur Hac redit in vitam vitali lumine cassus viuere qua vidi qui moriturus erat huic ergo faueaÌ„t iunctis vmbonibê° omnes et simul huic himnos voce stiloque ferant ¶ Tetrastichon eiusdem in librum Bakeri ¶ Mistica magnoperé quicunque Chirurgica huc debes posita saepe venire mora Hac studij fructus doctissima multa videbis captas abdita quae longo delituere die At nunc sic lucent vt si laudare pararem in mare tunc videar fuÌ„dere ineptus aquas Ergo Bakere tuum superabit sidera nomen atque aliqua semper parte superstes eris Gulielmi Clowei Chirurgi Londoniensis carmen encomiastichon ad suum studiosum Georgium Bakerum Laudibus egregiis efferri pulchra solebant nec praeclara sua laude carere decet Quantos idcirco poscat Bakerus honores hoc opere exacto dicito musa mihi Te tua sedulitas transfert ad laudis honoreÌ„ Et tua te virtus inclyta ad astra vehit Tu magni Hippocratis reseras tu tecte Galeni A tantis ad nos nobile ducis opus Anglia quas fraudes tibi nunc smalkaldia ferret Bakeri clarum si latuisset opus Ergo quisquis Apollinias sectabitur artes Bakerum celebret nocte dieque meum G Good cause of prayse you doo deserue E euertly to set foorth O Olde woorks of Fathers wise and graue R report dooth showe is troth G Giue foorth the same with spéedynes E encline your whole indeuer B Beholde you not what praise it is A a man to liue for euer K Knowing that so the wise doo wright E earth though they truely be R Reuiue again by Books in sight who so wil read may sée ê™ William Clowes Chirurgian
the wound about the place hee applyed very soft Wul with hot Oile Sometimes also he vsed Oil with a little Vinagre Vinagre is an eneto sinewes But in such sort that the colde vertue of the Vinagre was without offence neuerthelesse the suttlenes or persing vertue did remain and two or thrée times a day did vnbinde the woūd to see if the medicine did make any fretting in the Vlcer or sore And if it caused any greef or pain then he fomented it with Oil as hot as the patient could indure All colde things are contrary to the Nerues For if it be but warme it wil doo more hurt then good and much worse if it bee colde for the colde dooth stop and hinder out breathing of the member But the heate dooth resolue and make thinner c As for the vse of water it must bée in such sort vsed that at no time in the curation it touch the Vlcer Therfore when it dooth chaūce that there remaineth any cluttered or congeled blood tobe taken away out of the wound it must be doon with Oil. And for an example Galen reciteth an history of one which beeing hurt An history to prooue that al cold is contrary to the woūds of Nerues was foure dayes without the féeling of anye pain and when he did sée that ther was no inflamation he wēt abrode about certain ernest busines which he had to doo the wether béeing very colde and taried somwhat long then he returned to his house with great gréef and pain euen to the very nape of his neck Then Galen béeing called after that he did sée the pain that the Patient was in made fomentation with hot Oil all about the pained place and applyed great quantitie of wul moistned in Oil and the liquid medicins made with Euphorbium and Castorum and by this meanes the paine was eased and after that he had slept all the accidents did cease Therfore it is very profitable to applye the Wul very warme and so continew it whether it be applyed with Oile or Oile and Vinagre which may wel be doon if you apply also vpon it dry Wul And if it be in the Winter the patient must keep his house vntill the fift or sixth day of his greef For if he be frée frō inflammation vntill the seuenth day and that he feel no maner of pain or greef then he is without daunger Also you shall kéep in memory that in this maner of cure colde Oile astringent is contrary But there must be vsed the suttlest Oile that may be gotten as very olde Oile for lack of the medicine that is made of Euphorbium or Vinagre or other such proper medicine Galen dooth teach to take in their rowme Propolis beeing very new liquid and fat and very olde Leuen or els of the iuce of Tithimall with newe Leuen or Propolis liquified in Oile with Leuen dissolued in very sharp Vinagre and the Oile must be very olde The Floures that are tobe vsed to make Pultasis or Cataplasemus of The flours for to make Cataplasmus are Farina Fabarū Orobi id est erui Lolii Ciceris vel Lupinorum Amarorum polenta made of Barly with Oximel these Cataplasmus bée not onely good in boisterous people but also to all others whether there be any inflamation or no. For lack of these aforesaid medicins you may vse these Cataplasmus folowing that is to say Propolis beeing new Liquid and fat and apply it vpon the wound somtime with Leuen alone and somtimes with bothe somtimes with mele of Orobis and Leuen but the Leuen must be very olde and contrarywise the Propolis must be new If it be olde you must soften it with Oile by the fire or in the Sun or els you may vse the iuce of Tithimales mingled with Leuen or Oxelam the Vinagre must be very sharp wherwith the Oxelam is made These be medicens which may soon be had in a redines for lack of others Medicine which are easy tobe prepared whiche at necessitie Galen did vse in woūds of Nerues By this you shall note then that the medicins whiche be applyed in wounds of Nerues in what maner so euer it be ought tobe actually hot and for the punctures or prickings of Tēdones the medicen which is made of Euphorbium and olde Oile in the fourme of a Liquid cerat is very good and proper And with the said medicin Galen did heale one which was hurt in a tendone within the space of foure dayes Then there was one that seeing the good successe that he had with the Euphorbium and Oile thought to take an example by the said curation and did vse new Euphorbium wherof did folowe greate heat and pain with corrosion in the Vlcer in so much that he was constrained to call Galene to remedy it the whiche by fomentation of Oil and Vinagre did appease the pain and diminish the accidents wherfore it dooth appéer as before hath been said that you must not neglect to haue the knoweledge of the faculties and kindes of approoued medicins and of them whiche wil soon loose their strength Note this wil. from the others which doo kéep and maintain long time For Euphorbium Euphorbiū to knowe whether it be olde or new is one of these kindes that wil loose his heat very soon which is easy by the coulour tobe knowen For if it be new it is of an asshie couloure But if it be olde it is of a pale or yelowe colour for that cause it is very dry wil hardly be dissolued in new Oil for in the mingling it doth drink vp the Oile incontinent wherefore to dissolue it wel The maner how to dissolue the Euphorbium and the nature and quality it must not be mingled togither with Oile all at one time but laboured in a morter by little and little for fear of running togithers Euphorbium is one of the Simples which wil soon loose his heate and dooth not kéep long which is knowen easely only by the colours without tasting of it Euphorbium is hot in the ii ij degree Truely when it is olde it is not of an Asshye coulour as it is when it is new but it dooth decline toward a pale or yelowish colour and if it be new in the tasting of it it will bee so hot that it wil burn the tung But if it be olde you shall feel no great heate in it neuerthelesse Euphorbiū dooth keep his vertue longer then Tapsia for Tapsia in i. yeer loseth his strēgth very much in ij yeers loseth his strēgth vtterly is good for nothing But Euphorbiū if he be good when he is new that is to say if he be hot burning as safore said he wil last thrée yéeres somtimes foure yéeres to the fifth but the he dooth vi loose all his force strength For whiche cause Galen did vse often times olde Oile without wax for be cause that the Euphorbium was of
fiue or six yéeres of age So that the vse of the Euphorbium cannot be comprehended by waight for when it is new ye must put twise so much Oile and three times so much Wax and if it be olde the more Oile shal be put to it and the lesse Wax Wherfore if you will make the forsaid medicament in fourme of a Liquid cerat The maner how to vse the Euphorbium whether it be olde or new you shall put foure times so muche Oile as Wax But if you wil make it in fourme of a Plaister you shall put therto as much Oile as Wax and principally if the Wax be olde and dry For if the Wax be new you shall not need so much Oile and lesse in Summer then in Winter For to make Emplastrum Carotodes That is to say a Cerat or Ciroene you shall take of the best wax liquid it in Oile then ad to the vi parte of Euphorbium and temper it as aforesaid or els as foloweth Rec. Euphorbium drachmas 1. wax drach 6. Oile drach 5. or 6. And for because that the Wax is not so cleauing and viscus as Rosin or Pitch is ye shall ad to either of the Cerats Pich or Rosin The qualities and differences of Rosins or of bothe and then ye shall not need so much Oile as you should haue doon if it had been made onely with Wax And this is to be noted that you ought to haue a diligent regarde to the moisture or drynes of the Rosins for you haue soÌ„e more dryer then other some and others again be more liquid Of the dryest of these kindes is that whiche some call Fricta and others Colophonia After the same kinde dooth folow that which is brought in erthen pots which is vnclarified and when it is clarified it is like the fore named Fricta There is an other kinde which is called Pityinon phisema that is to say German Pich which is more dryer then the other two aforsaid the which Galen did iudge not tobe vsed in this cure because of his vncleenes but did vse the aforesaid Fricta Ther be diuers kindes of these as before hath been said of the which some wil remain more liquid theÌ„ other some The qualitie and faculties of Rosins according to their degres for the Turpentine wil remain moste liquid the other dooth soon dry as Strobolina and Abiotina and of these two the hottest is Strobolina and next vnto them in heat is Turpentine As for the Rosin of Cipres I doo not reken for Galene neuer durst nor would vse it in any Plaisters to be applyed to Narues because it is astringant The bâ—st and principall of all these kindes of Rosins is Turpentine The Turpentine is the moste principall of all Rosins not for his heat for Strobolina and Abietina as before hath been said are hotter The whiche Turpentine Galene did vse by experiments the great vtillitie that was in it to mundify to resolue and to drawe and is very comfortable to the Nerues witnesses also therunto Dioscorides and Anabarzeus And when you wil haue the Cerat very cleauing you shall put to the more Rosin as is afore said and mix it according with the Oile and wax The Emplaister which Galen did vse YOu shall take of Turpentine and put therto thrée times so much wax Then ad to them the xij parte of Euphorbium if you knowe not whether the EuphorbiuÌ„ be exactly hot or no you must prooue when the medicine is made by this meanes that is ye shall strike a little of it vpon a linnen cloth and apply it vpon the thigh or arme and there let it remain for a certain time and if you perceiue that it dooth somewhat warme then is the midicine temperat and if it doo cause no maner of sensible heat Note this wel or els that he giue more feruent heat then he ought it is certain that the medicine is either to weke or to strong The heat may be diminished by adding the more of Oyl and wax and also it may be augmented by adding to of the Euphorbium for the confection of these kindes of medicins the Propolis is the best and most conuenible amoÌ„g all other kindes of Rosins The vtility and coÌ„moditie of Propolis but it ought tobe new fat because it will the better drawe to the outwarde parte the thick vapours and superfluous humours but Rosins are to be mingled with Wax onely to giue thicknes and forme to plaisters and are not so conueniable in this curatton as Propolis is Therfore you shall note that in tender soft complexions the medicins ought not tobe so strong as in strong boisterous complections For the Cerat which is mingled with olde Oile is very conueniable in some and likewise Fermentum that is to say Leuen is very good so it be olde for the older it is the better be cause it dooth bothe resolue and attract more then new moreouer Sulphur Viuum is very good in these afore said compositioÌ„s and it may be vsed with TetrapharmacuÌ„ Also Aphronitrum may be vsed and Beronictum litrum so that it be not grauely which may also be mingled with Tetrapharmacum Arsenicum wich is called in the Attique tung Quenched Lime Arenicum beeing mingled with TetrapharmacuÌ„ is profitable and for lack of these you shall vse Sandaracha as of Lime quenched and vnquenched Metalla lo tione et adustione fuit mitiora washed vnwashed But there must be lesse of the vnwashed then of that which is washed for because that it is more sharper then that which is vnwashed Now then to haue the perfit knoweledge to heale wounds of Nerues This ought to be knoweÌ„ in the cure of Nerues it is needful to knowe the end and intention of the cure likewise the facultie of simple medicines the which in this cure ought to drawe and resolue without excessiue heat and without great sharpnes or byting And likewise it is needful to know and vnderstand perfectly the Anathomye Note And the nature and complexion of the members of the body and perfectly to vnderstand and the difference betwéen the Tendones membranes ligamentê for when occasion shall serue to stich any wound you must not touch the teÌ„dones for the Tendones and the muscles haue coniuncion togithers therfore when the muscles be seperated there must be very good heed taken in the stitching of them lest â—ou cause pain for if they doo indure any pain it causeth conuulsion and then afterwarde turneth to putrifaction and so all the partes there abouts dooth suffer the like accidents yet neuerthelesse the musculous flesh may wel be stitched as shal be héerafter said Therfore to haue perfit knoweledge of the Tendons this is to be vnderstanded that therbe two kindes that is to say the one round like vnto acorde for which cause the ancient writers haue so called them the others be flat like vnto membranes wherof some passe along by the
inflamation it must be liquified with Oile of Roses and if there be none it may be liquified with olde Oil Recinum chamamelium and others which are for soft and tender bodyes and for the strong and boisterous you shall vse strong Oile as Oleum radicis â—icus Aggrestis Brioniae Asari Dracunculi Aristolochiae and Panacis but the Aristolochia and Panacis ar more strong then the others Another composed by Claudius Philoxenus Chirurgion for the foresaid greefs Rec. Argenti spumae Cerae ana drach 160. Ammoniaci drach 80. Propoleos drach 40. Alius 18. Terebenthine Resine Siccae Thuris Squame aeris ana drach 16. Lanae succide â–ª coÌ„bustae Squamae Stomomatis ana drach 8. Oppoponacis dra 4. Olei ricini hemi 3. A reddish medicine of Halieus Rec. Argenti spumae Cerae ana drach 100 Alius 100 Terebenthinae Mannae Thuris Galbani Minii Cinoptici ana drach 8 Olei sexta 1. This implaister The vtillitie of this Emplaister is good in gréene wounds and for wounds of the Nerues and for Vlcers of the eyes whiche bee hard to cicatrice And to resolue all hardnes and principally of the Dugs It is likewise good for biting of mad Dogs and for the stinging of Dragons and the venimouse fish called in Greek Trigon Thalassia and in Latin Pastinaca Marina Asclepiades dooth write that it is onely for wounds maketh no mention for punctures of Nerues although it wil serue in bothe Another catagmatique medicin composed by Moschion Rec. Argenti spumae minam 1. which is 160. drach Picis aride drach 160 Seue vitulinae dra 160. Resine Terebenthine drach 80. Manne thuris drach 80. Cerae drach 40. Eruginis oppoponacis Galbani ana drach 8. Olei ricini hemi 1. Aceti hemi 1. Licorice cicamini hemi 1. Picis liquid ciath 3. The manner to boil this Vnguent is thus First you shall boile the Litarge and the Oile togither then ad to the Calues greace and after that the Manna and the Thuris let them be stirred continually til they be incorporated theÌ„ you shall put to it the Pich the wax and the Turpentine and consequently the others which must be boyled in fourme of an Emplaister after that you shall ad to the Galbanum Eruge and Oppoponax dissolued in Vinagre then ye shall take the licour of Cicamini and the liquid Pich and boil them in another vessel and when they bee melted togither and somwhat thick you shall mingle them with the others and set them on the fire again til they come to a perfit consistance Then you shall let it stepe in white Wine the space of iij. dayes after you may strike it vpon a linnen cloth to vse as an Emplaister This Emplaister The vertues of this Emplaister is very good in gréen wounds and for cutting and contusion of Nerues for a Fracture with a wound and with coÌ„uenient ligature dooth cause calles to ingender in bones it is likewise good in the beginning of an Hidropsye for contufion of the Testicles for Rhagadies for Tumours of the Throte called of the greeks Bronchocilas to be bréef this is a right excellent medicine FINIS ¶ The curation of wounds of Nerues Tendons ioints THe cause of solution of continuitie the whole and sound partes in Nerueus places may chaunce diuers waies that is to say by contusions as blowes with Stones Staues Hammers Clubs Hargubush Crossebowes bitings and such other like Likewise it may come by sharp and pricking Instruments As a Bodkin Speare Dart Thorne or venimouse Beast or such like Also by cutting with a swoord or Knife Of the which wounds some be made acording to the length of the Tendone Nerue or Sinew Membrane or Caule and others according to the bredth with great incision and some meane or lesser of the which hurts these accidentê may folow As pain vehement fluxion inflamation Feuer losse of reason Sinope Apostume Gangrena and mortification of the whole parte and ofteÌ„ times death by reason of the communication and consent that they haue with the Brain and other noble partes Moreouer it is to bee vnderstanded that when the Nerues or Tendones bee but half or little cut the wound is more daungerous then if they were cut quite a sunder That which couereth the Scul And so is it with the Periosten pericranium and membranes or because that the portion or parte that is cut doth drawe him self to his beginning which causeth conuultions and Cramps but when they be wholly cut there foloweth no accidents Insomuch that they haue no contrarietie when they retire the which is manifestly seen in the woundê of the head for where the Pericranium is but half cut the accidents are more vehement then when it is wholly cut as we may dayly sée by example when we make incision to apply the Traepan And amongst all the hurtes of the Nerues the prickings bringeth moste pernicious and terrible accidents by reson that the orifice is so small that the humour cannot issue out but remaineth within and there gathereth a sharpnes whiche drincketh into the Nerues and Tendons and dooth cause them to swel and by the swelling they are shortned wherof commeth suche pain that it causeth most painful cramps and such other like accidents as before hath béen said The cure of punctures of the Nerues FOr the curation there are two things to be considered that is to say to appease the pain and to defend the parte afflicted from fluxions and Apostumation for the accomplishing of the whiche you shall applye vpon the wound at the beginning a dessiccatiue medicine of a thin and suttle substance to the end it may penetrate more easy the botom of the prick and consume the moisture therin which other wise wold cause an egre sharpnesse as afore said which sharpnes would bring great pain and accidents Wherfore you shall apply Oil of Turpentine with a little Aquauitae wel rectified or Euphorbium and Sulpher poudred and incorporated togither and applyed very warme or els Oile of Vitroel and Aqua vite and round about the place this Cataplasma folowing Rec. Farine hord orrob ana vnces 2. Sirup acetosi vnces 3. Flor. Camomil two handfuls Lixiuii qui sufficien fiat Cataplasma If by this order the paine dooth not ceasse and that there be any contraction of Nerue you shall apply speedily hot seething Oil with lint beeing dipt in it as well at the botome as the edges of the wound which must be doon two or thrée times at one dressing for by this kinde of Cauterization you shall ceasse the pain by reason of the burning of the Oile the Nerues or Tendons dooth loose their sensible feeling Of the wounds of the ioints THe wounds of the ioynts are for the moste parte mortall by reason of their deneruations or Tendones and membranes with the which is mingled Nerues for the which cause they haue greater feeling for the Nerues beeing mingled with them causeth more pain which pain bringeth this
Presipitatum mingled togither this doon you shall take away the corruption of the bone And then after that you may safely vse your vnctions made with Axungia Gummes Mineralls Oiles and Mercury also if you ad thereto of fine Treacle or Mithridatum it wil be the better You shall anoint the shoulders the muscles of the back the Loines the Hips the Thighs the knées and all the outward members as Legges and Armes But you must take very good héede that you touch not the head the region of the hart the Stomack nor the ridge of the Back Also yee must haue a good respect to ceasse your anointing in suche order that you bring not to muche accidents to the mouth wherby the Pacient might vtterly lose the vse bothe of his tung and teeth Because that so many ignorant Chirurgians haue taken vpon them this cure without either discretion in applying the vnction or ordering of the patient I haue thought good to write ij or thrée woords touching the ordering of the Pacient When the body is prepared of his humors with apt and méet medicines aswel Sirups Decoctions purgings and opening of the Vain according to the disposition of the body the patient shal be placed in a place naturally hot or els otherwise made warme whiche must be frée from all colde hauing the doores windowes and other open places closely stopt for the colde aire is very hurtful bothe for the Sinewy parts and also for the woorking of medicines for it wil deminish hinder the actions therof And in this case ther are many which commit great errors which are worthy of reprehencion for aswel in the winter as in the Summer they anoint the Patients in great and large Chambers where very much ayre entreth Wherfore at the beginning of this cure if the place be not very close warme you shall make a Pauilion with Couerings and suche other like round about a fire by the which meanes you shall keep the colde ayre from the Patient But if it be possible it is better to haue a little chamber close and warme and also continually a pan with Coles in the midst of it If it bee so that the Patients be so weke that they cannot abide the heat of the fire or would be loth to be séen naked as women or maids you shall anoint them lying in their beds First the patient shall put out one Arme and then the other and so the rest of the partes shal be anointed one after an other And you shall vse the Patients from time to time according to the dissease The third error is concerning wounds pearcing into the Brest IT fortuneth often times that the wounds pearce the holownes of the brest so that great quantitie of blood dooth fall down into the bottome of the same and there dooth stay vpon the Diaphragma Diaphragma 〈◊〉 two muscles which go 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the â—â—â—st seperateth the hart froÌ„ the Liuer also the heuinesse of the said blood oppresseth the Diaphragma and putrifieth and ingendreth an euill qualtitie The which putrifaction sending vapours to the hart causeth a continuall feuer and commonly death within â— dayes Of the which the common Chirurgians haue no consideratioÌ„ or els by their ignoraunce they knowe not the cause and so the Patient is destitute of all help Wherfore when you sée that the wound perceth into the Thorax or brest you shal take good aduisemeÌ„t in searchiÌ„g out diligently whether the blood be descended into the lower parte of the Diaphragma the whiche may bee knowen by the stinking of the breath and by the relation of the Patient which dooth féele the blood quiuering or shaking inwardly And also commonly his face wil be of a reddish or hie coulour by reason of the vapours which assend vp And note that at the which side the blood dooth moste remaine in lying vpon the same side the patient shall feel lesse pain then vpon the other because that the said blood oppresseth the Lungs and the Diaphragma the Chirurgian ought to haue a good respect to the signes aboue written and whilst that the strength of the patient is yet remaining it shall bee needful to make way for the said blood to be Euacuated betwéen the fourth v. rib a hand breadth or a little more from the Ridge of the back and your incision knife shall be very sharp also you shall doo it by little and little very gentlely in cutting Mesopleuria or the muscles betwéen the ribs it ought to be doon towarde the lower part of the said muscles for the vain whiche nourisheth them and the ligaments which giueth them their mouing and féeling are placed more abooue then belowe After that the incision is made you shall let out the corrupted blood by little and little according to your discretion and it shall suffise to euacuate euery dressing v. or vi vnces this doon it shal be very profitabe to vse the wunted potions which you shall finde in the writings of learned practitioners which haue largely written of the said potions and by this meanes abooue written I healed foure in one yéer The whiche Cures without the aforesaid remedyes could neuer haue béen holpen for the whiche I giue vnto God moste harty thanks ¶ The fourth error touching the applications of the Traepans Terebelles for fractures of the hed IN the fractures of the Skul there are committed great errors touching the applycation of the Traepan principally when the bone is broken in many partes for they haue no consideration of the shiuering of the skul but apply the Trapan by the which meanes they presse down the shiuers of the bone vpon the Dura mater rent or tere it in such order that it bringeth great gréeuous accidents wherby commonly deth ensueth Wherfore in this case you shal haue a good consideration before that you apply the Traepan for it is better if it be possible in this case to vse other instrumeÌ„tê as Eleuiatories Cisers Lenticulj or such other like to make way for the brused matter which depresseth the Duramater it shal be the better lesse danger for the Patient By this meanes I I haue many times forborne the applying of the Traepan to the profit of my Patients and my good name and estimation Moreouer there bee many Ignorant Chirurgians which without consideration apply the Traepan vpon all partes of the hed aswel vpon the comistures or seames as other places whiche is the cause of the death of many Patients Wherfore they ought to haue a great consideration and to be very diligent in this respect and for to vse their art according to the true method The fift error touching the punctures of Nerues WHen it chaunceth that any is hurt by the punctures of Nerues if hee be not spéedily holpen by some cunning and expert Chirurgian hee is in great danger to fall into conuolsions which is the occasion of many a mans death whiche commonly chaunceth to them that be drest by the Ignorant and
common Chirurgians for when they begin the cure they make fomentation with hot water wherein hath béen boyled Mallowes Violets and such like then after the fomentation they apply an appeaser of pain made with the crummes of white Bread béeing mingled with the yolke of an Egge Oil of Camomil and Oil of Roses The which things are altogither contrary to the Punctures of Nerues For asmuch as their application dooth moisteÌ„ to much the Neruous places and retaineth or kéepeth in the matter whiche is all redy come to the place and if there be any apostume it dooth augment and encrease him and causeth the matter to assend vp to the brain wherby ensueth conuolsion and finally death Wherfore to auoide this daunger and to follow the cure methodically you shall haue first a regarde to the Euacuation of the body and if the strength of the patient be good to vse Flebetonice Reuolsiue or according to the cause of the gréef Then to take a way that whiche is redy conioinct you shall enlarge the Orofice to the end that the medicin may the better penetrate to the bottom and take away the sharpnes of the humor In this case I haue found very profiitable the Oil of Hippiricon prepared in this forme that is to say with Venice Turpentine and for one vnce of the said Oil you shall take half a scrupple of Euphorbium which shal be applyed very hot with pledgets vpon that a Plaister made with Propolis Gum ammoniack and Wax asmuch as shall suffise By this meanes the matter which is drunk into the Nerues or tendons shal be drawen out to the outwarde partes Also for this intent I haue found profitable Linseed Oile and Enphorbium of eche like muche with the xx parte of Sulpher béeing very finely poudred with Perosin and wax as much as shall suffice to make an Vnguent This Vnguent dooth heat moderatly attract and dissicate and is of a subtil facultie with the which by the help of God the Chirurgians shall get bothe honor and profit The sixth error is touching the abuse of the runners about called cutters for the stone and Ruptors AMong the common Runnees about which vse to cut for the stone and Ruptures is vsed a great abuse and to be lamented of any christian hart for vnder this cure of cutting the Hernyes they doo miserably take away the stone aswell in the Hernia aquosa or ventosa as in all the rest the which is vnmanly and against the wil of God and they doo not only vse it in men but moste of all in little Children therfore it should be very good for the parents which haue their Children in any maner of wayes troubled with any kinde of Hernies that before they commit their Children to léese their stones and some times liues by any of these that bee Runnagates for so may I wel terme them that they shew them to some learned Chirurgian to the end that he may sée what kinde of Hernies they haue and so to discerne the Aquosa or Ventosa from Intestinale or Omentales For certainly I haue séen Hernies in childreÌ„ which came by the relaxasion or deuision of the PeretoneuÌ„ haue been perfitly healed by the apt applying of glutinatiue medicins such otherlike without cutting or taking away of the Testicle But such is the couetouse desire of these Runners whiche make the parents beléeue that it cannot bee helped without their butcherly cutting and for to intrapmony for they be as greedy after it as any liuing thing is after their pray not hauing the fear of God before their eies but like gréedy gripers catch what they may for the time and care not what become of them afterwardes whether they liue or die wee haue had it by experience of them what harme they haue doon bothe by the murdering cruelly and also laming with continual pain for when they come rushing into England and haue suche a great name at their first comming But after when their woorkê be tried and then the proof of them seen the people for the moste parte are wery of them and many a fatherlesse childe and widdow which they haue made may lament the time that euer they knewe them and many others which is not a few bide tormentê and pain by the dealing with them I dare affirme they neuer did any cure in this Realme but that there be English men which haue doon the like and greater Suche is the folish fantasyes of our English nation that if he bee a Straunger he shall haue more fauourers then an English man though the English mans knowledge doo far passe the others as experience therin hath shewed and this I wil stand to the proof that ther be English men that shall in all things doo asmuch bothe by learning and experieÌ„ce as any of them all Paraduenture you wil obiect and say that there be Straungers which haue doon cures which some English men haue refused I wil graunt that it may be so for there bee a great many of vnlearned Chirurgians which take vpon them the art look what they doo it is by blinde chauÌ„ce and so through their blindenes some are marred wherby after it falls to a straungers chaunce to doo it and then it is giuen out that all the ChirurgiaÌ„s in London could not doo it and so the whole company is defamed and euil thought of but I could shewe to the contrary where the straungers haue left and could not doo English men haue doon it diuers times which if néed be I can bring the proof and no small sort whiche to name I will omit til another time more meet And now to return to the matter sée how long any of these cutters doo tarry in a place some a quarter of a yéere some half and none scant a yéer for it wil bee to hot for them for after their beastlines is once knoweÌ„ then they must seek a new place for if they should tary in one place they would bee hated like mad Dogs that they knowe wel inough Now for because that they shall not deceiue the coÌ„mon people with their fair promises I wil write all the kindes of Ruptures or burstings and how to knowe euery one of them to the end that if any ChirurgiaÌ„ which hath not the knowledge may straight at the first sight knowe what may be doon and so to enforme the parents of the Children the trueth of it what the Cutter may doo in it for moste commonly they bee so ignorant that they knowe not the one from the other therfore as I haue said before it is néedfull for the Patients to haue an expert chirurgiaÌ„ to aprooue him and sée whether hee be able to fulfill that which he promiseth or no. Now I will begin to treat of the kindes of Ruptures and first I wil begin with the deuision of them in generall and then perticulerly Of the viij kindes of Hernies THere be eight kindes of Hernies or Ruptures wherof soÌ„e haue