their owne beautie to be diminished by tract of time thē begins the knowledge of their cunning to be expressed the full perfection of arte to bée practised they will not haue their smooth browes with vntimely wrincles to be defaced nor their comely chéekes of the roseal coulour so sone to be defrauded it wer vniust to suffer their beauty to decay for wāt of repratiōs which is the chief cause of their maintenance How should they be knowē for images vnles they be curiously painted how should they be taken for Sainctes if they were not gorgeously attired and how shoulde they be honoured for Goddesses if glistering in golde the maiestie of their person should not be fully furnished yea they kembe they curle they pinke they purle they streyne they fayne they wrinch they pinch and all to insinuate so fine a carcasse with alluring lookes into the practise of follie And dare you call them weake which in force haue vanquished the strongest and no maruell for what man hathe euer bin so strong but hathe bin vanquished by fonde desires of lust had Hercules bin burned had Giges bin slayne hadde Dionisius bin murthered had Anchus the sonnes of Arcinoë Cyrus and other innumerable Kings and Princes dyed of mischiefe but by the onely treason of women what shoulde I speake of warres sith Troy the chiefe Citie of all Asia was for a womans sake sackt wasted and lefte desolate I loth to recite Paricides though Scilla murthered hir father Nisus and caried his heare for a signe of loue to his enimie King Minos which scornefully refused the gift and abhominable giuer such are the frutes of lust and outragious desires of women And are they to bée thought simple which in wiles haue begiled the wisest and true it is for who hath euer bin deceyued where he hathe neuer faithfully trusted and whome shuld a mā trust if not his owne wife with whome he liues for whome he toyles in whom he ioyes and from whome he should receyue most loyal loue and most comfortable delight But alas in stead of comforte they giue care to their husbāds in stead of ioy they bring sorrow for meate mourning for drinke dolor for rest vnquietnesse for safety perils for peace discord and at last for his good desertes he is requited with the vile rewarde of mischiefe Was not Albinus the firste King of the Lombardes shamefully murthered by his faire spouse Rosamund was not Agamemnon serued after the same sorte wyth hys vnchast wife Clytemnestra howe spedde the wisest of them all Were not Salomō Dauid Caesar Antonius Tully Marcus Aurelius and others abused by the sleightes of their wiues and women And therefore who is nowe so fonde but wyll learne to bridle the affections of lust who is so blinde that sées not the false entycementes of follie and who so doltishe that will doate vppon suche kytes of Cresides kynde It is better with Phirimus the beautifull young Romaine to deface the Maiestie of comely fauour and beautie than with Narcissus to be cōfounded with his owne follie it is more commendable with Alexius to forsake the concupisence of the fleshe and folow the swéete contemplation of wisedome than with vnhappie Cephalus to séeke the tryall of faithlesse folke and fal into the snares of ineuitable mischiefe But in any wyse I would not haue the vertuous women modest virgines herewith offended For the reprehension of Vice increaseth the glorie and prayse of Vertue none otherwyse thā the beautie of the swéete Rose more brauelye shewes it selfe being set amongst Nettles and the Sunne appeareth more glorious in sight after the darke clowdes and droupyng shades of nyght is banished And to the rest I tel this tale to stop their own enuious conceit self hurting imagination There was a Lady of base birth borne in a barbarous countrey which by the fauour of blinde fortune was raised vnto the stage of honour wherein bluntly behauing hir self aswel towardes hir equals as inferiours shée was generally mislyked of all sortes in somuche as hir husbande also at length began to estrange himself vnto hir whose sad lokes she ouer hastily suspecting or whither it be that a continual feare vexeth the guiltie minde I cannot tell but she runnes hastily to méete a secret friende of hirs which was thē cōming out of the fields with his gown in his neck a lame Crow whose wings he had maimed in his hand and sodainely bemoned hir case vnto hym howe infortunate she was to be suspected without cause with an ample discourse of hir misfortunes The Gentlemā knowing hir disease to haue procéeded onelye from the ielousie of hir own cōceit had thought to haue giuen hir good counsaile in playne termes but he was disappoynted by the comming of hir husband which sodeinelye came vpon them vnwares and therfore he gaue hir this riddle for an answere before hir husbāds face Madam saith he you demaund what was the cause that I spoiled this carren Crowe which as you say was innocent true it is but yet sitting in the top of a trée safely shrowded frō sight shée could not be cōtent but discouered hir self by hir owne naturall voice which is vnpleasant for any man to heare And therfore hath bin subiect to this mischance as you sée whereof in my iudgement hir selfe hath bene the chiefe occasion And herewith smiling they went in all togither the Gentleman rounding in hir eare thus expounded his ridle So Madam I doubt sayeth hée that the too muche declinyng vnto your owne natural disposition hath bene the onely cause that the winges of your worthie Fame are now galled with the spitefull shotte of suspition And surely so it falles out many tymes wyth those which are not very cunning dissemblers that while they intende to coulour theyr craft by dissimulation they vnwarily discouer them selues by the force of their naturall affection for nature is aboue arte in the ignorant And Vertue aboue all things is estéemed of the wyse Of Dyce play CHAP. 7. AS there be dyuers sundry exercises of the bodye which are holesome bycause by thē both strength is worthily increased and health as warily mainteyned So there be many vnprofitable sportes vnlawfull games and leude practises which infecte the body with diseases pollute the minde with vices spoile the necessary goodes with vnthriftinesse and therefore ought of all men to be shunned and abolished For if we make our sporte and game to delyght why shoulde wée toyle so muche therein moste commonlye to our owne hynderaunce and disease but in losse is no delyght in payne is no pleasure neyther is there anye ioye in annoye and as the Poete sayeth Voluptatis commendat rarior vsus The rare practice and seldome vse commendeth pleasure moste Lette vs take for example amongest so manye other vnprofitable disportes the only immoderate vse of Dyce playe wherein if the pleasure be little the profite is lesse if the chaunce bée doubtfull the choyce is harde and thoughe the commodities
A NEWE Discourse of Morall Philosophie Entituled The Kayes of Counsaile Not so pleasant as profitable for younge Courtiours Optima est Patientia Victor AT LONDON Imprinted by Ralph Newberie Anno. 1579. Jndex Of humilitie Cap. 1 Of company felovvship Ca. 2. Of talke cōmunication Ca. 3. Of modest behauiour Cap. 4. Of selfe loue Cap. 5. Of vvine and vvomen Cap. 6. Of dyce play Cap. 7. Of trauaile Cap. 8. Of stabilitie Cap. 9. To John Kay the younger Gent. Haly Heron his Gouernour wisheth continuall health with increase of learnyng and vertues WHen I had well considered with my self how great affinities are sayd to be betwixt learning and good maners insomuch as either of them without the other seemeth to be vnperfect both equally ioyned O God how straight a course they take to wyn both worldly fauour eternall felicitie I haue thought good as well presently nourishing thy tender wittes by dayly instruction as hereafter when some priuate occasion may perhaps remoue me from thy company to leaue these fewe preceptes of morall Philosophie togither with my especiall good will towards thee bent in riper yeares of discretion to be well wayed and seriously folowed The gifts of nature which appeare in the blossomes of youth so bountifully bestowed vpō thee haue as it were by cōtemplatiō allured mee to giue these instructions of Courtly behauior not bicause I wold therby persuade thee to seeke suche doubtfull prefermēt but if hereafter by the good aduice of thy parents thou be commaunded or by deceiptful emulation drawen to such kinde of seruice that thou mightest in the entrance of so perillous a passage be well armed against those daungerous delights which vnto others for want of better gouernment hath bene the chiefe cause of ruinous decayes and skornful ouerthrow And first I woulde haue thee to vnderstande that the Court is a boysterous Sea where by the raging stormes aboue head the strongest shippes are throwen vpon the doubtfull rockes of displeasure and yet sometymes by the fauourable aspecte of fortune safely ariued in the quiet hauen of good happe It is like a steepe hyll or huge mountayne harde for any man to clymbe and yet apt for all mē easily from thence to fall downe headlong and especially to such as are swiftest of foote or rather lightest of heade nothing subiect to good counsel foresight of mischiefs The wayes are pleasāt the enterteinmēt sweet but the felowship is the more doubtful bicause that vnder so sweete a tast oft tymes lie many bitter pilles of hard digestion and as some say the common sicknesse of the Court is to surfeyt in the bākets of dissembling but no man can burne his fingers without fyre nor be deceyued where hee hath not ouermuch trusted Moreouer the way to vice is readily founde but the true path and footesteppes of Vertue not so easie to be folowed For nature is subiect to sinne and soone allured by the enticements of follie but noble Vertue requireth longer tymes of increase whose humble roote as it were by degrees spredding hir selfe abroade is the more stedfastlye planted in the firme grounde of perfect knowledge where not by kinde but customablye increasing bringeth foorth the flowers of worthie fame and soueraigne fruites of felicitie Thys is the marke whereat all men should leuell and the boundes of humaine life which by no meanes can be enlarged and as by the instinct of nature we are all moued with a prouident care to liue as by the maintenance of pleasures and needefull commodities of life it is manifest so muche more ought we by reason seriously to seeke the safe conduct of vertue that guideth vs directly to the Pallace of eternall life and euerlasting pleasures by this we haue fellowship with Angels in heauen after the consummation of this tragicall act but the other is cōmon to vs with all other earthly creatures Take therefore these instructions of vertue for a newe yeares gift at my handes which alluding to thy name I haue entituled the Keyes of Counsaile hoping the euē as by the prouidence of God and the furtherance of good parents hereafter thine estate may be worthily aduanced so that the daungerous course aduentures of youth by these my trauayles shal be the better directed and more safely gouerned I haue folowed the praise of vertue more than the reprehensiō of vice in this short discourse of maners for that with Cicero the Prince of eloquence I hold it greater glorie that is gotten by defence of honestie thā that is doubtfully receiued by disclosing of misdeedes If want of skill hath vnpleasauntlye closed vp the wyde fields of rethorical exornations in so good a matter accept the morall sense of simplicitie which tendeth rather to plaine profite than vaine pleasure But if perhaps the discourse seeme to be shorter than the greedie mindes and attentiue eares of the studious herein should require content thy selfe that the rest of my winter exercise hath bene applied to thine owne priuate instruction Farewell and thus much remember That life without learning is vnpleasant and learning without vertues vnprofitable Cal. Decemb. 1578. Thy Gouernour for the tyme and thy friende for euer HALY HERON Of Humilitie CHAP. 1. THE strong foundations of vertue groūded on Humilitie must of force his raised from the stedfaste rocke of Faith For as it is by true recorde of holy scriptures witnessed The feare of God is the beginning of wisedome And surelie when a man begins to consider the frailtie of fleshe and immortalitie of the soule the miserable calamities of this worlde and the inestimable ioyes of heauen of mankind the vaine folly and the true perfection of diuine nature and omnipotencie of God Euen then is he tryed with the touchstone of trueth or rather moued by the suggestion of holy spirit to feare the iust iudgement of the almightie mistrusting his owne righteousnesse which can not be but imperfecte Then is hée forced in the doubtfull stormes of Dispaire to caste anker in the quiet hauen of Hope then is he taught by the rigour of the law to clayme the priuiledge of faith appealing frō his owne merites to the mercies of Almighty God trusting not in earthly fancies but in the true fauoure of his heauenly redemption And this is the fayth the bringeth humble feare giues increase of heauenly wisdome frō whence as it were from a goodly fountaine of grace all other vertues haue their beginning but not frō reason alone according to the Philosophers opinion which appoint Vertue to be such a perfect quality of the mind that guideth vs directly in the executiō of right towards the atteining to felicitie a thing impossible vnto vs to deserue which by the corruptiō nature and frailtie of flesh are commonly withdrawen from that which is good and contrarywise allured to that whiche is euill and vncomely And lyke as the naturall plants without grafting yéelde bitter fruites and the grounde that is not by the continuall laboures of Husbandmen
good to forbeare to talke of things néedelesse to be spoken but it is muche better to conceale things daungerous to be tolde And touching the Prince especially with the Péeres and principall rulers it standeth muche vppon to be silent And of all other things impertinent vnto us it behoueth not to be curious and inquisitiue For it is an olde prouerb Quae supra nos nihil ad nos Moreouer if a man be called to the table of hys betters where occasion maye be giuen to speake in anye wise he muste be well aduised what and wherof is the question before he entend to make aunswere neyther muste he be to long in discourse least perhappes they should saye that he loues well to heare himselfe talke nor to curious in reasoning of the truth nor to bolde in defence of an argument least he be noted of impudence and want of discreation but in those pointes chiefely muste he labour to delight by good order obseruing Decorum in these and al other his saying And herein he muste take héede not to muche to accustome his tongue vnto one phrase nor dwell in any one knide of discourse leaste for want of better Musicke he proue an instrument of mirth to the scornefull And yet in this pointe manye cunning Courteours beguyle themselues nowe and then except they take the figure Tautologia for a comely grace which the Rethoriciās were wonte to condemne for a vice And now commes Thraso vaunting himself of his owne déedes of armes and high points of seruice nexte vnto him Thersites the minion powreth out his doubtfull problemes and with amorous discourses wéeneth to be able to insinuate himselfe into the fauoure of the Goddesses themselues And other there be whom no serious cause or waightie matter can remoue from luring of their haukes rayning their horse or folowing their hounds But these such like peraduenture are wel furnished with the giftes of fortune for good cause to supplye the want of discretion Lastly touching the occasion and order of talke it behoueth him much that is conuersant amongst the highest to giue them leaue to choose their owne matter and except it be in a case preiudiciall to none to let them be content with their owne opinion only for duetie sake afording some few words of course for common aunswere neyther must be shewe himselfe ouer manifestly to mislike the master least that should proue a greater offence than somewhat to dissēble And if in discourse of talke it hath hapned any cholerick words to passe as there is none so modest that can alwayes restraine his affections it is good to lappe vp the matter in the end with a curteous farewell at the parting and to giue a gentle conge at the next meeting least peraduenture some malice might therof arise which thou must at all times séeke to auoyde and eschewe like vnto poyson And he that can thus stay his tong and moderate his affections hath a very good furtheraunce no doubt to aduance his estate or at the least to passe his time without troubles Of Modest behauior CHAP. 4. IT hath béene a doubtfull question of long time amongst the learned touchyng the firste cause and originall occasion of Gentrie In so muche as the Poets haue painfully trauelled heretofore by fond authoritie of fayned fables vaine proofe of false arguments to persuade the true coniunctiō of heauenly bodies with the corporall substance of mankind and thereby concluding Gentrie to be the verye ofspring of the Goddes Nor far dissenting from these menne was the opinion of those Ethnike Philosophers which would haue their nobilitie to deriue their pedigrées frō the Sunne from the Moone and manye other celestiall creatures the rather to encrease their high courage and magnanimitie But these vayne sansies of Paganisme are already by the lighte of the Gospell and true Doctrine of Christian religion sufficiently drowned There resteth yet the grosse erroure of the common sorte of people to be refuted whose churlishe opinion hathe supposed onely riches to haue bin the beginning of noble birth and Gentrie for saye they when Adam dolue and Eue did spin then was there no such Gentle kinne and true it is but yet nothing to the purpose For as the goodly frame and beautifull stage of the whole worlde was not in a moment raised all at once but by the inestimable wisedome of God broughte by degrées to suche a wonderfull perfection moste stéedfast continuance So the séede of man from age to age did encrease into multitudes diuiding themselues into sundrie societies and by diuine prouidence at laste taught to finde out and practize the necessarie helpe of ciuil gouernment Hereof commeth the crown of Princely dignities hereof riseth the banner of true nobilitie and from hence are blazed the auntient armes of Gentrie But saye they riches was the cause of their promotions Wealth was the occasion of such worthie calling and by the waighte of their substance it is likely their estate was peazed in the ballance of Estimation And is it likely indéede that the cause should be corrupte of suche an absolute perfection but that is contrary to natural reason for such as is the cause like is the effect or is it possible that suche fauourable helpe of diuine wisedome whych was theyr guyde in establishing that kinde of gouernement should then faile them in the appointing of dignities but it is more probable that the naturall affections of the mind by fréee choice would rather admitte the worthy disposed and vertuous men to take the supremacie and first charge of gouernment And thus muche reason prouoketh me to beléeue But to returne to the purpose If the worthy fame of Vertues alone hathe raised inferiors vppe to the toppe and type of Honour if by valiaunt déeds of armes antiquitie hathe béene aduaunced if vppon suche foundation of manners Gentrie was first grounded howe muche more necessarie is it nowe and euermore that so comely vertues of all men and especiallye of Gentlemen shoulde bée embraced for wilt thou be beloued of all men then thou muste be curteous and despise none wilte thou be praised vse good conditions wilte thou be honored of the people then be loyall to thy Prince and Countrey and finally wilt thou be dutifully obeyed of others then thou muste humbly feare God thy selfe There be many kindes of Vertues which the wisemen haue called Moral and Intellectuall whereof some be common both to the affections of the minde and the outwarde exercise of the bodye suche is truth manhoode right modestie in behauiour curtesie in speache sobrietie bountie chaste life true friendshippe and suche others but the reste as cunning knowlege prudence patience wisedome are subiect only to inward contemplation therfore more heroical and diuine And these are the true séedes settes and sciences whiche in youth ought spéedily to be sowen soundlye planted and moste artificially grafted The Romanes whose estate for politike gouernment far surmounted al other dominions of the worlde
a mastye at a Deare a Greyhounde at a Beare Surely no more fitte and conueniente is it for a man to liue cōtrary to his own natural disposition It is harde to striue against the streame hop againste an hill and spurne againste the prick So the force of nature is inuincible which though she be resisted manye times for good cause yet she will neuer suffer hir self to be vanquyshed and quite ouercome And is it not reason that she which is the Authour of life shoulde giue counsayle in the order and good maintenance of the same should not the mother instruct hir childrē or doth not the opinion of the Iudge beare chiefe credite in the cause yes no doubte and so muche the sooner to be accepted by howe muche the more it séemeth to giue light and chiefe euidence to the truth of the matter but you will say the nature is corrupt therfore not méete to sit in place of iudgement in déed this reason is not light in other matters which séemeth harder to be confuted than maintayned if the consequente be true I coulde wishe it were nowadayes generally practised and approued but in this case I denye that nature of it self is corrupt nor vicious but custome nor hurtefull by anye meanes vnto it selfe and therfore not to be refused and it is manifest that discorde is in all things the authour of mischiefe wée sée that a kingdome diuided wythin it selfe cannot stande much lesse the man that is continuallye vexed with contrarie thoughtes and affections in his actes and operations can prosper Ther be diuerse parts and members of the bodie but the minde guideth them all into one kinde of motion Let vs take for an example that honourable state of mariage whiche by reason séemeth to be the firste steppe of Stabilitie for compassed by leasure and aduisemente it resembleth the ioyes of heauen and rashly enterprised it is equall with the tormentes of Hell it is only the treasure or discommodities prosperity or aduersity the only felicity or vnhappinesse of life wherein truely there is nothing so daungerous as the inequalitie of estates in such a stedfast knot and firme coniunctiō of two bodies for what likelyhood of condition can there be betwéen two of diuerse dispositions or what consent or agréemēt cā be foūd in ij cōtrarie natures whē one shal be lowly and the other lofty one ambitious the other curteous one chast the other incontinent one couetous and the other by nature churlishe And as the Wolfe cannot leaue to be rauenous nor vnthankefull swine learne to be curteous so the haughty Lion is merciful by kind the silly Lamb by nature innocent But we sée there is hard familiaritie betwéene any of these creatures bycause their natures be contrarie and therfore commōly they séeke one anothers destruction And as vnequal oxen can not wel drawe togither in one yoake so the match is marde where the mates are not like disposed and consequētly nothing els prosperous inuita Minerua to say nature not consenting And now to the second point of this deliberation there belongeth a dutiful regard in following the chiefe schoolemastresse experiēce vnto whose discipline instructiō wée haue bin longest accustomed For it is an olde saying Rome was not builded in one daye neither is any serious matter to be attēpted with ouermuche haste nothing is so hardly won which is more easily lost the strong hold or fortresse whose bulwarkes séeme to be inuincible at length with hard perilous aduētures is entred yet perhaps againe by slight policies in a momēt lost and recouered And next vnto Nature hir self Custome chalēgeth a large prerogatiue whiche in processe of time maketh hirselfe almost equall with Nature in force conditiōs For if we cōsider the whole regiment of the world which is by antiquitie of times principally directed in good things we shal find almost nothing in so large an Empire that is no subiect to the rule of custome first the generall fruite and propagation of kinde is by custome naturallye increased maintained by custome Emperours and kings are crowned by custome Knightes and Lordes created and by custome Iustice administred truth exalted dueties regarded Desertes rewarded mighte encouraged and to be shorte all kynde of good vertues easilye attayned and worthyly embraced the seruauntes of custome are these thrée Arte Vse and exercise and as these are by custome specially maintayned so by them al things also are vsually atchieued and from these commeth also experiēce which in any facultie or trade of life is most necessarie and herein appeareth the imperfection of vnskilfull youth whiche being ignoraunte of affaires sometimes enterprise to reach by a superficiall kind of knowledge vnto the practise of high mysteries too far aboue the slight consideration of their gréene capacities and in the ende in rewarde of counterfayte skill and presumption and fained holynesse they receiue the iust punishment of shameful reproch and confusion It is a common prouerb amongst vs he that maries in hast shal repent at leasure indéed a man can not be too chary in that choyce nor too circumspect in electiō of that trade wherein he meanes steadfastlye to run the whole course of his life if we doe entende to win friendship with any man sée howe circumspect we are in finding out his vain how curious in considering his cōditions and how nyce in fauouring his nature but doth it not stand vs more vpon in the maintenance of life to behold our owne properties and conditions for no man is borne wise nor any man can suddainely become happie but euen as in the spring time the naturall sappe and moysture of the trée breaketh out first into the blooming buds frō buds into blossoms and then frō blossoms by little and little into a more harder substance whereby it is better able to withstand the hurtfull blastes and bitter colde vntill at last it softneth agayne by the vertue of the Sunne when it commes to the perfectiō and ripenesse of the fruite so the naturall disposition of mankinde is first moued with affection to séeke knowledge then cunning is desirous to imitate the practise of vertues by the example of others that were famous and thus experience by custome bringeth a man at last to the full perfection of wisedome therefore the regard of cōtinuall experience in the choyse of mans life is most necessary Thirdly it behoueth man to be armed at all assayes against the change of tymes and mutabilitie of fortune for nothing in this life is stadfast permanent no countrey so rich that warres hath not wasted no quiet peace and tranquility so durable that discord hath not dissolued no beautie so diuine which by cloudes of care is not eclipsed no courage so stoute whiche by crooked age is not qualified and lastly no mirth no ioy no pleasure no pastime no loue no lust no kind of commoditie so perfect and permanent whiche is not by sorrowe care troubles enuie wrath mischiefe or misfortune made subiect to some change and alteration so that the minde is only constant whiche is content that man séemeth most happie that is patient as riches health honour alone without singular vertues maketh not fortunate so truth courage equitie bountie suche like without perfect rest and contentation of the mind cannot lay the plot foundation of Stabilitie for can we call hym riche that is couetous or courteous that is proude or noble that is scorneful no more can he be constant that is furious and fantasticall neyther ought any man to estéeme the choise of faculties trades of liuing to be the onely suertie stedfastnesse of life Sith that the giftes of nature and fortune both richlye possessed are not sufficient to the maintenance of felicitie for he is not to be accompted happie that is not absolute and perfecte of him selfe and coueteth more to encrease or feares any thing to be diminished And therefore Solon beyng demaunded of the rich Kyng Craesus what letted him to be called happie answered bicause he was yet alyue meaning that no estate of lyfe is frée from the bondage and yoake of sorrowe for neither Kings nor Princes can assure them selues stedfastly to stande in the good grace and fauour of fortune which by the example of Policrates was manifestly prooued whose estate was long tyme prosperous and so beautifully furnished with health wealth and pleasure that he began to be at defiaunce with fortune hir selfe and dispised the fawning fauour of Neptune that sent him his Kyng againe in the bowels of a Fishe which he had before wilfully caste into the sea being of great price to trye the friendshyppe of fortune But as the Sunne being at the highest must néedes decline by his naturall course againe So the blinde Goddesse whose lookes are like vnto brittle glasse that is not so bryght but it is assoone broken now beganne to shake the chaire of proude Policrates and assoone ouerwhelmed him in the paynes of helf whom shée had before hoysed vp into the ioyes and pleasures of heauen For of a King he became a captiue and of a happie man a most miserable wretche and so died at mischiefe And thus we sée by thys onelye example which maye be matched with innumerable of like sort that no life is certaine none estate stedfast and no cōdition nor any kynde of callyng without continuall cares troubles and aflictions And therfore I conclude that Pacience is the strongest armour of proofe to withstande the spitefull force of inconstant and variable Fortune FINIS Summum bonum Obediētia Pacientia Bias. Socrates Aristotl Hercules Hidaspis Fortitudo Comitas Antisthenes Psal. Poetae Philosophi Modestia Heliod Philautia Diogenes Simile Simile Hercules