particular actions were in which he shewed his valour But now in that Narration which is made a distinct part of the Oration the thing done must be briefly and simply declared without any exaggeration and in such a Narration as makes way for confirmation the things done may be illustrated with great neatness of language with sentences and figures some discourses may be made concerning the worthiness of the action with some amplification from similitudes and comparisons In a word where ever you make a Protasis from any History or Fable and afterwards make an application thereof there you must make your Narration and this may be in any part of the Oration even in the Exordium but these kinds of Narrations are most usefull in such Orations as are in commendation or discommendation of persons in which it is necessary to declare their vertues or their vices That your Narration may be such as it ought you must observe First that the known matter must be briefely declared the matter unknown more largely Secondly that there be in it some apt sentences and that it express the manners of men as their pride covetousness and the like and to this purpose an Hypotyposis or prosopopoea and such like figures are usefull to wit when some persons are introduced in their melancholy or studious mood or speaking something which doth declare and manifest what their natural inclinations are Thirdly that it be plain clear And that it may be so you must avoid all circumlocutions the reckoning up of a multitude of things and making large Catalogues of persons with frequent and long perentheses and useless digressions Fourthly that it be probable And that it may be so you must have a care that the circumstances of time manners place and person be all suteable besides some testimonies may be briefly named unless the person from whom the Narration is made be well known and of good credit But if any thing be mentioned not altogether probable some admonishment must be made thereof either by adding the cause as a Covetous man throwes away his wealth because he saw his life in danger or a Fox despiseth grapes because they are out of his reach Or by confessing the improbability if nodefence can otherwise be made and that either plainly thus It is wonderfull if we may believe the Poets or with some compensation thus It is strang but yet it is true or by naming some witnesses thus I know not the reason but thus it is affirmed by very sole-â—men Or by desiring the Auditors that they would at present admit the thing which afterwards you will prove more fully Fiftly that all the things declared may ctend to the end propounded and that the â—onfirmation may easily follow thereupon Moreover in declaring any thing let the Orator chiefly observe the persons matter time place manner and cause which do almost happen in all cases but yet all these circumstances are not alwayes necessary to be expressed but as many of them only as the Oratour in his discretion shall think fit The Fourth part of an Oration is Confirmation and Confirmation is as it were the very heart and soul by which an Oration may be chiefly said to live or it is the chief part of an Oration in which the arguments are produced by which we would prove our proposition refute or answer the contrary opinion of our adversary if need require What is necessary in this behalf may be collected from what hath been already said Seeing that Confirmation doth consist of the arguments that are invented and the right disposition of them both which have been fully enough declared before Thus much only I will adde that the Orator in Confirmation may do well to remember First to name those Arguments in the beginning of his Confirmation and also in the conclusion which carry with them the greatest weight and those of least concernment in the midst Secondly to take care that his Oration may still gather strength and this will be done if the following words be still more significant than the former and that the affections be most moved in the very close thereof Thirdly let him take care that all his Arguments doe fully prove his proposition Fourthly that he urge not his arguments in one and the same manner and forme but that he use variety of figures and propound them sometimes by way of Syllogism sometimes in an Enthymem sometimes ommitting the Major sometimes the Conclusion as he thinks it most convenient Fiftly let him find out the Crinomenon use fit Transitions Sentences Digressions and Amplifications And the Crinomenon is that proposition in the Argumentation whether General or Particular in which the whole strength doth lie and that being proved the whole matter seemeth to be proved also this therefore the Orator must especially declare and confirme Here then observe 1. That the Crinomenon is sometimes the same with the proposition of the whole Oration and then the greater varietie of arguments may be found to prove the proposition For Example let the proposition be this I will shew you that a King ought to love his subjects and the Common wealth The first argument is Because the head ought to love the members The King is the head the subjects are the members Therefore c. The second Argument is Every one ought to love his patrimony The common wealth is the Kings patrimony Therefore c. Here you see that severall arguments may be brought to confirm the proposition because the Crinomenon is the same with the general proposition of the Oration Note 2. That the Crinomenon is sometimes different from the Generall proposition in the Oration and then there is but one principal argument in the whole Oration which we must endeavour to confirme and amplifie Moreover this Crinomenon may be discovered if you put your principal Arguments into a true Syllogisticall form for the Minor in the syllogism is sometimes the Crinomenon as in the first argument of the Oration which Tully made for Milo He that is a Traitor deserves tobe kill'd Claudius was 〈…〉 Traitor Therefore where the Major is certainly true the Minor only is to be proved this therefore Tully endeavours to do throughout that whole Oration Sometimes the Major is the Crinomenon as Tully in his Oration for Sextus Roscius No Son would kill his father but for some great cause Sextus Roscius is a son Therefore In this Syllogism the Minor is undoubtedly true and therefore the Major only is to be proved for in that is the whole force Sometimes the Crinomenon is in the Major and Minor both For example He killed Roscius that was advantaged by his death but the death of Roscius was advantagious to Capiton Therefore Here the Major and the Minor are both to be proved In the reading therefore and in the composing of Orations the Crinomenon must be regarded But when the General proposition hath several parts there are several Crinomenons to be regarded
spared not the Angels tha 〈…〉 sinned how then shall he spare man Secondly when we argue from the less to the greater As he will not let one sin go unpunished much more will he therefore punish 〈◊〉 multitude of sins Comparison doth differ from Similitude in that two things are compared together in respect of some third but in Similitude there is no respect unto a third bu 〈…〉 to one another only as thus It is lawful 〈…〉 for M. Antony to defend Clodius why may not Tully then defend Milo Here the comparison is between Tully and Anthony but it is in respect of a third that is in respect of Defence But in this As they that are sick thinke all things loathsome though never so sweet so they that are wicked cannot relish the best Societies Here the sick in body are compared to the sick in mind that is to the wicked but not in respect of a â—hird but in respect of their own corrupted tastes The twelvth Topick is from the caus 〈…〉 s of things And that is said to be a cause from whence a thing may in any sort be said to be produced We commonly reckon four sorts of causes Efficient Material Formal and Fi 〈…〉 all The efficient cause is that which maketh a thing Thus the Sun causeth or maketh the Day to this may instruments and all other things be referred which do only assist in the making as well as those which make the thing as a Pen is an assistant in writing From this cause we argue thus If the cause be denied we deny the effect if the cause be granted we grant the effect also if it be praised or dispraised we praise or dispraise the effect also The Material cause is that of which a thing is made or is imployed in as money of Gold and an Oratour about every matter or thing From this cause we argue thus If matter be afforded there may be such an effect and the goodness or the badness of the effect depends upon the goodness or the badness of the matter The formal Cause is that by which the thing is what it is or that by which it is distinguished from other things Thus a Ship and a Timber house do differ by the diverse disposing of the parts In this cause we argue from the excellence or the meaness of the form the more excellent the form is the better is the thing and any deficiency in the form doth make it the worse and every thing should be proportionable to his sorm and hence a man should aim at immortal things because his soul which is his form is made immortal The final cause is that for which a thing is made and the end for which we do any thing is generally one of these three because it is either honest profitable or delightfull From this cause we argue according to these Axiomes Such as the end is such are the things that are done to that end If the end be good or bad the things referred to that end are good or bad also The thirteenth Topick is from the Effects and those are said to be Effects which are produced by their causes From these we argue either by inferring the cause the effect being granted or by denying the cause the effect being denied or by commending the cause if the effects be good 〈…〉 r by condemning it if the effects be bad â—nd these heads drawn from the causes and â—ffects do afford great plenty of matter â—or discourse The fourteenth Topick is from the Adjuncts and those are said to be adjuncts which are joyned with the thing but not of necessity to wit such as are joyned to persons or things Tully reckons up twelve of the first sort viz. Of the Person as the Name the Nature the Habit the Fortune the Life the Affection the studies Councells Actions Chances and Speeches The Adjuncts of a thing are commonly six Place Time Occasion Manner Faculty and Instrument but some there are which do reduce them to these seven Quis quid ubi quibus auxiliis cur quomodo quando In English thus First ask Who What and Where and then What Aide with Why and How and When. Quis who doth signifie the quality of the Person in which there must be considered his nature sex age nation kindred and estate in respect of his body mind and fortune Quid what importeth an enquiry after the nature of the thing as whether it be of importance or not whether great or small noble or ignoble Ubi where denotes the place Quibus auxiliis with what aide notes an enquiry concerning the person that joyned with him in that action or other instruments by which it was effected Cur why denotes the finall cause with what intent or to what end it was done Quomodo how shewes the manner of doing it as namely with what ease or how hardly Quando when notes the time in which it was done and this head doth many times afford great plenty of matter The fifteenth and the sixteenth Topicks are the Antecedents and the Consequents Those are called Antecedents which go before the thing as you made him tremble therefore he is sensible They are called consequents which do necessarily follow the thing as he that is thrust through the heart must needs dye From the Antecedents we argue thus The Antecedent being granted the consequent must needs follow as he is wounded in the heart therefore he will dye But from the Consequents we argue thus If the consequent be affirmed the antecedent is affirmed as It is a great gash therefore it was a great blow that made it if the Consequent be denied the antecedent is denied also as he is not dead therefore he is not wounded in the heart And these are the Intrinsecal or Artificial Topicks from whence arguments may be raised on any Theam or matter propounded For illustration sake I will shew you how from these Topicks a matter for an Oration may be raised from this Theam or proposition Clodius laid snares for Milo The Praxis Every Theam or proposition doth consist of three parts a Subject a Predicate and a Copula That is called the Subject of which we speak The Predicate that which is spoken of the Subject and the Copula is some Verbe which joynes the subject with the predicate In this proposition Clodius is the Subject because it is of him that we are to speak to lay snares is the predicate because that is the thing which is said of Clodius Now therefore if you would find out arguments on this Subject Consider well which is the Subject and which is the Predicate in your proposition Then take the Subject and go through every Topick first go to Definition and ask what it is what is the nature of it and how it is distinguished from other things Then go to Division and see into how many parts the Subject may be divided and so forward from Topick to Topick And still observe to your self every
wicked by deposing them and were willing to exceed in submission rather than in fury The Major with the Reason Why then shall we degenerate soules ba 〈…〉 sh our fame Why shall we cruel wretches 〈…〉 ffer men to hatch cruelty against the com 〈…〉 on-wealth We who in honour are com 〈…〉 elled to have a principall regard unto our 〈…〉 lory as being our publick treasure and 〈…〉 e most noble patrimony of our Kingdome 〈…〉 nd ought one with his armes and another â—ith his good works another with Justice â—other with Clemency ever maintaine it 〈…〉 s the great Magazin of our honour Conclusion The King hath acted wickedly against â—is brother let not us act wickedly against â—he King neither let posterity deride us for committing one wickedness to be â—evenged of another let us have regard to â—hat proverbial speech of wise men If a King he good obey him if evill endure his wickedness with patience The Third way of arguing Rhetorically is to put the Conclusion in the first place with the Major or Minor added thereunto by the particles for therefore for this cause c. And if any argument follo 〈…〉 sometimes we find the conclusion repeate 〈…〉 and sometimes not but if the Oration b 〈…〉 short as most of our common oratio 〈…〉 are the Conclusion is repeated at last buâ— in other words Example In a Gratulatory speech for some kindness received of which the proposition is 〈◊〉 I owe you many thankes The Reason Becaus 〈…〉 you have given me a preferment and havâ— passed by others who were my competitors Place it Logically thus He who hath gotten a preferment from one who hath passed by others his competitors he oweth the Don 〈…〉 many thanks But I have gotten such a preferment Therefore c. Rhetorically thus Beginning with the Conclusion Most gracious Soveraign The thank 〈…〉 which I owe unto your Majesty for the preferment which you have bestowed upon mâ— are such as cannot be expressed by words much less can they ever be requited by me 〈…〉 and I am necessarily enforced to take up the words before your most gracious Majesty which Socrates once used to Plato who when he had nothing to give him which was answerable to his kindness cried out O Plato accept of Socrates And seeing your kindnesses to me have far transcended them of Plato to Socrates and also that I my self cannot be a recompence sufficient for the kindness of a King I do here devote my self and all that I have to your Majesty in token of gratitude The Major Ought not he to account himself highly engaged to obedience on whom the King of his own mere inclination hath conferred that honour which many near him have in vain expected and for which many have in vain petitioned The Reason of the Major Certainly his favour is heightened by the expectations and petitions of others and one bounty becometh two when he that hath it is adorned with a much desired honour and in being thus adorned is preferred before all his Competitors It is not unknown to any what men how much deserving of your Majesty and of their countrey have made great suite for this dignity both by themselves others with whom if I should come in competition I could be hardly any way compared but your most gracious Majesty most bountifully supplying the imperfections of my actions with your own benigne charity hath alwaies looked upon me as one that hath devoted himself to you and the Common-wealth The Conclusion repeated What shall I now promise but earnestly to endeavour that you may never have occasion to think that you have placed your kindness on an ungratefull soul I do therefore most humbly lay down my self and my endeavours all that I have and all their endeavours at your Majesties feet to be ordered according to your will and pleasure be pleased to command us and you shall find our lives to be of less value to us than your injunctions The Fourth way of Arguing Rhetorically is to put the Major with the Reasons thereof in the first place Secondly the Conclusion and Thirdly the Minor Fourthly if it seem necessary the Conclusion may be repeated in other words Example If you would congratulate the arrival of some Kings Ambassador or any great Person you may make this proposition We ought to rejoyce in your coming to us The Reason Because you are a great person Place it Logically thus We ought to rejoyce at the coming of a great Person But you are a great person Therefore c. Rhetorically thus beginning with the Major The stars cannot appear without rejoycing the inanimate world nor great persons without affecting the souls of men N. N. Nature hath given them this that they cannot be but they must be profitable The Reason of the Major Vertue hath imposed this most beautifull necessitie That great men can be no where but where they may shew favour and clemency to those that are under them The Conclusion Would to God you might this day see thorowly into all our souls yea even of Momus you might there behold Love and Fear Joy and Sorrow desire and eloquence wrestling together in our hearts with no ordinary conflict for when we salute you as our great Guest we cannot well tell whether our fear should love or our love fear your Excellencie whether our joy should sorrow its straitness or our sorrow joy your appearance whether our desires should speak or our Eloquence wish Oh that we were wholly joy wholly love wholly desire wholly Eloquence that we might here in your presence expresse our affections towards you as we ought The Minor with the Approbation thereof The truth is that not only the Nobleness of your birth singular wisdome sweet cariage and behaviour and your other inestimable vertues do make you great in our eyes but we also reverence your greatnesse because you are so in the judgment of the whole Kingdome which having those beames of honour on your person hath published to the world that you are her Starr Our King hath greatly esteemed you in making you not only of his privy Councell but Arbitrator of it when he hath again and again declared you worthy to accompany him not only in Germany and Britain but even in all the parts of his own Kingdome that you might here and every where be esteemed great And all our borders will for ever owne your greatness because you have condescended to shew your illustrious presence and noble soul in our mean confines all of us being sensible that great men do augment their greatness by their condescentions The Fift way of arguing Rhetorically Sometimes the Major is omitted and the Reason of the Major with its Approbation is put in its place Then the Conclusion afterward the Minor with the proof thereof and lastly the conclusion is repeated Example Let the proposition be You ought not greatly to lament the death of your friends The Reason is because death is a common evill