term_n of_o aristotle_n and_o thomas_n be_v more_o significant_a and_o fit_a i_o think_v it_o best_o to_o follow_v they_o of_o the_o essence_n by_o these_o word_n be_v set_v out_o such_o argument_n as_o be_v essential_a unto_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v now_o all_o the_o cause_n be_v of_o this_o kind_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n as_o thomas_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o he_o say_v the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n that_o be_v each_o one_o in_o its_o kind_n and_o manner_n of_o work_v for_o all_o of_o they_o do_v concur_v and_o bestow_v their_o force_n unto_o the_o procure_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v these_o argument_n be_v all_o comprehend_v in_o the_o 9_o place_n of_o argument_n viz._n to_o do_v chap._n v._o the_o definition_n of_o a_o cause_n a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o force_n whereof_o ramus_n ramus_n a_o thing_n be_v this_o argument_n which_o we_o call_v a_o cause_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o every_o thing_n whereupon_o another_o follow_v and_o so_o say_v okam_n 1_o do_v 1._o q._n 3._o lit_fw-fr n._n wherefore_o as_o the_o same_o okam_n say_v 1._o do_v 41._o light_v f._n a_o cause_n be_v take_v two_o way_n sometime_o for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v another_o thing_n as_o a_o effect_n thereof_o and_o sometime_o also_o for_o a_o proposition_n whereof_o another_o do_v follow_v thus_o far_o okam_n a_o cause_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v not_o so_o large_o as_o in_o okamâ—_n first_o and_o three_o sense_n but_o in_o the_o second_o a_o cause_n in_o this_o notion_n be_v also_o take_v for_o the_o thing_n itself_o which_o do_v cause_n and_o sometime_o also_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o cause_v or_o for_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o do_v exercise_v causallitie_n in_o act_n or_o for_o the_o relation_n of_o cause_v a_o cause_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n in_o this_o definition_n wherefore_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o of_o which_o the_o effect_n even_o by_o itself_o depend_v thus_o far_o the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o preface_n unto_o porphyrte_n by_o this_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o ramus_n and_o aristotle_n do_v full_o agree_v in_o the_o define_n of_o a_o cause_n and_o in_o the_o explication_n of_o that_o definition_n therefore_o we_o need_v not_o say_v more_o for_o the_o open_n thereof_o a_o few_o example_n will_v make_v it_o easy_o understand_v but_o we_o may_v not_o do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n lest_o we_o be_v force_v to_o repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n again_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o particular_n chap._n vi_o the_o distribution_n of_o a_o cause_n there_o be_v fourecause_n ramus_n ramus_n the_o efficient_a and_o matter_n form_n and_o end_n there_o be_v a_o universal_a agreement_n in_o this_o precept_n also_o aristotle_n make_v they_o these_o four_o as_o we_o may_v find_v in_o the_o 11._o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o postertorum_n his_o word_n be_v these_o there_o be_v 4._o cause_n 1._o that_o which_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 2._o that_o which_o must_v be_v when_o the_o thing_n be_v 3._o that_o which_o move_v first_o 4._o that_o for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v he_o have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o five_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n and_o 23_o chapter_n thomas_n do_v follow_v he_o and_o do_v teach_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o 1a._o 2_o a._n q._n 72._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o no_o man_n think_v otherwise_o therefore_o i_o will_v descend_v to_o unfold_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o particular_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n from_o which_o the_o thing_n be_v efficient_a this_o word_n import_v no_o more_o but_o to_o do_v or_o to_o bring_v to_o pass_v and_o therefore_o it_o signify_v the_o office_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o consequent_o it_o seem_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v give_v unto_o any_o one_o cause_n distinct_o yet_o notwithstanding_o we_o must_v know_v that_o there_o be_v good_a reason_n thus_o to_o call_v it_o else_o the_o learned_a of_o all_o age_n will_v not_o have_v give_v it_o that_o name_n yea_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o it_o deserve_v we_o shall_v call_v it_o so_o as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o next_o passage_n from_o which_o these_o word_n do_v set_v out_o the_o nature_n or_o office_n of_o that_o cause_n which_o be_v call_v efficient_a and_o signify_v the_o original_n or_o fountain_n from_o whence_o the_o effect_n do_v receive_v tt_n be_v i_o say_v the_o effect_n and_o i_o mean_v the_o whole_a effect_n for_o this_o cause_n do_v join_v together_o all_o the_o other_o cause_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v compound_v as_o namely_o it_o bestow_v the_o form_n upon_o the_o matter_n and_o do_v destinate_a the_o matter_n form_v unto_o the_o produce_v of_o something_o that_o be_v good_a and_o therefore_o it_o deserve_v well_o to_o be_v call_v efficient_a the_o form_n do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o kind_a the_o matter_n form_v do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v this_o or_o that_o individual_a thing_n the_o end_n make_v it_o fit_a for_o this_o or_o that_o good_a but_o the_o motion_n and_o efficacy_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n only_o do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o effect_n in_o the_o event_n we_o have_v many_o example_n of_o this_o cause_n and_o the_o operation_n thereof_o we_o find_v one_o in_o the_o second_o of_o genesis_n the_o seven_o verse_n where_o it_o be_v say_v god_n form_v man_n of_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o breathe_v into_o he_o the_o breath_n of_o life_n and_o he_o become_v a_o live_a soul_n in_o this_o example_n the_o make_n of_o man_n be_v attribute_v unto_o god_n therefore_o god_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o man_n the_o office_n of_o this_o efficiency_n be_v place_v in_o join_v the_o form_n unto_o the_o matter_n he_o frame_v he_o of_o the_o dust_n there_o be_v the_o matter_n and_o breathe_v life_n into_o he_o and_o thereby_o the_o form_n be_v impose_v on_o the_o matter_n and_o then_o god_n do_v destinate_a he_o to_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o action_n of_o life_n thereby_o he_o make_v he_o a_o live_a soul_n we_o have_v another_o the_o like_a example_n in_o the_o 11._o of_o genesis_n the_o 3._o and_o 4._o ver_fw-la where_o it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v build_v a_o high_a tower_n of_o brick_n and_o slime_n for_o a_o memorial_n of_o their_o name_n the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v make_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n and_o thereby_o they_o become_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n they_o take_v brick_n and_o frame_v it_o into_o a_o tower_n therefore_o they_o join_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n together_o they_o destinate_a the_o same_o unto_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o continuance_n of_o their_o name_n on_o earth_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v to_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o shall_v now_o divide_v a_o efficient_a cause_n into_o the_o several_a kind_n but_o that_o we_o can_v for_o as_o ramus_n true_o say_v they_o be_v unknown_a unto_o we_o therefore_o we_o will_v set_v down_o the_o divers_a and_o various_a manner_n wherein_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v for_o that_o be_v well_o know_v and_o do_v help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o office_n of_o thus_o cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v by_o itself_o by_o accident_n a_o cause_n do_v then_o work_v by_o itself_o ramus_n ramus_n when_o it_o work_v by_o force_n of_o and_o according_a unto_o the_o inbred_a fitness_n thereof_o we_o find_v this_o distinction_n and_o the_o explication_n thereof_o in_o the_o school_n of_o all_o age_n the_o efficient_a cause_n say_v thomas_n work_v by_o itself_o or_o by_o accident_n the_o first_o be_v when_o it_o month_n by_o its_o own_o proper_a virtue_n the_o second_o when_o something_o be_v remove_v therefrom_o or_o that_o which_o remain_v be_v hinder_v from_o work_v 1a._o 2d_o q._n 76._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la if_o we_o join_v okam_n unto_o thomas_n we_o shall_v find_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n say_v okam_n 1._o do_v 2._o q._n 10._o light_v b._n h._n be_v that_o which_o work_v by_o a_o thing_n different_a from_o itself_o and_o a_o cause_n which_o work_v by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o cause_v the_o effect_n according_a to_o its_o proper_a nature_n and_o not_o according_a to_o some_o other_o thing_n which_o outward_o do_v befall_v it_o the_o efficient_a do_v work_v by_o itself_o in_o natural_a thing_n when_o it_o move_v according_a unto_o the_o instinct_n and_o inbred_a disposition_n of_o nature_n as_o when_o the_o live_a
it_o consist_v of_o thing_n true_a first_o immediate_a better_o know_v precede_a and_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n those_o be_v first_o and_o true_a which_o have_v force_v to_o argue_v not_o from_o other_o but_o of_o themselves_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v true_a because_o that_o which_o be_v not_o can_v be_v know_v they_o must_v be_v first_o because_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v indemonstrable_a and_o consist_v of_o their_o own_o proper_a principle_n we_o must_v not_o inquire_v of_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n wherefore_o they_o be_v so_o but_o every_o one_o of_o they_o even_o by_o itself_o aught_o to_o be_v worthy_a of_o credit_n the_o medium_n must_v contain_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n see_v we_o know_v nothing_o unless_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n the_o medium_n ought_v to_o consist_v of_o thing_n precede_v the_o conclusion_n both_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o knowledge_n therefore_o the_o principium_fw-la of_o ad_fw-la monstration_n be_v a_o immediate_a proposition_n viz._n that_o have_v none_o before_o it_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o &_o 6._o top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o whereupon_o demonstration_n be_v make_v by_o definition_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o and_o they_o be_v the_o principle_n thereof_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o for_o a_o definition_n can_v no_o way_n be_v prove_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap_n 4.5_o 6._o &_o 7._o lib._n 1._o cap_n 9_o by_o this_o whole_a discourse_n we_o have_v rule_n to_o know_v what_o syllogisine_n contain_v a_o truth_n simple_o necessary_a and_o we_o be_v send_v unto_o they_o only_o who_o three_o argument_n comprehend_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o such_o cause_n also_o as_o be_v better_o know_v unto_o we_o then_o the_o conclusion_n itself_o wherefore_o for_o further_a explication_n hereof_o aristotle_n do_v show_v we_o what_o cause_v these_o be_v and_o how_o they_o concur_v in_o these_o word_n for_o as_o much_o as_o we_o do_v then_o know_v when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n and_o these_o be_v four_o 1._o the_o form_n 2._o the_o matter_n 3._o the_o efficient_a and_o 4._o the_o end_n then_o the_o conclusion_n have_v a_o necessary_a truth_n when_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v take_v and_o place_v as_o a_o medium_n in_o two_o proposition_n with_o that_o conclusion_n and_o by_o cause_n be_v mean_v not_o only_o the_o cause_n of_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v but_o also_o of_o those_o thing_n that_o have_v be_v or_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o post_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o &_o 12._o now_o we_o do_v full_o understand_v where_o to_o find_v necessary_a truth_n in_o a_o syllogism_n our_o next_o labour_n must_v be_v to_o set_v out_o these_o scientifical_a syllogism_n by_o other_o property_n that_o we_o may_v know_v they_o the_o more_o easy_o and_o certain_o for_o that_o cause_n aristotle_n do_v distribute_v a_o demonstration_n after_o this_o manner_n a_o demonstration_n be_v universal_a particular_a affirmative_a negative_a poster_n lib._n 1._o cap_n 24._o a_o demonstration_n universal_a excel_v a_o particular_a and_o a_o affirmative_a be_v better_a than_o a_o negative_a cap._n 24.25_o this_o distribution_n follow_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o syllogism_n for_o every_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n though_o every_o syllogism_n be_v not_o a_o demonstration_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v very_o useful_a to_o give_v we_o knowledge_n where_o to_o find_v this_o necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o it_o to_o conclude_v this_o matter_n of_o demonstrative_a science_n he_o say_v the_o first_o figure_n be_v fit_a for_o a_o demonstration_n yea_o chief_o proper_a unto_o this_o science_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v seek_v out_o only_o by_o that_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o some_o perhaps_o will_v look_v that_o i_o shall_v give_v instance_n to_o open_v the_o use_n of_o these_o precept_n and_o it_o may_v seem_v the_o more_o needful_a because_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o no_o example_n can_v be_v give_v answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n i_o answer_v this_o conceit_n be_v very_o vain_a for_o can_v any_o of_o the_o cause_n or_o all_o of_o they_o together_o serve_v to_o prove_v a_o sentence_n that_o be_v call_v into_o question_n or_o can_v the_o cause_n be_v dispose_v with_o a_o question_n into_o two_o proposition_n without_o doubt_n they_o may_v also_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o every_o proposition_n comprehend_v a_o necessary_a truth_n wherein_o the_o effect_n be_v argue_v by_o the_o cause_n for_o the_o effect_n be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o comprehension_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o when_o the_o cause_n do_v argue_v the_o effect_n the_o effect_n be_v resolve_v into_o the_o cause_n therefore_o when_o we_o know_v the_o cause_n we_o can_v but_o know_v the_o effect_n and_o consequent_o such_o proposition_n be_v necessary_a and_o what_o they_o be_v such_o the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v that_o be_v lawful_o infer_v from_o they_o if_o there_o may_v be_v premise_n and_o conclusion_n answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n than_o no_o doubt_n there_o be_v example_n of_o it_o and_o we_o may_v show_v they_o if_o need_n be_v but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n for_o this_o time_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o aristotle_n have_v do_v that_o already_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o so_o as_o he_o that_o will_v may_v make_v use_n of_o they_o 2._o this_o kind_n of_o knowledge_n can_v easy_o be_v discern_v see_v it_o be_v very_o hard_a for_o we_o to_o understand_v those_o principle_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v true_a first_o and_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n as_o aristotle_n do_v admonish_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 9_o difficile_fw-la autem_fw-la etc._n etc._n 3._o by_o a_o man_n own_o practice_n and_o observation_n he_o shall_v find_v they_o and_o their_o use_n in_o natural_a thing_n and_o in_o they_o only_o for_o in_o matter_n divine_a and_o spiritual_a such_o argument_n can_v have_v no_o place_n in_o they_o we_o understand_v by_o faith_n not_o by_o sense_n and_o faith_n have_v god_n authority_n for_o the_o principle_n thereof_o not_o the_o nature_n or_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o i_o say_v a_o man_n may_v find_v they_o by_o practice_n because_o by_o sense_n we_o get_v memory_n by_o the_o remember_v the_o do_v of_o the_o same_o thing_n often_o we_o get_v experience_n by_o our_o many_o time_n remember_v our_o experience_n be_v one_o among_o all_o these_o that_o we_o do_v remember_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n wherein_o man_n mind_n do_v rest_n satisfy_v above_o many_o that_o which_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o among_o the_o rest_n become_v a_o principium_fw-la of_o science_n if_o it_o belong_v unto_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v thus_o much_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 19_o exsensu_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n whereby_o we_o know_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v consist_v in_o some_o of_o these_o that_o follow_v 1._o of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o the_o first_o or_o immediate_a 2._o of_o thing_n mediate_v and_o no_o cause_n but_o such_o as_o be_v reciprocate_v or_o mutual_o refer_v to_o each_o other_o 3._o of_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o reciprocate_v yet_o it_o be_v better_a know_v and_o yet_o no_o cause_n 5._o of_o a_o superior_a science_n as_o geometry_n be_v to_o the_o optic_n and_o arithmoticke_a to_o music_n 6._o of_o other_o science_n whereof_o one_o be_v not_o place_v under_o another_o as_o surgery_n be_v unto_o geometry_n to_o know_v that_o a_o wound_n be_v heal_v soon_o or_o late_a belong_v to_o the_o surgeon_n but_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v heal_v soon_o for_o latter_a belong_v to_o geometry_n 7._o in_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v sometime_o also_o the_o medium_n be_v place_v without_o the_o extreme_n as_o when_o we_o say_v why_o do_v not_o the_o wall_n breath_n we_o answer_v because_o it_o be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n and_o these_o syllogism_n be_v always_o make_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n after_o this_o sort_n whatsoever_o do_v breath_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n but_o a_o wall_n be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o a_o wall_n do_v not_o breath_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 13._o thus_o far_o go_v aristotle_n precept_n to_o show_v we_o what_o syllogism_n contain_v necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n thereof_o if_o any_o expect_v example_n of_o these_o last_o i_o answer_v they_o may_v be_v give_v because_o we_o may_v have_v example_n of_o the_o former_a as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v they_o may_v be_v give_v with_o more_o ease_n than_o the_o former_a because_o the_o thing_n contain_v in_o they_o be_v near_o to_o our_o understanding_n but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n lest_o i_o make_v my_o discourse_n over_o long_o and_o the_o reader_n too_o idle_a we_o
chapter_n and_o first_o book_n of_o his_o rhetoric_n a_o man_n say_v he_o be_v a_o logician_n by_o nature_n or_o art_n logic_n dialectic_a both_o these_o name_n be_v use_v indifferent_o to_o set_v out_o the_o thing_n define_v and_o we_o have_v the_o frequent_a use_n of_o learned_a man_n to_o avow_v it_o the_o jesuite_n do_v express_o teach_v it_o in_o their_o commentary_n upon_o aristotle_n organon_n col_n 26._o near_a to_o the_o end_n in_o these_o word_n the_o whole_a art_n of_o discourse_v be_v set_v out_o by_z either_o the_o word_n logic_n or_o the_o word_n dialectic_a and_o they_o do_v not_o bare_o avouch_v it_o but_o they_o confirm_v it_o with_o plenty_n of_o proof_n as_o the_o reader_n may_v find_v if_o he_o please_v to_o consult_v the_o place-alledged_n both_o the_o word_n do_v signify_v no_o more_o but_z a_o thing_n appertain_v unto_o the_o use_n of_o reason_n therefore_o the_o jesuite_n in_o the_o same_o preface_n q._n 4._o art_n 4._o col_fw-fr 40._o do_v conceive_v that_o logic_n in_o a_o universal_a apprehension_n be_v no_o more_o but_z a_o director_n of_o the_o art_n of_o reason_n and_o suarez_n have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o metaphysic_n disp_v 39_o d._n be_v this_o word_n be_v the_o band_n to_o tie_v both_o part_n of_o the_o definition_n together_o by_o it_o the_o late_a part_n be_v affirm_v of_o the_o former_a and_o it_o signify_v a_o essential_a attribution_n that_o be_v that_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o former_a so_o as_o the_o first_o do_v consist_v in_o the_o second_o a_o art_n the_o word_n art_n do_v set_v out_o the_o general_a nature_n of_o logic_n that_o be_v it_o do_v signify_v that_o nature_n which_o logic_n have_v in_o common_a with_o divers_a other_o thing_n as_o grammar_n and_o rhetoric_n etc._n etc._n it_o be_v call_v a_o art_n in_o the_o most_o common_a use_n of_o man_n sometime_o it_o be_v call_v also_o a_o science_n and_o that_o we_o find_v in_o the_o jesuite_n preface_n q._n 4._o art_n 3._o aristotle_n do_v use_v both_o the_o word_n indifferent_o as_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o first_o chapter_n the_o word_n art_n signify_v a_o multitude_n of_o precept_n orderly_o digest_v and_o approve_v by_o use_n and_o thus_o the_o jesuite_n teach_v in_o their_o preface_n q._n 6._o art_n 2._o and_o aristotle_n have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o first_o chapter_n where_o we_o have_v these_o word_n art_n be_v get_v by_o experience_n experience_n make_v art_n art_n be_v make_v when_o as_o one_o universal_a thing_n be_v frame_v out_o of_o many_o experimentall_n so_o as_o to_o do_v by_o experience_n differ_v nothing_o from_o art_n he_o bring_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o it_o poster_n lib_n 2._o cap._n 19_o the_o word_n a_o be_v use_v to_o show_v that_o logic_n be_v one_o entire_a art_n that_o can_v be_v divide_v nor_o be_v subordinate_a to_o any_o other_o art_n as_o geometry_n and_o many_o other_o art_n be_v logic_n be_v usual_o call_v the_o art_n of_o art_n the_o mistress_n and_o director_n of_o all_o other_o and_o there_o be_v good_a cause_n why_o for_o logic_n dispute_v of_o all_o thing_n and_o be_v common_a unto_o every_o being_n as_o aristotle_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n cap._n 2._o text_n 4._o experience_n show_v that_o aristotle_n say_v true_a for_o there_o be_v no_o art_n but_o by_o the_o help_n of_o logic_n all_o the_o precept_n thereof_o be_v frame_v together_o in_o a_o due_a order_n and_o the_o part_n of_o each_o singular_a precept_n be_v so_o fit_v together_o that_o we_o may_v find_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n of_o discourse_n these_o word_n do_v assign_v the_o special_a nature_n of_o logic_n the_o very_a first_o and_o intrinsical_v be_v thereof_o and_o contain_v the_o form_n and_o the_o end_n i_o say_v they_o contain_v they_o both_o because_o the_o form_n be_v the_o fountain_n of_o the_o end_n and_o the_o end_n be_v the_o continuation_n of_o the_o form_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o the_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v next_o remote_a the_o remote_a end_n of_o logic_n be_v the_o very_a act_n itself_o of_o discourse_v but_o we_o speak_v not_o of_o this_o end_n of_o logic_n in_o the_o present_a definition_n the_o next_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v to_o prescribe_v a_o way_n and_o rule_n of_o discourse_v so_o as_o the_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v a_o frame_n of_o the_o mean_n of_o discourse_v so_o say_v the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o comment_n upon_o aristotle_n organon_n and_o the_o preface_n thereto_o col._n 27.55_o so_o likewise_o say_v gillius_fw-la lib._n 1._o tra._n 1._o cap._n 6._o no._n 4._o the_o art_n of_o logic_n deliver_v way_n and_o rule_n of_o discourse_v to_o discourse_n as_o it_o be_v here_o use_v be_v to_o declare_v one_o thing_n that_o be_v less_o know_v by_o another_o thing_n that_o be_v more_o know_v this_o we_o have_v in_o the_o jesuite_n preface_n col_fw-fr 27._o and_o 62._o as_o for_o example_n he_o that_o know_v not_o what_o a_o man_n be_v be_v make_v to_o know_v it_o by_o say_v a_o man_n be_v a_o reasonable_a creature_n the_o addition_n of_o rationalitie_n unto_o man_n show_v what_o man_n be_v so_o likewise_o when_o we_o say_v god_n be_v a_o spirit_n infinite_a in_o all_o perfection_n we_o inform_v he_o that_o be_v ignorant_a and_o know_v not_o what_o god_n be_v in_o this_o very_a thing_n this_o art_n of_o logic_n do_v differ_v from_o all_o other_o art_n whatsoever_o for_o logic_n end_v in_o speculation_n and_o proceed_v no_o further_a than_o to_o judge_v whether_o one_o thing_n be_v true_o affirm_v of_o another_o all_o other_o art_n be_v practical_a they_o concern_v man_n outward_a or_o transient_a action_n as_o their_o next_o end_n as_o grammar_n and_o rhetoric_n tend_v unto_o man_n speech_n geometry_n unto_o measure_v arithmetic_n unto_o number_v etc._n etc._n that_o art_n say_v okam_n be_v practical_a which_o direct_v we_o unto_o the_o do_n of_o a_o thing_n to_o be_v wrought_v in_o 3._o do_v q._n 11._o light_v v._o yea_o in_o this_o man_n knowledge_n differ_v from_o the_o knowledge_n that_o be_v in_o god_n and_o the_o angel_n in_o that_o they_o behold_v the_o thing_n in_o themselves_o as_o they_o be_v in_o themselves_o distinct_a each_o from_o other_o they_o do_v not_o know_v one_o thing_n less_o know_v by_o the_o light_n and_o reflection_n of_o another_o thing_n that_o be_v better_a know_v wherefore_o their_o knowledge_n be_v call_v intellection_n we_o be_v call_v rationalitie_n well_o this_o word_n seem_v unto_o some_o to_o be_v superfluous_a and_o a_o man_n will_v think_v that_o the_o jesuite_n be_v of_o that_o opinion_n because_o they_o define_v logic_n to_o be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o art_n of_o discourse_v coll_n 27._o so_o gillius_fw-la lib._n 1._o tra._n 1._o cap._n 6._o no._n 4._o yet_o indeed_o in_o other_o place_n they_o have_v as_o much_o as_o this_o word_n come_v to_o for_o thus_o they_o writein_v their_o preface_n the_o last_o question_n col_fw-fr 70._o he_o be_v a_o good_a logician_n which_o do_v exercise_v himself_o in_o each_o thing_n well_o and_o diligent_o and_o suarez_n do_v join_v with_o they_o in_o his_o metaphysic_n disp_v 39_o d._n logic_n say_v he_o be_v a_o art_n direct_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o understanding_n to_o exercise_v itself_o artifical_o and_o according_a to_o reason_n and_o all_o these_o author_n do_v add_v that_o word_n to_o very_o good_a purpose_n for_o thereby_o logic_n be_v distinguish_v from_o sophistry_n which_o be_v only_o a_o deceive_a science_n a_o sophister_n seem_v to_o know_v but_o indeed_o know_v not_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n in_o his_o metaphysic_n lib._n 4._o cap._n 2._o text_n 4._o and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o the_o open_n of_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o logic_n that_o we_o may_v put_v a_o final_a end_n to_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n we_o must_v remember_v that_o the_o word_n discourse_v impli_v argument_n wherefore_o we_o must_v now_o see_v what_o a_o argument_n be_v a_o argument_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n which_o have_v a_o force_n to_o argue_v altissidiorensis_n say_v in_o his_o preface_n lit_fw-fr f._n a_o argument_n be_v a_o reason_n that_o give_v we_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v doubtful_a aristotle_n say_v that_o argument_n be_v such_o as_o whereby_o faith_n logical_o may_v be_v make_v of_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v speak_v of_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 22._o logicè_fw-la igitur_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o this_o word_n import_v the_o general_a nature_n of_o a_o argument_n that_o be_v the_o thing_n which_o be_v common_a to_o argument_n of_o every_o kind_n
whether_o it_o be_v by_o the_o substract_n of_o something_o enjoy_v or_o the_o receive_n of_o something_o that_o be_v add_v the_o nature_n of_o these_o effect_n and_o subject_n be_v deliver_v by_o aristotle_n in_o his_o ten_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n viz._n of_o suffering_n i_o say_v they_o be_v contain_v there_o for_o in_o the_o judgement_n of_o thomas_n 1._o p.q._n 79._o art_n to_o suffer_v be_v no_o more_o but_z to_o lose_v thing_n enjoy_v whether_o appertain_v to_o nature_n or_o not_o appertain_v thereto_o or_o to_o be_v bring_v from_o power_n to_o act_v and_o therefore_o aristotle_n ten_o seat_n of_o suffer_v import_v the_o whole_a nature_n of_o every_o individual_a effect_n and_o subject_a as_o it_o be_v a_o effect_n and_o subject_a now_o i_o conceive_v that_o this_o be_v whole_o agreeable_a unto_o aristotle_n meaning_n because_o in_o his_o doctrine_n of_o predicated_a argument_n he_o speak_v not_o a_o word_n of_o effect_n and_o subject_n this_o doctrine_n be_v peculiar_a to_o aristotle_n ramus_n do_v not_o acknowledge_v it_o for_o he_o have_v not_o a_o word_n of_o it_o it_o may_v be_v he_o conceive_v that_o 1._o to_o set_v down_o all_o the_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o one_o place_n together_o will_v breed_v a_o needle_n repetition_n 2._o these_o single_a term_n do_v not_o appertain_v to_o logic_n 3._o the_o first_o substance_n or_o thing_n subject_v in_o every_o sentence_n have_v not_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o argument_n it_o be_v very_o likely_a that_o he_o think_v thus_o because_o this_o doctrine_n of_o aristotle_n have_v be_v ancient_o receive_v therefore_o he_o will_v not_o depart_v from_o it_o unless_o he_o have_v some_o reason_n for_o it_o and_o i_o conceive_v he_o have_v no_o reason_n but_o these_o 3._o i_o answer_v these_o three_o argument_n be_v insufficient_a the_o first_o because_o aristotle_n do_v never_o repeat_v or_o handle_v these_o ten_o seat_n of_o argument_n twice_o but_o in_o stead_n of_o they_o sometime_o he_o bring_v in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o a_o definition_n property_n genus_fw-la accident_n as_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o those_o ten_o seat_n of_o argument_n and_o this_o we_o find_v in_o the_o 8._o and_o 9_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o topic_n some_o other_o time_n he_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o other_o argument_n but_o they_o be_v such_o as_o be_v either_o contain_v in_o these_o 4._o or_o arise_v from_o they_o and_o at_o most_o he_o do_v but_o explicate_v at_o large_a the_o same_o thing_n that_o he_o have_v set_v down_o summary_o in_o the_o 10._o place_n aforesaid_a neither_o be_v the_o second_o reason_n good_a for_o those_o 10._o thing_n be_v propound_v not_o as_o meâ—re_v and_o simple_a being_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o that_o reflection_n or_o relation_n which_o arise_v out_o of_o they_o unto_o our_o understanding_n for_o he_o do_v intend_v they_o as_o they_o may_v be_v fit_a to_o argue_v and_o serve_v unto_o the_o frame_n of_o disputation_n either_o in_o single_a proposition_n or_o in_o syllogism_n as_o himself_o express_o show_v in_o the_o 8._o and_o 9_o chapter_n allege_v and_o this_o be_v also_o evident_a by_o the_o property_n which_o he_o assign_v unto_o they_o viz_o they_o contain_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n affirmation_n or_o negation_n when_o one_o of_o they_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o other_o the_o three_o also_o be_v insufficient_a for_o the_o first_o substance_n or_o subject_a part_n of_o every_o sentence_n have_v true_o and_o proper_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o argument_n for_o it_o have_v a_o relation_n or_o emanation_n unto_o many_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v add_v or_o attribute_v to_o it_o so_o as_o we_o conceive_v it_o to_o be_v a_o receptive_a thing_n 1._o of_o the_o cause_n whereof_o it_o be_v compound_v and_o constitute_v 2._o of_o the_o property_n flow_v from_o it_o 3._o and_o of_o outward_a addition_n whereby_o it_o be_v beautify_v and_o make_v to_o differ_v and_o dissent_v from_o other_o and_o whereby_o it_o be_v make_v equal_a or_o unequal_a like_a or_o unlike_a unto_o other_o as_o we_o shall_v plain_o see_v when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o particular_n and_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o aristotle_n understand_v that_o argument_n which_o he_o call_v the_o first_o substance_n after_o this_o sort_n for_o in_o the_o say_v 5_o chapter_n of_o his_o category_n he_o say_v it_o be_v proper_a unto_o the_o first_o substance_n to_o receive_v contrary_n as_o sickness_n and_o health_n blackness_n and_o whiteness_n and_o thereby_o to_o be_v change_v from_o well_o to_o ill_o from_o white_a to_o black_a the_o only_a doubt_n be_v whether_o a_o individual_a effect_n and_o subject_n be_v some_o way_n predicate_v or_o not_o ramus_n say_v yea_o and_o bring_v they_o as_o predicate_v argument_n aristotle_n do_v not_o so_o and_o no_o doubt_n he_o have_v the_o truth_n no_o individual_a effect_n be_v predicate_v i_o have_v three_o reason_n for_o it_o first_o we_o never_o find_v any_o such_o predication_n in_o the_o formal_a writing_n in_o the_o school_n 2._o no_o man_n can_v say_v this_o individual_a thing_n consist_v of_o soul_n and_o body_n be_v this_o man_n for_o the_o predicate_a be_v less_o know_v than_o the_o subject_n the_o subject_n engender_v distinct_a and_o certain_a knowledge_n because_o it_o comprehend_v all_o the_o cause_n but_o no_o man_n will_v say_v so_o of_o the_o predicate_v nor_o so_o much_o 3._o the_o authority_n of_o the_o school_n be_v against_o it_o i_o will_v allege_v thomas_n for_o they_o all_o a_o integrall_a whole_a say_v he_o 1._o p._n 1._o 77._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 1m._o be_v not_o predicate_v of_o all_o the_o part_n together_o unless_o improper_o as_o when_o we_o say_v these_o wall_n this_o foundation_n and_o roof_n be_v this_o house_n for_o the_o subject_n the_o matter_n be_v yet_o more_o clear_a we_o can_v say_v this_o learning_n be_v this_o man_n thomas_n say_v true_o 1._o p._n q._n 29._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 3_o m_o accident_n do_v man_n est_fw-la the_o subject_n but_o he_o never_o say_v nor_o any_o man_n else_o that_o the_o subject_n do_v manifest_v the_o accident_n and_o no_o marvel_n why_o for_o if_o the_o subject_n be_v predicate_v of_o the_o accident_n than_o we_o must_v conceive_v that_o the_o accident_n be_v without_o and_o before_o the_o subject_n but_o no_o man_n will_v say_v so_o therefore_o we_o may_v conclude_v the_o individual_a effect_n and_o subject_a be_v fit_o comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o a_o first_o substance_n thus_o i_o have_v set_v down_o and_o explicate_v the_o general_a nature_n of_o argument_n and_o the_o special_a nature_n of_o that_o argument_n which_o be_v always_o subject_v or_o argue_v in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o come_v to_o those_o argument_n which_o be_v always_o predicate_v chap._n four_o the_o distribution_n of_o predicated_a argument_n argument_n be_v positive_a consent_v absolute_o ramus_n ramus_n after_o a_o sort_n dissent_v comparative_a a_o positive_a argument_n be_v that_o which_o 〈◊〉_d attribute_v simple_o and_o absolute_o consider_v in_o itself_o not_o compare_v with_o other_o a_o consent_a argument_n be_v that_o which_o be_v predicate_v of_o the_o subject_n affirmative_o i_o find_v this_o doctrine_n of_o positive_a argument_n deliver_v by_o aristotle_n also_o and_o i_o will_v show_v it_o in_o his_o doctrine_n of_o consent_v argument_n in_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o his_o categorte_n he_o say_v some_o argument_n be_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o other_o some_o in_o the_o subject_n those_o i_o say_v be_v in_o the_o subject_n which_o be_v no_o part_n of_o it_o nor_o can_v be_v without_o that_o thing_n in_o which_o they_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n be_v teach_v by_o thomas_n yet_o more_o plain_o 1._o p._n q._n 25._o art_n 6._o in._n cor_o some_o argument_n say_v he_o be_v of_o the_o essence_n and_o other_o some_o without_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subtect_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v i_o say_v this_o of_o thomas_n and_o that_o of_o aristotle_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o last_o two_o branch_n of_o ramus_n his_o division_n or_o at_o least_o it_o be_v comprehend_v in_o they_o for_o those_o that_o be_v of_o the_o essence_n do_v absolute_o agree_v with_o the_o subject_n of_o who_o essence_n they_o be_v they_o that_o be_v in_o the_o subject_n but_o without_o the_o essence_n thereof_o do_v agree_v to_o the_o subject_n after_o a_o sort_n see_v therefore_o they_o agree_v in_o those_o two_o last_o branch_n they_o must_v agree_v also_o in_o the_o former_a branch_n of_o the_o division_n see_v every_o argument_n that_o agree_v absolute_o do_v consent_n positive_o with_o the_o subject_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v and_o consequent_o it_o be_v enough_o to_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o whole_a if_o we_o do_v explicate_v and_o prosecute_v those_o two_o last_o branch_n and_o because_o i_o suppose_v that_o the_o
creature_n see_v eat_v sleep_v avoyd_v know_v danger_n the_o plant_n grow_v upright_o bring_v forth_o leave_v and_o fruit_n in_o due_a season_n so_o do_v it_o work_v by_o itself_o in_o the_o intellectual_a creature_n when_o man_n move_v himself_o unto_o do_v by_o the_o direction_n of_o true_a reason_n and_o the_o unrestrained_a and_o free_a choice_n of_o the_o will_n natural_a thing_n do_v work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o instinct_n of_o nature_n be_v suppress_v or_o divert_v the_o intellectual_a creature_n work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o judgement_n of_o reason_n be_v erroneous_a and_o the_o choice_n of_o the_o will_n carry_v by_o a_o previall_a overrule_a power_n and_o all_o these_o do_v fall_v out_o in_o case_n where_o nature_n meet_v with_o defection_n the_o understanding_n be_v possess_v with_o ignorance_n or_o the_o will_v hale_v by_o the_o naughtiness_n of_o corruption_n and_o violence_n of_o temptation_n last_o the_o secret_a providence_n of_o god_n which_o the_o heathen_a call_v fortune_n make_v the_o creature_n work_v by_o accident_n in_o all_o case_n when_o he_o work_v against_o mean_n as_o he_o do_v when_o he_o bring_v the_o people_n through_o the_o red_a sea_n exodus_fw-la the_o 14._o and_o as_o he_o do_v in_o all_o miracle_n or_o when_o man_n intend_v one_o thing_n but_o another_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v of_o this_o we_o have_v a_o example_n in_o the_o 45._o of_o genesis_n and_o 5._o vers_fw-la &_o 37._o &_o 27._o verse_n in_o this_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o sell_v joseph_n because_o they_o will_v be_v rid_v of_o he_o and_o in_o that_o joseph_n say_v god_n send_v he_o into_o egypt_n to_o preserve_v their_o life_n they_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o their_o own_o preserve_n when_o they_o sell_v joseph_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n through_o god_n secret_a providence_n that_o wrought_v contrary_a to_o their_o intent_n the_o jew_n likewise_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o christ_n glory_n and_o man_n salvation_n when_o they_o deliver_v he_o to_o death_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n because_o god_n himself_o do_v create_v light_n out_o of_o darkness_n and_o make_v their_o evil_a intention_n serve_v unto_o that_o good_a there_o be_v many_o example_n wherein_o we_o find_v that_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v on_o this_o manner_n but_o these_o be_v enough_o for_o this_o present_a the_o efficient_a do_v work_v physical_o morral_o this_o distinction_n be_v receive_v in_o all_o the_o logic_n school_n and_o be_v of_o frequent_a use_n in_o the_o question_n touch_v sanctification_n and_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o grace_n in_o man_n conversion_n the_o reader_n may_v find_v it_o in_o suarez_n opusc_fw-la 1._o lib._n 3._o cap._n 10._o no._n 1._o and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n a_o physical_a operation_n be_v a_o real_a influence_n into_o the_o effect_n we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o in_o man_n creation_n he_o form_v he_o and_o that_o of_o the_o dust_n and_o pour_v life_n into_o he_o all_o these_o be_v real_a influence_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n of_o babel_n they_o make_v brick_n and_o rear_v a_o build_n with_o brick_n and_o stone_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o workman_n that_o labour_v with_o their_o hand_n and_o tool_n the_o strength_n of_o nature_n do_v immediate_o flow_v into_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v wrought_v make_v a_o real_a and_o sensible_a change_n in_o the_o matter_n where_o on_o they_o work_v a_o moral_a work_n be_v a_o motion_n offer_v to_o the_o understanding_n and_o serve_v to_o allure_v and_o draw_v it_o on_o with_o reason_n and_o persuasion_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v be_v all_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v object_v to_o the_o understanding_n as_o namely_o the_o testimony_n of_o god_n and_o man_n by_o command_v forbid_a promise_a threaten_a persuade_v therefore_o so_o often_o as_o we_o find_v any_o of_o these_o attribute_v to_o god_n or_o man_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o then_o they_o be_v efficient_a cause_n that_o work_v moral_o ramus_n do_v call_v testimony_n exhortation_n commandment_n etc._n etc._n inartificiall_a argument_n because_o they_o argue_v not_o of_o their_o own_o force_n but_z by_o the_o authority_n of_o he_o that_o do_v testify_v but_o this_o be_v altogether_o unfit_o speak_v for_o inartificiall_a and_o argument_n imply_v a_o contradiction_n if_o inartificiall_a than_o no_o argument_n if_o a_o argument_n then_o artificial_a for_o a_o argument_n be_v a_o member_n of_o art_n 2._o these_o thing_n themselves_o be_v no_o argument_n unless_o they_o be_v refer_v unto_o the_o testator_n but_o then_o they_o argue_v as_o property_n or_o adjunct_n and_o otherways_o they_o be_v never_o attribute_v to_o any_o subject_n in_o this_o place_n affirmation_n persuasion_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o bring_v as_o moral_a cause_n in_o themselves_o but_o the_o causalitie_n be_v refer_v to_o he_o that_o affirm_v persuade_v etc._n etc._n which_o make_v it_o very_o plain_a that_o they_o belong_v to_o this_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n god_n and_o his_o servant_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o man_n holiness_n when_o they_o command_v good_a and_o forbid_v ill_a when_o they_o promise_v good_a and_o threaten_v ill_a when_o they_o persuade_v unto_o obedience_n and_o dissuade_v from_o sin_n thus_o our_o saviour_n christ_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o all_o supernatural_a thing_n when_o by_o his_o obedience_n he_o deserve_v that_o god_n shall_v bestow_v they_o upon_o we_o he_o by_o merit_v i_o say_v be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o god_n gift_n because_o by_o his_o merit_n he_o move_v god_n to_o bestow_v they_o and_o so_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o this_o distinction_n a_o physical_a efficient_a be_v principal_a first_o second_o instrumental_a this_o distinction_n be_v very_o ancient_a in_o the_o school_n and_o of_o great_a use_n when_o we_o desire_v to_o know_v how_o man_n will_n be_v wrought_v upon_o and_o work_v with_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o god_n grace_n alvarez_n receive_v it_o from_o thomas_n and_o make_v use_v of_o it_o disp_n 68_o no._n 5._o etc._n etc._n where_o he_o do_v thus_o describe_v each_o member_n of_o it_o a_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n or_o form_n as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 18._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la a_o first_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n thus_o god_n only_o work_v of_o who_o it_o be_v say_v he_o sit_v in_o heaven_n and_o do_v what_o he_o will_n he_o be_v the_o universal_a cause_n for_o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o moan_n and_o have_v our_o be_v a_o second_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o be_v so_o move_v by_o another_o that_o it_o move_v itself_o by_o a_o power_n of_o its_o own_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v man_n mind_n which_o be_v move_v by_o god_n yet_o neverth_n less_o it_o work_v out_o of_o a_o active_a beginning_n remain_v in_o itself_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o those_o say_n in_o the_o scripture_n which_o attribute_v man_n good_a work_n as_o his_o conversion_n and_o the_o like_a sometime_o unto_o god_n alone_o and_o other_o sometime_o unto_o man_n alone_o a_o instrument_n proper_o take_v and_o so_o we_o speak_v of_o it_o here_o be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o a_o power_n receive_v from_o the_o principal_a efficient_a of_o this_o kind_n be_v all_o instrument_n without_o life_n as_o namely_o the_o tool_n of_o a_o carpenter_n or_o smith_n &c_n &c_n thus_o hot_a water_n heat_v another_o thing_n that_o be_v cold_a by_o the_o heat_n receive_v from_o the_o fire_n to_o conclude_v the_o point_n touch_v the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o the_o efficient_a ramus_n ramus_n always_o work_v after_o one_o of_o these_o way_n whether_o it_o work_v alone_o or_o with_o other_o whether_o it_o begin_v the_o work_n or_o preserve_v it_o be_v already_o make_v chap._n viii_o the_o matter_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v a_o cause_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v matter_n this_o word_n be_v often_o time_n use_v to_o set_v out_o every_o bodily_a substance_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o take_v in_o this_o place_n for_o as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o matter_n as_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n remain_v only_o in_o power_n or_o capacity_n to_o receive_v many_o form_n and_o therefore_o according_a to_o itself_o have_v no_o be_v nor_o can_v be_v object_v to_o our_o understanding_n 1._o p._n q._n 15._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 3m._o in_o this_o place_n it_o signify_v a_o bodily_a substance_n inform_v or_o some_o intellectual_a thing_n answerable_a unto_o that_o a_o cause_n these_o word_n do_v attribute_v a_o active_a power_n and_o actual_a efficacy_n unto_o the_o matter_n whereby_o the_o effect_n be_v produce_v of_o which_o these_o word_n show_v the_o nature_n of_o that_o efficacy_n and_o
of_o logic_n now_o we_o understand_v the_o gross_a sum_n we_o shall_v the_o better_o know_v the_o particular_n chap._n xxx_o of_o the_o division_n of_o disposition_n in_o this_o chapter_n we_o must_v divide_v a_o sunder_o what_o we_o find_v together_o in_o the_o former_a and_o so_o proceed_v till_o we_o have_v veiw_v every_o several_a precept_n judgement_n be_v axiomaticall_a ramus_n ramus_n dianoeticall_a by_o this_o sentence_n the_o precept_n belong_v to_o this_o part_n be_v divide_v into_o their_o several_a kind_n and_o it_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v these_o precept_n teach_v we_o to_o frame_v argument_n in_o a_o axiom_n &_o in_o a_o discourse_n that_o thereby_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n contain_v in_o they_o both_o these_o i_o say_v be_v several_a kind_n because_o they_o be_v distinct_a manner_n of_o dispose_v the_o first_o branch_n suppose_v that_o some_o speech_n may_v be_v call_v a_o axiom_n and_o that_o be_v true_a in_o this_o place_n the_o word_n axiom_n signify_v no_o more_o but_o a_o declarative_n or_o pronounce_v sentence_n this_o kind_n of_o speech_n deserve_v that_o name_n because_o it_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n thereof_o more_o excellent_a than_o any_o other_o speech_n of_o man._n a_o axiom_n be_v thus_o define_v a_o enunciative_a speech_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n that_o contain_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n we_o have_v this_o precept_n from_o aristotle_n de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 4._o he_o assign_v it_o the_o first_o place_n and_o well_o worthy_a for_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n be_v the_o first_o object_n of_o our_o judgement_n and_o belong_v to_o all_o axiom_n whatsoever_o and_o nothing_o but_o a_o axiom_n contain_v truth_n and_o falsehood_n speech_n this_o word_n contain_v the_o essence_n or_o nature_n belong_v to_o all_o axiom_n and_o other_o speech_n which_o be_v not_o axiom_n in_o this_o place_n it_o signify_v the_o inward_a sentence_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o the_o write_a sentence_n as_o well_o as_o the_o sentence_n pronounce_v in_o word_n enunciative_n this_o word_n import_v a_o species_n or_o one_o kind_n of_o speech_n &_o restrain_v that_o word_n which_o be_v common_a to_o many_o unto_o that_o one_o kind_n which_o belong_v to_o this_o place_n enunciate_a or_o pronounce_v impli_v that_o speech_n be_v the_o herald_n and_o proclaimer_n of_o man_n mind_n and_o so_o it_o be_v indeed_o by_o institution_n not_o of_o itself_o the_o signification_n of_o word_n follow_v the_o intent_n of_o the_o speaker_n and_o not_o otherwise_o so_o say_v aristotle_n in_o the_o four_o chapter_n allege_v truth_n and_o falsehood_n these_o word_n contain_v the_o proper_a and_o formal_a be_v of_o every_o axiom_n in_o common_a ramus_n make_v truth_n and_o falsehood_n a_o property_n belong_v to_o every_o axiom_n but_o aristotle_n do_v more_o he_o place_v the_o primary_n nature_n of_o a_o axiom_n therein_o and_o so_o he_o may_v well_o do_v for_o thereby_o all_o axiom_n be_v make_v to_o differ_v from_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o speech_n if_o there_o be_v any_o other_o thing_n that_o give_v be_v to_o a_o axiom_n from_o whence_o this_o property_n do_v flow_v either_o we_o be_v not_o able_a to_o apprehend_v it_o or_o want_v word_n to_o express_v it_o i_o say_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n do_v make_v axiom_n to_o differ_v from_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o speech_n for_o single_a term_n as_o man_n peter_n to_o run_v to_o sit_v etc._n etc._n and_o all_o command_a and_o entreat_v speech_n contain_v neither_o truth_n nor_o falsehood_n as_o aristotle_n have_v well_o observe_v de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 2.3.4_o truth_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o all_o philosopher_n signify_v the_o adequation_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o our_o understanding_n wherefore_o truth_n be_v radical_o in_o the_o thing_n and_o formal_o in_o the_o understanding_n and_o declarative_o in_o a_o proposition_n we_o must_v conceive_v of_o falsehood_n according_a hereunto_o a_o proposition_n be_v then_o true_a ramus_n ramus_n when_o it_o pronounce_v of_o a_o thing_n as_o the_o thing_n be_v indeed_o aristoile_n say_v thus_o too_o speech_n be_v then_o true_a when_o they_o pronounce_v as_o a_o thing_n be_v in_o itself_o de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 9_o quare_fw-la cum_fw-la orationes_fw-la &_o meta_fw-la lib._n 4._o cap._n 7._o text_n 27._o cum_fw-la enim_fw-la convenit_fw-la etc._n etc._n thus_o tho._n 1._o p._n q._n 21._o art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la 1._o do_v 46._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o and_o so_o all_o philosopher_n speak_v i_o will_v give_v you_o the_o word_n of_o albertinus_n a_o learned_a schooleman_n in_o stead_n of_o they_o all_o that_o proposition_n say_v he_o be_v true_a which_o be_v conformable_a to_o the_o thing_n pronounce_v of_o and_o false_a if_o it_o be_v inconformable_a fol._n 265._o col_fw-fr 1._o a_o true_a axiom_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n contingent_a necessary_a contingent_a when_o it_o be_v in_o such_o sort_n true_a that_o it_o may_v also_o at_o sometime_o be_v false_a this_o be_v call_v opinion_n a_o necessary_a axiom_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v when_o it_o be_v always_o true_a and_o can_v be_v false_a a_o axiom_n necessary_o false_a be_v call_v impossible_a aristotle_n speak_v whole_o after_o this_o sort_n every_o proposition_n say_v he_o do_v signify_v something_o to_o be_v either_o necessary_o or_o contingent_o prior._fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o and_o further_o he_o say_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o that_o be_v necessary_a that_o can_v be_v otherwise_o some_o thing_n be_v true_a and_o be_v but_o may_v be_v otherwise_o opinion_n be_v concern_v that_o that_o be_v true_a or_o false_a but_o may_v be_v otherwise_o for_o the_o full_a explication_n of_o this_o point_n we_o must_v first_o understand_v that_o axiom_n be_v necessary_a and_o contingent_a by_o reason_n that_o the_o thing_n whereof_o they_o pronounce_v be_v necessary_a and_o contingent_a now_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v necessary_a that_o be_v so_o and_o can_v be_v otherwise_o this_o be_v simple_o and_o after_o a_o sort_n simple_o when_o the_o be_v of_o a_o thing_n be_v of_o and_o by_o itself_o and_o the_o cause_n thereof_o so_o necessary_a that_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v have_v its_o be_v whole_o without_o relation_n to_o any_o other_o thing_n without_o itself_o a_o thing_n be_v necessary_a by_o supposition_n and_o after_o a_o sort_n when_o it_o be_v by_o force_n of_o another_o the_o first_o be_v call_v necessary_a simple_o and_o proper_o because_o it_o be_v whole_o impossible_a it_o shall_v be_v otherwise_o then_o it_o be_v thus_o far_o aristotle_n meta_fw-la lib._n 5._o cap._n 8._o in_o the_o first_o sense_n all_o axiom_n that_o pronounce_v of_o god_n be_v necessary_a either_o in_o their_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n in_o the_o second_o sense_n some_o proposition_n that_o pronounce_v of_o the_o creature_n be_v necessary_a and_o some_o contingent_a in_o their_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n i_o will_v show_v you_o how_o or_o when_o create_a effect_n upon_o supposition_n be_v necessary_a 1._o in_o their_o present_a be_v 2._o when_o the_o next_o cause_n be_v determine_v to_o one_o naturally_n efficient_o contingent_a when_o the_o next_o cause_n 1._o be_v indeterminate_a unto_o do_v 2._o want_v power_n for_o do_v and_o a_o proposition_n when_o it_o pronounce_v of_o create_v effect_n be_v true_a or_o falseaccord_v hereunto_o as_o we_o shall_v more_o plain_o see_v when_o we_o come_v to_o show_v the_o several_a nature_n of_o axiom_n every_o thing_n say_v aristotle_n be_v necessary_a when_o it_o be_v and_o every_o thing_n necessary_o be_v not_o when_o it_o be_v not_o but_o this_o necessity_n to_o not_o a_o necessity_n simple_o de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 9_o ergo._n quod._n i_o shall_v show_v the_o truth_n and_o use_v of_o these_o precept_n when_o i_o come_v to_o the_o special_a kind_n of_o axiom_n in_o the_o next_o chapter_n therefore_o i_o forbear_v it_o in_o this_o place_n lest_o i_o shall_v hale_v in_o something_o before_o the_o time_n or_o repeat_v what_o i_o have_v say_v sufficient_o already_o therefore_o here_o i_o will_v end_v those_o thing_n which_o belong_v to_o all_o axiom_n in_o common_a chap._n xxxi_o of_o a_o simple_a axiom_n a_o axiom_n be_v simple_a ramus_n ramus_n compound_v a_o simple_a axiom_n be_v that_o the_o band_n whereof_o be_v a_o verb_n aristotle_n speak_v whole_o after_o this_o sort_n a_o enuntiative_a speech_n be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_v of_o those_o that_o be_v simple_a a_o simple_a enunciation_n be_v a_o voice_n that_o signify_v that_o something_o be_v or_o be_v not_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o time_n and_o he_o call_v these_o axiom_n one_o speech_n because_o one_o thing_n only_o be_v predicate_v of_o another_o de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 5._o &_o 10._o now_o we_o have_v the_o definition_n of_o a_o simple_a axiom_n we_o must_v unfold_v it_o it_o contain_v three_o thing_n 1._o the_o term_n of_o it_o 2._o the_o extension_n of_o one_o