from which they are cut do bring âorth the same fruits so also do Buds though they be much smaller then grafts when Inoculated upon wild stocks As concerning the choice of stocks in grafting in order to the advancement of fruits it is certaine the goodnesse of the stocks in respect of nature and kind is very considerable The sweeter and better the stock is the better will the fruit be that is engrafted thereon Though it be true that grafts governe and bring forth the same fruits according to their owne kinds yet the stock hath some considerable influence upon the fruit of the graft and thence it is that Peares upon a Quince as the Authour speaks of are better then the âame kind upon a wild Peare stock as Experience shewes because a Quince is a more excellent fruit then a wild Peare so the nourishment of the stockâ is answerable It is set downe as try'd that a mixture of Brane and Swines dung or Chaffe and Swines-dung rotten is a great nourisher and comforter to a Fruit-tree There is no doubt but Swines dung or any other dung with other Composts laid together till they be rotten will nourish and comfort fruit-trees and better when they are throughly rotten turned to mould then before because new dung may be too hot It is delivered by some that if one take the bough of a low tree newly budded and draw it gently into an earthen Pot perforated at the bottome to let in the Plant and then cover the Pot with earth it will yeild a very large fruit within ground the like will be effected by an empty pot with some few pertusions made in the Pot hang'd in the Tree Concerning the first of these waies I suppose the fruit growing upon the bough so bowed downe into a Pot will not be so large as the fruit upon the other boughes because we see by Experience it is against the nature of sap to runne vigorously or in any great plenty into bougheâ bended downewards so neere the earth as this must needs be for sap presseth upwards in greatest plenty and consequently those fruits will be greatest which have most sap I meane such as are of one kind upon one tree And concerning the second mâanes by the perforated Pot hang'd in the tree that is more likely to worke the effect as to the greatnesse of fruit not so much I suppose because of the pertusions or holes in the Pot as by the shade that the fruit has by the Pot for although fruit that growes in the sunnâ be much better and more pleasant then that which growes in the shade as being better coâcocted yet that in the shade of the same kind is commonly the gâeater but more flat dull and inconcoct as we see in Aprâcots Cherries c. undeââhe leaves All trees in high and sandy grounds are to be sât dâep and in watry groundâ more shâllow And all trâes when thây be removâd âspecially Fruit-trââs care ought to be taken that the sides of the Trees be coasted North and South as they stood before It is true that trees on higher grounds are to be set somewhat dââper then in moist grounds yet bewaâe of setting below the good scylâ in any groundâ As for coasting of trees that is setiâg the same side to the South when tranâplanted as was before the Rule is good but not necessary for many thousands are transplanâed wââh gâod successe not observing which side grew Noâth or South howsoever some reasons migh be shew'd why t is best to observe it if it may conveniently be done Fâuit-trees set upon a wall against the sunne betweene âlbâwes or Butâeressâs of stone ripen mâre then upon a plaine wall Fruit-trees soset have their fruits ripe sooner then thoâe upon a plaine wall no so much because they are dâfended better from winds but chiââlâ because theâ have a double or âreble dâgree of heate to wâat those upon a plaine wall have the heâte being pent in by the Eâbâwes or Buâterâsses of the wall and so rââlâcts the stronger upon the fruits and trees there is a double reflection of heate upon such Grafting Elms or other unfruitfull trees will make their Leaves largâr as in Fruit-trees the Graft maketh the greater fruit Grafting barely considered as Grafting will not do this it will neither make Leaves nor Fruits fairer but as stocks are chosen for the purpose for though it be true as hath been elsewhere said that Grafts governe and overrule the stocks bringing forth the same leaves and fruits when grafted as before according to their owne Natures yet it is true also that the stocks have some small influence upon them in making the fruits better or worse in tast and bignâsse and so of the leaves in fairenesse according to the goodnesse or badnesse of the stocks yet notwithstanding Grafâs and Buds inoculated may be said to rule and bring forth the same fruits else it were in vaine to Graft Barrânnesse of trees commeth of their overgrowing with Mosse or their being Hide bound or planting too dââpe or by issuing of the sap too much into the Leaves There are severall Causes of the barrennâsse of trees I conceive Mossinesse as Mossinesse is not the cause of barrennâssâ but the Causes of Mossinesse are the Cauâes of barrennesse which are Coldnesse overmoistnesse and barrennesse of the soyle where the trees grow Therefore such soyles must be amended See how Treatise of Fruit-trees pag. 114. Also barrennesse is often by reason of the excessive sap and moisture of trees which is mânifest by their strong and vigorouâ shoots branches and broad greene leaves as in many young full-fed trees for while nature is vigorous and active spending it selfe that wây in the excessive growth of the Tree it is then weake and feeble in bearing of fruits Now as to some kinds of trees it is not best for some time to go about to remove the Cause that is as to standard Apple-trees Peare-trees and other kinds which gâow in the Oâchards and fields at large but let them alone let them go on in âheir large and vigorous growthes for certaine yeares though they beare bât little provided that we know they aâe naturally of good bearing kinds otherwise it is in vaine to waiâe for store of fruits from such trees After that such trees have growen exceedingly some yeares and attained a faire large growth they will then by degrees grow lesse in the branches and fall to bearing of fruits But in case the trees are Wall-trees and shooâe excessively and beare not then it will be best to take away the Cause as much as we can that is First abate their overfull and rank nouâishment by putting in sand gravell Buck-ashes or any thing that is barren insteed of the âat soyle Secondly also cut off and part one or two of the biggest Roots from the body that so it may have lesse
the same fruit upon sweet apple-stocks As concerning grafting Apples on Coleworts the kernells of which if set will be a Colewort if the thing be true then it confirmes what hath beene asserted that the seede of fruits when sowen bring forth a bastard fruit which pertakes as well of the stock as of the graft Although it be true that the seeds of some Apples and Peares may bring forth very good fruit and the stones of some Peaches may bring forth the same fruits or neere as good the cause of this I suppose is for that the stocks whereon these fruits were grafted or Inoculated were good kinds of themselves and if so no marvell though the seeds bring forth good fruits without Grafting or Inoculating and I verily believe that Pâaches of which it is taken for granted by some that these come the same againe of stones if they were Inoculated on harsh sower stocks and the stones of the fruit set they would not bring forth the âame but it would manifestly tast of the stock as well as of the bud Inoculated as we see generally other kinds of stones and seedes do yea and upon the Experience of some others Peach-stones have brought forth a paltry naughty fruit many of them though some good As concerning the grafting of an Apple Cions upon a Sallow Poplar Alder Elme or Horse plum it is in vaine to try for tryall hath beene made upon stocâs neerer in kind then these and it would not come to perfection it will grow a yeare or two it may be and then decay and dye Flowers Râmoved wax greater because the nourishment is more easily come by in the loose earth It may be that often regrafting of the same Cions may likâwise make fruit greater To râmove Flowers small young Roots into good fresh earth wâll improve them in growth and bignesse especially if withall some of the side-slips and also of the buds which the Roote shoots up for âlowers be cut offâ and some halfe a dozen or halfe a score of the buds or shoots be left to grow upon the Root the Roote then will be able to give plentifull nourishment to them whereby they will become much larger then if all the spindle buds were suâlered to grow But as for often regrafting the same graft in order to make a larg fruit this will not do it for we see it is constantly done from yeare to yeare for what else is the cutting of gââfâs from young trees it may be of two or three or but of one yeares growth and grafting them againe upon their stoâks and repeating this âor many yeaâes together and yet we know the grafts hold theiâ owne naturall properties from one yeare to another And though there be as has beene said some small alteratioâ according to the kind of the stock while it growes upon it yet that alteration is lost and falls off when the graft is eâgrafted âpon another stock and the graft retaines its owne naturall properties only with some small addition of the nature of the stock on which it at present growes It maketh figs betterâ if a fig-tree when it beginneth to put forth leaves have his top cut off If the fig-tree be very old cutting off the top may be profitable for that such cutting as in all other trees maketh the sap shoot forth into branches more vigorously then otherwise it would by which lively rising of sap the whole tree and the fruit upon it fares the better but if the tops of young-trees be cut off fig-trees or other there will shoot forth in the roome thereof such huge strong shoots that the maine streame of sap will runne that way which great shoots will be for a yeare or two it may be unfruitfull It is reported that Mulberries will be fairer and the Trees more fruitfull if you boâe the Trunke of the tree thorow in severall places and put in wedges of hât Trees as Mastick Iuniper c. As for the black Mulberry-tree I suppose it needs not these things to make it fruitfull for I never knew any of them faile of store of fruits every yeare buâwhite Mulberry-trees with us have need enough of all helps that may be It is reported that trees will grow greater and beare better fruit if you put salt or Lees of wine or blood to the Rooâe Concerning Lees of wine washings of strong beare or Ale Vessells blood flâsh or the like it is certaine these are helpfull to Fruit-treeâ both as to their growth and bearing if seasonablyâ and moderately used especially to old Trees I account it best to be applyed to the Roots of trees in the beginning of winter that the vârtue may soke into the Roots and earth about them before the spring Terebration of trees as it makes them prosper better so also it is found that it maketh fruit sweeterâ and better by causing the coursest juice to sweat out and the rest is better digested Terebration or boring holes into the bodies ând great Roots of fruitâtrees with a wimble or Awger is most neâdfull as I judge for great trees which grow upon fat land and have too ranke nourishment and may be unfruitfull and beare over watâish fruit for that cause that may help to let out some of the raw supersââous sapâ and juice as an âssue in a mans body but scoring or cutting the barke of yoââger trees under Twenty yeares may be better for them and this to be done chiefly in the spring time As terebration doth meliorate fruit so doth letting of Plants blood as Pricking Viâes or other Trees after they be of some growth It is reported that by this Artifice bitter Almonds have beene tuâned into sweete This must needs have the like eââect in some proportion as those particulars before mentioned of boring with wimbles or the like and scoring the barke with a kniâe in the spââng time The Antients for the Dulcorating of fruit do câmmend swines duâg above all other dung which may bâ for the moisture of that bââst I have sâene divers faire Fruit-trees qâite spâyldâ and deadedâ by oveâmuch swines dung the swine lying amongst them and continually leaving their exârements by degrees the Trees withered and died but I doubt not buâ that a moderate quantiây of âwines dung mixed with mould and laâd to the Roots of trees will be good for themâ and it may be in order to the sweetning of the fruit As Grafting doth generally advance and meliorate fâuits so no doubt even in grafting the choice of the stock doth much they commend much the grafting of Peares or Apples upon a Quince Grafting simply as grafting doth not advance or meliorate fruits as iâ shew'd elsewhere at large But grafted trees beare better fruits and sooner then ungrafted trees because grafts are usually taken from good bearing trees and of the best kinds and grafts retaining the Nature of the trees
and fruits it is turned into that body and substance which we see above ground and none at all descends at any time for there is no Cause and therefore no such effect sap is continually asscending all the yeare long more or lesse either for the growth of the tree or for the conservation of it in life and in all its dimensionâ for there is a continuall extraction of sap out of the body boughes and branches by the sunne and aire as this Auâhour elsewhere asserts and which Experience proves Now if there were at any time a descention also what then would become of the tree it would qâickly wither be contâacted and shrinke apparently whosoever is unsatisfied with what is here said against descention of sap in trees may see hereof more largely many Arguments against it in my Treatise of Fruit-treesâ pag. 100.101.102 c. If Trees beare not bore a hole through the heart of the tree and it will beare Perhaps this course may do some good in letting out superfluous sap if too much repletion be the cause But there are divers other Causes of barrennesse of Fruit-trees As too deepe setting the Roots running downe into gravell Clay water c. which must have answerable remedies And sometimes it is in the nature of the trees that all the culture in the world used to the Roots and body will not help without engrafting the branches with Grafts of some good bearing kinds which is the best way I know to have store of good fruits and speedily too from barren trees To make Trees beare cleave the chiefe Roots and put in a small pebble This may be profitable not only for that the Roote may be bark-bound as well as the body and branches which must be scored downe and cut to the wood but also it will cause the Roots to shoote forth many young small Roots at the place opened which will afford more vigour life and sap to the branches and so make the tree stronger and more in heart and able to bring forth more and fairer fruits Trees against a south-wall have more of the heate of the sunne then when they grow round Aprecots Peaches and such like cold fruits will scarce ripen but against a south-wall they have need both of the direct and reflex beames of the sunne And if it were more practised to set some other choice kinds of fruits upon a south-wall as the great Burgaimât sommer Boncriteu Greene-field Peare and other speciall kinds this would advantage them greatly not only in bignesse but also in their early ripening and goodnesse of tast thus one or a few would be worth many ordinary ones Some pull off the leaves from wall-trees that the sunne may come the better upon the boughs and fruit This may hasten ripening but I conceive it hinders the bignesse of the fruits the sunne ripening them before they have attained their naturall greatnesse in case it prove then very hot weather so that if leaves be pulled off it should not be till fruits are at biggest The lownesse of the bough maketh the fruit greater and to ripen bâtter c. Graft a tree low and maintaine only the lower boughâ Low trees and the lower boughs of high trees have their fruit ripe somewhat sooner then the higher because they have some benefit by the reflection of the sunne from the Earth as well as from the wall if they grow against a wall but that the fruits are greater on lower then on higher boughs I perceive not I am sure I have seene sometimes faire fruit on the higher boughes and but small on the lower in case the branches of a wall-tree have beene permitted to grow straight upwards without bowing downe along the wall as most commonly they be and the reason is plaine because the most and greatest quantity of sap presseth upwards and leaveth the side branches indigent of sap whereby they grow poorely and some even dye for want of sap now according to the quantity of sap in branches so are the fruits smaller or greater It is true indeed many little and low trees if they be vigorous and shoote well beare very large fruits it may be larger then high trees of the same kinds but this is not because low but because they are more lively and vigorous then the other And if we should graft a Tree low and maintaine only the lowâr branches by continually cutting off the higher this would much enfeeble the tree by degâees by obstructing of the sâp and the fruit would be accordingly But the bâst way to order a wall-tree that shoots upwards strongly is to bow those strong branches along the wall both waies and then there will be as large fruits on the lower as on the higher boughes and sooner ripe To have fruit in greater plenty the way is to graft not only upon young stâcks but upon divers boughs of an old tree c. It is an excellent Experiment to graft the boughes of an old tree that is a bad bearer or bears bad fruits with grafts of some speciall good bearing kinds for this will have large branches and beare fruits even in a yeare or two so that it is a very unwise course of many who when some of their trees beare not as they would have them cut them downe and set young ones in their Roome which cannot possibly attaine the bignesse of the former in many yeares Digging yearely about the Roots of Trees is a great meanes both to the accâleration and melioration of fruits c. Old trees that grow in stiffe cold clay grounds have most neede to be dug about yearely that thereby the gound may be more open and mellow but for young trees of few yeares standing especially if in sandyâ mellâw grounds these have little or no neede at all of digging about To dig about Roses and such like which gâow neeâe the top of the groundâ I conceive it is needlesse for this wârk is chiâfly to open the earth about old fruit-trees whose Rooâs are growne great and deepe that the Rainâ Snow and Sunne in winâer may reach the bottome Roots A Fruit-tree almost blowne up by the Roots and set up againe the nâxt yeare bore exceedingly loosing the earth comforteth any Tree I was not long since at the raising up of a couple of faire Appâe-trees blowne downe the one Rooted and bore well afterwards the other died Though digging about the Roots sometimes be good yet overmuch digging and loosening the earth about the Roots of trees will cause many to be blowne downe by great winds which will not fasten againe to abide a strong wind in many yeares if ever To revive an old tree the digging of it about the Roots and applying new mould to the Roots is the way and change of mould to the better is prâfitable Dâggâng as hath beene said with caution is good and change of
mâuld if to the better is also very advantagious to fâuiâ-ârees in case the soyle be barren but if it be very fat as some is especially some paâticular places by accâdent then mould that is more sterill and hungây will do better foâovermuch reâlâtion and fertility may hinder fruitfulnesse and cause the âap to runne most into long shoots and broad leaves The shâfting of ground is a meanes to better the Tree and fruit and all things do prosper bâst when they are advanced to the better And a Nuâsery ought to be in a more barren ground then the places whither they are transplanted It is true change of soyles sometimes is very good if to the better but its true also that if trees grow in over ranke soyle then worse will be better that is will help more towards fruitfulnesse as a course and meane fare is better for a fat man then the more delicious Without controversy young trees out of barren Nurseries come on faster when transplanted then out of fat soyles but in case the Nursery be fat soyle then some other as good must be laid to their Roots when set againe Hacking of Trees doth great good to Trees After eight or tenne yeares growth cutting or scoring oâ hacking the barke of trees with a knife is profitable but while they aâe young the Barke is but thin and tender and enlargeth well enough without this cutting unlesse some that through barrennesse of soyle or other cause are barkâ bound Shade to some plants conduceth to make them large and prosperous more then Sunne As in strawberries and Baies c. It is true Baies and Lawrell prospereth better in the Shade then in the Sunne being Hot Plants but Strawberries do better partly in the shade and partly in the sunne then in shade only as âmong Bushes and other plants I have observed those in the shade to beare little or nothing when others of the same kind and growth somewhat in the sunne bore very much Pulling off many blossomes from a fruit-tree doth make the fruit fairer and if some blossomes be not pulled off the fiâst time a tree bloometh it will blossome it selfe to death Commonly the fewer blossoms upon a tree the fairer will the fruit be because as the Authour saies of the plenty of sap And indeed in case a tree newly planted blossome very much and the Roote be but weake which may be perceived by the weaknesse of the buds then its best to pull off most if not all the blossomes but many I have knowne the first yeares planting take Roote so strongly being in good moâld as that they blossome and shoot forth and beare faire fruits the same yeare It wâre good to try what would be the âffâct if all the blossomes were pulled from a Fruit-tree for two yeares together Fruit-trees that beare but every other yeare they for the most pârt beare that yeare very plentifully and the excâssive expence of sap âhat yeare its like makes the tree more feeble the next but if blossomes be pulled âff a yeare or two together I suppose the sap would go moâe into the shoots and maâe them larger then if it bore fruits and the issue aâ to bearing more or better fâuits would be nothing worth There is no doubt but that Grafting for the most part doth mâliorate fruit The cause is manifest for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke then in the crude earth Grafting doth not at all meliorate the fruit simply in it sâlfe for a âice will not be the better for Grafting unlesse the grafts be taken from a good tree If the tree from which grafts are cut be no better then the tree which is grafted then grafting will not a jot mend the fruit which it would if grafting were any thing towards the bettering of the fruit The cause why Grafted trees beare better fruits then wild ungrafâed trees is not because they are grafted but because the grafâs are good the tree from which the grafts are cut is of a good kind and nature and every âwig graft and bud hath the nature of the whole tree in it perfectly the properties of the tree are in all and every part as the soule in the body which is tota in toto tota in qualibet paâte and the grafts retaine the nature and properties being grafted upon wild stocks and bring forth fruits accordingly and that 's the cause that grafting doth meliorate the fruit and not because the nourishment is better prepared in the stock then in the crude earth for the branches of an ungrafted tree do no more receive nourishment from the crude earth then the branches of a grafted tree but the sâp and nourishment passeth up a body or stock to the branches in the one as well as in the other And as iâ iâ true that the Peach and Melocotâne do beare good frâits comming up of stoneâ which is not alwaies so neither only here and there one so it is true also that they beare as good fruits of the bud being Inoculated It hath beene received that a smaller Peare grafted upon a stock that beareth a greater Peare will become great c. It is true as the Authour thinks that this will not succeed because the Grafts do governe they alwaies bring forth fruit answerable to their owne natures and kinds else it were to little purpose to get Grafts from such or such a good Tree to have more of the kind Yet it is true also that the stock hath some influence upon the Graft so as to make the fruit better or worse according to the nature of the stock in some small degree As if we graft upon a stock that naturally beares a sower harsh fruit the fruit of the graft will not be altogether so pleasant as if it were grafted upon a stock that beares naturally a sweet and pleasant fruit and hence it is that Peares grafted upon Quince-stocks will be more delicate then upon Peare-stocks The Quince-stock gives an excellent tast to it but these trees upon Quinces will never attaine to any great bignesse for all Quince-trees are but small in comparison of Peare-trees and where the stock can be but small the graft cannot be great yet as I have seene it somewhat bigger then the stock As for a Peare upon a Thorne which this Authour speakes of it cannot be good it makes it a harsh hard Peare at the core if it thrive and beare but most commonly they dye in two or three yeares we know its naturall fruit Hawes have stones in them But for the Apple upon the Crab that 's naturall the Crab being a wild apple and very proper to graft all sorts of Apples upon in regard of the soundnesse of the stock its long lasting and aptnesse to take with grafts and also when set in the ground although its true it makes the fruit somewhat more tart then
of Culture degenerate to be baser in the same kind and sometimâs to change into another kind 1. By standing long unremoved 2. By drought and drynesse of the Earth 3. By the Barrennesse of the earth removing Plants into worse mould or forbearing to renew and help the ground with dung or fresh mould It hath been (a) said That Violets and some other Flowers will change from double to single or change in colour when the mould wherein they grow becomes barren and hartlâsse through neglect which is the same in substance with all the three particulars mentioned in the Experiment Therefore there is need of some fresh mould from yeare to yeare for the preserving of Flowers in their perfection See hereof at large Experiment 506. and 510. Whatsoever Fruit useth to be set upon a Roote or slip if it be sowen will dâgenerate And most of those Fruits that use to be Grafted if thây be set of kernells or stones degenerate It is true that Peaches do better upon stones set then upon Grafting And the Rule of exception should seeme to be this That whatsoever Plant requireth much moisture prospereth better upon the stone or kernell then upon the Graft For the stock though it giveth a finer nourishment yet it giveth a scanter than the Earth at large The reason why Fruits that come of Seede or stones do degenerate for the most part and become worse then the Fruits out of which the seede was taken I conceive to be this Fruits that come of seede or stones do partake both of the Graft and of the stock of that tree from which they were taken so that although the graft was of a speciall good and choice kind yet the stock whereon it was engrafted being a Crabtree or some other wild kind of Fruit-tree the seede participates of both Graft and stock and so brings forth a mungrell fruit between them both For although Grafts governe as hath beene said and may be said to bring forth the same kinds yet so as that the stock hath some influence into the Fruits according to the goodnâsse or badnesse of the stock But now In case the Tree from which seeds or stones are taken be an ungrafted tree one that came of seede it selfe then I doubt not but that the seede of that Tree will bring forth the very same kinds againe without any alteration As to that the Authour saies concerning Peaches that they come better of stones then grafting I suppose there is a mistake in this for although it be true that some Peaches will come good of seede yet doubtlesse not better then by Inoculating they take not with Grafting for we see by constant Experience that Peach Buds set upon good stocks will bring forth the very samâ as the trees from which they were cut if the rest of their culture and ordering be the same or as good And as for some that have come of stones I have observ'd they have beene none of the best many that have come of stones have beene starke nought though some have beene good And why Peaches or any other kind of fruit should be thought to come better of stones or sâeds then by Grafting or Inoculating I apprehend not any reason as for that which is given That the stock giveth a scanter nourishment then the earth at large let it be considered The Twigs and Branches of a Peach tree or any other tree that came of seede or stones they receive sap and nourishment from a stem or body and Roote as wâll as if the Tree were engrafted the twigs and branches of an ingrafted tree have as free and full nourishment without any obstruction as the branches of aâungrafted tree the branches of a grafted tree have no finer nourishment noâscanter then the branches of an ungrafted trââ for we know the Roote and Body of a Grafâed tree and of an ungrafted tree are alike and the earth is as free to the one as to the other It is reportedâ That a good strong Canvas spread over a tree grafted low soone after it putteth forth will dwarfe it and make it spread The Cause is plaine for that all things grow as they find roome It is true as is said That Cloth sometimes spread over a tree grafted low and suffered to lye on for a time will cause it to spread much And that this may be improved for our use and benifit this may be done To plant some few Cherry trees Plum trees or other kinds grafted low and caused to spread much and kept from rising up by this meanes keep the earth bare cleane from weeds grasse or any thing growing under or about them such trees if they be good kinds will beare much and fairer fruits then high trees the reflection of heate from the earth will be almost as strong as from a wall And the fruits may be kept long growing upon the Trees even till after September or October For if a Cloth be sometimes in hot weather spread over them and moistned it will keep the fruits from ripening too soone yet shade them not too much lest they come not to full ripenesse Afterwards the fruits being ripe some old Canvas haire-cloth or such like may be spread over them to preserve the fruits from Birds and may be so kept long look that snailes eate them not Or else a Net may be spread over such trees to preserve the Fruits I have knowne faire Cherries upon Trees towards the middle of October I conceive the great bearing Cherry or other late ripe tart Cherries to be the best to keepe long in this manner such are more hardy then other kinds Cherries very late are as great Rarities as those that are early Trees are generally set of Roots or kernells but if you set them of slips as the Mulberry c. they will grow and those as is reported will be dwarfe trees the Cause is for that the slip draweth nourishment more weakly then either a Roote or kernell Mulberry-tree slips and some other kinds of trees that will grow of slips may be made dwarfe trees if we will order them accordingly that is if we suffer all the side branches to grow or such slips taking Roote may be made high trees in time if we cut off all the side branches and preserve only the middle straight shoote But indeed at first for certaine yeares they must needs be dwarfe trees untill they can rise higher which in time they will do if they take Roote well and the ground be good In Clay grounds all Fruit-trees grow full of Mosse both upon body and Boughes which is caused partly by the coldnesse of the ground whereby the Plants nourish lesse And partly by the Toughnesse of the earth whereby the sap is shut in c. We see by Experience that trees growing upon cold and moist grounds or Clay gravâll barrân grounds do generally breed Mossâ which is caused as the
acquainted with them and know their good properties and virtues in reference to Health and Longâlife they will be more diligent in planting Fruit-trees such as are best and fittest for this purpose As the Pearâ-maine Pippin Gânnet-Moyle Redstreake and such like whiâh make Cider better then French-winds Concerning the manner of making Cider and Perry with the kâeping and oâdering of it I have spoken at large in my Treatiâe âf Fruit-trees See the use of Fruits pag. 77. Aâ for Plums it is affirmed that there may be made an excellent wine out of them and also Aquavitae of those that are sweete fat Plumâ as Musle plums Damsonâ c. And though the juyce be too thiâk of it selfe for that purpose yet water Cider or some other Liquor may be mixed therewiâh which being put up into the Vesâell some Honey Yest or the like must be mixed to cause it to woâke It hath beene noted that mâst Trees and specially those that beare Mast are ââuiâfull but once in two yeaâes The Cause no doubt is the expence of sâp For many Orchard Trees well culâured will beâre divers yâares together Some Fruit-trees beare store of fruits but once in two yeares and I conceive it to be as naturall so to do as to beare such or such a kââd of Fruit And others are observed to beare store of Fâuits eââây yeare constantly unlesse perhaps in some extreame blastââg spring which spoyles in a manner all But for many yeââes tâgether eveây yeaâe sâme are knowne to beare Fruiâs exceeding full in the same ground and with the same culture as those that beare but each other yeare so that we see the expence of saâ in the ââaring yeare is not the only Cause that Trees beaâe not the next yeare ââter foâ some that expend as much sap do yet beare the next yeare after as full as before So then let care be taken to âhâse Grafâs from those trees that we see by Experience are the best and mâst constânâ bâarers and bâst fruits The gââatâr part of Tâees beare most and best on the lower Boughes but some beare bâst on the tâp bâughes Those that beare bâst below are âuâh as shade doth more good to then hurt for gânârally all fruits beaâe bâst lâwest bâcauâe the sap tireth not having but a short way and theâefore in Fâuits spread upon walls the lowâst are the greatest To my Observation Apple-trees Peare trees Cherry-trees c. that are good bearers they beare all over alike And generally all Fruitâtâees in these parâs hâve need enough of the sunne and beare better in the âunne then in the shâdâ But indeed as to Wall-tâees most commonly we see most fruits upon the lower boughes and * sideâboughes And the reason I apprehend to be this Not the tiring of the sap in its going to the top branches for the sap is too vigorous and too plentifull in the top boughes and thence it is we alwaies see the fairest and greatest shoots towards the top of all wâll-trees and commonly of all other trees But the cause why the lower boughes and side branches have usually more fruit then the top branches I conceive to be for that the sap naturally presseth upwards in greatest plenty and runneth forth into shoots and branches Nâw natâre being so intent and vigorously active in one work viz. increase of the tree in those branches it doth not put forth it selfe at the same time in that other effect of bearing fruit upon the same branches But now as to the lower boughes and side-branches there naâure is at work but in a râmisse and weaker dâgree as to the increase of the branches such grow but little because the sap is somewhat obstructed and curbed by bowing the branches downewards and so does attend to the other work also viz. the bearing of Fruits And the truth of this is made more evident if we consider the same thing in all young trees We know young Apple-trees Peare-trees and the like when and while they grow and increase exceedingly in all the parts shooting forth great large strong shoots and branches they beare but littlâ fruit or none at all But afâer certaine yeares when they grow not so much when they shoute lâssâ then they fall to bearing fruits more abundantly There be Trees that bearâ best when thây begin to be old As Almonds Peares Vines and all trees that give Mast. The Cause is for that all trees that beare Mast have an oylie Fruit and young trees have a more watry juyce and lesse concocted But the most part of Trees Amongst which are Apples Plums c. bearâ best when they are young Pearâ-trees Apple-trees Plumâ and Cherry trees if they be good âearing kinds naturally after they are three or foure yeares growâh and some sooner do all beare store of fruits untill they be extreame old and in a decaying dying condiâion And thereâore in planting of Fruit-trees be sure to procure those kinds that are knowne by Experience to be good bearers and good fruits and such will beare well both when they are young and when they are old untill extreame age Were I to plant an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees and might have Trees at hand freely for nothing of indifferent common kinds aâd but indâfferent beareâs I would raâher chââe to fetch âhose thaâ are choice kinds and speciall bearers one hundred or two hundred miles if they could not be had neerer and there pay deare for them too besides all other Charges then take those at hand for when men plant Fruit-ârâes It is not for a fâw yeââes but foâsevârall generations therefore take speciall care to have the bâst kinds for bearing and for Râlish or tast that is the foundation of the work the principall thing in planting Now when fruit-trees are growen to extreame old age and therefore beâre but little this mây be done which will make them as it were young againe for certaine yeares and to beare excâeding much fruit yearâly That is Cut off their Headâ or big boughâs not straight over but a slope that so Raine and moisture may not rest âpon the top to rot it These great Boughes will the next sommer put forth many young shoots which may be Inoculated the same sommer or Grafted the spring after with speciall bearing kinds And these old Bodies hâving young heads which draw sap vigorously will be much refreshed thereby and such trees will beare store of fruits many yeares after the Roâts of Trees do some of them put downâ-wards deep into the ground As the Oake Pine Fiâre câ some spread more towards the surface of the earth As the Ash Cypresse-tree Olive c. The Caâse of this lâââr may be for that such Trees as lovâ the sunne do not williâgly dâscend farre into the Earth It is true The Roots of Oakâ Trees and some other kinds shoot dâwne deeper into the Earth then Ash-trees and some other ââees May
a Fathome of the water Wine and Beere in these Bottles have kept better then in a Cellâr but those above water were apparently the best The Cause why Beere wine Cider or the like will keepe better thus and in Earth sand c. as before then in Vâssells or Bottles above ground I apprehenâ as was said for that the Aire is excluded and the spirits shut in also the Aire above ground is subject to variationâ someâimes more hot and sometimes more cold which somâwhat stirrs and affects the spirits of the Liquor in the Vessâll wheââby they become weaker I have heard iâ reporâed for a truth That Bottles of Wine or some other Liquor were found in a deepe draw-well which had been many yeares fââd up and afterwards opened and cleâsed againe for use and the Liquor was found to be very fresh and good notwithstanding it had lâen there many yeare whereby it is manifest thât this way of keeping Liquors will preserve it good a long time The IX CENTURY WE have partly touched before the meanes of producing fruits without Cores or stones And this we adde further that the Cause must be abundance of moisture for that the Core and stone are made of a dry sapâ And we see that it is possible to makâ a Trâe put forth oâly in Blossome without fruit as in Cherries with double flowers much more in fruit without stone or Cores This hath beene spoken to sufficiently before See Experiment 514. It is neither the taking out of the Piâh as is there prescribed nor the abundance of moisture as here that will work this effect some Trees have a greate deale too much moisture and yet the fruits of such have neverthelesse cores or stones As for the Cherry-tree that puts forth Blossâms without Fruits that is not made to do so by any mans Art or Skill but it is naturall I know the kind well it is as naturall for it to beare double blossoms without Fruit as for any other Tree to beare such or such a kind of fruit Trees set upon the backâ of Chimneys do ripen fruits sooner Vines that have been drawen in at the window of a Kitchen have sent forth Grapes ripe a moâth at lâast before others Thiâ is certaine as the Author saieââ such a kind of heate as is upon the back of Chimneys where fire is continually or most commonly kept will much hasten the ripening of fruits I have seene a thin Brick wall wheâe fire hath been kept on the one side and Fruit-trees have been planââd on the other side which have brought forth ripe fâuits very early much sooner then the same âinds without such artificiall heate But as I remember such trees dye soone after bearing they last but one yeare being so much forced with heate it destroyes nature And Branches of Vines being drawen in at the window of a Kitchen or room where fire is kept the fruits will be ripe sooner then those without dores but let it not be too neere the fire lest it wither or over much dry the branch THE END I desire the Reader to amend these faults escaped in Printing PAg. 2. line 1ââ for formingâ reade forcing of nature p. 30. l. 6. put a full poynt afâer the wââd Flower p. 30. â 7. for is read with p. 32. l. the last for variâty âead ãâã p. 40. l. the firât for winds read wines A Table shewing the Principall things contained in the ensuing Experiments and Observations ACceleration of Germination by sâwing seede upon a hot-bed pag. 1. Steeping of seeds kernells stones c. in Liquors before sowing to make them spring up the sooner p. 2. Watring of Strawberries to hasten their ripening pâ 3. Blood and other things applyed to the Roots of trees helps towards thâiving of the Trees and bearing of Fruits moderately and seasonably observed p. 3. Fruits upon the south and East sun ripen soonest p. 3. Digging about the Roots of some Trees is profitable p. 4. Rose-trees bud forth in the house p. 4. Flowers with bulbous Roots grow a time in water p. 4. Pease Radish c. Early p 4. Water necâssary to fruit-trees but not overmuch p. 5. Plants housed seasââably bud soonest p. 5. To make Roses come late severall meanes p. 5 6 7. Stones weeds muck c. laid about the Roots of new set trees makes them prosper bâtter p. 7. Keepe Trees stâdy at first seâting p 8. Cut away suckers and side branches as need is p. 8. Branches of some Trees laid in the ground take Roote pâ 8. How to take âff the Boughes of some trees with Roots p. 8. No descention of sap in Trees divers Arguments against it p. 9. How to make barren Trees fruitfull p. 9 10. Trees against a South-wall beare fruits ripe soonest 10. Pull not off leaves too soâne p. 10. Fruits on low boughes ripe soonâst p. 11. Graft trees that beare not or beare not good fruits with Grafts of good bearing kinds p. 11. Digging âbout the Roots of trees profitable to some p. 12. Opening the Roots of old trees and putting in good mould is necâssary in barren ground p. 12. Traâsplant trees from bad ground to better p. 12. Cuâting or scoring the bark of treesâ sometimes profitable p. 13. Shade good for some trees p 13. Pull off Blossoms in some Cases p. 13 14. Grafting helpeth not trees excâpt the Grafts are of good kinds p. 14. Gâafts do governe yet partake somewhat of the stock p. 14 15. Fruit-trees of some kernells beare good fruits p. 15 16. Remove Flowers into fresh âarth p. 16. Regrafting the same Graft makâs not fruits greater p 16. Cut not off the âops of young fig-trees p. 17. Blacke Mulberry-trees great bearers p. 17. Lees of Wineâ Blood c. good especially to old trees p. 17. Terebration of trees good for some trees 17. Pricking or scoring some trees profitable p. 18. Swines dung good for trees if moderately used p. 18. Simply grafting doth not melioratâ fruits p. 18. Chuse the bâst Grafts and Stocks p. 18. Rotâen dung bâst for trees p. 19. Fruit growing in Pots p. 19. Set not any Trees below the soyle p. 20. Fruits upon warme walles ripen soonest p. 20. Graft upon the bâst stoâkâ p. 20. The Causes of Barrennâsse of Trees 21 Of Compounding fruits making of sâveâall kinds one nâw kind 22. Symâathyâ and Antipathy of Plant 23. Severall kinds drawing âhe ââme âuyce or sap convert it into their ownâ Natures p. 24 Of making herbs and Fruits Medicinable p. 25. Curiosities about Fâuits and Plants p. 26. Fruits of severall shapes 26. Fruits and trees wiâh inscâiptionsâ or ingravings upon them p. 26. Set Letters on Fruit-trees to know the kinds p. 27. Trees appaâelled with Flowârs p. â7 Râmove Flowers into frâsh mould p. 27 28. Lay Flâwers to multiply them see how pâ 28. Clâve-Gillyâ Flowers the most uââfull p. 29. White colours more inodorate p 29â White fruits câmmonly bâst p. 30.