Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	good_a	king_n	lord_n	4,716	5	3.8323	3	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A07605	The Mahumetane or Turkish historie containing three bookes: 1 Of the originall and beginning of the Turkes, and of the foure empires which are issued and proceded out of the superstitious sect of Mahumet. 2 Of their conquests and the succession of the house of Ottoman, vntill the present reigning of Mahumet the third. 3 Of the warres and seege of Malta, which Solyman the great made to the great maister and brothers of that order. Heerevnto haue I annexed a briefe discourse of the warres of Cypres, at what time Selimus the second, tooke from the Venetians the possession of that iland, and by reason thereof I haue adioyned a finall discourse conteining the causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire. Translated from the French & Italian tongues, by R. Carr, of the middle Temple in London, Gentleman. Dedicated to the three worthy brothers Robert Carr, William Carr and Edward Carr, in the county of Lincolne, Esquires.	Carr, Ralph, of the Middle Temple.; Foglietta, Uberto, 1518-1581. De causis magnitudinis imperii Turcici. English.	1600 (1600)	STC 17997; ESTC S112763	141,432	259

of the Souldans and taking of the kingdome of Egipt caused the yeerely reuenue vvhich beefore vvas accustomed to be paied to the said Souldans by the kings of Cyprus of all such merchandise as were brought in or transported thence to be set in certaine 8000 Duckets vpon condicion of which paimēt by way of a yeerely tribute he freely graunted to the Venetians as to his vassals the possession of the said I le which paimēt of 8000 ducats the Venetians onely would suppose to be graunted as an honorable reward or gratuitie in no sort as a tribute But Selymus the second demaunding of the said Venetians by a Harrauld the Fee possessiō of Cyprus which hetherto hee alleadged they had held vnder condicion of a yerely tribute affirmed their whole right so they had any to be extinguished the Intrest to be deuolued comd back to him as the superior Paramont Lord Because contrary to the allegance due to the lord of the Fee the said Venetians had giuen harborough and receit vnto certaine Spanish Pirats enemies to the sayd Selymus who by the licence of the Venetian Magistrates had brought into Cyprus ther made sale of great pillage certain booties taken out of Cilicia And although diuers other of the Turkish Emperours had tollerated the said Venetians to vvith-hould vvhat vvas not their right yet he the said Selymus had in determination to haue his due vvith vvhich if in good accord they vvould be content to depart he vvas not in any sort to violate their bonds of amitie or breake the peace but vvould endeauour in euery degree to aduance the estimation of that common vvealth If otherwise yet he the sayd Selymus vvas not to forgoe his right vvose meaning vvas to recouer the same by force The Venetians vpon this message although by the scarcitie of prouision and vittailes vvhich for diuers yeeres before they had endured as likewise by the firing of their Arsenall wherein the yeere precedent their whole sea preparation had ben consumed they were mightely perplexed and amated yet with noble resolution they returned aunswere that the sayd Selymus had no iust cause why to bereaue them of their iurisdiction in Ciprus which now for a hundred yeeres in right of inheritance they had peaceably possessed and that the yeerely pension accustomed to be paid to the Soldans of Egipt was no tribute dew to him as to the superior lord but onely an honorable gratuity whereby the kings of Cyprus were accustomed to acknowledge their thankfulnesse vnto the said Souldans as to their benefactors and friends by whose help Peter sometimes the king there had recoueted the same In which their good cause they made no doubt of gods asistance by whose aide and help they had decreed nothing doubted with force of armes to repell the violence and iniuries of Selimus and to defend Ciprus This answere returned to Constantinople all the marchants of Venice trading there were presently apprehended their goods seased and Pial Bassa Admirall at sea with a nauy Mustapha Bassa with an army by land conducted through Asia and Cilicia were sent against Ciprus Whilst in the meane time at Venice Petrus Lauredanus duke of that common wealth by griefe and discontent dyed during whose gouernment many heauie mischances and calamities had beefallen that state others more daungerous daily ensuing To this Lauredanus with great applause of the people Lodouicus Mocinega succeded The generall appointed for this war of Ciprus was Hieronimus Zanius an old man high fourescore yeeres of age yet of much viuacitie and abilitie in body who slowly coasting along Iadera and Corcyra made thereabouts whilst the rest of the Nauy should approch an idle and vnprofitable aboade but in the end houlding course towards Creet hee there continued as he had in commaund expecting the ayding forces of the Pope the king of Spaine of Cosmus duke of Florence But now whilst these affayres were in this sort carried by them Piall Bassa the Turkish Admirall first putting a strong garrison in Rhodes aryued at Micarium in Ciprus vpon the Calends of Iune whether Mustapha Bassa had likewise transported both his foote and horse forces without any worlds resistance Now the Venetians a little beefore had fortified the citie of Nicosia distant from the sea coast seauen Germain myles and which in formerages had both ben the seat of theyr kings an Archb●shops s●a with eleauen bulwarks a garrison of two thousand soldiors vnder the gouernment of Nich●●●us Tond ●●us Astor B●leonius This city Mustapha being without impeachment master of the field besieged erecting round about the same many fortes and sconses which hauing by a whole month both battered often assalted was in the end taken by force where hee repayring the ruins of the said fortifications and planting therin a garrison enforcing the course of his further victory vpon the 16. of September the same yeere he began to laie siege to Famagosta On which day the Christians who had lingered all this while about Creet with a nauy of 200 ships wholie ignorant what things had hapt at Cyprus and now setting sayle from Heraclea Sentia not far of encountred Lodouicus Bembus who recounted the losse of Nicosia whervpon the generals of the fleete Hieronimus Zanius Iohn Andreas Auria Marcus Antonius Columna with others calling a counsaile of war through different delaying opinions whervnto may be added the misfortune of a horrible tempest which dispersed the fleet lost both opportunity the aduantage of executing any honourable attempt In which their consultations it was chiefely argued that now the haruest being far spent the winter drawing neere the nauigation of the Pamphilian seas would be exceeding dangerous besides if ought should fall out otherwise then well there was no where thereabouts safe harborough for the ships That the Turks now becomd insolent through the successe of their late vctiory would fight with greater courage then before hauing besides all the hauens other harboroughs friend vnto them whom it was not now possible by any meanes as matters were fallen forth to expel from Ciprus The confederates further alledging that they were sent onely in ayde of the Venetians not to recouer things once lost but to giue let least ought shold be lost which occasion since it could not be holden it was thought most conuenient againe to returne ●o Creet the gulfe of Venice Andreas Auria likewise alledged for himselfe how he had in cōmand from the king of Spaine his Maister to come back with his nauy in the end of September wherevpon this Christian captaines casting away both hope counsell of recouering Ciprus retyring backe were before they could recouer Creet with great stormes of winde they and their whole fleete miserably afflicted Now when they were ariued at Creet Andrea Auria craued lisence to depart that so he might obey his princes command from whom hee had in charge for the reducing of his fleet to Messana in Sicilia

enter Whereby the knights of the order resting at Messana could not tell how to send safely the two Gallies away to Malta Notwithstanding considering that the great Maister so earnestly vvrote to haue them that they thought Vbirerum agitur summa vnius particulae periculum minus esse metuendum Where the vvhole affaires rest in daunger the perill and losse but of a part particle thereof for the conseruacion of the rest ought the lesse to be regarded and feared they determined vvith themselues to commit the two Gallies to the guiding of Fortune alwaies aforeseeing that all those knights of the order should not passe in that hazard but onely fortie of them ioyned vvith a good number of soldiours that furnished vp the two Gallies With these passed Captain Salazar an Hispaniard in a bote towed by the Gallies into the Iland of Goza vvho after from thence passed into Malta to espie both the state of the Citie and the Turks Armie The meane tyme the Turks not forgetting the great ouerthrow and repulse that they receaued at their late assalt at Saint Michaels and not a litle desirous to reuenge the same therefore they began vvith terrible sury theyr batterie againe against the Fortres of Saint Michaell in such sort as that so much as the defendours repaired vp in the night the Turks by day by their Artillery ouerthrew and brake While the enemies Artillerie dyd their feate the Turks deuised theyr bridge vvhich they finished and dyd sett ouer the dyke before the Sunne rysing the twentith of Iuly vvhereby they might come to hand strokes vvith our Christians Which being perceaued by the defendours and considered vvhat detriment the bridge vvould import if the same vvere suffered Immediately seignior Parisoto the great Maisters Neuew and Agleria knights of the Order vvith a good company of other soldiours issued forth of entent to haue burned the bridge Who in such sort vvere receaued by the Turks that vvithout executing the matter they came for all those that issued together vvith Parisoto and Agleria vvere vtterly slaine The Turks this space seased not to continue the sury of their Artillery in battering the walls vntill the xxviij day of Iuly So as that afternone they couragiously assalted the For tres on sundry parts thereof and thrise did send fresh men to supply the roomes of their soldiours that were either vvery in the fight or ouerthrowen in the assalt so manfully the Turks stood to their mark that they doubted not to gaine the Fortres that day But our Christians on their part with no lesse valyant courage resisted them with very force what by Gunshot arrowes wildefire handstrokes at last they compelled the Turks to retire from the assalt with incredible losse With this victory the harts of the defenders in such manner encreased that they cared nothing for the malice of the enemie And because there was not so often skirmishing on our side as was wont and that the artillery of the Christian side began to stay from shoting the Turks supposed that there was few souldiours left on liue in the fortres that their furniture of pouder shot and other things were spent Which stay from skirmishing shooting was rather done of purpose by the counsaile and deuise of the Prince Valet then for any want of those matters in the fortres for a good cause considering that he heard of no maner of certaine aide at that time that euery day more more the enemies fury malice did grow the greater hee thought it not requisit to consume his garrisons other furnitures idely to no purpose But the Turks perceyuing that by these often assalts of theirs theyr pretences toke litle effect they determined with themselues to prooue what they could by myning and one mine they had in maner brought to passe beefore our Christians did perceiue the same to the end they might blinde the eyes of the defenders they caused two gallyes towards the water to aproch the wals of the towne of Saint Michael to beate at the same with theyr artillery supposing by the same that the garrison to haue forsaken their charge to haue aided the rest would haue neglected the custody of the wals of the castle so by this mine to haue entred into the fortres But the defenders vnderstanding the subtile pollicies of the Turks by the meanes prudence aswell of certaine of the garrison as chiefely of one of the ensignebearers ther brought vtterly to naught the mine of the enimy by a contermine For the ensigne bearer first entring the mine of the enemy with a lanterne in hand casting certain arteficial fire among the enemies in the mine that whether the enemy would or no hee draue them out of the mine For which good seruice done the great master rewarded this worthy ensigne bearer with the gift of a chaine of gold wayeng fiue pounds because that Virtus virtutem parit eaque in arduo sita est one vertuous act allureth another to do the like though the same be very difficult to attaine vnto The next day after which was the first of August certaine of the garrison of the fortres issued forth with pouder burnt to peeces the bridge which the Turks before had deuised layed ouer the dike which worthy deed so done turned to the whole fortres a wonderfull commodity For the next day after at the Sun setting the Turks assalted agayne the fortresse vpon that part which was garded by Carolo Roffo where by the space of three houres it was valiauntly foughten on each side but in the ende the Christians repulsed the Turkes leauing beehinde them three hundred slaine And on the Christian part remayned dead Roffo himselfe with one Bareso and certaine other souldiours This while during the assalt the Turks in such sort exercised their great artillery with continuall shot that none of the defenders durst scarce shew his head to looke into the dike but immediatly he was dispatched but for all that where occasion of any worthy seruice was at that instant to be shewed the souldiours of the fortresse would not spare his life to execute the same As well appeared in Calderonio the Hispaniard who when hee doubted that the enimy was breaking that part of the wall of bulwarke called the bulwarke of Castile hee issued immediatly to espy and know the same but in a moment hee was slaine with the bullet of an arquebuse Whose infortunity as to some it would haue beene a terrour and feare so was the same not the lesse an encouragement of the rest to endeauour to doe the like seruice For when they perceiued that the enemy did what they could to fill vp the dike of the fortresse they of the garrison determined rather to ende their liues with honour then to come into the handes of a most cruell enemy and therfore concluded togethers to issue forth that night vpon the enemy and to enbar them of their purpose

to win the places of the Christians and what preparation the Christians were in making to giue succours to Malta other such like things The meane time the two gallies of Malta departed from Messana and came to Sarragoza where they tarryed one day while the ship of Salazar was set on ground to tallow to make hir more swift of saile and that the better the next day after they might passe togethers the famous promontory and lands end of Sicilia called Pachino The next day as they departed out of the hauen of Sarragoza they encountred a boate that came from Pozalo hauing in the same one of Malta beeing very sore wounded who beeing demaunded who had in such sort euelly entreated him answered that when as he a companion of his that other night ariued nigh that port and so required by two Sicilians that had houses vpon the shore to come on land and to lodge with them that night which they did sodainely the night being quiet fiue Turks landed by whom the two Sicilians were taken and his companion slaine and he himselfe hurt as they did see which two Sicilians that were taken also told those Turks that in the port were riding two gallyes hauing in the same sundry knights of the order with other souldiours to passe in Malta by whose words the knights of the order in those two gallyes well perceiued that theyr going into Malta was discouered to the enemy whereby they knew it was either most dangerous for them to enter the port of Borgo in Malta or else vtterly impossible Neuerthelesse they dread not to keepe on their course towards Malta toweng at their sternes the boate of Salazar While these two galleyes thus sayled they perceiued not farre beefore them two other Gallyes and a little Barque who espying the two Gallyes of the Christians to follow them made all the hast they could towardes Malta from them whereby the Christians thought that without doubt they were the Gallyes that had sent the fiue Turkes on land who had done those hurts which hee of Malta beefore recounted to them Howbeeit the two Christian Gallyes continued theyr course vnto Pozalo from whence by theyr letters they gaue intelligence to the Viceroy of occurrants to them happened in theyr voyage And forsomuch as they could not proceede on their course in that the South and Southwest windes were so much contrarious to them they retyred with their Gallyes to Sarragoza agayne and so to proceede as the Viceroy should further aduise them About the which immediatly a knight of the order was sent from thence to Messana to the Viceroy whose counsell was that the two gallyes should stay at Sarragoza for the rest of the whole Nauy that right shortly would come and accompany them into Malta But Salazar being brought to Pozalo determined in his boate to continue forward his course and albeit at the time that hee departed from Pozalo the seas were meruaylously troubled with windes thunders other stormes the other daies following wer so quiet calme that within a short time Salazar ariued safely at the citie of Malta and there taking apparell of a Turk vpon him and like weed for a companion of his that could speake the Turkish tongue as hee could by night they departed thence into the Campe of the Turkes to espy the estate of the Turkish armie where they espying that they came for they perceyued that the whole number of the Turkes left on liue in theyr Campe amounted scarce to foureteene thousand men wherof many of them were ●●urt and very sicke the residue were but an vnmeete and vnwarlike company considering that their former fights and assaults had consumed their best souldiours and after hauing secretly viewed the manner and forme of theyr encamping Salazar vvith his companion retourned backe to the citie of Malta againe The next night after Salazar vvith one Pietro Paccio a Spaniard a gentleman of meruaylous hardinesse and courage repayred to a place nigh vnto the beacon or vvatch place called Maleca vvhich place when hee had thoroughly considered hee left Pietro there and keeping in memory the signes and tokens of the cities of Gozo and Malta as Pietro shewed him to the ende to declare the same to the Viceroy Salazar taking passage in his owne boate againe found fortune so much to bee his friend that shortly after hee ariued at Messana vvhere hee discouered to the Viceroy vvhat hee had seene amongest many talkes hee shewed how vveake the Turkish Nauy remayned how slender theyr Armie on land was voyde of good souldiours and weapon that theyr whole number of Turkes were not able to encounter with tenne thousand Christians To affirme the wordes of Salazar to bee true at that time returned one of the two little shippes wherof I told you beefore that were sent to bee espialls in Malta bringing with him a Spaniard and a fugitiue out of the Turks campe beesides also retourned foure gallyes that before were sent from Messana who brought with them foureteene Turks whom they had taken about Malta who all approued the words of Salazar to be true that is to say that the Turks army was meruailously diminished and that with beatings they could not be compelled scarcely to aproach to the walls for which cause the Bassa had slaine sundry of them And the thing that made the Turks so affraied was that they saw neuer any of them whom the Christians wounded but hee lost his life Besides that they said they did see the Christians with incredible hardinesse defend their places that no peece of artillery of the Christians side was at any time vainely blowen of wheresore the Turks affirmed they had right good cause to bee weary and repent to detest such wars which made them to eschew vtterly to fight and vtterly to flie away and chiefely such as were Renegants that had forsaken the Christian faith and become Turks For which cause there was right strait watch set by the Bassa and commandement giuen by him that either they should winne the towne or else to loose their liues all for so had Soliman their prince commaunded These words and such like which the Turks that were taken did tell to the Viceroy made the Viceroy to set forth his nauie in a readinesse more soone then otherwise peraduenture he would In the Fortres of Borgo this vvhile vvas one Francis Giuara a Captain a very hardy gentleman and vvonderfull Ingenious he a litle from that place vvhere the enemie vvith Artillerie had beaten downe a part of the vvall of the towne builded a peece of Fortificacion contayning in length fiftie paces in bredth 〈…〉 paces vvith two flanking Corners vvhich being finished vvithin two nights turned afterward to a meruailous help and ayde of the defendours of that Towne The enemies the meane tyme vnder the corner of the Dike vvhere Boninsegna the Spaniard a vvorthie Knight of the Ioannits had his charge began to myne vvhich vvhan the defenders perceued they encountred

Saint Michael agayne so to proue if they could win the same a few dayes before the comming of the Christian nauy had begun to packe and gather together their necessaries but vnderstanding of the arriuall of the Christian fleet and landing of the Christians army immediately some sounded the alarme some crying to remoue and so meruaylous fearefull euery one seeking for the coūsell that was thought best some began to fly away some to take weapon in hand but the most part of the Turks marching to the trenches retired theyr artillery and did set fire in the forty fications that could bee burnt and so with as much expedytion as they could they drew their artillery and the rest of their baggage into their ships Which when the garrison of Borgo perceyued they manfully issued out and gaue charge vpon certayne bands of Turkes that were at a place called B●rmola garding a great and mighty peece of artillery The Turks hauing no lust to fight fled away a pace leauing the great peece in the possession of the Christians which the Christians with force drew into Borgo and if at that time the new supply of the Christians had beene there in a readynesse and to haue giuen charge on the backe of the enemyes while they were thus in hasting to theyr shippes either they had opened to themselues a manifest path way of victory ouer the Turks or else to haue spoyled them of the most part of their great artillerie But I thinke if the new supply had bene there present perhaps they would rather haue followed the ancient opinion of famous men of warre saying Hosti abeunti viam sternendam esse pontemque vel argenteum faciendum giue way to a flying enemie yea and if you make for him a bridge of siluer Albeit the garrisons of Borgo and Saint Michael by reason of their fresh victuall other necessaries appertayning to further besieging if neede were which through the vnequallitie of the wayes lacke of horses was verie difficultlie and with much labour on foote brought to them from the citie thought not requisit to trouble the flying enemie with further skirmishes Wherby the Turks shipped their carriage artillery and the most part of their army without great let or impediment So the xi of September the Turkish nauy departed from Porto Musetto when a fugitiue a Genoua born came to the prince Valet saying that 10000 Turks were landed againe marching towards the citie of Malta to fight with the armie of the Christians which were comming towards Borgo Which when the great Maister heard immediatly hee sent certaine bands to seaze the sortresse of Saint Hermes and there to fixe the ensigne of the sacred order Who accordingly forthwith departing tooke the possession of the Fortres vvherein they found foure and twentie peeces of Artillerie great small vvhich the Turkes hauing no further leasure could not take away vvith them The Nauie of the Turks this vvhile departing from Porto Musetto passed vnto the Port of Sainct Paule and there dyd set on land seuen thousand Turkes vnder the leading of Mustapha their Generall by land Who had intelligence giuen him that the vvhole Armie of the Christians vvhich newly vvere come exceeded not the number of three thousand soldiours And therefore being the more bold to fight by reason of the litle number vvhich he supposed that vve vvere of he marched on proudly towards the Citie of Malta and in his vvay thetherward Mustapha discouered the Armie of the Christians Who espyeng the Turks and ready to fight marched forward couragiously against them and encountering vpon a hill the Christians valiantly gaue charge vpon the Turkes at vvhich first encounter few vvere slaine of either side But in the ende by reason that our number vvas both greater and our force therwith the more the Turks gaue back and fled the Christians followed killing and ouerthrowing them vnto such tyme the rest vvere driuen to their shippes but vvhilst each one clustered to get to their nauy through to much hast there perished in the sea about foure hundred Turkes and a thousand and eight hundreth slaine on the land So as if our Christians had bene expert of the places and knowne the land there needed not one of the Turkes to haue escaped away on liue The Turks beeing thus beaten into theyr ships stayed still with their Nauy in the port of Saint Paule all the next day following a great part of the next night then before day in shoting of a warning peece being a signe of their departure they set sayle and departed towards Grecia leauing the Iland of Malta shamefully wasted and enpouerished Thus the Turks beeing driuen out of Malta to their notable calamitie and ouerthrow the Prince Valet made victorious with immortall glory caused generall processions and prayers to bee made to almightie God for his infinit benefits to them shewed in this carefull time ascrybing the chiefest cause of this victory to his inexpressable goodnes then Valet distributed to the worthy seruitures that honorably had behaued themselues al this while condigne rewards in praysing openly euery one according to his demerits with continuall thankes to them all for their great paines and trauayles passed Vnto the wounded and sicke he had such tender regard for the restitution of their health as though it had ben to himselfe Hee lamented much the destruction wasting of the country of Malta and earnestly deuised for the repayring thereof againe Amongst all these things he did not forget to learne which way or whether the enemy this while passed what he pretended which many in the middes of theyr victory letteth passe for which cause euery one hath giuen this worthy Valet the name of a most prudent valiaunt and courteous prince and as one prepared of God to remaine on the earth to the defence of his sacred religion that during his life euery thing vnder his charge cannot but remaine fortunate and prosperous About this time Soliman sent a mightie Armie to inuade Hungarie vvhich the Spring time after he himselfe in person followed thorough vvhose comming vvhole Germany as it had good cause vvas meruailously afraied and gathered themselues together The Germans of auncient tyme haue vvith other nacions rather for glory than their owne safegarde made warres But vvith the Turks rather for their owne safetie they haue alwaies foughten than for any glory that they haue sought thereby Howbeit Maximilian the Emperour gathering together a great Army against Soliman proceded and layed seege to a place ●●●led Vespe●●● and dyd by assalt vvinne the same from the Turks But Soliman vpon an other part vvan●●●om the Emperour Segest and Iula being two places of no litle importance Whan as the fifth of September Anno 1566. Soliman the Emperour in the course and rase of his victories ended his lyfe in the famous Citie of Quinque Ecclesie vvhich of fiue Churches in the same is so called To vvhome his sonne Silimus succeeded in his Empire and

alone be fought vvith but ouercome Where ioyning in Battell vvith the Christians in the sayde Gulfe of Corinth vpon the Nones of October GOD giueing vs the victorie the Turkes vvere vvhollie discomfited and enforced to flye Their great Admirall shippe taken Haly Bassa slaine and some thousands of Captiue Christians vvho wer slaues in the Turkish Fleet sett at libertie For vvhich Victorie generallie thorough Europe there vvas thanks publickly giuen to God vvith other spectacles shewes of ioy ●et for all that those worthy captaines left no sooting of any other memorable exploit or trophe puld from the empire of the Turkish ty●ant as was well supposed they might who notwithstanding the same held no● onely the whole Isle of Ciprus but many townes besides in Dalmatia before taken amongst which Vlcinium and Docleum wonne by force were not the least In the yeere 1571 then next following the Venetians both feeling and fearing the forces of that mightie enemy wherwith they were well nigh opprest made preparation againe for all things needefull to these wars But vvhilst nevv stirs in the lovv countryes and borders of France did seeme to encomber king Philip the succours from the confederates long in comming Don Iohn de Austria about the Calends of September repayred to the place of appointment and the associates vvith their fleet scarce shewing themselues to the Turkes at Peloponesus without ought else worthie of that preparation had retired to their places of vvintering The Venetians I say supposing themselues forsaken and left to themselues without the priuity of any other their confederates priuely made peace with Selymus Of vvhich vvhile diuers men diuersly did dispute according as affection or fancy led them Marcus Antonius Columna Admirall of the Popes nauie who in this expedicion vvas a companion and associate to Iohn de Austria the chiefe generall amongst others was in opinion cleere against and improuing the same peace condoling the deed and constantly affirming so noble a victory thus got against the Turks vvas to haue beene prosecuted with all might and mayne which not onely in his publike and familier conferences hee had osten protested but likewise had affirmed by his letters writ to his auncient friend Hubert Folieta of Genua wherevnto whilst hee the said Folieta returnes aunswere and his opininion withall hee further takes occasion therevpon to touch some causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire with their perpetuall felicitie and good successe in those their warring affayres the which for that it is most worthy to be read as well for the excellent wit therein contayned as for the great profit and pleasure which thereby may be conceyued I thought it not vnbeefitting heereunto to haue it annexed ¶ The causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire vvritten by Hubert Folieta of Genua to the famous Captaine Mircus Antonius Columna YOV write most worthy Columna what great griefe you conceiue in considering this peace thus concluded betwixt the Turks and Venetians being ashamed as you say of the condicion of vs Christians that notwithstanding the memorable sea victory gotten against them by the confederate princes wherein your selfe with that most fortunate prince Don Iohn de Austria was both a counsellor and companion in command then which since the suppression of the Romain empyre there was neuer seene or heard any more famous yet notwithstanding the great ioy thereon conceiued is sodaynely setled the hopes from so happy beginnings which had enflamed good mens mindes in short time vanished and the preparations of so high and excellent counsells comd to naught For my owne part sir I am in opinion that not onely the griefe but the shame is to all noble mindes as to your selfe in common What the determination of the Venetians was therein as I doe not well know so if I did it is not needefull that I should detect it For there are some as it is well knowen to you vvho mightely disalovv of vvhat is done and are much discontent that they through pusilnanimity and sodaine dispaire should so giue vp their friends who for theyr sakes alone had thrust themselues in the dangers and charge of those wars to which opinion I perceiue you specially inclining Others thinking otherwise and excusing them doe aunswere that the Venetians perceiuing it lay not in their power alone to manage these warres with sufficient might and seeing few other of Christian prouinces and princes ought prouoked by so worthie and good beginnings or happy successe whereby to take part either in paynes or charge or to lay hould with the said confederates of so sayre an occasion to conioyne the forces and to reuenge so many iniuryes in all former times receaued now especially when it was suppoled that the Turkes were vtterly dispolyed and left naked both of friends ships or sea forces and thereby had opportunitie to expell them from forth whole Europe But chiefely the Germaine princes fayling whom the many attempts of the Turks against their state hath continually with offens●ue armes vexed afflicted with infinite losses and nearest of all others to the danger had beene in these affayres for theyr owne safetie to haue giuen them furtherance All which motiues to others smally auayling the said Venetians and therefore destitute vtterly of hope nor daring to support themselues in the succours of their confederates knowing what enemy they had in hand they were compelled to prefer wholesome commodious counsell rather then plausible and so without obstinacy to their destruction as was supposed to prouide for theyr piuate affayres Thus these thinges in both parts diuersly disputed according as euery man his affection or passion perswades him thervnto My selfe vvill leaue of vncertaine estimation indifferent to euerie mans ovvne peculier Iudgement vvithout interposing myne especiallie when the matters handled are to small purpose the deede done not to be vndone and that euerie expostulation is friuolus vvhich is vvithout fruit But rather lett mee communicate with you my honorable friend in that whereof your Letters giue good occasion and which may perhaps bring with it to vs both some profit detecting such my cogitacions as often and long haue encombred my secret thoughts and manifesting therein my opinion which without some gaine I hope shall not retourne againe For if what my conceit is herein shal be allowed by you a man of so great estimation for wisedome and accustomed to the managing of high affaires then shall I think my selfe assuredly protected from the caluminations of all maligners or if not allowed yet shall I giue occasion by my writing wherby you may remoue the errour which for long hath taken possession in my minde and so in both these parts it shall draw mee aduantage The effect whereof is that as I haue alwaies houlden these Turkish affayres to be both fearefull and preiudiciall to the good estate of all Christian Prouinces yet now more then at any time am I driuen into a vvondefull admiration of the same vvho hauing so great a

wealth with large lands and stately erected monasteries wherwith the plentisul coūtries of Europe are euery vvhere pestered to vvhom a great part both of Christendomes reuenues cōmodities be comd This I doe not disalow but much commend the pietie wisedome of our ancestors who haue bene so boūtiful in bestowing to holy vses so liberal towards the maintenance of Gods seruice releueing the necessitie of the poore and both nourishing cherishing the studies of Arts euery good literature Another thing with vs is that our seates of Iustice prolong the deciding of causes with many quiddetyes delayes which is the sole reason that we see so many lawiers Iudges so many attorneys solicitors clarks notaries aduocates proctors to whom so great rewards large fees are assigned as this practise of the law lyke to that other hath drawen with it no litle part of the welth of Christendom Againe the Scholes of good learning are by vs vvith great charge mainteined to which many repaire perceauing the accompt that learned men daily liue in doe spend either all or the greatest part of their life in that profession Lastly good god what cost is bestowed in euery handi craft thing what huge foundations hourly laid what state abundāce of publike priuate buildings what superfluety in ensignes of honor picturs hāgings plate what delicacy in euery houshold prouisiō What riot in feastings what pride expēce in apparell vvith how great stipends are the masters in these Artes maintained all which as they greatly beutifie our Christian countries maligne the Turks in regard of vs to appeare rude vnpolisht so are they vtterly ill fitting for martiall affaires or enlarging of an Empire vvhilst they consume wast a great part of that wealth which were better bestowed in the wars Now vvith the Turkes all these things are in proportion ether small or none Their Preists Religious are very few their lyuing litle supplyed with things onely necessary Their law determinations want demurs and delatory plees receauing sentence at the first or second hearing vvithout tossing so many volumes of the ciuill Canon Codices with their comments so many yeere bookes of the common lawes course wherby so great store of counsells aduocates such quantitie of clarks and notaries are in small request Ther is amongst them no orders of Monks Freeers no Pyles of stately builded Palaces no sumptuousnesse in their dayly port but thrifty cariage spare dyet vvherein the hands of cunning cookes haue no medling the Turkes neither caring or crauing these things but spending vvhat they haue in theyr needfull preparations for the vvars vvhere vvealth and rewards are peculiarly appropriate to the valiant No marueill therfore that so many as I haue sayd of vvorthy Christian seruitours leaue the displayed Banners of IESVS vvhere small and for the most part no consideration is allotted their merits repairing thether wher they finde riches and estimation the guerdon of well dooing Now since the one and onely meanes of the Turkish glory doth proceede from the warlike designes it is no wonder that all their endeauours should wholy bee bent to that which thus alone drawes with it honor riches power wherby we see how they excell all other nations in martiall estimatyon execution of high exployts what great numbers of valiant souldiours they continually keepe in pay how huge forces of horse and foote they maintaine so as to all people their name is now becomd fearefull that alwaies they returne victors from euery war once vndertaken for inlarging their dominion our mens mindes on the other part by multiplicitie of knowledges and imployments being so distraught as few can spare any time to follow such seruice through as I said the innumerable sorts of handy crafts studyeng of arts professing of religion things indeed that haue diuerted the thoughts of the greater part of able Christian bodies frō the affectation of armes for it is the condicion of man with greater content to follow that course of life which is easie safe lesse paynefull free from danger then that other of the wars prosessed enemy to rest quietnesse especially when this first with pleasure brings neuerthelesse the commodityes of estimatyon riches manifesting the apparant reason that thus we see all our cities so replenished with marchants craftsmen inholders vinteners such like euery place reporting the disputations different opinions of Philosophers deuines with continuall canuassing of law cases All which things as they mightely I say adorne our peaceable part of the world so doe they wholy disable all martiall credyt for which wee finde vpon euery occasion how weake our forces are for cause of the small number who follow the wars In which this further I dare affirme from sound iudgment that of that age whose bodies through Christendome are fit for the wars seruice the hundreth person scarce doth apply him to that profession whereas on the contrary with the Turks the greater part alwaies doe wholy deuote themselues to the practise of armes But now let vs come to the inflicting of punishment due to offenders the feare wherof of equall conteines men in compasse both to the ciuell and martiall discipline wholesome lawes being with vs as well as with the Turks to that end established Yet the vigor force of good lawes should not consist in a positiue decree but in a and sacred inviolable obseruation of the same the rigor whereof we Christians for the most auoide by the cunning distinctions of lawyers mitigate by the fauour of great personages or breake through by our owne power Where with the Turkes these thinges are otherwise there being left no meanes to obtaine pardon of any offence no hope of escaping punishment so as we see with vs all thinges to be corrupt dissolute liberty for each one to doe what he list Our souldiours licentious freed from feare of punishment with carelesse cariage executing what euer is committed to their charge still mutinous sedicious respectlesse of command great doers in words litle indeed in skirmish making courtsie who should first begin or rangd to fight running away the first squadrons scarcely chargd or before any honest hasard of fortune were attempted although we haue as cannot be denied diuers worthy captaines who are not impechable of any these crimes yet what shall those few excellent men affect in re●orming the generall corrupt conditions of time in faith little whose vertues are to feeble to encounter the outgrown vices of this age Againe it is well knowen that many great commanders ther are who casting away their priuate counsels consideratiōs prefer the publike good yet euen these haue such for inferiour leaders who are no lesse if not more faulty then the ordinary souldiour the greater part of whom follow the seruice for gaine and make a traficke of the warres Who when a muster of men is to passe and pay to bee made beelie their number either borrowing or subborning base fellowes to fill vp such roomes as are fayling whereby it fals out that the payes bee euer strong but the companies weake Now none of all these defaults bee conuersant in the Turkish campe where the souldiour is euer seruiceable and at commaund executing what they haue in charge carefully reseruing their heat of courage to encounter the enemy which with high resolution they both vndertake and maintayne nothing dismayed with a first ouerthrow nor discouraged with the enemies second good successe whereby to leaue the field but valiauntly fighting conteyned more by the force of their lawes the punishment therof then by feare of the enemy keepe theyr assigned ranckes expecting the best and enduring the vtmost of good or bad fortunes chances who alwaies bearing in mind the fearefull spectacles of those theyr barbarous chastisements as ther may be caused etermine either to depart the field as victors or if fortune enuie theyr valour rather there to receiue an honest death from the edge of the enemies weapon then at home to be strangled or haue his throat cut by a hangman Againe whilst the valour of the leader striues with the obedience of the souldyour who neuer haue their priuate counsels deriued from the publike good we find them to performe most excellent offices in theyr seuerall places both towards their king and country These are such obseruations true honoured Columna as formerly I sayde haue long possest my minde touching the greatnesse of this Turkish Empire which if you allow I shall the better like if otherwise conceale them to your selfe I pray least they may chance into such mens hands as may detract from the estimation of my iudgement FINIS As the Latin word Imperator at the first was no name of Regall power and authoritie VVhence ● family of Mendoza in Spaine had their beginning Ptolemais Opp nunc Acre Laodicea Opp nunc Licquee Berythus Opp nunc Baruth Gamela Opp nunc Hames Geth nunc Ybelim Tyberias Opp nunc Tabaria By what ti● the kings of Spaine chalenge the right of the crowne of I rusalem Arsacides Tigado Despot what it meaneth Bulgari● ila Mammaluch Emir Quibir Vt sit et bene et semper The woor Solyman his Nobili The sheweth counsai● of the of Mal● woords let the mastar to ●ann●ts The Letter frō the great maister of Malta to Pope Pius the fourth of that name 1565. The 22 of March the Turks nauy vnlosed from Constantinople The 180 Ma●● the Nauie of the Turks ariued at Malta descript● Malta Ad Eurotiotum The Turkes landing in Malta Azorbar Consultation of the Turkes Vallum ex●●uunt Pa. 40. A fugitiue Decem B●emes The first assalt Spach● qui seruent auec trois ou quatre cheualls chascun et aut 200 ducats per An et sont tous Azamoglan et esclaux dudict grand Turc A Bridge of mastes The death of Medrano and Baragamo The bridge of Masts burnt The famous pirat Dorguta wounded to death The counsell of the Ioannits The sentence of the couns●●●l Th● answere of the worthie defenders The last assalt giuen by the Turks to the castle of Saint Hermes The Fort of Saint Hermes wonne The letter of the great Maister to Mesquito Philip a Turke a noble man reuolted and came to the Christians Pluteum