of this City You I say have Compassion on them whose Country is the Nursery of all Learning and honourable Education All you who are initiated into the Holy Mysteries spare and save those by whom ye were instructed You who have reaped any advantage by ingenious Education now be grateful for that advantage You who hereafter hope for improvement thence debar not your selves by your Cruelty now For where shall Strangers be instructed in the liberal Arts if Athens be destroy'd Some short Resentment indeed they do deserve for the present Offence but their many good Acts may justly challenge Returns of kindess and good-will Besides this merit of the City if any do but consider the private Circumstances of the Prisoners there will be just cause and ground found to shew them Mercy For the Confederates being under the command of their Superiors are forc'd to be ingag'd in the same War with them Wherefore though it may be thought just to execute Revenge upon them that were the chief Authors of the Injuries yet certainly it 's very fit and commendable to pardon such as are Offenders Ant. Chr. 410. against their Wills What shall I say of Nicias who from the beginning favouring the Syracusians dissuaded the Athenians from this Expedition against Sicily and was always kind and courteous to all the Syracusians that ever came thither How base and unworthy then would it be to put Nicias to Death who was our Advocate in the Senate at Athens and that he finding no mercy for all his kindnesses should undergo a rigorous and implacable Revenge for his Obedience to his Governors So that though Alcibiades who was the great promoter of this War avoided by his flight Revenge both from us and the Athenians yet he who was the most courteous of all the Athenians cannot be thought worthy of common favour Considering therefore the Catastrophies of this present Life I cannot but compassionate so unfortunate a condition For not long ago he was esteem'd one of the bravest Men of Greece and most applauded for the integrity of his Life and Conversation and the Eyes and well-Wishes of all the City every where follow'd him But now with his Arms Pinion'd in Chains of Captivity of a P. 345. deform'd Countenance suffering under the miserable condition of a Slave as if Fortune in this Man's Life glory'd to shew the greatness of her power under whose bountiful indulgence towards us we ought to carry it as becomes the state and condition of Men with Humanity and Moderation and not to insult with barbarous Cruelty over them who are of the same Stock and Original with our selves Nicholaus having thus spoken to the Syracusians ended his Oration and much affected his Auditors with Pity and Compassion But Gylippus the Laconian burning with implacable Hatred against the Athenians The Speech of Gylippus ascends the Tribunal and speaks thus I am in great admiration O ye Syracusians to see you led aside by inticing Words even while you are under the smart of your miserable Butcheries you really groan under If in the very height of Danger you are so cool in your Revenge towards them who came hither on purpose to ruin your Country why do we contend when we are not at all injur'd I intreat you by the Gods O ye Syracusians to give me leave while I freely declare to you my Opinion For being a Spartan I must be forc'd to speak after the manner of the Spartans And in the first place some may inquire how comes it to pass that Nicholaus professes himself to bear so much Compassion towards the Athenians who have made his Old Age the more miserable by the Loss of his Sons And now appears in the Assembly in a mournful Habit and with the shedding of many Tears pleads for mercy for them who have murthered his own Children Certainly he is no good Man that so far forgets the Death of his nearest Relations as to judge Ant. Chr. 410. it fit and just to spare them who were their most bitter and implacable Enemies How many are here present now in this great Assembly who are lamenting for the death of their Children At which Words when many of the Assembly sent forth loud Groans he added I discern says he that those Sighs are the Witnesses of the Miserie 's suffered How many Brothers Kindred and Friends lost in this War do ye now in vain desire At which when many more manifested their Sorrow Seest thou not says Gylippus O Nicholaus how many the Athenians have made Miserable All these without any cause have they depriv'd of their dearest and nearest Relations who ought so much the more to hate the name of the Athenians by how much they bore the greater love to their Relations Kindred and Friends How absurd and unjust a thing is it O ye Syracusians for Men voluntarily to sacrifice their Lives for you and you not to revenge their Bloods upon their inveterate Enemies Nay being so far from praising those who have lost their lives in defence of the common liberty as to prefer the Safety of the Enemies before the Honour of those that have deserved so well You have made a Law that the Sepulchers of your Countrymen shall be adorned and beautify'd What greater Ornament can ye invent than to destroy their Murderers Unless it be if the Gods permit that by making these Enemies Free-men of the City you determine to set them up as living Trophies for the remembrance of your Dead Friends But now the Denomination of Enemies is changed into that of Suppliants From whence arises this Tenderness For they who first compiled Laws concerning these matters decreed Mercy to the Distressed but Punishment to them that acted Wickedly And now under which of these Denominations shall we account the Prisoners As Distressed Ant. Ch. 41â— and Afflicted But what evil Spirit was it that compell'd them to make War against the Syracusians without any Provocation and breaking all the Bonds of Peace which is so desirable amongst all to plot and contrive the destruction of your City Therefore as they began an unjust War let them with Courage or without suffer and undergo the events of War For if they had been Conquerors we should have felt their inexorable Cruelty but now being subdu'd they seek to avoid the Punishment in the most low and humble posture of Distressed Suppliants What if they should be answered that their Covetousness and wicked Ambition has hurl'd them into these Calamities Let them not therefore accuse Fortune nor challenge to themselves the name of Suppliants for this is only due to them who are fallen into Misfortunes and yet have preserv'd their Innocency and Integrity But they who make it the P. 346. business of their Lives to act all manner of Injustice shut up all the Doors and Passages of Mercy against themselves What is it that is most base which they will not devise What Wickedness will they not commit It 's
beautiful Frame and Order and likewise conjoyn'd the Natures of Men in a common Analogy and Likeness one to another incessantly wheels about every Age as in a Circle imparting to each what is before by Fate shar'd out and allotted for them So these Historians by committing to Writing the common Actions of Men through the whole World as if they were the Affairs only of one City represent their Labours as one intire Account and common Repertory and Treasury of Human Transactions For it 's a desirable thing to be in a capacity to make use of the Mistakes of others the better to order the course of our own Lives and in the various Events and Accidents that may befal us not to be then at a loss and seeking what is to be done but rather to be able to imitate what has been well done And certainly as to Councel and Advice all prefer Ancient Men before those that are Young because of their Prudence gain'd by a long Experience But History goes as far beyond the Knowledge of Old Men as we are sure it does surmount all their Experience in multitude of Examples So that any Man may justly look upon it as a thing most profitable and advantageous to make use of this upon all occasions and accidents of this Life As for Young Men it teaches them the Wisdom and Prudence of the Old and increases and improves the Wisdom of the Aged It fits Private Men for high Places and stirs up Princes for the sake of Honour and Glory to these Exploits that may immortalize their Names It incourages likewise Souldiers to Fight the more Couragiously for their Country upon the hopes of Applause and Commendation after their Deaths And as a Curb to the Impious and Prophane it restrains them in some measure upon the account of being noted to Posterity with a perpetual Brand of Infamy and Disgrace What shall I say In hopes of having the Memory of their good Acts recorded to Posterity by Historians some have built Cities others have apply'd themselves to the Promulgation of good and wholsom Laws Many also upon this account have set their Wits at work to invent Arts and Sciences for the good of Mankind And whereas compleat Happiness is made up of all Perfections centring in one History consequently is to bear away the Prize which is the Cause of all those commendable and glorious effects For it 's most certain She is the Preserver of the Virtues of Worthy Men to Posterity and an eternal Witness to the Cowardize and Impiety of others and a Benefactor to all Mankind in general For if a fine spun Story consisting meerly of Fictions told of things done among the Spirits In Hell below tends much to the promoting of Piety and Justice how much more then may we conclude that History the most noble Assertrix of Truth and very Metropolis as it were of all Philosophy may adorn the Manners of Men with Principles of Justice and Honesty For there is not a Man through the Infirmity of Human Nature that lives scarce a moment of an entire Eternity but is extinguish'd and gone for ever after this Life and with those who never did any thing commendable in their Life-time all their Injoyments and Comforts perish with them But those who have signalized themselves by virtuous Actions are made famous in every Age their praises being proclaim'd as it were by Or by a Divine Mouth of History a Divine Voice from History I judge it therefore honourable and commendable and a piece of admirable Wisdom and Prudence to purchase that Glory which is immortal with Labours and Sufferings that are but short and temporal It 's confess'd by all concerning Hercules that while he was here upon Earth he voluntarily undertook great and continual Labours and ran through many Dangers that by doing good to Mankind he might gain the Reward of an Immortal Fame And as to other Men some are honour'd as Heroes others Deify'd as Gods and all by the help and advantage of History which has transmitted their Virtues to Posterity and caus'd the Remembrance of them to be immortal Other Monuments indure but for a little time and are often ruin'd and destroy'd by various Accidents but the force and vigour of History pierces through the whole World and Time it self which consumes all other things is its Keeper handing it down to Posterity for ever History likewise conduces much to make a Man Eloquent than which nothing is more commendable for by this Grecians excel Barbarians and the Learn'd those that are Ignorant And by this Art alone it is that one single Person many times prevails over Multitudes To conclude Whatever is done appears to be such either as to Quantity or Quality as the Eloquent Rhetorician is pleas'd to make it And such we call Good Men Men of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Worthy Men of Language high Esteem for excellent Language as those that by that Qualification have attain'd to the highest pitch of Virtue But this Art of Speaking well is divided into several Parts That part which is Poetical seems to delight more than to profit the Auditor that which relates to making of Laws tends more to Coertion than Instruction and the other parts either contribute nothing at all to our well-being or they are as hurtful one way as they are useful and profitable another and some of them even oppose the Truth with downright Lyes But History only wherein Words and Things agree comprehends in Writing what is both pleasant and profitable For who cannot discern but that it perswades to Justice condemns the wicked and vicious praises the good and greatly improves the Understanding of the Those that meet with it Readers And therefore when we saw these sort of Writers deservedly in great Esteem we were stir'd up to an earnest study of prosecuting the same Subject But when we seriously consider the Authors that have been before us though we highly approve of their Method and Design as far as we may justly yet we conceive their Writings are not altogether compos'd to the due Measure of Profit and Advantage as they ought to be For whereas to profit the Reader it 's necessarily requisite that many and various Circumstances of Affairs be related many set forth the Wars only of one Nation or one single City for very few have begun their Histories from Antient Times or have made it their Business to write of the Affairs of all Nations in General to these our Days And those that do some of them fix no certain Time to the several Transactions they write of and others altogether pass over the Affairs of the Barbarians And some there are that never mention the Ancient Mythologies but slip them by because of the Difficulty of the Subject Some that have begun to write have been prevented by Death and so have left their Works imperfect And none who have hitherto set themselves to this Business have brought down their History below the Times
the Torrid Zone the Water is boil'd and therefore this River is sweeter than any other in the World for Heat does naturally dulcorate Water But this Reason is easily refuted for its plainly impossible that the River should rise to that height and come down to us from the opposite Zone especially if it be granted that the Earth is round But if any yet shall be so obstinate as to affirm it is so as the Philosophers have said I must in short say it 's against and contrary to the Laws of Nature For being they hold Opinions that in the nature of the things can hardly be disprov'd and place an inhabitable part of the World between us and them that are opposite to us they conclude that by this device they have made it impossible and out of the reach of the Wit of Man to confute them But it is but just and equal that those who affirm any thing positively should prove what they say either by good Authority or strength of Reason How comes it about that only the River Nile should come down to us from the other opposite Zone Have we not other Rivers that this may be as well apply'd to As to the Causes alledg'd for the sweetness of the Water they are absur'd For if the Water be boyl'd with the parching Heat and thereupon becomes sweet it would have no productive quality either of Fish or other Kinds of Creatures and Beasts for all Water whose Nature is chang'd by Fire is altogether incapable to breed any living thing and therefore being that the Nature of Nile contradicts this decoction and boyling of the Water we conclude that the Causes alledg'd of its increase are false The Opinion of Oenopides of Chios is this The Waters say he that are under the Earth in Summer-time are cold and warm in the Winter as we see by experience in deep Wells for in a sharp Winter they are the least cold but in Summer they are the coldest of any other time and therefore saith he there 's good reason that Nile in the Winter should grow low and contracted because the Heat in the Bowels of the Earth exhales much of the Water which cannot be supply'd in regard no Rains fall in Egypt But in Summer-time when the Waters that lye deep in the Earth are no longer exhal'd then the Channel of the River according to the order of Nature fills without any obstruction But to this it may be answer'd that many Rivers in Africa whose Mouths lye parallel with this River and run the like Course yet overflow not like Nile For on the contrary they rise in Winter and fall in Summer which clearly evinces his Falsity who endeavours with a shew of Reason to oppose the Truth But to the true cause * This is now found to be the true Reason at this day Agartharchides of Cnidus comes nearest For he says that in the Mountainous parts of Ethiopia there are Yearly continual Rains †From the 10th of June to the 10th of September from the Summer Solstice to the Equinox in Autumn and therefore there 's just cause for Nile to be low in the Winter which then flows only from its own natural Spring-heads and to overflow in Summer through the abundance of Rains And though none hitherto have been able to give a Reason of these Inundations yet he says his Opinion is not altogether to be rejected for there are many things that are contrary to the Rules of Nature for which none are able to give any substantial Reason That which happens in some parts of Asia he says gives some confirmation to his Opinion For in the Confines of Scythia near Mount Caucasus after the Winter is over he affirms that abundance of Snow falls every Year for many Days together And that in the Northern Parts of India at certain Times there falls abundance of Hail and of an incredible Bigness And that near the River Hydaspis in Summer-time it rains continually and the same happens in Ethiopia for many Days together and that this disorder of the Air whirling about occasions many Storms of Rain in Places near adjoyning and that therefore it 's no wonder if the Mountainous Parts of Ethiopia which lies much higher than Egypt are soakt with continual Rains wherewith the River being fill'd overflows especially since the natural Inhabitants of the Place affirm that thus it is in their Country And though these things now related are in their nature contrary to those in our own Climates yet we are not for that Reason to disbelieve them For with us the South Wind is cloudy and boysterous whereas in Ethiopia it 's calm and clear and that the North Winds in Europe are fierce and violent but in those Regions low and almost insensible But however after all though we could heap up variety of Arguments against all these Authors concerning the Inundation of Nile yet those which we have before alledg'd shall suffice lest we should transgress those Bounds of Brevity which at the first we propos'd to our selves Having therefore divided this Book because of the Largeness of it into Two Parts having before determin'd to keep within moderate Bounds we shall now end the first part of this Treatise and continue in the other those things that are further remarkable in Egypt coherent with those before beginning with the Actions of the Kings of Egypt and the antient way of Living among the Egyptians THE SECOND PART OF THE FIRST BOOK OF Diodorus the Sicilian CHAP. IV. The First way of Living of the Egyptians Gods and Demy-Gods their Reigns in Egypt The antient Kings of Egypt Menis c. Their several Works Thebes built by Busiris The stately Sepulchers Oblisks and Temples there A Description of Osimanduas's Sepulcher Memphis built by Uchoreus Meris's Lake Sesostris or Sesoosis his famous Expedition and great Works THE First Book of Diodorus is divided into Two Parts by reason of the Greatness of it the First whereof is as a Preface to the whole Work and in which an Account is given of what the Egyptians say concerning the Beginning of the World of the first Creation of the Universe and of those Gods that built Cities in Egypt and call'd them after their own Names of the First Men and their antient way of Living of the Worship of the Gods and the building of Temples by the Egyptians Moreover of the Situation of Egypt and what strange things are related of Nile the Causes of its Inundation and the various Opinions of Philosophers and Historians concerning it Wherein likewise is set down the Confutations of the several Writers In this we shall handle and go through those matters that have a dependance upon the former After we have distinctly set forth the antient way of Living among the Egyptians we shall then begin with their first Kings and declare the Acts of every one of them successively down to Amasis They say the Egyptians in antient Times fed upon nothing but Roots
their Hourly Imployment Sacrifices Diet c. Their Burials The division of Egypt Their Trades in Egypt Courts of Justice Their Law Proceedings The several Laws of Egypt Beasts and Birds ador'd in Egypt as Lions Wolves Cats the Bird Ibis Kites c. Costs in their Burial of these Creatures Reasons given of this Adoration SInce sufficient hath been said of the Egyptian Kings from the most ancient The Customs of the Egyptians Times to the Death of Amasis leaving for a while what remains till a more proper time we shall now give a brief account of those Laws and Customs of the Egyptians that are most to be admir'd and may especially delight and profit the Reader For many of the ancient Customs of the Egyptians were not only allow'd by the natural Inhabitants but were greatly admir'd by the Grecians so that every Learn'd Man earnestly coveted to travel into Egypt to learn the Knowledge of their Laws and Customs as things of great weight and moment And though the Country anciently forbad all reception to Strangers for the Reasons before alledg'd yet some of the Ancients as Orpheus and Homer and many of latter times as Pythagoras the Samian and Solon the Lawgiver adventur'd to travel thither And therefore the Egyptians assirm that Letters Astronomy Geometry and many other Arts were first found out by them and that the best Laws were made and instituted by them To confirm which they alledge this as an undeniable Argument that the Native Kings of Egypt have reign'd there for the space of above Four Thousand and Seven Hundred Years and that their Country for all that time has been the most prosperous and flourishing Kingdom in the World which could never have been so if the Inhabitants had not been civilized and brought up under good Laws and Liberal Education in all sorts of Arts and Sciences But we shall omit what Herodotus and other Writers of the Egyptian History relate who wilfully pursue and prefer prodigious Stories before Truth and relate a company of Fictions meerly for Sport and Diversion sake and shall give an Account of such things as we have carefully perus'd and examin'd recorded in their Books by the Egyptian Priests The First Kings of Egypt liv'd not after the way and manner of other Monarchs The way of Living of the First Kings of Egypt to do what they list without Controul but in every thing conform'd themselves to their Laws not only in the publick Administration of the Government but in their daily private Conversation and their very Meals and Diet. For among their Attendants they had neither Slaves for Servants nor such as were born in their Houses but the Sons of the chiefest of the Priests after they attain'd to the Age of Twenty Years brought up and educated more nobly than any other of the rest of the Egyptians that having such noble Attendants upon his Person of the best and highest Rank in the Kingdom to be always with him night and day he might not do any thing that was base and blame-worthy For no Prince is apt to be very wicked except he have some ready at Hand to incourage him in his Lusts There were Hours set apart in the Night as well as the Day wherein the King Hours set apart was to do something injoyn'd him by the Laws and not to indulge himself in his Pleasures When he rose in the Morning the first thing he was to do was to peruse all the publick Letters and Advices sent from all Parts that he might order his Concerns the better by having perfect knowledge of all the Affairs of the Kingdom Then Washing himself and putting on his Splendid Robes and the Ensigns and Badges of his Royal Authority he went to Sacrifice to the Gods When the Victims were brought to the Altar it was the Custom for the High The Priests Prayers for the King Priest in the presence of the King and People standing round about him to pray with a loud Voice for the Health and Prosperity of the King who righteously rul'd and govern'd his Subjects wherein he recounted all the Virtues of the Prince his Piety towards the Gods his kindness to his People how Continent Just Magnanimous and Faithful he was how Bountiful and what a Master he was over all inordinate Appetites and Passions how he was Mild and Gentle in inflicing Punishments upon Offenders less than their Deserts and Bountiful in distributing of his Rewards When the Priest had utter'd these and such like Commendations he at last pronounc'd a Curse upon all such Offences and Miscarriages as had been ignorantly committed yet withal clearing the King and laying all the Blame and Guilt upon his Ministers and Advisers And this the Priest did that he might thereby induce and persuade the King to an Awe of the Gods and to live so as might be pleasing to them and likewise by Praise and Commendation rather gently to win upon him than by harsh and rugged Rebukes to drive him to the practice of Virtuous Actions Afterwards when the King had view'd the Intrals and * Atton'd the Gods by Sacrifice History read finish'd his Sacrifices the Priests read out of the Sacred Records the Edicts Laws and most useful and remarkable Actions of such as were most famous in their Generations that the Prince might seriously consider and ponder upon what was most commendable in those Examples and imitate them according to the Rules there prescrib'd For there were not only set Times allotted for dispatch of publick Business and Administration of Justice but likewise for taking of the Air Bathing lying with the Queen and almost every action of their Lives The Custom was likewise for the Kings to feed upon plain and ordinary Meat Diet. as Veal and Goose and to drink Wine according to a stinted measure which might neither overcharge their Stomacks nor make them drunk Such a moderate Diet was prescrib'd as that it seem'd rather to be order'd by a Skilful Physitian for Health sake than by a Law-maker It is indeed to be admir'd and very strange that the King should not be left to his liberty for his daily Food but much more is it to be admir'd that he could not do any publick Business Condemn or Punish any Man to gratify his own Humour or Revenge or for any other unjust Judgment not to be given to gratify the King's Passion Cause but was bound to do according as the Laws had ordered in every particular case The Kings observing those Rules according to the ancient Custom were so far from thinking it dishonourable or being uneasy under it that they lookt upon themselves to live most desirable and happy Lives and judg'd that all other Men who inconsiderately indulg'd their natural Appetites did many things that were attended with great Losses or apparent Hazards at the least yea that some though they know beforehand that what they were about to do was ill and unjustifiable yet overcome either with
World For they know exactly the Nature of the Land the Inundation of the Waters Seed-time and Harvest and the gathering in of the other Fruits of the Earth partly from the knowledge gain'd from their Ancestors and partly from their own particular Experience The way and manner of the Shepherds is the same who being us'd to look after the Flocks and Herds from Father to Son make it their whole Imployment to feed and pasture them They have indeed learnt many things from their Ancestors concerning the best way of governing and feeding their Flocks but not a few by their own Study and Invention And that which is chiefly to be admir'd is that their Industry is such in these matters that they that keep Poultry and Geese not content with the ordinary way of breeding these Creatures as amongst other People but by their Wit and Ingenuity cause them to increase to an infinite number for they do not suffer them to hatch but to admiration force out the Young with their Hands with so much Art and Skill that it 's done as effectually as by Nature it self Arts and Trades likewise among the Egyptians are greatly improv'd and brought All to follow their own Trades and no other to their highest perfection For it 's a Rule only among the Egyptians that no Mechanick or other Artificer is to be of any other Trade or Imployment or to be reckon'd up among any other Orders or Classes of the Commonwealth than such as by the Law is allow'd and taught them by their Parents to the end that neither Envy attending Magistracy nor publick Business of the State or any thing else might interrupt them in the diligent improvement of their Trades In other Places we see Artificers and Tradesmen busy'd about many other things and to gratify their Covetousness not to stick to any one Imployment For some apply themselves to Husbandry others to Merchandize and some follow Two or Three Trades at once And many who run to the publick Assemblies in Cities under a Democratical Government by Bribes and Rewards inrich themselves to the damage and prejudice of the Commonwealth But in Egypt if any Tradesman meddle in Civil Affairs or exercise any more than one Trade at once he is grievously punish'd And in this manner the antient Egyptians divided their Commonwealth and every Order took care to preserve themselves intire as that which they had learnt and had been handed down to them from their Ancestors They Courts of Justice were likewise extraordinary careful concerning their Courts of Justice for they lookt upon just Sentences and Decrees pronounc'd from the Seats of Justice on both sides to be of great weight and moment to the advancement of the publick good For they knew very well that Mens miscarriages would be best reform'd if Offenders were duly punish'd and the Injur'd and Oppress'd reliev'd And on the contrary they foresaw that if the Punishment due by the Law to Malefactors could be bought off for Mony Favour or Affection then nothing but Disorder and Confusion would enter into all Orders and Societies of Men among them And therefore to prevent this with good effect they chose Men of the greatest Reputation out of the Chiefest Cities to be their Judges As out of Heliopolis Thebes and Memphis which Assembly of the Judges was nothing inferior to the Arcopagites in Athens or the Senate at Sparta Out of these being Thirty in number they chose one the most eminent among them to be President and in his Room the City sent another The Judges receiv'd their Salaries from the King but the President had the greatest Allowance about his Neck he wore a golden Chain at which hung a Picture representing Truth set with precious Stones When the President put on his Chain it was a Sign then he was about to hear Causes And when the Eight Books wherein the Laws were written were laid before The Law proceedings the Judges it was the Custom that the Plaintiff exhibited his Complaint in writing distinctly and particularly setting forth wherein he was injur'd and how and the value of his damage sustain'd On the other side the Defendant or the Party accus'd after a Copy had of his Adversaries Libel answered in Writing to every particular either by denying or justifying or pleading something in mitigation of Damages Then the Plaintiff reply'd in Writing and the Defendant rejoyn'd After the Litigants had thus twice exhibited their Libels it was then the part of the Thirty Judges to consider amongst themselves of the Judgment to be pronounc'd and incumbent upon the President * To shew that Truth was on his side to turn the Essigies of Truth towards one of the Litigants And this was the usual manner of Proceedings in their Courts of Justice among the Egyptians For it was judg'd that by the Harangues of Lawyers a Cloud was cast upon the Truth and Justice of the Cause inasmuch as the Arts of Rhetoricians the jugling Tricks of Dissemblers and the Fears of them that are like to be overthrown in their Cause have wrought upon many to wave the strictness of the Law and to turn aside from the Rule of Justice and Truth And indeed it s often found by experience that Offenders brought to the Bar of Justice by the help of a cunning Orator or their own Rhetorical Flourishes either through a Fallacy put upon the Court or taking Insinuations or melting Compassions wrought by the Speaker in the Judge have escap'd Therefore the Egyptians concluded that if all the Accusation was put into Writing and consideration had barely of what was there set down the Sentence would be more exact and just And so by that means crafty and ingenious Fellows would be no more favour'd than those that were more dull nor the experienc'd Artist more than those that were ignorant and unskilful nor the audacious Liar more than those that are modest and sincere but all would have equal Justice in regard sufficient time was allow'd by the Law both for the Parties to answer each other and for the Judges to consider and give Judgment upon the Allegations of both sides And since now we are come to mention the Laws we conceive it will not be Laws of Egypt foreign from our History to give an account of such Laws of the Egyptians as are either remarkable for their Antiquity or strange and different from all other or that may be any way useful and profitable to the studious Readers 1. And in the first place those were to dye who were guilty of Perjury being such as committed the Two greatest Crimes that is Impiety towards the Gods and Violation of Faith and Truth the strongest Band of Humane Society 2. If any upon the Road saw a Man likely to be kill'd or to be violently assaulted and did not rescue him if he were able he was to dye for it And if in truth he were not able to defend him yet he was bound to discover the
healthfulness of the Climate is such that they are not without cause call'd but are really and in truth Blessed and Happy Islands Lastly Macareus King of Lesbos made the first Law among them which was so beneficial and advantagious to the Publick that he gave it the Name of the Lion because of the strength and force of that Beast A considerable time after this Colony planted in Lesbos another was brought into the Island Tenedos in this manner Tennes was the Son of Cyrnus King of Colone in Troas and was a Man renown'd Tenedos for his Valour he brought over a Colony out of the opposite Continent and possess'd himself of the Island Leucophrys at that time desolate After he had divided the Country by Lot amongst his Subjects and had built a City he call'd it Tennus after his own Name By his good and upright Government he gain'd upon the Hearts of his People and was highly honour'd while he liv'd and after his Death was ador'd as a Demy-God For they built a Temple in honour of him and offered Sacrifices to him as a God Which Religious Veneration was continu'd to Times not long since But we are not here to omit what the Islanders report concerning Tennes the Founder of the City * Or Tennus Tenedos They say that Cygnus the Father of Tennes giving Ear to the false Suggestions and Calumniations of his Wife lockt his Son in a Chest and caus'd him to be thrown into the Sea and that the Chest was cast up by the Waves upon Tencdos and being thus strangely preserv'd by the special Providence of God became King of the Island and afterwards growing renown'd for his Justice and other eminent Virtues he was at length honour'd and ador'd as a God And because his Stepmother hir'd a †A Minstrel Piper by a false Oath to support her own Calumny it 's a Law amongst them of Tenedos That no Piper shall come into the Temple Afterwards when Tennes was kill'd by Achilles in the time of the Trojan War and Tenedos then laid wast by the Grecians the Tenedeans made another Law that it should not be lawful so much as once to name Achilles in Tennes his Temple These are the things related of Tenedos and it's ancient Inhabitanas Having now given an Account of the most considerable Islands we shall proceed in the next place to the lesser The Cyclade Islands were Formerly desolate and uninhabited But Minos the The Cycladae Islands Son of Jupiter and Europa King of Crete having a strong Army at Land and with a powerful Navy Master at Sea sent many Colonies out of Crete and Peopled many of the Islands of the Cyclades and divided the Lands to the People by Lot and subdu'd a great part of the Sea-Coasts of Asia and therefore the Sea-Ports and Havens of Asia and of the Islands have the same Names with those in Crete and are call'd Minoi Minos being now grown great and powerful began to envy his Brother Rhadamanthus his Copartner in the Kingdom for the honour and reputation he had gain'd by his Justice Willing therefore to remove him as far from him as possibly he could he sent him into the furthest parts of his Dominions Whereupon Rhadamanthus abiding in the Islands over against Ionia and Caria caus'd Erythrus to build a City in Asia after his own Name and made Oenopion the Son of Ariadna the Daughter of Minos Lord of Chius These things were all done before the Trojan War But after the destruction of Troy the Cares grown rich and wealthy gain'd the Dominion at Sea and subdu'd the Cyclades some of which they took into their own hands and rooted out the Cretians others they injoy'd in Common with the ancient Cretian Inhabitants But in process of time the Grecians growing strong and powerful the barbarous Carians were ejected out of most of the Cyclades and the Islands fell into the hands of the Greeks Of which we shall give a more particular Account hereafter in proper Time and Place D. G. The following Books that is to say the VI VII VIII IX X are lost THE Last Ten Books OF THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF Diodorus the Sicilian CONTAINING The Affairs of the WORLD for the space of 179 Years from the Expedition of Xerxes into Greece to Seleucus his coming into Cappadocia with his Army and the other Confederate Princes into other Parts against Antigonus in the 3 d Year of the 119 th Olympiad Together with The Fragments of PHOTIUS his BIBLIOTHECA and others Published by L. Rhodomannus AND The Fragments Published by H. Valesius and by F. Vrsinus WITH A SUPPLEMENT Made English By GEORGE BOOTH of Chester Esq LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1700. ANTIENT SICELE ACCORDING TO THE Description of Philip Cluuerius THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XI The PREFACE THE Book next before this being the Tenth in the whole Composure of our History ends with things done in the Tear immediately before the Descent of Xerxes into Europe and with those Debates in the General Assemblies of the Grecians at Corinth concerning the admission of Gelo into the Grecian Confederacy In this to proceed as things were done in a continued Series of the History we shall begin with Xerxes ' s Expedition into Greece and end the Year immediately before the Army of the Athenians under Cymon their General invaded Cyprus CHAP. I. Of Xerxes his Expedition into Greece and the Battel of Thermopyle and the Sea Fight at Salamis CAllias being Archon or chief Magistrate of Athens Spurius Cassius and Proclus Virginius Tricostus Consuls at Rome in the Seventy Fifth Olympiad celebrated at Elis in which * Asyehus Asylus the Syracusian Olymp. 75. Ant. Chr. 478. was Victor Xerxes for the reason after mention'd rais'd an Army against the Grecians †He married Artozostra the Daughter of Darius and was himself the Son of Gobrias whose Daughter Darius married Herod lib. 6. c. 43. and lib. 7. c. 5. Mardonius the Persian was Cousin German and by Marriage likewise nearly related to Xerxes of great esteem among the Persians for his Valour and Prudence This Man prompted forward by the greatness of his Spirit and the heat of his Youth burned with Ambition to be General of so great an Army as that Expedition requir'd and therefore persuaded Xerxes that he would bend all his power to subdue the Grecians those implacable Enemies of the Persians Being brought over to close with this Advice he determin'd utterly to destroy and root them up And to that end sent Embassadors to Carthage to treat with them concerning the joining of their Forces together Whereupon it was thus agreed between them That Xerxes should Land his Forces in Greece and that the Carthaginians at the same time should with a great Army invade the Greeks in Italy and Sicily According to which Compact the Carthaginians raised a great sum of Money and hired
any Wife that had a desire to leave Law about Marriage her Husband to marry any other Man provided he were no younger than her former Husband and that he who cast off his Wife should marry none younger than the Wife he rejected And he succeeded so well in his Proposal that by having the Law amended he not only escap'd the Rope but by this means his Wife that had a Mind to a young Fellow was forc'd to return to him again Ant. Chr. 445. The Third Law which Solon likewise had made which was amended was that concerning Virgins and Orphans The Law was that where there was an Heiress left the next of Kin might demand her in Marriage and so on the other hand a young Woman an Orphan might demand him that was of her next Kindred in Marriage and he should be forc'd to marry her or if she were poor give her Five Hundred * Drachma was of the Value of 7 d. in our Money Drachma's for her Portion There was an Orphan of this kind left of a good Family but yet extream Poor she by reason of her Poverty in no likelihood to get a Husband made her application to the People and with many Tears bemoaned her desolate condition and despicable state of Life and desir'd an amendment of the Law to this purpose That in lieu of the Five Hundred Drachma's the next of Kin whom by the Law the Orphan might demand in Marriage should be forc'd to marry her The People commiserating her Condition chang'd the Law and so she was delivered from P. 299. the Rope and the rich Kinsman was forc'd to marry the poor Maid without any Dowry Now it remains we should speak of the Death of Charonidas concerning which The remarkable Death of Charonidas there happened something remarkable and wonderful for when he was gone forth against some Robbers that made inroads into the Country before he return'd there happened a Tumult to be rais'd by the People in one of their Common Assemblies Determining therefore to make diligent Enquiry into the Cause and Authors of the Sedition he came hastily in amongst them with his Sword girt at his side and a Law he had made that none should come arm'd into the Senate-house but had forgotten his Sword then at his Side and so rushed into the Assembly and thereby gave an occasion to them that maligned him to accuse him Upon which one cries out You break the Law which you your self made No says he but I will confirm it and forthwith ran himself through †Vid. lib. 13. f. 53. Some Writers ascribe this Fact to Diocles the Law-maker of Syracuse But having spoken enough of Charonidas we shall now relate something in short of Zaleuchus the Law-maker because they were much alike in their Consultations The Law-maker Zaleuchus and bent their Minds and Thoughts to the same things and flourished in Cities near adjoyning one to another Zaleuchus was an Italian born at Locris of a noble Family of great Learning and Scholar to Pythagoras He was of great esteem and account in his Country and chosen by the People to be their Law-maker He began his Laws first with the Worship of the Gods In the Preface he requires the Inhabitants That in the First place and above all they should be fully perswaded and Law about Religion Excellent Notions and Rules of Natural Religion relating to Divine Worship and this by a Heathen undoubtedly believe that there were Gods and that devoutly looking up to Heaven and viewing the Beauty and admirable Harmony and Order thereof they should judge and certainly conclude that that great Work was not of Men or came there by chance And therefore he ordain'd they should adore and worship the Gods from whom all that is good descends upon Men. And to that end that they ought to have their Minds pure and unspotted inasmuch as the Gods are better pleas'd with the just and honest Actions of Righteous Men than with all their costly Sacrifices Having made this Preface or Introduction he then subjoyns his Precepts First That none should be implacable Ant. Chr. 445. 1. Against Implacableness one against another but that all should so manage their Animosities as to keep a reserve in a short time to be reconcil'd and in full Friendship with their Adversaries and if any did otherwise such a Man should be reputed of a fierce and inhumane Disposition Secondly He commanded the Magistrates 2. About Magistrates that they should not be Proud and Domineering that they should not give Judgment in any matter either for Love or Hatred And in other particulars he devised many things with great Wisdom Prudence and Ingenuity 3. Whereas in all other Countries by the excess and extravagance of Women 3. Against the Expence of Women much Silver was spent and wasted by a witty and ingenious kind of Punishment he restrain'd their Excess for he ordered That no Woman that was Free of the City should be attended Abroad with any more than one Servant unless she were Drunk That none should walk abroad in the Night except it were with an intent to play the Whoâ—e nor wear golden Ornaments or Garments embroider'd with Gold unless with the same intent Nor that any 4. Expences of Men. Man should wear a Gold Ring of a Milesian Garment unless he were guilty of Fornication or Adultery By these dishonourable Exceptions and Conditions of Indempnity which were Punishments in themselves he easily restrain'd the Citizens from Luxury and Excess for none were willing to expose themselves as laughing-stocks to their Fellow Citizens by owning themselves guilty of such foul Offences Many other Laws concerning Contracts and other Differences which might arise were with great Judgment made by him which would be too tedious particularly to relate and beside the scope and intent of our History We shall therefore return whence we made a digression P. 300. Olymp. 83. 4. Ant. Ch. 443. Lysimachides was chief Ruler of Athens when the Romans conferr'd the Consular dignity upon Titus Menenius and Poplius Sestius Capitolinus In their time the Sybarites that had escap'd in the late Sedition seated themselves at the River Tarentum where they continu'd for some time but at length were rooted out and utterly destroy'd by the Brutii In Greece in the mean time the Athenians having recovered Eubea drave the Hestians out of the City and sending thither a Colony of a Thousand Citizens of their own they divided the City and Land adjacent amongst them by Lot CHAP. IV. Of the Decemviri in Rome chosen to make Laws The War between the Thurians and Tarentines The sad Story of the Daughter of one Lucius Virginius in Rome which caus'd a disturbance and great Sedition The Law of the Twelve Tables Peace all over the World WHen Praxitiles was Governor of Athens the Eighty Fourth Olympiad was Olymp. 84. 1. Ant. Ch. 442. celebrated in which Crison of Himera
upon the chief of the Citizens and especially those who could most influence the People and afterwards cut their Throats and so quite dissolved the Democracy But the Corcyreans were presently assisted by the Athenians and recoverd their Liberty and were resolved to execute Justice upon Ant. Ch. 427. the Ringleaders of the Defection But they through fear of punishment fled for refuge to the Altars of the Gods and as Suppliants begg'd Pardon both of the Gods and the People Euthydemus was Governor of Athens when Three Military Tribunes invested P. 316. Olymp. 88. 3. Ant. Chr. 426. Plague breaks forth again at Athens with Consular Power were again chosen at Rome Marcus Fabius Phalinius and Lucius Sereulius In their time the Plague broke out afresh when they were freed from this Contagion but very lately before It rag'd so exceedingly that they lost Four Thousand Foot Soldiers and Four Hundred Horse and of others Freemen and Servants above Ten Thousand And now because the Course of the History may require a Declaration of the Causes of this violent Distemper it is necessary for us in this place to set them forth Abundance of Rain had fallen in the Winter by reason whereof the Earth being over-wet in many Places especially in low and hollow Grounds the Water lay like standing Pools and those being corrupted and putrify'd by the heat of the Summer thence proceeded a Mist of gross and stinking Vapours which corrupted the Air as it often happens about filthy Marishes And besides the want of good Food much advanc'd the progress of the Disease for the Year before the Fruits by too much Rain were crude and unwholsom There was likewise a Third cause of this Distemper which was this the * That is Winds which come at stated and certain times every Year Plin. lib. 2. c. 47. Etesian Winds this Summer blew not by whose gentle Breezes the violent heat of the Air was constantly allay'd before at other times so that the Heat being now excessive and the Air as it were inflam'd Mens Bodies now wanting the usual Refreshment contracted an evil Habit from whence arose through the vehement and immoderate heat all sorts of burning Distempers And hence it was that many seiz'd with this Disease to free themselves from the burning heat that was in their Bodies cast themselves into Pits and Wells But the Athenians judg'd that Ant. Chr. 426. so grievous a Distemper was from God and therefore according to the charge given them by the Oracle they purg'd the Island Delos which was formerly dedicated to Apollo now polluted as they conceiv'd by burying many dead Bodies there Therefore all the Graves of the Dead were dug up and the Urns were transported into the next Island to Delos call'd Rhene and a Law was made that it should not be lawful for any for the time to come either to bury or to bear any Child in Delos They then likewise reviv'd the Panegyrick Festival in Delos now for a long time disus'd While the Athenians were thus religiously imploy'd the Lacedemonians with their Confederates in Peloponesus incamp'd in the Isthmos and there consulted together concerning the invading of Attica again But there then happening such terrible †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 An Earthquake Earthquakes in several parts of Greece that it so terrify'd and possess'd them with fear and awe of the Gods that they all return'd to their respective Countries For the horrible Concussions of the Earth were so great that many Cities near the Sea were sunk and drown'd And whereas that Tract of Land near Locris was before a Peninsula by the violence of the Earthquake a Channel was made through the Isthmos and the Place turn'd into an Island now call'd †Near Eubea now call'd Negropont Atalante While these things were doing the Lacedemonians sent new Colonies into Trachin and changed its Name into * There are many of this Name but this is near the Mountain Oeta and the Straits of Thermopyle Ant. Chr. 426. Heraclea The Reason was for that the Trachinians having had Wars with the Oeteans many Years had lost most of their Citizens And therefore being almost depopulated they addressed themselves to the Lacedemonians whose Colonies they were to repeople their City The Lacedemonians in regard they were their Countrymen and Hercules their Ancestor in times long past had resided at Trachin resolved to make it a large and beautiful City And to this end they sent a Colony thither out of their own City and out of others in Peloponesus to the number of Four Thousand and out of the rest of Greece as many as pleased were receiv'd as Members of the Cololony The whole number was little less than Six Thousand To conclude Trachin was at length so far inlarged that it contain'd Ten Thousand Men and when they had divided the Land adjoining by Lot they call'd the City Heraclea Stratocles being Archon of Athens the Consular dignity was conferr'd upon the Three Military Tribunes at Rome Lucius Furius * Medullus Metellus †Mamercus P. 317. The Acts of Demosthenes the Athenian General Lucius Pinarius and S. Posthumius Albus In the time Olymp. 88. 4. An. Mu. 3547. of their Government Demosthenes made Admiral of the Fleet by the Athenians with Thirty Ships well man'd join'd with Fifteen more from Corcyra and other Aids from the Cephaleans Acarnanians and Messenians inhabiting ‖ A City of Achaia now call'd Lepantum by the Venetians Ant. Chr. 426. Naupactus and so set sail for Leucas and when he had harrased and wasted the Country of Leucadia he bent his Course for Aetolia and there burnt and destroy'd many of their Villages but the Aetolians making head against them routed the Athenians who fled to Naupactus The Aetolians incouraged with this Victory with the aid of Three Thousand Lacedemonians march'd against Naupactus which the Messeneans then inhabited but were repulsed From thence they made an Expedition against * A City of Aetolia Molycria and took the City The Athenian General Demosthenes fearing lest they should attack Naupactus sent a Thousand Men out of Arcarnania to strengthen the Garrison He himself continu'd in Acarnania and fell upon a Thousand Ambraciots in their March and cut them almost all off Upon this the whole Strength of the †Ambracia City came out against him and he destroy'd most of them likewise so that the City was almost made desolate Hereupon he entred into a Consultation of assaulting Ambracia hoping it might be easily won by reason there were few left to defend it But the Acarnanians fearing that if the Athenians were Masters of the Town they should have more troublesome Neighbours than the Ambraciots were refused to follow Demosthenes Upon this Mutiny the Acarnanians became Friends with the Ambraciots and entred into a League of Peace and Amity for an Hundred Years Demosthenes thus deserted by the Acarnanians returns with Twenty Sail to Athens Presently after the
both the Cities and Countries were thus distracted in their Councils the Baeotians Locrians Thessalians Perrhabeans The Parties in the Phocian War the Doreans Delopians Athamanes Achaians Phthiots Magnesians Aenianeans and some others resolv'd to assist the God The Athenians and Lacedemonians and some other of the Peloponnesians join'd as Confederates with the Phocians The Lacedemonians with some others readily join'd for these Reasons viz. When the Thebans had overcome them in the Battel at Leuctra they prosecuted the Spartans in the high Court of the Amphictyons because Phaebidas the Spartan had seiz'd upon Cadmea and demanded Five hundred Ant. Ch. 352. Talents in compensation of the Injury but the Lacedemonians being fin'd so much and not paying the Mulct impos'd at the time limited by the Law the Thebans exhibited a new Complaint against them for the double Injury The Lacedemonians therefore being condemn'd by the Amphictyons in a Thousand Talents and being much indebted and behind-hand made use of the same Pretence the Phocians did before that is That the Amphictyons had pronounc'd an unjust Sentence against them And therefore though it was for the Publick Good yet they forbore to undertake the War of themselves upon the Quarrel of the Condemnation but judg'd that it might carry a better Face if they could avoid the Decree of the Amphictyons under the Covert of the Phocians For these Reasons they were very forward to Patronize their Cause and in the mean time contriv'd to gain the Tutelary Right of the Temple to themselves And now upon certain Information that the Thebans had prepar'd a very great Army against the Phocians Philomelus resolv'd to strengthen his Forces with more Mercenaries But in regard more Money was requisite for carrying on of the War he was necessitated to make use of the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gifts Consecrated Sacred Treasures and therefore rifl'd the Temple And because he promis'd half as much more as their ordinary Pay to the Mercenaries a vast Number of Men flock'd in to him and for the sake of the Largeness of the Pay multitudes listed themselves But no moderate and sober Man gave up his Name to be inroll'd in the Lists of the Army out of a Pious and Religious respect to the Oracle In the mean time every base Fellow that for the sake of Gain valu'd not the Gods a pin but flock'd eagerly to Philomelus And so in a short time he got together a strong Body of Men greedy to share in the Sacred Treasures of the Temple And thus abundance of Wealth was the Means whereby Philomelus presently form'd a compleat Army and without delay march'd into the Country of Locris with above Ten thousand Horse and Foot The Locrians being A Battel between the Locrians and Phocians with Horse only join'd with the Baeotians met him whereupon there hapned a Fight with the Horse on both sides in which the Phocians were Conquerors Not long after the Thessalians with the Assistance of them that border'd upon them to the Number of Six thousand march'd into Locris and engag'd with the Phocians at an Hill call'd Argola and were worsted Afterwards the Baeotians coming in to their assistance with Thirteen thousand Men and the Actaeans out of Peloponnesus in assistance of the Phocians with Fifteen hundred both Armies near unto one and the same place Encamp'd one over against the other It then happen'd that a great number of the Mercenaries as they were foraging fell into the Hands of the Baeotians and all of them being brought before the Walls of the City they commanded a Proclamation to be made that those Men who had join'd in Arms with the Sacrilegers were adjudg'd by the Amphictyons to be put to Death and it was no sooner said but the thing was executed and all were run through with Spears and Darts This so exasperated the Mercenaries of the Phocians The Phocians darted to Death by the B 〈…〉 tians that they earnestly press'd Philomelus that the Enemy might be dealt with in the same kind and would not suffer him by their restless Importunities to be quiet and presently they took many of the Enemy as they were dispers'd in the Fields and brought them alive to the General who deliver'd them up all to the Soldiers to be Darted to Death The like done by the Phocians to the Baeotians By this Retaliation it came to pass that the Enemy left off this Insulting and Cruel kind of Execution Afterwards both the Armies moving into another part of the Country and in their march passing through Woods and rough Places on a sudden and unexpectedly the Forelorn-Hopes of both met one another upon which they at first Skirmish'd and at length it came to a fierce and bloody Battel in which the Baeotians over-pow 〈…〉 ing the Phocians in number totally routed them and multitudes both of the Phocians and Mercenaries were slain in the pursuit by reason of the rough and difficult Passes out of the Woods Philomelus in these Streights and Exigencies behav'd himself with great Courage and Resolution and after many Wounds receiv'd was forc'd to an high Precipice and seeing no possible way and means how to escape and fearing the Punishment and Torments Prisoners used to undergo cast himself down headlong from the Rock and The Death of Philomelus thus meeting with the due Reward of his Sacrilege he ended his days But his Collegue Onomarcus taking upon him the Command of the Army marched back with those that had escap'd the Slaughter and receiv'd those that fled as they came stragling in to him In the mean time while these things were doing Philip of Macedon took Methone pillag'd it and laid it equal with the Ground and forc'd all the Villages and Countries to Philip raises Methone submit to the Macedonian Yoke In Pontus Leucon King of Bosphorus dy'd after he had Reign'd forty years And Spartacus his Son succeeded him and Reign'd five years And in the mean time the War began between the Romans and the Falisci in which there was nothing done worth taking notice of but only harrassing the Country of the Falisci by Incursions In Sicily Dion the General of the Army was Murder'd by the Mercenaries of Zacynthus and Callippus who instigated them to the Fact was made Chief Commander in his Dion slain Ant. Ch. 352. place and enjoy'd it for the space of Thirteen Months When Eudemus executed the Office of Archon at Athens and the Romans intrusted the Consular Dignity with Marcus Fabius and Marcus Popilius the Baeotians after the Victory Olymp. 106. 4. Ant. Ch. 351. An. M. 3597. gained over the Phocians return'd with their Forces into their own Country supposing that Philomelus the Author and Ring-leader of the Sacrilege being justly punish'd both by the Gods and Men by his remarkable End would deter others from the like piece of Wickedness But the Phocians having at present some respite from War went again to Delphos and calling together a General
He commanded the Greeks that were the King's Subjects and a great Body of Barbarians besides a considerable Navy The King kept the rest of the Army with himself and was very careful in Managing and Overseeing the whole Concern of the War The Army of the Persians thus divided Nectabanus the King of Aegypt though he Nectabanus King of Persia was far short in Number neither valu'd the Multitude nor the Division of the Persian Troops For he had in his Army Twenty thousand Graecian Mercenaries as many Africans and Threescore thousand Aegyptians by them call'd Warriors and besides these was furnish'd with an incredible Number of River-Boats fitted to fight in the River Nile Moreover he had defended that side of the River towards Arabia with many Castles and Garisons exactly fortify'd with Trenches and Strong Walls and was prepar'd with Plenty of all other things necessary for the War But through Imprudence and want of good Advice he lost all The chief Cause of the Miscarriage was his Ignorance how to manage Warlike Affairs and his security upon the account he had before beaten the Ant. Ch. 348. Persians for at that time of his Success having had most expert Commanders Diaphantus the Athenian and Lanius the Spartan who were both Valiant and Experienc'd Soldiers all things succeeded according to his Heart's desire But being now conceited of his own Sufficiency and Ability to Command and Order the Army he would admit of no other Assistant and therefore through want of Skill and Experience nothing was manag'd to advantage as became an Expert-Commander Having therefore strongly Garison'd the Towns he himself with Thirty thousand Aegyptians Five thousand Graecians and half of the Lybians kept the Passages which lay most open and easie to Invasions Things thus ordered on both sides Nicostratus who Commanded the Argives having got some Aegyptian Guides whose Wives and Children the Persians kept as Hostages through a certain Cut or Ditch pass'd over with his Fleet to a Place as far out of fight as he could and having landed his Men there Encamp'd Those who kept the Neighbouring Aegyptian Garisons as soon as they came to know where the Enemy were thus Encamp'd speedily made out against them with no less than Seven thousand Men under A Fight between the Aegyptians and the Graecians on the Persians side Cleinus kill'd the Command of Cleinius of the Isle of Coos who drew up his Men in Battalia in order to fight them On the other side those lately Landed likewise put themselves into a Posture of Defence Whereupon was a sharp Engagement in which the Grecians on the Persians side so gallantly behav'd themselves that they kill'd Cleinius the General and above Five thousand of the rest of his Army Upon hearing of this Defeat Nectabanus was in a terrible Fright for that he believ'd the rest of the Persian Troops would easily pass over the River Being therefore afraid lest the Enemy would bend all his force against Memphis the Seat-Royal he made his chief Care and Concern to secure this Place and thereupon march'd away with the Army he had to Memphis to prevent the Besieging of it Ant. Ch. 348. In the mean time Lacrates the Theban the Commander of the First Brigade pushes on the Siege of Pelusium and having drain'd the Water out of the Trench and turn'd it another way he rais'd a Mount and there plac'd his Engines of Battery against the City And after a great Part of the Walls were batter'd down the Pelusians rais'd up others in their stead and speedily made high Wooden Towers These Conflicts upon the Walls continu'd for some days during which time the Graecians that defended the Place stoutly oppos'd the Assailants But as soon as they heard of the King's departure to Memphis they were so afrighted that they sent Messengers to Treat upon Terms of Surrender Whereupon Lacrates agreeing with them upon the Sacred Tye of an Oath That upon delivery up of Pelusium they should return to Greece Pelusium surrender'd with whatever they brought with them out of the Town they surrender'd the Place Then Artaxerxes sent Bagoas with a Garison of Persians to take Possession of Pelusium whose Soldiers as soon as they enter'd the Town took away from the Grecians as they were going out many of those things that they brought along with them Being thus abus'd they took it hainously and with great Complaints call'd upon the Gods as Witnesses and Revengers of Perjury and Breach of Faith Lacrates being stirr'd up to just Indignation by this base Dealing fell upon the Barbarians and kill'd some of them and put the rest to flight and so protected the Greeks thus injur'd contrary to the Agreement confirm'd by Oath And though Bagoas who fled amongst the rest and return'd to the King accus'd Lacrates for what he had done yet the King adjudg'd that Bagoas his Soldiers were dealt with according to their desert and punish'd those Persians that were Authors of the Rapine And in this manner came Pelusium into the Hands of the Persians But Mentor Commander of the Third Brigade recover'd Bubastus and many other Cities to the Obedience of the Persian King by his own Stratagem For whereas all these Cities were Garison'd by two sorts of People Grecians and Aegyptians Mentor caus'd a Ant. Ch. 348. Report to be spread abroad That Artaxerxes would receive all those most graciously and pardon them that of their own accord should give up their Cities into the King's Mentor gains Bubastus and other Towns by Policy Hands and on the other Hand That all those that he should take by force should fare no better than Sidon He commanded also That all the * Gates of the Camp Gates should be open'd and that all that would should be permitted to go away So that all the Aegyptian Captives in the Camp being gone without any Opposition the Report was in a short time spread abroad through all the Cities of Aegypt Whereupon all the Towns were presently fill'd with Seditions through Quarrels and Dissentions between the Aegyptians and the Foreign Auxiliaries For all Parties strove who should be most Active and Forward in betraying their several Garisons every one aiming at his own Advantage by an Interest in the favour of the Conqueror And the first that began was Bubastus For as soon as Mentor and Bagoas Encamp'd before the City the Aegyptians unknown to the Graecians promis'd to Bagoas by one of their own Country sent to him to Surrender the City if they might be all Pardon'd This being smelt out by the Greeks they pursu'd and seiz'd upon him that was sent and by Threatning and Affrighting him got out the whole from him as the Thing in truth was Upon which being highly enrag'd they fell violently upon the Aegyptians kill'd some wounded others and drove the rest into a narrow Corner of the City They that were thus assaulted gave intelligence to Bagoas of what was done and intreated him thaâ—
accus'd by a Tribune of the People for a Capital Offence who fearing the imminent hazard of the Calumny made his application to Marius to intreat him to interpose for his deliverance for he had been his Friend formerly but through some suspicion he then had of him he was become his Enemy But he answer'd him thus Dy you must Upon this Catullus perceiving there was no hopes of his preservation studied how to dye without disgrace to which end he destroy'd himself by a strange and unusual way For he shut himself up in a House new plaister'd and caus'd a Fire to be kindled by the smoak of which and the moist vapours from the Lime he was there stifled to death Out of the 40th BOOK WE being about to write of the War against the Jews we take it to be part of our Province before we proceed further First in short to Declare the Original The Nation of the Jews of this Nation and their Laws In Ancient times there hapned a great Plague in Aegypt and many ascrib'd the cause of it to GOD who was offended with them For there being multitudes of Strangers of several Nations who inhabited there who us'd their Foreign Rites and Ceremonies in the Administration of the Publick Sacrifices the Ancient manner of worshipping of the Gods us'd by the Ancestors of the Aegyptians was quite lost and forgotten Hence it was that the natural Inhabitants concluded that unless all the Strangers were driven out they should never be freed from their Miseries Upon which they were all expell'd and the most Valiant and Noble among them under the Conduct of skilful Commanders as some relate after many great hardships came into Greece and other places of whom amongst other Leaders the most famous and remarkable were Danaus and Cadinus But the greatest part of the People came into that Country which is now call'd Judea not far from Aegypt and at that time altogether Desart and uninhabited The Leader of this Colony was one Moses a very wise and valiant Man who after he had possess'd himself of the Country amongst other Cities built that now most Famous City Jerusalem and the Temple there which is so greatly Reverenc'd among them He then instituted the manner of GOD's Worship and the Holy Rites and Ceremonies and made Laws for the Government of the Common-wealth and reduc'd them into a methodical Order He divided the People into Twelve Tribes as the most perfect number as he conceiv'd because answering the Twelve Months which make up the whole Year But he made no Representation or Image of the Gods because he judg'd nothing of an Human Shape was applicable to GOD But that this Heaven which compass'd the Earth round only was GOD and that all things were in its power But he so order'd the Rites and Ceremonies of the Sacrifices and the manner and Rule of their Conversations as that they should be wholly different from all other Nations For by reason of the Expulsion of his People he commanded a most inhumane and unsociable Conversation He pickt out likewise the greatest Persons of quality who were best able to Rule and Govern the People then embodied into one Nation and them he created Priests whose Duty and Office was continually to attend the Temple and employ themselves in the publick Worship and Service of God He constituted them likewise to be Judges for the decision of the most weighty Causes and committed to their Care the keeping and preservation of the Laws Therefore they say that the Jews never had any King but that the Care and Authority of Governing the People was always given to him who excell'd the rest of the Priests in Prudence and Virtue whom they call the Chief Priest and him they always took to be the Messenger and Interpreter to them of the Mind and Commands of GOD. And they say that he in all their Publick Assemblies and other Meetings declares what he has in Command and that upon that account the Jews are so observant that forthwith they prostrate themselves upon the ground and Adore him as the High Priest and Interpreter to them of the Oracles of GOD. But in the close of the Laws this is subjoin'd Moses the * Or who heard these thing from God Messenger of God thus saith to the Jews This Law-giver likewise laid down many prudent and excellent Rules and Instructions for Martial Affairs and inur'd the Youth to endure hardship and difficulties and to exercise Patience in all Miseries and Distresses Moreover he undertook many Wars against the neighbouring Nations and gain'd many large Territories by force of Arms and gave them as an Inheritance to his Countrymen in such manner as that every one shar'd alike saving the Priests who had a larger proportion than the rest that having more they might continualy attend upon the publick Worship of GOD without distraction Neither was it lawful for any Man to sell his Inheritance allotted him lest by the Covetousness of them that buy others should become poor and so the Nation should be depopulated He order'd likewise the Inhabitants to be careful in the Educating of their Children who are brought up with very little Cost and Charge and by that means the Jewish Nation was always populous Lastly as to their Marriages and Funerals he appointed them Laws much different from all other People But under the Empires that have risen up in these latter Ages especially in the Fourth Monarchy of the Persians and in the time of the Macedonian Empire which overturn'd the former through mixture with Foreign Nations many of the Ancient Laws and Customs among the Jews have been chang'd and grown obsolete Henry Valesius HIS FRAGMENTS OUT OF The 6 th 21 st 22 d 23 d 24 th 25 th 26 th 34 th 36 th and 37 th lost Books OF Diodorus Siculus By him Published in the Year MDCXXXIV Now Translated and Compar'd with the Greek LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1699. To the READER THese Fragments of Diodorus the Sicilian were first Collected by Constantine the Seventh one of the Eastern Emperors the Son of Leo the Sixth He began to Reign about the Year of our Lord 911. He got together from all parts Books of all sorts of Learning in order to make up a compleat Library Out of the several Authors he Collected such Observations as were most remarkable and Marshall'd each of them that concern'd one and the same subject under their several and proper Heads The Heads or common Places of his Historical Collections were Fifty three in Number and made up a Hundred and Six Volumns For every Head he divided into two Books in the first of which was contain'd what was said of that particular subject by the most Ancient Authors or such as writ Universal Histories from the begining of Time In the second are Collections out of those Authors that writ of the Acts and Affairs past in the time of
Articles made with Scipio their Enemies tho' confirm'd by solemn Oaths most Religiously observ'd and kept his promises with the Besieg'd and us'd them with all Humanity and Clemency when they fell into his hands His Faith and Integrity therefore being nois'd abroad all over Africa none surrendred up themselves into the hands of the Romans unless Scipio join'd in signing of the Articles 86. When there were only three Romans kill'd in the Skirmish and were left lying upon the Ground unbury'd all were very much troubled and concerned at it But Scipio with the Consent of the Consul writ a Letter to Hasdrubal to desire him to bury those Romans who presently order'd the thing to be done and when all was perform'd sent their Ashes to the Consul which added much to the Honour of Scipio as one whose Authority was prevalent even with the Enemies themselves 87. The Counterfeit Philip having beaten the Romans in a great Battle became Proud Cruel and Tyrannical there was not a Wealthy Person which he put not Pseudophilippus call'd Andriscus Liv. Book 50. Flor. Hist lib. 2. c. 14. Orosius lib. 4. c. 22. Ush An. 469. Before Ch. 149. P. Scipio most wickedly to death upon false Accusations He spar'd not his own intimate Friends but dispatch'd many of them out of the Way for he was naturally Fierce and Cruel Proud and Haughty in all his Familiar intercourses and at last deeply ingag'd in Covetousness and all manner of Vice 88. The Romans had such a kindness for Publius Scipio that tho' neither his Age nor the Laws did qualifie him yet they endeavour'd with all their might to Elect him Consul 89. Calpurnius the Consul after he had some Towns deliver'd up to him upon Articles contrary to the Terms agreed upon and against his Faith and Ingagements raz'd them * Lucius Calpurnius Piso to the ground and therefore in all his Designs and Contrivances afterwards he was disappointed as a Faithless and Treacherous Person as if some Deity set himself against him for he attempted many things but was never able to effect any thing 90. King Prusias being both of an ugly Visage and a mean and effeminate Presence was mortally hated by the Bythinians 91. After the taking of Carthage Scipio gave Liberty to the Sicilian Ambassadors to search among the Spoils and order'd every one to carry back into their several Cities Scipio such things as had formerly been taken away from them by the Carthaginians Upon which were found many Statues and Pictures of famous Men of exquisite Workmanship besides many things Devoted and Consecrated to the Gods some of Silver and others of Gold among which was the famous Phalarian Bull of Agrigentum made by Perilaus for the Tyrant Phalaris who caus'd the Artificer himself to make the first experiment of his own Art by executing that sort of punishment upon him which he had invented for the Torturing of others 92. In our time Caius Julius Cesar sirnamed for the greatness of his Actions * Divine Julius Cesar rebuilt Corinth Divus when almost a hundred Years after he saw the Ruins and Rubbish of Corinth was so compassionately Affected and withal desirous to make himself glorious that he put forth himself to the utmost to rebuild the City And therefore it is but just that the Humanity and Clemency that was eminently in this Man should be allow'd its just and due praises and that his Virtues should be Recorded in History for an everlasting remembrance to his eternal Praise and Honour For when his Ancestors were Extreme in their severity against this City he rectified their Excesses by his own Lenity and Moderation preferring Mercy before Cruelty Besides he far excell'd all that were ever before him in the Greatness of his Actions and upon the account of his Virtuous Qualifications was sirnamed Divus To conclude this Man was the most Famous and Renown'd for Eminency of Birth Fluency of Tongue the Art of War and Contempt of Riches of any whatsoever that was in his Age. 93. Viriathus of Lusitania the Captain of the Robbers was just and exact in distributing the Spoil and those who had valiantly behaved themselves in Battle he would A part of Spain now Portugal liberally reward according to their several Merits and he never converted any of the publick Moneys to his own private use and therefore the Lusitanians never shrunk or drew back from any hazardous undertaking when he Commanded them and was their Leader honouring him as the Common Benefactor and Saviour of their Country 94. Plautius the Roman Praetor greatly misgovern'd his Province being therefore Condemn'd by the People because he had dishonour'd his Government he fled from Rome C. Plautius 95. In Syria King Alexander being far unfit for so high a Station by reason of his Sloath and Meanness of Spirit gave up the Government of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus Vid. Liv lib. 40. Alexander of Syria call'd Alexander Belas a Counterfeit Son of Antiochus Epiphanes See Joseph lib. 13. c. 8. Ush An. 470. Before Ch. 140. 96. The Kingdom of * In the Greek it is Aegypt but mistaken I conceive Demetrius Nicanor Son of Demetrius Soter Josephus ib. 1 Mac. 11. Olymp. 158. An. 1. Syria being now brought low and Demetrius being only the surviving Branch of the Royal Stock believing himself to be out of all Danger disregarded the Deportment of the former Kings who studied to ingratiate themselves into the good Opinion of their People by their affable and courteous Behaviour But he growing every day more and more unsufferable fell at length to downright Cruelty and all sorts of hainous Enormities The cause of all which is not only to be attributed to his own corrupt Disposition but to one of his Friends who had the Management of all the Affairs of the Kingdom For being a Wicked and Rash Fellow he incited by his Flattery the young Man to all manner of Wickedness At first therefore he put to death all that had sided against him in the War with unusual sorts of Punishments Afterwards when the Antiochians Taunted and Jear'd at him as they were wont to do * One Lastlienes he got together a Company of Mercenary Soldiers against them and commanded that they should be disarm'd but the Antiochians refusing to deliver them some he kill'd as they fell into his hands others he Murdered in their own Houses together with their Wives and Children upon which a great Uproar being rais'd in the City he burnt down most of the Town to the Ground and many that were accus'd to be Heads of this Commotion were put to death and their Estates Confiscated and brought into the Kings Exchequer And therefore many of the Citizens both out of Fear and Hatred of Demetrius Fled Ush An. 475. Before Ch. 145. out of the City and wander'd up and down all Syria watching for a fit time and opportunity to be reveng'd In the mean time Demetrius hated of every Body
r. 444 490 521 His Praise 516 r. 555 Issus the Battel at Issus by Alexander M. with the Persians 535 r. 579 Judges in Persia are flea'd alive 411 412 r. 462 463 L. Lacedemon the Earthquakes at Sparta 244 r. 270 Take Athens 353 r. 389 Their Quarrels with the Eleans 365 r. 404 Assist Cyrus against his Brother ib. 367 r. 405 407 Lose their Dominion at Sea 394 r. 441 Overcome by the Athenians in a Sea-fight at Naxus 422 r. 475 Their War with the Argives 493 r. 528 Lamia the Story of Lamia 674 r. 754 Lamia the Beginning and Cause of the Lamian War 490 576 r. 525 631 Laws Laws of Charondas 267 r. 295 Of Zeleucus 269 r. 298 Of Diocles the Syracusian and his Tragical End 314 r. 347 Of the Twelve Tables of Rome 271 272 r. 300 301 Confirm'd by the Death of the Legislator 270 314 r. 290 347 Leonides the Spartan General at Thermopyle 217 r. 244 His Heroick Death there 220 r. 247 Leosthines the Athenian General in the Lamian War 569 r. 621 Overcomes Antipater 579 r. 634 His Death and Praise ibid. Lesbians subdu'd by the Athenians 286 r. 315 Libanus a Description of Mount Libanus 367 r. 407 Long Life of Democritus 362 r. 401 Lucanians their War with the Thurians and remarkable Victory 400 r. 448 With Dionysius the younger 479 r. 512 With the Tarentines 701 r. 787 Lycaonia the Situation 576 r. 630 Lydia the Province of Meleager 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Lysander the Spartan General against the Athenians 333 r. 368 His Victory over the Athenians at Aegos Potamos 352 r. 388 His Death 393 r. 439 Lysimachus one of Alexander M. his Commanders Thrace his Province 574 r. 628 Relieves the Rhodians with Provision r. 782 Assists Cassander 702 r. 788 Stoops to Antigonus ibid. Lysimachia built 667 r. 746 M. Macedonians the Parricides amongst the Macedonian Kings 477 r. 510 Rout the Greeks at Charonea 516 r. 555 Mago the Carthaginian General fights with Dionysius and is kill'd 414 r. 465 Mantineans overcome by the Lacedemonians 295 r. 326 The City Mantinea besieg'd and taken by the Spartans 411 413 r. 460 464 The Battel with the Tageans describ'd 445 r. 502 503 Their War with the Megalopolites 449 r. 507 Marathon the Slaughter of the Persians there r. 242 Marmarensians being besieg'd burn their Houses Parents and Friends 532 r. 576 Megalopolis built 439 r. 495 Their War with the Mantineans 449 r. 507 With the Spartans 495 r. 530 Megara the Acts of the Megareans 231 256 265 r. 258 283 293 Their Sedition r. 478 Mentor the Rhodian betrays the Sidonians 496 r. 532 His other Acts 500 c. r. 536 c. Mesopotamia the Province of Arcesilas 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Messenians their War with the Spartans 248 r. 274 Are routed out of Greece by the Spartans 374 r. 415 Their Increase in Sicily 392 r. 438 The City Messina in Sicily sack'd by the Carthaginians 382 383 r. 426 427 Repair'd by Dionysius 392 r. 437 They assist Dion 481 r. 515 The City gain'd by Agathocles 652 r. 726 Messina in Peloponnesus rebuilt by Epaminondas 435 r. 491 Meteors an Astrological account of them 429 r. 483 Methon a City in Thrace Sack'd by Philip 493 r. 528 Meton the Circle of 19 years call'd Enneadeceterides 227 r. 305 Miletum their War with the Samians 273 r. 301 Their bloody Sedition 352 r. 388 Mitylene taken by the Athenians 285 286 r. 314 315 Their Goods sold ibid. The Port 340 r. 375 Motya a City of Sicily r. 359 Taken by Dionysius 373 379 r. 414 422 Recover'd by the Carthaginians 382 r. 426 Munychia Raz'd by Demetrius 676 r. 756 Muses the Games of the Muses in Macedonia 527 r. 570 Mycale a Description of the battel at Mycale 234 r. 261 Mycenas Raz'd to the ground by the Argives 249 r. 276 N. Nabathaeans Arabians their Laws and Manners 650 r. 722 Their War with Demetrius 651 r. 724 Naxus Raz'd by Dionysius 480 r. 513 Nectanabus King of Egypt his War with Artaxerxes 425 r. 478 Nectanabus revolts from his Father Tachos King of Egypt and is overcome by Agesilaus 448 r. 506 Rebells against Ochus 496 r. 531 Neptune the Causer of all Earthquakes and Innundations 429 r. 483 Priests drown'd in the Sea offer'd to him 305 r. 377 Niceas the Athenian General his Acts 485 r. 519 His Expedition into Peloponnesus 290 r. 320 His great misfortunes and lamentable Condition in Sicily 307 308 311 312 r. 340 341 344 345 Is put to death 314 r. 347 Nicocles the Cyprian the Tragical end of him and his whole Family 665 r. 743 Nicolaus the Syracusian his brave Speech for the saving the Athenian Captives from being put to death 200 r. 241 O. Ocean the Wonders found in it 568 569 r. 618 619 Ochus King of Persia succceeds Artaxerxes 448 r. 506 His Expedition against Egypt 491 r. 531 His Acts 498 534 Is destroyed with his whole Family 413 r. 564 Olympias the Mother of Alexander M. 598 r. 658 Her Return out of Epirus into Macedonia and Cruelty towards Archidoeus and Eurydice and others 612 r. 676 The terrible Famine in the Siege of Pydna 621 r. 697 Her Accusation and Death 629 630 r. 698 699 Olympus the Temple of Jupiter Olympus at Agrigentum 340 r. 375 Another at Syracuse 301 514 r. 333 553 Olynthians their War with Amyntas King of Macedon 416 r. 467 Demand their Land again 397. r. 444 War with the Lacedemonians 417 r. 468 Ophellas Subdues the Cyrenians 583 r. 639 Joins with Agathocles in Africa 673 r. 753 He with his Auxiliaries perfidiously slain by Agathocles 674 r. 754 His Cruelty ibid. Oracle of Dodona 439 r. 495 Of Hammon 543 r. 589 Oracles deliver'd to Alexander M. at Hammon ibid. To the Clazomeans and Cumeans concerning Leuca To Dionysius of his death 440 r. 496 To Eumelus King of Bosphoros of his death 667 r. 745 To the Helicenses 428 r. 482 To the Ionians ibid. To the Lacedemonians of expiating the murder of Pausanias 239 r. 266 To the Messinians in Sicily 399 r. 447 To Philip before his death 517 r. 557 To Philomelus 489 r. 524 To Satyrus King of Bosphorus of the manner of his death 667 r. 745 To Seleucus by the Caldeans 632 649 r. 701 720 To the Spartans of the Victory of the Thebans 241 430 r. 268 485 To the Thebans of the Victory at Leuctra Of their ruin 524 r. 566 To Timoleon of his success in Sicily from Ceres 508 r. 545 Orchomenos Raz'd by the Thebans 441 r. 498 The Thebans their old Enemies ibid. Ostracism the Law and manner of it at Athens 244 r. 270 P. Pallica a City in Sicily built by Ducetius 261 r. 288 It s Growth and Destruction ibid The strange boiling Pots call'd Craters in the Earth there ibid. Pamphilia the Province of Antigonus 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Paphlagonia with Cappadocia 574 628 The Provinces of Eumenes