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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A40990	Fruit-walls improved, by inclining them to the horizon, or, A way to build walls for fruit-trees whereby they may receive more sun shine, and heat, than ordinary / by a member of the Royal Society.	Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas, 1664-1753.	1699 (1699)	Wing F557; ESTC R5191	76,970	164

Objection from Monsieur La Quintinye's English Translation solved p. 68 Account of an Amphitheater with Sloping Walls ibid. And of some Melons and other Fruits heated with Convex Glasses p. 69 The Fault of Vines that are commonly made to grow against a Roof or the Coping of a Wall ibid. Judgement of those and all other such Tryals in order to make the most of the Sun's Heat p. 70 Caution against too much Heat Sloping Walls are like to procure ibid. Frames called Espaliers by the French recommended to take off some of the Sun's Heat and to give more liberty to Trees p. 71 A Method for chusing the Elevation of a Sloping Wall in any Exposition whatsoever p. 72 The Heat sensibly the same upon a South or upon a North Sloping Wall thô a little declining from the true North or South p. 75 A singular sort of Maximums and Minimums very different from those that are commonly considered ibid. The same in some measure already observed by others ibid. The Ground of the foregoing Method p. 76 Experience must also be consulted ibid. Of Walls that are not smooth ibid. There can be no such thing as a Wall giving the Heat proportional to the Sine of the Sun's Elevation upon it ibid. But if there was the Method of calculating the Heat upon it would be easie p. 77 And Sloping Walls would be yet very advantagious even in that Supposition thô less than before p. 77 Of a Wall giving a mean proportional Heat between such a Wall as this and a Plane Wall ibid. A smooth Wall compared with a rough Wall p. 78 How to make a Brick Wall smooth ibid. Of a Sloping Wall with Semi-cylindrical Furrows upon it p. 79 These Furrows compared with a plane Wall of the same breadth with them ibid. Measure of the Heat upon a Semi-cylindrical Space p. 81 An Account of a Table giving from 40 to 67 Degrees Latitude the proportion of the Sun's Heat in the Solstice upon a perpendicular and a Sloping South Wall ibid. The use of Sloping Walls in very hot Countries in such Situations as being high are naturally temperate or cold ibid. The Table it self and its Explication p. 82 The Vse of the Table Example for Paris p. 84 Of South Walls that are more inclined to the Horizon than the Wall that passes thrô the Pole of the World p. 85 Perpendicular and Sloping South Walls may be well compared together in the same but not in different Climates ibid. Of some other Advantages of Sloping Walls p. 86 In reference to Dew and Rain especially as to the East Wall ibid. In reference to Frost occasioned by the Earth's transpiring some moisture p. 87 Or by the cold Vapours in the Air driving with the Wind and sticking upon Trees ibid. The growing of Fruits extended to more Countries and Places ibid. And the time of their Ripeness and Vse for Men to more Days in the Year p. 88 Ordinary Walls compared among themselves and with Sloping Walls as to the Forwardness of their Fruits ibid. The Certainty made greater of our Latter Fruits coming to Perfection p. 89 Slopes of Earth for smaller Plants ibid. Of the dividing a main Slope into many small ones ibid. Of shaping the Level or ordinary Ground into very large Furrows running East and West with a gentle Slope Southwards and a steep one Northwards or contrary wise in order to increase or diminish a little the Sun's Heat ibid. Application of this Practice to Vse p. 91. Of the Difference of Heat upon the North and South side of Mountains Hills and Downs ibid. The Heat of the Air in any place dos not very easily spread into the next Air. p. 92 Nor the reflected Heat spend it self so fast but that it may be strongly felt ibid. Our European Plants grow naturally upon the Mountains in the West-Indies in such places where the Heat is fitted to their several Natures p. 93 An Account of a Slope where extraordinary Strawberries are said to grow ibid. Advantage of Sloping Walls in such days as the Sun is seen for some Hours only p. 94 Advantage of inclining Sloping Walls more or less according to the Climate Situation and Exposition ibid. Advantage of Terrasses with Sloping Walls in reference to a sufficient quantity of good Earth which is easily procured p. 95. Description of a Garden for Fruit according to the present Theory ibid. The Vse of making the outside Wall thicker at bottom than at top p. 96 A kind of Canal or Ditch to keep the Garden from too much Water ibid. Measures of the Slopes which are respectively made equal But being made different they may be better fitted for several Fruits p. 98 A Table shewing the Heights Elevations and Bases of the Walls p. 99 Measures for the Ground Plat taken across the Garden p. 100 Of a Garden for Vines only It requires but small Terrasses p. 103 Of the Number of ordinary Trees the Garden could hold from whence is to be estimated the Number of its Fruits ibid. A Table shewing the Heights and Lengths and Expositions of the Walls p. 104 Short Table giving the Result of the former p. 105 Some Suppositions taken from Monsieur La Quintinye ibid. By which a Table is made of the number of ordinary Trees the Garden would have p. 106 3½ Vines to be substituted for one Tree p. 107 General Sum of ordinary Trees and Vines in the Garden ibid. Of Terrasses for Vines only ibid. Vines ought to be kept very low ibid. Of a large Terrasse parted into two for Vines p. 108 The Garden will not hold so many Trees as it would if they were to keep within the ordinary Sizes ibid. The Trees in it will grow very large and why ibid. And must be far asunder ibid. Yet will not yield a less Crop of Fruits p. 109 They will be more lasting ibid. A Guess at their Distances ibid. Proportion of the London Foot to that of Paris ibid. A Draught of the Garden in Perspective ibid. Division of a large Garden by some Canals into four or sixteen little Gardens or any other number p. 110 This will yield the Earth necessary for the Terrasses ibid. And either give different Ponds for several sorts of Fishes or else open the way by Boats among the Gardens 111 And leave also a Foot-way into them all p. 111 Any ordinary Gentleman may have a few Terrasses or Slopes well exposed p. 112 A Tryal of Sloping Walls not to be depended upon unless made by a very good Artist ibid. A good Culture more significant than a good Exposition p. 113 Sloping Walls very necessary while our Summers continue to be so cold ibid. The Cause of that Change in our Seasons referred to a Phenomenon like Smoak that incompasses the Body of the Sun and is seen to spread an exceeding great way from it p. 114 The Origine of that Smoak p. 115 How to determine the Figure of the Space it lies in ibid. It may grow thicker and

being high are naturally temperate or cold The Table it self and its Explication The Vse of the Table Example for Paris Of South Walls that are more inclined to the Horizon than the Wall that passes thrô the Pole of the World Perpendicular and Sloping South Walls may be well compared together in the same but not in different Climates Of some other Advantages of Sloping Walls In reference to Dew and Rain especially as to the East Wall In reference to Frost occasioned by the Earths transpiring sonte moisture Or by the cold Vapours in the Air driving with the Wind and sticking upon Trees The growing of Fruits extended to more Countries and Places And the time of their Ripeness and use for Men to more Days in the Year Ordinary Walls compared among themselves and with Sloping Walls as to the forwardness of their Fruits The Certainty made greater of our latter Fruits coming to Perfection Slopes of Earth for smaller Plants Of the dividing a main Slope into many small ones Fig. XV. Of shaping the Level or ordinary Ground into very large Furrows running East and West with a gentle Slope Southwards and a steep one Northwards or contrarywise in order to increase or diminish a little the Sun's Heat Fig. XVIII Application of this Practice to Vse Of the difference of Heat upon the North and South side of Mountains Hills and Downs The Heat of the Air in any place dos not very easily spread into the next Air. Nor the reflected Heat spend it self so fast but that it may be strongly felt An Account of a Slope where extraordinary Strawberries are said to grow Advantage of Sloping Walls in such Days as the Sun is seen for some Hours only Advantage of inclining Sloping Walls more or less according to the Climate Situation and Exposition Advantage of Terrasses with Sloping Walls in reference to a sufficient quantity of good Earth which is easily procured Fig. XVI Description of a Garden for Fruit according to the present Theory The Vse of making the outside Wall thicker at bottom than at top A kind of Chanel or Ditch to keep the Garden from too much Water Measures of the Slopes which are respectively made equal But being made different they may be better fitted for several Fruits A Table shewing the Heights Elevations and Bases of the Walls Measures for the Ground Plat taken across the Garden Of a Garden for Vines only It requires but small Terrasses Of the Number of ordinary Trees the Garden could hold From whence is to be estimated the Number of its Fruits A Table shewing the Heights and Lengths and Expositions of the Walls Short Table giving the Result of the former Some Suppositions taken from Monsieur La Quintinye By which a Table is made of the Number of ordinary Trees the Garden would have 3½ Vines to be substituted for one Tree General Sum of ordinary Trees and Vines in the Garden Of Terrasses for Vines only Vines ought to be kept very low La Quintinye Of a large Terrasse parted into two for Vines Fig. XVII Fig. XVI The Garden will not hold so many Trees as it would if they were to keep within the ordinary Size The Trees in it will grow very large and why And must be far asunder Yet will not yield a less Crop of Fruits They will be more lasting A guess at their Distances See La Quintinye Vol. II. p. 294. and Vol. l. p. 208. c. Proportion of the London Foot to that of Paris A Draught of the Garden in Perspective Pag. 1. Division of a large Garden by some Canals into four or sixteen little Gardens or any other Number This will yield the Earth necessary for the Terrasses And either give different Ponds for several sorts of Fishes Or else open the Way by Boats among the Gardens Aud leave also a Foot Way into them all Any ordinary Gentleman may have a few Terrasses or Slopes well exposed A Tryal of Sloping Walls not to be depended upon unless made by a very good Artist A good Culture more significant than a good Exposition Sloping Walls very necessary while our Summers continue to be so cold The cause of that change in our Seasons referred to a Phenomenon like Smoak that incompasses the Body of the Sun and is seen to spread an exceeding great way from it The Origine of that Smoak How to determine the Figure of the Space it lies in It may grow thicker and yet not be perceived to have changed except perhaps by its Effects Directions about Garden Walls ought to be taken from Monsieur La Quintinye and the present Discourse Let your Walls be straight How they must be if they stand by themselves without any Earth on either side Fig. XIX How if they rest against a Terrasse or Slope of Earth Fig. XX. Let the Earth of the Terrasses be throughly setled The perpendicular height of Sloping Walls Their Inclination Of a broad Terrasse and how it may be made Fig. XXI Fig. XXII When its sides are almost equally leaning Fig. XXIII Fig. XXIV And when the Terrasse runs from East to West The Ground of Alleys for Fruit may be made Sloping towards the South The North Wall may be left bare and Herbs sown at the foot of it Or else the Earth be kept resting in order to renew that of the South Wall Slopes preferred to Walls If you can have but one Slope give it the best Exposition Of a Slope round the Garden Of a Terrasse round the Garden Of more Terrasses in the Garden Of Flat and Sharp Terrasses Description of a Walk very well secured from Winds Fig. II. III Of the Disposition the Roots ought to have in a Tree that is to be planted against a Sloping Wall Description of a Ladder to be used about Sloping Walls Of Harbours and Summer Houses in our large Gardens Fig. XVI Of Ornaments of Architecture in a Wall altogether smooth

far as you think fit with Trees and very tall and thick Hedges or with Buildings and whatever else is able to stop the Wind. Both the Ends of the Alley must be stopped by a cross Terrasse each and at their outside the same care must be taken for a Shelter of very tall Hedges and Trees against Winds Thus the Walk between your Terrasses will be sheltered as much as possible and the Heat in it will be very close and the Sun Shine that is lost will be inconsiderable I do not mean only that such Buildings and Plantations as I spoke of may be made about your Walk to secure it from Winds but that you may also take your advantage of Buildings already made and of Trees already planted even of those of a Forest to make your Alley between them and to secure it by the Shelter they will afford The Roots of the Trees we are to plant against our Sloping Walls should not be disposed after the same way as if the Walls were perpendicular If there be but one Root it is best placed when it makes an Angle with the Body of the Tree equal to the Angle of the Sloping Wall with the Cultivated Ground And then such a Root being turned from the Wall will be Horizontal But thô the Root made a smaller Angle with the Tree yet there will be commonly some position where it will naturally place it self in your Cultivated Ground in an Horizontal Situation But this must be done with judgment so that the Roots of different Trees may not too much intermix If there be but two Roots in your Tree when they are opposite and both Horizontal place them parallel to your Sloping Wall If they be not directly opposite they will be best when they both bend a little downwards from the Body of the Tree And you will easily find what Situation is best for the Tree with keeping its Body parallel to the Situation it is to have and at the same time turning the Tree about its own Axis After the same way whatever be the number of your Roots and their Situation you will know how to place the Tree if you indeavour to find how all the Roots without running too deep from the places which are heated by the Sun can best remain under Ground especially under the Cultivated Ground which receives more the benefit of the Dew and Rain and Sun Shine than that which is under the Wall And when the Roots are long and pliant you may place them at your pleasure in a Situation parallel to the Surface of the Ground or to the Plane of the Wall according as they are near the one or the other of those The Fruits that grow pretty high from your Cultivated Ground will require that you should have in order to gather them a Ladder somewhat particular with two Arms at the upper End by which it may be kept from the Wall and from the Trees And such a Ladder being once fixed will be near parallel to the Wall and will serve to gather at once all the ripe Fruits in that place or to do all the necessary Work about the Trees be the Wall never so high till you remove the Ladder to another part of the Wall Some Harbours Cabinets or Summer Houses in our large Garden might be very well placed at the four Corners They should have the full Breadth of the Alleys or rather more so that they may face the middle of them directly And the Walks may be continued into one another by cutting a round Space from the Corner of the Canal I have drawn in one of the Corners of the sixteenth Figure some pointed Lines which shew how I mean those Summer Houses should be made and what changes they will give both in the Alleys and Canal and in the Corners of our main Terrasse Smaller Harbours or Grottos may be made under the Terrasses and may serve for shelter against Storms and for Store-Houses for our Fruits not to keep them there for a good while but to lay them up till they be carried to a more convenient Place They may be of about ten Foot Square and have their Floor lower than the Ground and cause no other change in the outer Part of the Terrasses but that a Way must be cut to them along that Corner of the Walk which is exposed to the North West They must have a good deal of Air from the Door c. And according as you would have them dry you may have under your Trees in the South Wall a small Window of a convenient bigness so much raising from the Wall as to exclude the Rain And if you fear lest you Harbour or Store-House might prove too damp you may make it narrower and spread it under a greater length of the Terrasse This will give you the liberty of making the Floor higher and level with your Alley or raised above it by two or three Inches or more One is not apt to think that a Brick Wall altogether smooth and without any jetting out and Windows should be capable of some pretty Ornaments of Architecture Yet I find it may be very much imbellisht barely by the different Disposition of the Bricks And I have given an Instance of it in the Frontispice There I made use only of Bricks whose Measures are as follows Ordinary Brick Length 4 Parts Breadth 2. Double Brick 4. 4. Half Brick square 2. 2. Half Brick long 4. 1. Quarter Brick 2. 1. But one might also imploy Bricks of different Colours and Sizes What is done in the Frontispiece for imitating an Architrave Freese and Cornish might also be done for Pilasters and for large Partitions between them like the Square Frames of our Wainscot or like our Windows I say this after having tried it and perceived that even the Schizzos I made looked noble and pretty and imitated our good Architecture beyond what I could have expected without having any thing either Gottick or Fanciful The Example you have in the Frontispice is very much inferiour to what might have been done if there had been more Room And not only the Modillons of the finest orders might be easily imitated but so might also the Triglyphes and Metopes of the Dorick F.I. F.II. F.III. F.IV. F.V. F.VI. F.VII. F. VIII F.IX. F.X. F.XI. F.XII. F. XIII F.XIV. F.XV. F.XVI. F. XVII F. XVIII F.XIX. F.XX. F.XXI. F. XXII S G sculp Idea of sloping Walls for Fruit. Defects of perpendicular South-walls Perpendicular South-walls East-walls and West-walls compared together Perpendicular Walls compared with Sloping Walls The same done in a particular Example for the Equinox and for the Summer Solstice The result of which shews the great advantage of Sloping Walls What Countries they are best for A good Culture is necessary for them to have their full effect An Instance from Experience of the usefulness of Sloping Walls How Sloping Walls may be built with little charge And how far the Roofs