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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05105	The French academie Fully discoursed and finished in foure bookes. 1. Institution of manners and callings of all estates. 2. Concerning the soule and body of man. 3. A notable description of the whole world, &c. 4. Christian philosophie, instructing the true and onely meanes to eternall life. This fourth part neuer before published in English. All written by the first author, Peter de la Primaudaye, Esquire, Lord of Barre, Chauncellour, and Steward of the French Kings house.; Academie françoise. English	La Primaudaye, Pierre de, b. ca. 1545.; Dolman, R. (Richard); W. P., fl. 1618.; Bowes, Thomas, fl. 1586.; Phillip, William, attributed name.	1618 (1618)	STC 15241; ESTC S113143	72,610	1,102

following and foyling and the best requires supply euen for the little body of Corne. How then can we thinke that any ground how good soeuer can sustaine bodies of such greatnesse and such great feeding without great plenty of Sap arising from good earth This is one of the chiefe causes why so many of our Orchards in England are so euill thriuing when they come to growth and our fruit so bad Men are loth to bestow much ground and desire much fruit and will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse nor yet feed them with manure Therefore of necessity Orchards must be foiled The fittest time is when your trees are growne great and haue neere hand spread your earth wanting new earth to sustaine them which if they doe they will seeke abroad for better earth and shun that which is barren if they find better as cattell euill pasturing For nature hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good and to auoid hurt The best time of the yeere is at the Fall that the Frost may b●●e and make it tender and the Raine wash it i●to the roots The Summer time is perillous if ye digge because the sap 〈◊〉 amaine The best kind of Foile is such as is fat hot and tender Your earth must be but lightly opened that the d●ng may goe in and wash away and but shallow lest you hurt the roots and in the Spring closely and equally made plaine againe for f●are of Suckers I could wish that after my trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine Orchard that euery seuen yeeres at least the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke at least Puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully will not onely moisten but fatten especially in Iune and Iuly If it be thicke and fat and applied euery yeere your Orchard shall need none other foiling Your ground may lye so low at the Riuer side that the floud standing some daies and nights thereon shall saue you all this labour of foiling CHAP. 13. Of Annoyances A Chiefe helpe to make euery thing good is to auoid the euils thereof you shall neuer attaine to that good of your Orchard you looke for vnlesse you haue a Gardner that can discerne the diseases of your trees and other annoyances of your Orchard and find out the causes thereof and know apply fit remedies for the same For be your ground site plants and trees as you would wish if they be wasted with hurtfull things what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell It is with an Orchard and euery tree as with mans body The best part of physicke for preseruation of health is to foresee and cure diseases All the diseases of an Orchard are of two sorts either internall or externall I call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular trees 1 Galles 2 Canker 3 Mosse 4 Weaknes in setting 5 Barke bound 6 Barke pild 7 Worme 8 Deadly wounds Galles Canker Mosse weaknes though they be diuers diseases yet howsouer Authors thinke otherwise they rise all out of the same cause Galles we haue described with their cause and remedy in the 11. Chapter vnder the name of fretters Canker is the consumption of any part of the tree barke and wood which also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes Mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all the cause is pointed out in the same Chapter in the discourse of timber-wood and partly also the remedy but for Mosse adde this that at any time in summer the Spring is best when the cause is remoued with an Harecloth immediatly after a showre of raine rub off your Mosse or with a peece of weed if the Mosse abound formed like a great knife Weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the same Chapter and his remedy All these flow from the want of roomth in good soile wrong planting Chap. 7. and euill or no dressing Bark-bound as I thinke riseth of the same cause and the best present remedy the causes being taken away is with your sharpe knife in the Spring length-length-way to launch his bark throughout on 3. or 4. sides of his boale The disease called the Worme is thus discernd The barke will be hoald in diuers places like gall the wood will die dry and you shall see easily the barke swell It is verily to be thought that therin is bred some worm I haue not yet thorowly sought it out because I was neuer troubled therewithall but onely haue seene such trees in diuers places I thinke it a worme rather because I see this disease in trees bringing fruit of sweet taste and the swelling shewes as much The remedy as I con●ecture is so soone as you perceiue the wound the next Spring cut it out barke and all and apply Cowes p●●le and vineger presently and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space For I well perceiue if you suffer it any time it eates the tree or bough round and so kils Since I first wrote this Treatise I haue changed my mind concerning the disease called the worme because I read in the History of the West-Indians that their trees are not troubled wiih the disease called the worme or canker which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted humor or sap Witnesse Pliny by reason their Country is more ho● then ours whereof I thinke the best remedy is not disallowing the former considering that the worme may breed by such an humor warme standing sound lopping and good dressing Barke-pild you shall find with his remedy in the 11. Chapter Deadly wounds are when a mans Arborist wanting skill cut off armes boughes or branches an inch or as I see sometimes an handfull or halfe a foot or more from the body These so cut cannot couer in any time with sap and therefore they die and dying they perish the heart and so the tree becomes hollow and with such a deadly wound cannot liue long The remedy is if you find him before he be perished cut him close● as in the 11. Chapter if he be hoald cut him close fill his wound tho neuer so deepe with morter well tempered so close at the top his wound with a Seare cloth doubled and nailed on that no aire nor raine approach his wound If he be not very old and detaining he will recouer and the hole being closed his wound within shall not hurt him for many yeeres Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants Earewigs and Caterpillars Of Ants and Earewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there be no swarme of Pismires neere your tree-root no not in your Orchard turne them ouer in a frost and powre in water and you kill them For Caterpillars the vigilant Fruterer shall soone espy their lodging by their web or the decay of leaues eaten round about them And being seene they are easily

the inst●uction of them that haue olde trees already formed or rather deformed for Malum non vitatur nisi cognitum The faults therefore of a disordered tree I find to be fiue 1. An vnprofitable bo●l● 2. Water-boughes 3. Fretters 4. Suckers And 5. One principall top A long boale asketh much ●eeding and the more he hath the more he desires and gets as a drunken man drinke or a couetuous man wealth and the lesse remaines for the fruit he puts his boughes into the aire and makes them the fruit and it selfe more dangered with windes for this I know no remedy after that the tree is come to growth once euill neuer good Water boughes or vndergrowth are such boughes as grow low vnder others and are by them ouergrowne ouershadowed dropped on and pinde for want of plenty of sap and by that meanes in time die For the sap presseth vpward and it is like water in her course where it findeth most issue thither it floweth leauing the other lesser sluces dry euen as wealth to wealth and much to more These so long as they beare they beare lesse worse and fewer fruit and waterish The remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme Lop them close and cleane and couer the mid●l of the wound the next Summer when he is dry with a salue made of tallow tarre and a very little pitch good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree vnl●sse it be barke-pild and then sear-cloath of fresh Butter Hony and Waxe presently while the wound is greene applyed is a soueraigne remedy in Summer especially Some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of Hay mo●st and rub it with dung Fretters are when as by the negligence of the Gardner two or moe parts of the tree or of diuers trees as armes boughes branches or twigs grow so neere and close together that one of them by rubbing doth wound another This fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care at least in the Arborist for here the hurt is apparant and the remedy easie seene to betime galls and wounds incurable but by taking away those members for let them grow and they will be worse and worse so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth and danger the whole tree Auoide them betime therefore as a common wealth doth bosome enemies A Sucker is a long proud and disorderly Cyon growing straight vp for pride of sap makes proud long and str●ight growth out of any lower parts of the tree receiuing a great part of the sap and bearing no fruit till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree These are like idle and great Dro●es amongst Bees and proud and idle members in a common wealth The remedy of this is as of water-boughes vnlesse he be growne greater then all the rest of the boughs and then your Gardner at your discretion may leaue him for his boale and take away all or the most of the rest If he be little slip him and set him perhaps he will take my fairest Apple-tree was such a Slip. One or two prin●ipall top boughes are as euill in a manner as Suckers they rise of the same cause and receiue the same remedy yet these are more tolerable because these beare fruit yea the best but Suckers of long doe not beare I know not how your tree should be faulty if you reforme all your vices timely and orderly As these rules serue for dressing young trees and sets in the first planting so may they well serue to helpe old trees though not exactly to recouer them CHAP. 12. Of Foyling THere is one thing yet very necessary for make your Orchard both better and more lasting Yea so necessary that without it your Orchard cannot last nor prosper long which is neglected generally both in precepts and in practise viz. manuring with Foile whereby it hapneth that when trees amongst other euils through want of fatnesse to feed them become mossie and in their growth are euill or not thriuing it is either attributed to some wrong cause as age when indeed they are but young or euill standing stand they neuer so well or such like or else the cause is altogether vnknowne and so not amended Can there be deuised any way by nature or art sooner or soundlier to seeke out and take away the heart and strength of earth then by great trees Such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap What liuing body haue you greater then of trees The great Sea monsters whereof one came a land at Teesmouth in Yorkeshire hard by vs 18. yards in length and neere as much in compasse seeme hideous huge strange and monstrous because they be indeed great but especially because they are seldome seene But a tree li●ing come to his growth and age twice that length and of a bulke neuer so great besides his other parts is not admired because he is so commonly seene And I doubt not but if he were well regarded from his kirnell by succeeding ages to his full strength the most of them would double their measure About fifty yeeres agoe I heard by credible and constant report That in Brooham Parke in West more-land neere vnto Penrith there lay a blowne Oake whose trunke was so bigge that two Horse men being the one on the one side and the other on the other side they could not one see another to which if you adde his armes boughs and roots and consider of his bignesse what would he haue been if preserued to the vantage Also I read in the History of the West-Indians out of Peter Martyr that sixteene men taking hands one with another were not able to fathome one of those trees about Now Nature hauing giuen to such a faculty by large and infinite roots● taws and tang●es to draw immediately his sustenance from our common mother the Earth which is like in this point to all other mothers that beare hath also ordained that the tree ouer loden with fruit and wanting sap to feed all she hath brought forth will waine all she cannot feed like a woman bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats See you not how trees especially by kind being great standing so thicke and close that they cannot get plenty of sap pine away all the grasse weeds lesser shrubs and trees yea and themselues also for want of vigor of sap So that trees growing large sucking the soile whereon they stand continually and amaine and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them decaying for what is there that wastes cotinually that sha●l not haue end must either haue supply of sucker or else leaue thriuing and growing Some grounds will beare Corne while they be new and no longer because their crust is shollow and not very good and lying they s●ind and wash and become barren The ordinary Corne soiles continue not ferti●e with

sing p. 37 p. 38 p. 39 ●●aft●ng in the Scutcheon p 39 CHAP. 11. The right dressing of trees p. 40 Timber-wood euill dress 41 The cause of hurts in wood pag. 42 How to dresse Timber p. 43 The profit of dressing p 43.45 Trees will take any form● 44 How to dresse all Fruit-trees p. 44 The best times for proyning p. 47 Faults of euill dressing and the remedies p. 48 Of water-boughes p. 49 Barke-pyld p. 49 56 Instruments for dressing 50 CHAP. 12. Of Foyling p 53 Time fit for Foyling p. 53 CHAP. 13. Of Annoyances p 54 Two euill in an Orchard p. 54 Of galls cankers mosse c. 55 Of w●l●ull annoyances p. 60 CHAP. 14. Of the age of trees p. 60 The parts of a trees age p 61 Of Mans age p. 62 The age of timber-trees 64 To discerne the age of trees p. 65 CHAP. 15 Of gathering and keeping Fruit. p. 65 CHAP. 16. The profit of Orchards p. 67 Of Cydar and Perry p. 67 Of Fruit Waters and Conserue p. 68 CHAP. 17. Of Ornaments p. 68 Of the delights p. 69 The causes of delights p. 70 Of Flowers Borders Mounts c. p. 71 Of Bees p. 72 THE BEST SVRE AND READIEST VVAY to make a good Orchard and Garden CHAPTER 1. Of the Gardner and his Wages WHosoeuer desireth endeauoureth to haue a pleasant and profitable Orchard must if he be able prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer religious honest skilful in that faculty therwithall painfull By religious I meane because many think religion but a fashion or custome to go to Church maintaining cherishing things religious as Schooles of learning Churches Tythes Church-goods rights and aboue all things Gods word the Preachers thereof so much as he is able practising prayers comfortable conference mutuall instruction to edifie almes and other works of Charity and all out of a good conscience Honesty in a Gardner will grace your Garden and all your house and helpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen giuing offence to none not calling your name into question by dishonest acts nor infecting your family by euill counsell or example For there is no plague so infectious as Popery and knauery he will not purloine your profit nor hinder your pleasures Concerning his skill he must not be a Scolist to make shew or take in hand that which he cannot performe especially in so weighty a thing as an Orchard than the which there can be no humane thing more excellent either for pleasure or profit as shall God willing be proued in the treatise following And what an hinderance shall it be not onely to the owner but to the common good that the vnspeakeble benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost by the audacious attempt of an vnskilfull Arborist The Gardner had not need be an idle or lazie Lubber for so your Orchard being a matter of such moment will not prosper There will euer be some thing to doe Weedes are alwaies growing The great mother of all liuing Creatures the Earth is full of seed in her bowels and any stirring glues them heat of Sunne and being laid neere day they grow Mowles worke daily though not alwaies alike Winter herbes at all times will grow except in extreame frost In Winter your young trees and herbes would be lightned of snow and your Allyes cleansed drifts of snow will set Deere Hares and Conyes and other noysome beasts ouer your walles hedges into your Orchard When Summer cloathes your borders with greene and peckled colours your Gardner must dresse his hedges and antike workes watch his Bees and hiue them distill his Roses and other herbes Now begins Summer Fruit to ripe and craue your hand to pull them If he haue a Garden as he must need to keepe you must needs allow him good helpe to end his labours which are endlesse for no one man is sufficient for these things Such a Gardner as will conscionably quietly and patiently trauell in your Orchard God shall crowne the labours of his hands with ioyfulnesse and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees he will prouoke your loue and earne his wages and fees belonging to his place The house being serued fallen fruite superfluity of herbes and flowers seedes graffes sets and besides other offall that fruit which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall will much augment his wages and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe I● you be not able nor willing to hire a gardner keepe your profits to your selfe but then you must take all the pains And for that purpose if you want this faculty to instruct you haue I vndertaken these labours and gathered these rules but chiefly respecting my Countries good CHAP. 2. Of the soyle FRuit-trees most common and meetest for our Northerne Countries as Apples Peares Cheries Filberds red and white Plummes Damsons and Bulles for we meddle not with Apricockes nor Peaches nor searcely with Quinces which will not like in our cold parts vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of Sunne or other like meanes nor with bushes bearing berries as Barberies Goose-berries or Grosers Raspe-berries and such like though the Barbery be wholesome and the tree may be made great doe require as all other trees doe a blacke fat mellow cleane and well tempered soyle wherein they may gather plenty of good sap Some thinke the Hasell would haue a chanily rocke and the sallow and eller a waterish marish The soile is made better by deluing and other meanes being well melted and the wildnesse of the earth and weedes for euery thing subiect to man and seruing his vse not well ordered is by nature subiect to the curse is killed by frosts and drought by fallowing and laying on heapes and if it be wild earth with burning If your ground be barren for some are forced to make an Orchard of barren ground make a pit three quarters deepe and two yards wide and round in such places where you would set your trees and fill the same with fat pure and mellow earth one whole foot higher then your Soile and therein set your Plant. For who is able to manure an whole Orchard plot if it be barren But if you determine to manure the whole site this is your way digge a trench halfe a yard deepe all along the lower if there be a lower side of your Orchard plot casting vp all the earth on the inner side and fill the same with good short hot● tender muck and make such another Trench and fill the same as the first and so the third and so through out your ground And by this meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life But be sure you set your trees neither in dung nor barren earth Your ground must be plaine that it may receiue and keepe moysture not onely the raine falling thereon but also water cast vpon it or descending from higher ground by sluices Conduits c. For I