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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A10774	A short treatise of magneticall bodies and motions. By Marke Ridley Dr in phisicke and philosophie latly physition to the Emperour of Russia, and one of ye eight principals of elects of the Colledge of Physitions in London	Ridley, Mark, 1560-1624.	1613 (1613)	STC 21045; ESTC S101594	73,723	145

without many turnings to and fro so that neere the pole the direction is very strong neither by leuelling hindred Alwayes and in all places the Lilly of the compasse or crosse of the directory-needle standeth and is seated into the North both in this North side and on the other South side of the aequinoctiall line or circle of the earth Tab. III. Fig. 9. Tab. XII Fig. 13. contrary to the syte of the needle neere the Terrella or Semiterrella because they are touched and excited at that point of the Load stone that in his boate resteth South and being set at liberty from the Loadstone by the earth is turned North as the point touched at the North-pole of the Adamant is turned South neither needeth there here any conuersion of the compasses in sailing and going from one prouince of the aequator to the other as the needle idoth towards the Magnet being masculine and the needles of iron or steele feminine but the needles to the earth are perfect Magneticall bodies and do keepe their correspondency with the earth as if they were Magnet stones or diameters of little earthes therefore the needles and compasses passing from one side of the aequator to the other in a meridian and great circle proceedeth on still in a right line vniformely onely the points of the needles and compasses do take their turnes to be predominant in their direction in their owne prouinces especially if their leuel would suffer the vertue Inclinatory to preuaile which thing is most apparant by the Inclinatory-needle in his ring that being on this side of the aequator erecteth his lilly aboue the horizon towards the pole but on the further South side of the aequator dippeth his Lilly vnder the horizon and suffereth the Point to respect his owne pole with conuenient angles to the axis But this thing cannot be done by the compasse and directory-needle which lye alwaies paralel to the horizon but onely is demonstrable by the stone in the 4 and 5 tables before This were a fit place to speake of the order of making Sea-Compasses the instruments for Magneticall direction the making whereof is very well knowne vnto Artificers yet I could wish that they were more artificially made then they are though the price were some-what more with some additions which wee do partly touch in the Chapter following and wish also that the points were 48. in vse that euery point might be halfe an hower All direction is performed vpon the true Meridian respecting directly with the Needle the poles of the earth as the Needle doth in the good and pollished Load-stone and Terrella vnlesse it be weakened depraued and forced to decline from the true Meridian of the earth by the causes of variation CHAP. XXVI Of the variation of the Compasse from the true Meridian Tab XIII But because the Globe of the earth is knowne vnto vs to bee very vn-euen and vn-equally mixed with many materials differing from Magneticall substance hauing great and stony Mountaines large Vallies deepe Seas long and high Continents and fore-lands some with mighty scattered rockes of Loadstone of Iron-Mines and other Magneticall matter and some without as also the entrailes and interiour substance barke or scarfe of the earth consisting of a great quantity of substance not Magneticall whereupon it commeth to passe that when the Magneticall faculty of the earth shall direct these Magneticall instruments of the Needle and Compasse they are not composed or set directly vpon the true Meridian that passeth right on to the poles of the earth but are drawne and forced awry towards some vigorous and Magneticall eminency of the earth whereby the Meridian which the Needle and Compasse maketh doth decline and vary from the true Meridian of the earth certaine parts degrees in the Horizontal circle which is called the variation of the Compasse the Meridian that this declinatiō of the compasse needle maketh may be termed the Magneticall Meridian to distinguish it from the true Meridian and the space betweene the Magneticall Meridian and the true Meridian is the difference of variation So that here the needle Cōpasse do dispose themselues into the North and South obliquely and not truely and exactly and according to the diuersity and strength of the scattered Magneticall bodies being the causes of variation the arch of the declination is greater and lesser as in sayling by great Continents and High-lands Magneticall either the point or taile of the Needle and Compasse is forced awry towards the East or West as is demonstrated in the chapter of Applications in the XXIII Chapter For if the Magneticall eminency whether it bee iron like clay myne of iron or rockeof Load-stone be contiguous vnto the Magneticall Globe of the earth and fastened in the same substance vnto it then the Compasse and Needle will leaue the direction of the Magneticall Globe of the earth and deflect towardes this eminency but if this Mountaine Magneticall be not continued with the Globe and haue other Materials vnder and about him then the Needle and Compasse will be thrust awry and flye from it declining as much in a maner the other way leaning vnto it by the other point or taile as it is demonstrated in the rule of Application of one Needle in his varrying vpon the Load-stone vnto a peece of Iron touching and not touching the stone And no lesse doth the Needle and Compasse vpon the continent and inner-land decline Easterly or Westerly when as a great part of the earth shall bee of a substance no way Magneticall and the other part shall bee of a vigorous and Adamantine quality to attract vnto it For although all direction to the North and South by the Needle and Compasse be from the vertue of the whole Magneticall Globe of the earth yet a strong effectuall and neere perticular cause though weaker as it is proued in the end of the XXIII Chapter varieth their direction diuersly and erratically by that Land especially which lyeth and treateth North and South Where as the vigor and potency Magneticall increaseth from the Equinoctiall to the poles of the Magneticall Globe of the earth as it doth in the Terrella whereby the like eminency Magneticall in the parts neere the poles be of more allicient and Adamantine property then they are about the Equinoctiall therefore it may bee thought that in sayling vpon one Meridian in like distance from this eminency enriched with this vigour it will make a greater variation of the Compasse neere the pole then it doth neere the Equinoctiall but this matter may bee helped and lessened by the great vigour that the needle is directed withall from the Adamantine Globe of the earth especially if the Seas bee shallow and the Needle in a neere Orbe vnto the same for thus the Needle will very hardly bee remoued because the force of the earth is great that directeth it but marke that in the XXIII chapter where a smaller strength Magneticall altereth quickely the

filled with other substances different from Magneticall nature and many mountaines Magneticall mounted aboue these substances higher and lower so that some attract being aboue the point of the Inclinatory-needle some being vnder it some placed before it draw the point of the Inclinatory-needle vp vnto them other behind it beeing also adamantiue forts will haue this Inclinatory-needle strike saile to them also by which meanes the naturall conformity of the Inclinatory-needle to his naturall angles is much disturbed and depraued whereby it commeth to passe that this needle hath his variation also as well as the directory needle hath as is before demonstrated Therefore the variation of the Inclinatory-needle is when in one altitude of the pole this needle pointeth out another angle different from the true and respondent angle of that latitude of the pole being hindred by a mountaine or part Magneticall that doth attract one of the points of the Inclinatory-needle approching neere vnto it either neere the poles or aequator in so much that the angle of inclination is made lesse or more then it naturally would be In sailing East or West vpon a paralell hauing hie land on the side towards the pole consisting of Magneticall substance this will attract the Inclinatory-needle and cause his naturall position to be more perpendicular then it would be If the shore about the pole be situated betweene the Inclinatory-needle and the aequator this adamantine eminency will attract the needle vnto it making his inclination lesse plumbe then naturally it is In sailing East or West neerer the aequinoctiall where the cariage of the Inclinatory-needle is lesse perpendicular and more tending to the leuell with the horizon the Magneticall eminency betweene the pole and the needle will pull downe the higher end of the same and make him more paralell to the axis of the earth then naturally he could endure Euen so an adamantine mountaine betweene the Inclinatory-needle and the aequinoctiall line will lift vp the lower end of this needle being within the Magneticall vigor of that mountaine and make him more paralell with the horizon then his naturall conformity requireth in that paralell The variation of the Inclinatory-needle is greater in the parts neerer the aequinoctiall then it is in the parts neere the poles where this needle is not attracted so many degrees from his naturall angle as vsually he is neere the aequinoctiall If in the parts neere the poles the Inclinatory-needle be caried betweene two eminences Magneticall in that space of the straight where both their vigors be of like validity they will make the application of this needle perpendicular crossing them both at all right angles not much vnlike as it is in XV. Chapter of applications Table VIII Fig. 1 In sailing neerer the aequinoctiall in straights betweene two adamantine mountaines whose vigour attractiue surpasse the generall vertue disponent of the Magneticall globe of the earth these will lay the Inclinatory-needle in a paralell and leuell to the horizon though they be many degrees from the aequinoctiall as Chapter XV. Tab VIII Fig. 2. Lastly in passing or sailing neere and ouer a vigorous Magneticall rocke in the sea or earth vnder vs in approching neerer vnto it the same will attract the Inclinatory-needle from his right place and comming neerer the rocke it will alter him much more and passing ouer the same it will attract the needle perpendicularly and being past this needle will be freed by little and little from that disturbance of his naturall inclination These varieties are found vpon the Magneticall globe or Terrella by hauing a conuenient peece or peeces of iron placed thereon as hath bene sayd and placing the Inclinatory-needles before described in the II. chapter the one of them put vpon a Lute-string the other in his frame Tab. II. Fig. 17. 18 or 19. so that I hope I need not set downe any types hereof for the ingenious will better conceiue how to gather this matter from the globe of the Loadstone then I can possibly explaine in many troublesome figures or the workeman deliniat by his skill vnto you in printed tables and figures CHAP. XXXXII. Of finding the variation of the Inclinatory-needle HAuing declared the manifold causes of the variation of the Inclinatory-needle from his true and naturall angle of inclination with the horizon it followeth that we deliuer plainely how to discerne these euents when they shall fall out which are known perfectly by hauing the true eleuation of the pole where these matters shall be required The rules and wayes how to know the eleuation of the pole in all places is so perfectly set out by most Astronomers and writers of Nauigation and so well knowne to all expert Pilots that it is a thing needlesse here to repeate them Besides the ingenious Pilot knowing the eleuation of the pole in some places of his voyage that he hath passed by keeping a true not a dead reckoning of his course in pricking his Card aright and obseruing the way with the logge-line with other currants and occurrants will giue a very artificiall coniecture of the eleuation of the pole in that place where he is though he see neither Sunne nor Starres Notwithstanding because the skilfull Pilots may be hindred in this kind of obseruation by the falling of the ship to Lee-wards and by other extraordinary change of weather and other disturbances that may many wayes fall out at sea therefore I will onely remember one way out of the principals before deliuered whereby he may at any time of the day the Sunne shining know the altitude of the pole This thing is chiefly performed by knowing the true variation of the Compasse which sheweth the true meridian for that place presently seeke out the true Azimuth also which is perfectly knowne by the shadow of the Sunne vpon the limbe of the Compasse by the furniture of the beame before described instantly take the altitude of the Sunne by the Iacobs staffe at sea or a large quadrant at land The true Azimuth and Almicanter thus knowne seeke the point where they crosse the one the other in the Rete of the Mathematicall Iewell and Astrolabium Catholicum then obseruing the paralell of the Sunnes declination for that day turne about the Rete of this instrument vntill this paralell of the Sunnes declination be touched by the point where these two circles of altitude and position meete and then the horizon of the Rete will shew in the limbe the latitude of that place The latitude of the pole for any place being knowne the true angle of the Inclinatory-needle is manifest and apparant as it is set downe and knowne by the XIII chapter in the chapter to know the angles of inclination by the instrument and in the table of the degrees of the Inclinatory-needle answerable to euery eleuation of the pole Now obserue the degrees that the Inclinatory-needle pointeth out in his ring in that place and take the difference of these from the degrees of the