of Saint Iames who remained at Santa Cruz de la Sierra delt in such sort as captaine Gratian of Sese deliuered him the fort of Trugillo being recompenced with the Lordship of Saint Helice de los Gallegos where shortly after he was cruelly murthered and stoned to death by his owne tenants About the same time the Maister of Saint Iames D. Iohn de Pacheco fell sicke of an Impostume in his throate which caused him to voide great quantity of putrified bloud at his mouth which in the end strangled him Death of D. Iohn de 〈◊〉 Maister of Sainâ— Iames. he died in the threescore and fourth yeere of his age hauing more credit and authority in Spaine then any Lord in his time his death was kept secret by his seruants vntill the fort of Trugillo was yeelded vp which was forthwith done and then it was openly declared to all men his body was carried to Parrall neere Segobia a Monastery of Saint Ierosme founded by King Henry then reigning for his place of buriall and the Maister was buried in the chiefe chappell with great pompe and sollemnity Great was the Kings sorrow for the Maisters death to whose sonne and heire Don Diego Lopes de Pacheco Marquis of Villena he did not only confirme the guifts of the townes cities and castles granted to his father but bestowed likewise vpon him the Maistership of Saint Iames and sent a messenger to the Pope to obtaine the confirmation thereof not respecting the Knights of the same Order who began to murmur and strongly to oppose themselues against it and they did not onely bandy themselues against the Marquis of Villena who was not chosen according to the rules of the Order but they likewise fell at variance amongst themselues for D. Roderigo Manrique Earle of Paredes Commander of Segura said that the election of the new Maister ought to be made in the Couent of Vcles according to the ancient custome On the other side D. Alphonso de Cardegna great Commander of Leon affirmed that it stood with great reason that the election should be made in Saint Marks of Leon in regard the deceased Maister died in the confines of Leon wherefore each of them standing firme in their allegations and hauing their factions and 〈◊〉 those two were chosen and saluted for Maisters in such sort as the Order of Saint Iames had at that time three heads like vnto Câ—rberâ—s the three headed â—ogge 〈◊〉 The Marquis of Villena besides the Kings fauour did hope that the Earle of 〈…〉 Commander of Castile would take his part and because he had the keeping of Donna 〈◊〉 the Kings supposed daughter it made the King more bound vnto him and in 〈◊〉 deed by reason thereof the King did groatly aduance him the which gained diuers seruants to the Princesse Donna Isabella who were iealous to see his sonne who had done them so much mischiefe in so great credit and authority The Cardinall of Spaine hauing beene a certaine time at Segobia with the Princesse came backe to Madrid to the King with the Constable Don Pedro 〈◊〉 Velafco who ioyntly spake to the King with the great boldnesse â—ouching the succession of the Kingdome beseeching him to take in good part that which they should say vnto him vpon their consciences King Henry takes no care for the succâ—ssion of his Kingdome which was that he ought to maintaine the Princesse Isabels right because he knew better then any that this Donna Ioane was not his daughter and they requested him in the name of God not to be the cause of so great miseries which would oppresse his Kingdome after his decease if hee should dissemble in that behalfe but to speake the truth for his peoples sake in declaring his sister the Princesse his true and lawfull heire wherevnto the King without any trouble made answere that Order should be taken for them both neuerthelesse hee delaied all hee could from medling in that businesse In the meane space the Marquis of Villena who promised to him selfe the Maister-ship of Saint Iames thinking to practize with the Knights of Castile and chiefly with the Earle of Osorno the great Commander came to Villarejo in which place the enterview of him and the Earle was agreed vpon The Maâ—quiâ— of Villenâ— taken prisoner by his competitor but the Earle feigning himselfe sicke sent thither his wife well accompanied with men at armes by whom the Marquis at his lighting from his horse was seized vpon and carried away prisoner into the castle of Fuente Duegna The King being aduertized hereof did presently take horse notwithstanding he was very sicke and came to the Earle of Osorno who shewed himselfe sterne and obstinate without respect or reuerence wherefore the King returned highly displeased to Madrid By the way he met with the Archbishop of Toledo at Villa Verde who offered him his seruice and therevpon to please him hee beseeged out of hand the castle of Fuente Duegna whether the King likewise came in person The seege lasting long Lopes Vasques de Acugna brother to the Archbishop making shew of ending this strife as a friend found meanes to bring the Countesse of Osorno to a parley who comming abroade with a sonne of hers was deceiued in the same manner as she had beguiled the Marquis and the mother and the sonne were brought prisoners into the castle of Hueta This pollicy did highly please the King and the Archbishop The Countesse of Osorno and her sonne taken the Marquis of Vâ—llena set at 〈◊〉 and was the cause that the Marquis was deliuered the Cardinall and the Constable made an end of the matter and the prisoners were set at liberty on either side the Archbishop of Toledo returned to Alcala and the King beeing much afflicted and weake to Madrid where Catarres vomitings and other mortall accidents brought him to his last houre The physitions hauing told the Cardinall of Spaine the Constable the Marquis of Villena the Earle of Benauent and other Lords of his Councel there present that his sicknesse was mortall they caused Frier Peter Maçuelo prior of Saint Ierosme of Madrid his confessor to put him in minde of matters belonging to his soules health and the peace of his Kingdome Hee had long discourse with the prior in confession then hee made his will appointing the Cardinall the Duke de Areualo the Marquis of Villena and the Earle of Benauent for his executors and hee commaunded that his seruants should bee paide and well recompenced with his treasure and iewells and declared Donna Ioane to bee his lawfull daughter and true heire to his Kingdomes the which will was written by Iohn de Ouiedo one of his secretaries neuerthelesse diuers authors affirme that he made no will and say that as he was in the agony of death those that were present asked him whom he would declare to be his heire to whom hee made none other answere but that Iohn Gonçall his Chaplaine knew his minde therein vnto whom he
for the warre for hee taught how to make breast-plates and other furniture for the defence of the bodie and some beleeue that he had the art to make that infernall pouder which they vse for artillerie For these inuentions wherein he was very expert Gunpouder an auncient inuention he was celebrated by the Poets as the sonne of Vulcan the god of Forges Palatuus after that he had long sued in vaine to princes and townes whereas hee expected some succours to recouer his estate hee resolued in the end to returne into Spaine and to obserue if the inconstancie of humane things had not prepared him some meanes to recouer his dignitie and to chase away his enemie whereas he arriued so happily as the Spaniards whether mooued with pitie of his calamitie or wearie of the others commaund they receiued Palatuus and gaue him men and meanes to recouer his kingdome So Cacus being dispossessed of that which he had held fled into Italie where they say that Hercules the Grecian slew him whereof we will make mention although that the author thereof doe not agree well vpon this point There Cacus bred discord betwixt all the people and townes of Italie by his lend practises Palatuus being dead the Tyrians of Phoenicia who had now learned the way to Spaine came with their king Erythree Erythree and good store of ships who giuing them to vnderstand That he had beene commaunded by the Oracle to come and build a Temple to Hercules Libique in the Island of Tartesse that is Calis they were not onely receiued but Erythree was also chosen king of that part of Spaine who built a stately Temple in the Island to Hercules changing the name thereof Gadir called Erythree and causing it to be called Erythree or else renewed that name which it might haue had from the sister of Oris aboue mentioned or of the Erythreans of the East who followed Hercules Orus which had dwelt there To this Temple which some hold was built vpon the maine land where at this present Medina Sydonia stands was due the tenths of all the thefts and spoyles of the West by a perpetuall decree the which was long obserued Of this king Erythree there is nothing more spoken to whom they giue for successour Gargoris Gargoris a Spaniard he taught the people the vse of honey and was therefore called Mielle The chiefe force of this kings estate and others his predecessors were the Curetes a brutish and sauage people dwelling in the forrests of Tartesse which contained a great part of the Ocean shore from the holy Promontorie or Cape S. Vincent vnto the Island of Erythree In his time Hercules the Grecian Hercules the Grecian sonne to Alcmena passed into Spaine to whom the Greek Poets and others that haue followed them did attribute such prowesse but falsely for this Hercules was but an insolent man yet well beloued of the Grecian princes by reason of his boldnesse and his strength of bodie fit to rob and steale Theeues countenanced by princes in old time whereunto the nobilitie of that age was commonly addicted The wealth of Spaine which was so much spoken of in Greece and Asia made him affect this voyage after the first Trojan warre against Laomedon Hauing then gathered together all the pyrats and theeues he could as well in Europe as in Asia hee set sayle and coasting along Italie he landed in the place of Tuscane which since hath beene called Port Hercules From thence he arriued in Sardinia where he found some few inhabitants where he left one Sardus with some of the idle multitude that was in his armie Of this Sardus Sardinia tooke the name Before he passed on he made a great sacrifice vnto the gods in a little Island betwixt Corsica and Sardinia the which for that cause doth still retaine the name of Isle Hercules Baleares called Gymnasies Then he directed his course towards the Islands of Baleares then called Gymnasies whereas the inhabitants made some weake resistance with their slings in the least of which Islands he dedicated a Temple to Ianus whereas since the towne of Ciuitella was built Then continuing his voyage he toucht the Islands of Pituyses and gaue the name of Ebusa to the greater In the end he arriued vpon the maine of Spaine whereas Dianaes Temple was built the which he enriched with gifts and did reuerence with sacrifices for his prosperous voyage and for that Diana was held to be the goddesse which had care of trauellers Then sayling along the coast hee came through the strait into the Ocean and to the Island of Erythree where he landed his armie vpon the firme land and stayed there some few dayes to refresh his men he in the meane time honouring his Temple whose name he carried and did challenge his acts busied himselfe in making of playes and sacrifices Hearing then that the Curetes and other Spaniards had put themselues in armes to fight with him he went to meet them gaue them battaile and did easily defeat them repulsing them into their forrests Hercules defeats the Curetes out of the which they durst not fally like enemies This combat is supposed by the Poets for that of the Titanes against their gods faining that the Herculeans were gods and the Curetes and Spaniards the Titanes After this victorie the whole countrey was at Hercules deuotion who imitating the auncient Hercules of Lybia planted pillars in the straits the one in Europe the other in Affricke enlarged the towne which was in the Island of Erythree and left many Tyrians and Sydonians which had followed him there and it may be it then tooke the name of Gadir or Gades which in the Phenician tongue signifieth a Terme or Limit and tearming himselfe a god would haue all diuine honours done vnto him And some hold That it was he which made a law to pay the tenth of the enemies spoyle and to offer them to Hercules Temple at the least he did exact it being in Spaine that he might haue part of other mens spoyles and know the greatest theeues This done he marched towards the Pyrenee mountaines spoyling the coast vpon the Mediterranean sea and drawing after him a great traine of all nations which came at the bruit and fame of this great theefe and the treasures of Spaine He passed into Gaule and from thence into Italie polluting all good families where he passed as hee had beene accustomed to doe all his life time The cause of his suddaine departure was the news he heard of the great preparation which the Grecian princes made to warre against the Trojans for the rape of Hellen whither he was inuited by his friend Telamon of Salamine Thus was Spaine in a short time beaten and deliuered from a great scourge Of this Hercules the Poets haue fained all that is written of the conquests prowesse and trauels of many other Hercules more auncient and better men than he he was a Grecian but
vpon Abderramens armie the which they would fauour in such sort as most of his best men and hee himselfe should either bee taken or slaine and hauing instructed them where they should charge and of the situation of the kings lodging which was vpon the side of a hill called Senesta two leagues from Grenado they held themselues readie attending the alarme the which being giuen verie hot and at a fit time to strike terrour they joyned with the Grenadines where they made a great slaughter of Abderramens men he himselfe being in like manner slaine and the rest of the armie dispersed and put to flight abandoning their Engines of batterie and all their baggage the which was spoyled and carried into Grenado with great joy This treason was practised by these two captaines through enuie together with a distrust of king Abderramens good successe wherefore after this goodly exploit they resolued to send part of the bootie with manie heads of the chiefe of the Moores slaine in this surprise to king Cacin in signe of triumph the which was verie pleasing to this king who was then at Cordoua and making vse of this good fortune he went to field to reduce vnder his obedience manie townes and forts which had reuolted to king Abderramen when as hee was aduaunced to that dignitie the which he did to manie but he wanted force and time to finish it for hauing raigned scarce three yeares he died in the yeare 1007. The Moores of Barbarie which had for a time followed the partie of the kings of Cordoua were then in great authoritie in the citie and therefore had the meanes and credit to chuse Hiaya the sonne of Mahumet for king the which did much discontent the auncient Moores borne in the countrey who sought some good opportunitie to be rid of these Berberuzes as the Spaniards called them by killing or chasing them out of the towne to the end that the gouernment thereof might returne into their hands as before A fit occasion was offered for the new king Hiaya who before his election to be king was resident at Malaga hauing a desire to haue that towne at his deuotion for that it had not obeyed the precedent kings of Cordoua since their troubles and seditions went forth of Cordoua leading with him great troupes of souldiours especially of that race of Moores which came out of Barbarie Comming to Malaga he was receiued without any contradiction but whilest hee was busie there the inhabitants of Cordoua who had intelligence with Buz of Grenado drew certaine troupes which hee had sent into their towne being led by two of his captaines Hayran and Mogid by whose helpe they cut the throats of aboue a thousand African Moores who were left for the gard of the citie Hiaya 15 king of the Moores at Cordoua At this bruite king Hiayas lieutenant was so amazed as he got out of the towne with all the ministers of justice and fled to Malaga to carrie these troublesome newes to the king his master who within few dayes was slaine by a Moore called Ismael Abderramen 16 king at Cordoua hauing raigned onely three moneths and some dayes Abderramen the fourth of that name was aduaunced in his place he was king but a moneth and seuenteene dayes and we doe not read whither he died or were expelled his kingdome After him followed Mahumet Mahumet 17 king at Cordoua great Miralmumin of Cordoua who raigned not long for that being rich in treasure by his good husbandrie before he came to be king it was a cause to shorten his life by the trecherie of his household seruants who conspired to murther him for his treasure wherefore they poysoned him hauing held the kingdome a yeare and foure moneths He died in the yeare one thousand and nine and of the Arabians raigne three hundred ninetie two Hizen 18 king at Cordoua He left this place to Hizen the third of that name who liued long at Seuile being desirous to raigne the which he now obtained In the meane time a Moore who called himselfe king of Ceuta passing the strait came to Malaga where he tooke the fort of the towne He was called Esdriz and brought with him a great number of the Moores of Africke with whom Buz who tearmed himselfe king of Grenado joyned at Malaga and called himselfe his vassall doing him homage Being thus fortified with the Moores of Spaine he came to Carmona the which he tooke then passing on by Alcaladel Rio he burnt the suburbes of Triana and seized vpon Seuile Many other tyrants did rise in diuers places so as all Spaine vnder the Moores jurisdiction was full of seditions and ciuill warres and the estate of Cordoua was spoyled by him that could get it but the kings of Toledo made their profit more than any other who medling not with other mens quarrells kept themselues quiet and assured with their owne limits After the death of Obeidalla as we haue said Hyran raigned of the linage of Aben Humeia who dying left the scepter to his sonne called Hizen who raigned in the time of this other Hizen king of Cordoua and was the eight king of Toledo King Hizen of Cordoua was of as small continuance as his late predecessors for the Moores his subjects expelled him in hatred of the robberies and extortions committed by his Alhabib or Constable who from a base place was aduaunced to that dignitie so hauing held the kingdome twentie moneths and some dayes he gaue place to Almondirs follie in the yeare one thousand and eleuen Almondir who was of the linage of Aben Humeya put himselfe forward being desirous to raigne in this sedition and popular tumult and hauing gathered some of his friends and kinsfolkes together he came vnto the castle of the citie entreating them to receiue him seeing they would not haue king Hizen Whereupon being aduertised by some one well affected that he offered himselfe in an vnseasonable time the people being in armes and incensed against a king wherefore hee should doe wisely to retyre The furious and nrestrained ambition of Almondir and to keepe himselfe from murthering in this tumult but being mad with ambition he persisted in his demaund adding thereunto that he did not care so as they created him king that day if they slue him the next Which words were so odious vnto all that heard them as without any further delay or giuing him that fading contentment to see himselfe king that day they slew him vpon the place presuming by the words which he had vttered that he would be an vnprofitable and bad king such was the reward of his furious desire to raigne This being done they did forbeare to kill Hizen and being resolued not to haue him for their king they let him vnderstand That if he would saue his life he should quit the fort and retyre where he pleased whereunto he obeyed and retyred himselfe with some of his friends into another strong house of his joyning vnto
had assured his comming to Rome were forced to put themselues in armes to warrant him and to conduct him to a place of safetie whereof there followed great hatred betwixt the Pope and the Colonnois And king Ferdinand was no lesse displeased at these violent proceedings of the Pope for he had a particular affection vnto duke Alphonso his kinsman borne of a daughter to king Ferdinand the first of Naples But to make an end of that which had beene concluded by the league that is to 〈◊〉 the French out of Italie and out of the world if they could D. Raymond of Gardona Viceroy of Naples who since the battell of Rauenna had beene in his gouernement returned this yeare with his armie about Bolonia to continue the warre But the Pope and the Venetians finding themselues seised of a good part of that which they pretended refused to furnish money for the entertainment of his armie as had beene agreed by the treatie of the league so as there grew a great mutinie in the campe among the souldiers for want of pay and the Viceroy was forced to retire with great danger of his person to Modena where he found meanes to recouer some money with the which he returned and kept his souldiers together who began to disband At that time there being a day appoynted at Mantoua to consult of the affaires of the warre the Viceroy of Naples came thither with deputies from the Pope Emperor Venetians and Suisses There it was concluded That they should put Maximilian Sforce sonne to Lewis Sforce in possession of the duchie of Milan And moreouer it was propounded to assaile the Florentines who were friends and allied to the Crowne of France as wel for this cause as to restore the familie of Medicis expelled out of that commonweale to their goods and honours the which the Pope did presse much in fauour of cardinall Iohn of Medicis his legate and others of that familie This was the Viceroyes first taske after his returne to the armie to lead it into the estate of Florence from whom he tooke the town of Prato where there were slain aboue two thousand men of the Florentines part Estate of Florence vexed by the Viceroy of Naples and many taken Whereat the citie of Florence being amazed and their Councell vnprouided of forces and meanes to resist they yeelded to the restitution of the Medicis and to whatsoeuer the Viceroy would impose vpon them For besides the summes of money which they payed for the entertainment of the Spanish armie and another summe vnto the Emperour they made a league with king Ferdinand promising to entertaine two hundred men at armes in the armie of the league and yet the people were depriued of a good part of their libertie by the cardinall of Medicis who created magistrats and officers at his pleasure These exploits being done in the Florentines countrey the Viceroy led his armie to Bresse which the Venetians did besiege so as the lord of Aubigny was out of hope to be able to keepe it this Spanish armie hauing so great a fame for that it had humbled so powerfull a commonweale as that of Florence and therefore he did capitulate with the Viceroy of Naples although the Venetians had layed the siege and yeelded it vpon condition to depart himselfe and his men free with their armes and baggage their colours flying and without artillerie After the taking of Bresse the bishop of Gurcensis embassadour for the Emperour came to Rome whereas he of Spaine laboured much to reconcile the Emperour and the Venetians there remaining no difference but onely for the citie of Vincence This embassadour did also seeke to reconcile the Pope with the Colonnois League made against the Venetians with whom he was much displeased for the duke of Ferraraes cause Yet there was a new league made betwixt the Pope and the Emperour against the Venetians approued by the Councell of Latra◠leauing a place for king Ferdinand to enter The reason of this league was for that the Venetians would not yeeld to certaine conditions which the Pope propounded vnto them King Ferdinands doubt herein was that the Venetians would joyne with the French king if they were too much prest wherfore his embassadour fauoured them what he could The comming of Maximilian Sforce to Verona caused the bishop of Gurcensis to part from Rome to establish him in the Emperours name in the duchie of Milan whither he conducted him hauing found him at Cremona with the Viceroy D. Raymond of Cardona The duke much desired by the Milanois was receiued there with great joy The cardinal of Sion presented him the keies in the Suisses name who would haue the honour of his restoring Notwithstanding the league newly made against the Venetians the Pope had a great desire to ruine the duke of Ferrara to preuent the which the embassadour of Spaine by commaundement from his king did all good offices and vsed all the meanes he could And this was one of the chiefe causes why king Ferdinand would not please the Pope and enter into the league Notwithstanding the duke shewing himselfe vngratefull no man knowes vpon what reason procured a scandalous and horrible attempt against him Iugratitude of the duke of Ferrara pretended by the Spaniards as the Spaniards write persuading D. Ferdinand of Arragon duke of Calabria sonne to king Frederic and conspiring with him to depriue him of his life There was a certaine monke who was messenger from the duke of Ferrara to him of Calabria who had also for negotiator on his part Philip Copula sonne to the earle of Sarno whose head king Ferdinand of Naples had caused to be striken off This Copula had made some voyages into France and treated with king Lewis to giue a retreat and meanes in his realme to the duke of Calabria being then in the Catholike kings Court at Logrogne and should haue saued himselfe in the French armie Conspiracie againg king Ferdinand which was about Pampelone hauing resolued first to set fire on certaine powder that was hidden in the kings lodging But God would not suffer so wicked a practise to take effect The matter being discouered Copula was quartered and D. Ferdinand duke of Calabria was sent prisoner to the castle of Xatiua neere vnto Valencia where hee remained aboue ten yeares vntill that the Emperour Charles pardoned him and set him at libertie Hereupon king Ferdinand conceiued so great a hatred against the duke of Ferrara as hee commaunded the Viceroy of Naples to ayd the Pope with his armie or any other thing hee had without any respect to the pretended pay The Venetians seeing the Pope and Emperour leagued together to annoy them and that the Emperour would not giue eare to the Catholike kings embassadour who did still persuade him to make a peace with their commonwealth and to take a summe of money in the place of Vincence they joyned with the French king who had not wholly forgotten
tower had made the way easie for an assault so as the Spaniards Italians and Germanes being put in order one nation after another at their time appointed they presented themselues with ladders to the assault with so great resolution as al the defence of the moors Turkes was in vain so as a great part of them were slaine or wounded fighting neither was the slaughter lesse of them that fled a long the lake or that sought to escape by swimming for they were slain by the shot or thrust through by the Germans pikes if they came neere the shore so as it was reported there died aboue 1500 and not without the losse of some men of worth among the Christians yet Campana writes there were not aboue thirty slaine Goulette being taken it was bruted that they had taken 300 peeces of ordinance Gouletta taken by the emperour all Barberousses fleet which was in the chanel of the lake the number whereof is diuersly reported some write 20 gallies 20 galliots and fiue foysts others seuentie two and some affirme they were 107. Three daies after the taking of this fort Fernād Gonsago came vnto the camp who hauing certain vessels appointed him by the viceroy of Sicile brought many refreshings for the which but especially for his owne valour hee was ioyfully receiued by the emperour and by the whole army Ferdinand Gonzaga comes to Guolette to the emperour There grew now some diuersitie of opinions touching the continuance of the warre some cold flegmatike complections were of opiuion the emperor shold rest satisfied with the taking of Goulette which was held impregnable the which hee should fortifie and furnish with a great garrison and good prouision of victuals to liue and defend it with a designe to returne the next yere to besiege Tunes Alger and the other townes vpon that coast of Afrike Their reasons were grounded vpon the great difficulties which the army did then suffer in their drink wheras the scorching sun did cause great thirst and did force the poore souldiers to drink the pit water which was verie falt which bred many infirmities many died of it wherfore seeing the army much diminished by the former enterprises Councell of the Imperialists to continue the warre of Naples and hearing that the enemy grew daily stronger that he did shortly expect a great number of Arabiās which he had hired they persuaded the emperor that he might with his honor return into Europe prepare as we haue said for the next yere But this was contrarie to the greatnes of Caesars minde who discouered with better reasons the weakenes of his enemy hauing lost Gouletta the little confidence the Turkes had in the Arabians Moors the good disposition of the Christian army especially after so great a victory the which althoug it were diminished in numbers yet it was increased incourage and resolution so as Barberousse should haue means to furnish himself better for the next yere to obtaine greater forces from the Turk to defend his possession in Afrike the cōquest wherof which was not now vneasie hauing found the enemy in a maner vnprouided would afterwards proue vnpossible besides it was not for the dignitie of so great an army honoured with the presence of the Christian Emperour to goe away contented with the taking of a Tower The captaines of greatest resolution and experience were of the same opinion the which was mainteined by Muley Hascen with great reasons who discoursed particularly of the nature of that nation of the designes of Barberousse and of remedies for the thirst persuading them to the enterprise of Tunes and of the easinesse to take it affirming that the enemie would neuer be drawne to a battell neither had he meanes to keepe the citie many daies His reasons were beleeued and although his desire to returne into his realme with the hazard of another made him to be the lesse credited yet the authoritie and will of the emperor who was the authour of this councell did confirme it Barberousse on the other side was wonderfully grieued for the losse of Gouletta so as hee could not forbeare to complaine of Sinan the Iew who might haue escaped flying away with his men from so great a daunger in the which hee had lost many Ianisaries and other good souldiers It is written that Barberousse was once in an humour to haue slain all the Christian slaues that were found there the which for his better securitie being diuers thousands he had already imprisoned in the castle and that Sinan the Iew and others of authority had diuerted him from that wicked and cruell resolution shewing him that so foule and brutish a fact would not onely bee a perpetuall blemish to his name but also bring him into disgrace with Solyman who was a generous Prince and hated all such base and wicked actions as that would be to kil people who being in a strait prison neither had nor could offend him Being then dissuaded from these cruel imaginations which rage greefe for his former losse did suggest he began to prouide for the rest taking councell of such as were about him what was to be done for their common health with this resolution still to keepe himselfe close and to defend the citie and not to come to battell with the enemy hoping that in Autumne they should be forced to leaue that coast it might be their fleet would be beaten disperst with stormes The emperour being not freed from that feare was carefull to haue the ruines of the fort of Goulette repaired whereof he gaue the charge to Andrew Doria with his sea-forces who caused it to hee clensed from the infection of dead bodies which were found there both men and beasts and the breaches to be raised Hee tooke an Inuentorie of all the goods that were in it where were found as we haue said three hundred peeces of ordnance great and small great store of armes of all sorts with an incredible quantitie of victualls powder and all other munition Engines and implements necessarie for the defence of places The emperour seing all things in a readinesse hee commanded euerie souldier shold carrie a bottle full of water taken out of the prouision of the nauie hee marcht that way the twentieth of Iuly Comming within fiue miles of the citie they found certaine welles of fresh water which bred great disorder among the souldiers who were verie greedy to drinke so as the emperour was forced to come thither in person to stay the souldiers greedy rage who desired rather to drink and die presently as many did for that the enemy had poisoned the waters than to suffer a little to preserue themselues at the least to die fighting Hauing past this danger with no smal difficulty they discouered Barberousses armie who was come forth of the citie in shew to giue the emperour battel The number of his army is diuersly set downe Vlloa writes that he had 70000
the hope of credit and commoditie to bee gotten by their merits in the campe for otherwise wee see that being brought with discontentment to the field their deserts proue according Thanks be giuen to God you are soueraigne ouer many great realmes and great estates in which you may raise such martiall troupes without offence as they may not onely bee sufficient to defend but to offend others if you liue in vnion of good correspondencie with your friends and kinsmen of the house of Austria by this agreement you shall settle your owne power and become a comfort and support to those that loue you and a tertor to such as enuie you On the other side assure your selfe that discord among neere allies will blemish your authoritie put heart into your enemies to make designes against your greatnesse and so distemper your friends as they shall not be able to resolue which way to bend their affections Standing thus vnited you shall haue great oportunitie besides the Italian Spanish forces to dispose of the Germanes as your need shall require the which is a martiall and a verie honorable nation I know that this mixture doth oftentimes cause disorders in a campe but yet by one that knoweth how to temper this light discord with a moderate emulation they may be imployed to most excellent and rare effects in respect of the great difficultie and almost impossibilitie that euer they should ioine or agree together in offensiue mutinies distractions and disobedience of any kind I cannot forbeare to report vpon this iust occasion what I haue often aduised you of before that you respect with all due regard your cousin the king of Bohemia to the greatnesse and inestimable value of whose mind the greatest empires are too narrow bounds and doubtlesse vpon euerie fit occasion you shall see effects answerable to this conceit which the world hath of his worthinesse Beleeue this confidently that there is more good to bee expected from the loue which springeth from consanguinitie although that sometimes causes of vnkindnesse may arise than from the fairest shewes and greatest professions of good will that can bee made by any stranger Now for that all offences and vnkindnesses are most bitter growing among persons that are neere in bloud if they be not quenched in due time to preuent a greater inconuenience cut off all iust occasions on your side setting downe this lesson for a rule that it is an art more worthie commendation to yeeld in some sort to those that are allyed to continue their affection than to end quarrels vnkindnesses with other persons by inforcing them to yeeld to our authority But to conclude my councell touching the care which must bee taken of this trained youth is that it may alwaies serue as a Spring to supply the armie for the better pleasing of their humors and winning of their loues it shall be fit to priuiledge them with a libertie to weare weapons especially on those daies that are appointed for their exercises and to make the best shew they are able of their forwardnesse I would also haue them graced with some speciall fauour as occasion serues and exempted from all seruile burthens in Countries Then would I wish you wholy to direct your care to a due consideration of your estate in general and of the countries in particular vnder you Look vpon their condition situation and qualitie consider both of their aboundance and wants and of sufficient meanes to liue as water wood and graine that supplie being made from other places that haue greater store all loue and kindnesse may be entertained among people that are subiect to one Soueraign power Though policie did not prescribe this care yet christianity wold challēge it Cause plots to be drawn of al their greatest riuers moūtains streits passages that by repairing vnto your map vpon any accident that shall happen you may dispose of things with greater certainty Be careful not only to know the dispositions humors of thē which is very necessary for great princes but also their alliances and factions whereby you shall be alwaies able both to bridle their vndutifull affections and to preuent their practises if they breake out into extremities The balance of authority is in your hands all credit comes from your selfe therefore gouern the scales with some moderation so as that side may be heauiest which is best affected to your party Prouide against al dangers serue your tum by all such oportunities as may further your intention If any countrie doth liue in danger of an enemie that doth fronter vpon them secure them in such sort by captains officers garrisons as they may be freed from feare of al wrong To be short I would haue you cast vp an euen reckoning make a iust accōpt of their inclinations their power their wants their store their agreement their diuisions their alliances their habits their customs their affections their dependances their affinity their cōmodities their discōmodities that by easing one charging another you may turn al things to your best content Then wil it be time to turn your eye to the like consideration of their accompt In this point you must resolue with ripe iudgement and great care making fit proportions by comparing sundry circumstances of persons places times natures customes neighbours officers adherents and other accidents as are incident to so strong a knot of ciuill policie These things being vnderstood and wisely pondred by him that hath the helme in hand there is no doubt but he may euer march vpon a firme ground in amy enterprise he takes in hād for in knowing our own our enemies strength in weighing circumstances with an equall hand being able to apply the best aduantages that wisdom experience can find to profitable vses consisteth both the hope hap of victorie I know that diuers courses must be taken according to the diuers qualities of the nation the situation of the countrie Touching the first whether it be peopled or scant of men armed or naked valiant or cowardlie pleased or discontented Touching the second whether it be full of mountaines valleyes plaines woods or riuers whether it abound with victuals and al other commodities that are fit for war or is barren or beggerly Aboue all things be sure you neuer be drawn into quarrels with any mighty potentate for the reliefe of such as rather burthen than ease indanger than helpe your estate which else may turn to your great disaduātage Besides these rules I wold prescribe a nūber more of like effect the which long experince the mother of true wisdom hath imprinted in my heart which other men perhaps which go more by aime than by art make small accompt of War ought alwaies to be vndertaken vpon a iust quarrel and directed to no other end than to a safe honorable peace which cānot be purchased without wars In war he that spendeth most in accompt spendeth least in want doubt
The Spaniards said they of the French partie tell wonders and miracles vpon the relation of their Writers and their Spanish traditions That if God hath giuen preheminence in these things to their nation it ought to be allowed and confirmed among men yea in ecclesiasticall assemblies They bragge that they first saw and heard the chiefe Apostles in their countrie and that they had beleeued the Gospel before all other Gentiles Hereof they giue no better proofe than the French might doe if they should say that these great lights S. Iames S. Peter and S. Paul going into Spaine had passed through Gaule going by land rather than by sea desiring to profit more as it is likely according to their dueties and commissions and that in passing they had preached and made Churches That by this probable reason the Gaules had beene instructed before the Spaniards and had seene the Apostles first As for the Apostles disciples it is most certaine that Gaule did see the first the most renowmed according to good Authors the which was Crescentius disciple to S. Paul and if we shal beleeue traditions Lazarus who was raised from death by our Sauior came preached at Marseille Nathaniel in Berry Denis Arcopagita at Paris There haue bin councels in Gaule since the time of pope Victor Councelles in Gauâ—e about 180 yeres after our sauior Iâ—sus Christ wheras that great doctor Irenaeus gouernor then of the church of Lion did preside And there is an Epistle yet extant written before that time by the Martires of Vienna vpon Rhosne from theÌ„ of LioÌ„ to coÌ„fort them of Galacia Phrigia in Asia during the persecutions of the Emperor Commodus As for the Councell Elibertin that is Eliberris that neither the time nor the place where it was held are not verie well quoted by them that haue written and it is probable that it was not in Spaine but rather at the foote of the Pyrenean mountaines vpon the strait of Gaule where there was also an other good towne of the same name reduced to a village in the time of Constantine the Great the which was called in regard of the portion which hee had giuen to Constantine his eldest sonne in the which Gaule and Spaine was comprehended to which two great prouinces this place confining was commodious but admit said they it had bin held in Spaine it would no more aduaÌ„ce the Spaniards cause thaÌ„ the councels of Arles that of the French assembled in a maner at the same time to compound the controuersies of the Bishops of Afrike by the authority imperial of Constantine the great in whose empire long before Gaule was full of goodly churches at Arles Vienna Lion Autun Treues Anger 's Poitiers in Berry Auuergne elsewhere which were furnished with learned catholike Pastors famous by the writings of the learned that were neere that age the which are come vnto vs and that Synodes were as frequent then and some ages after in Gaule and more then in Spaine but they were all nationall or called vpon some priuate subiects where if they beleeue that the kings Gothes comming into Spaine did assist we may beleeue that the kings of France haue done the like in their country But to maintaine as the Spaniards doe Kings christned in France before them in Spaine that the kings of the Gothes raigning in Spaine were Christians and Catholikes before them of France there is no ground vnlesse they will say that the Aâ—â—ians were Catholikes and Christians with which vice all the Gothish kings in Spaine were infected vnto Ricarede who was conuerted by the catholike Doctors among which was Nigith of Narbona and hee abiured Arrian heresie at the third Councell of Toledo in the yeere 589 a whole age after the conuersion of Clouis king of Fraunce to the true Christian faith in the which the kings of France and the French in generall haue always persisted vnlesse they will impute to the whole nation the priuate blemishes of some which will be found trifles in regard of those which haue beene raised in Spaine for the which it hath bin often troubled Heresies in Spaine as by the heresie of Basilides Martiall mentioned in S. Cyprians epistles wherof the one was bishop of Legio Gemina the other of Emerita that of Prisulian a Spaniard which was condemned at the councell of Burdeaux and him selfe with other his confederats executed at Mentz and in like maner by that of Felix the which shews that heresies haue been lesse countenanced in Gaule than in Spaine But leauing these old things seeing that prioritie of time doth not carrie it being said That in the kingdome of heauen the first are many times found last it is requisit to know how both Spaine and France haue gouerned themselues for matter of beleefe and godlie works during these later raignes It were not fitting for the French to contend of the holines of the kings of Spaine who did rise first after the inuasion of the Moores nor to dispute if their Armes came from heauen whether S. Isidores standard be true or a fiction nor in like maner the graces and gifts which they maintaine to haue been in some of their princes to cure diseases and to cast out diuelles For by the same grounds they beleeue that Charlemaigne Lewis 9 kings of France are Saints and their feasts are celebrated by the Church that the flowers de Luce of gold with the holie oyle are gifts from heauen and that it is most apparent the Kings of Fraunce cure the Kings Euill which things the French would not haue any man call in question Wherefore let them be allowed of eyther part without preiudice to their rank but said the French the Spaniards should shew themselues hollow hearted if they should deny that they had not been often retained in the true doctrine and instructed in the exercises of Christian religion by the Prelats and Doctours which Fraunce hath sent them from time to time whilest that the nobilitie of Spaine and their Kings also defiled themselues with the too familiar conuersation of the Moores Marriages profane of the kings of Spaine when they were not in armes alying themselues vnto them by marriages as D. Alphonso 5 of Leon did who without scruple gaue his sister D. Theresia in mariage to Abdala the Moore king of Toledo and an other Alphonso 6 of that name at Leon and 3 of Castille maried Caida a Moore They wil not make any doubt that by the diligence of D. Bernard Archb. of Toledo a French man borne and other clergy men of the same nation which did assist him the exercises of the Romish seruices was brought into that Church insteed of the Musarabic which they had vsed in Spaine vnto the yeare 1086. Wherfore the exercise was called Gallican And they must confesse that for want of worthy men to gouerne the churches of Spaine the said D. Bernard was constrained to furnish his bishopriks of Braga
Albaneses all light horsemen Besides these troupes and their captaines he led with him many men of knowne valour to imploy them in this seruice and to aduance them to charges as they should fall among which were his base sonne called also Fernando Aluarez who was a knight of Saint Iohn and Prior of a rich commaunderie Chiappin Vitelli marquesse of Ceâ—ona Gabriel Serbelloni a knight also of Saint Iohn Sancio d' Auila Girolamo de Salinas Iohn of Epuccia and Andrew de Salezar one of which foure last was Castellan of Pauia the other of Portercole the third of Piombyno and the last of Palermo And besides these hee led with him Paciotto de Vrbino an excellent Enginer hauing gotten him from the duke of Sauoy whom hee then serued Hee made his sonne Fernando Generall of the horse Vitelli was Marshall of the field and Serbelloni besides the charge of the Artillerie was made Counsellour at Warre How hee entred into the countrey and what his proceedings were that Historie doth relate at large After which they hauing certaine informations sent them into Spaine from the duke of Alba and the aduice of the holy Inquisition taken therein all the lay people of the said countries both noblemen gentlemen townes and comminalties were by the kings sentence condemned as heretikes or fauourers of heretikes or in some other sort guiltie of high treason in the highest degree without exception of estate qualitie condition age or sex except some which were particularly named in the information which made the inhabitants to flie into diuers other countries This yere in May there was great ioy and feasts in Spaine and in all the kings dominions for the birth of his second daughter who was baptised and called Katherine But whilest the warre grew hot in the Low Countries 1568 there happened a tragicall accident in the royall house of Spaine We haue before made mention how that D. Charles was in disgrace with the king his father the cause as the Spaniards say was for that he was viciously giuen ObiectioÌ„ against the prince of Spaine and that he spake ill of the present gouernment that he had a meaning to attempt against the kings person and to raigne in his place hating him for that he had often reprehended him and threatened him for his disorder courses or if that succeeded not that he would steale away and flie secretly with some of his confederats into Italie or somewhere else and trie by confusion and tumult to depriue the king of his Estates That he carried himselfe arrogantly and incompatible to them that had the chiefe offices in Court and that he disdained all those that were appointed to attend on him yea hee would outrage and strike them The Inquisitors expected no good from this prince neither did the kings Councell of the which those that were then most hated of him Enemies to the prince of Spaine were D. Ruis Gomes de Sylua a Portugal the earle of Feria and D. Anthonie de Toledo The king was aduertised by them of many particularities concerning the princes carriage and entertained in dislike of him By their counsell the king resolued to come from the Escuriall to Madrid where the prince was and to surprise him in his chamber in the night they attending on him and to take him in his bed They came and found the chamber doore so well barred as they were forced to breake it open The prince hearing the noise leapt out of his bed and seeing the king his father hee was much troubled beginning to crie out What is the reason that you will kill me The king willed him that he would pacifie himselfe and that he should goe againe to his bed telling him that what he did was for his good They seised on his sword and some say that hee had a pistoll charged and bent He complained that they meant to bind him as if he had beene madde His chamber and clothes were searched and they left no instrument of yron Imprisonment of the prince of Spaine wherewith he might hurt himselfe all his papers and writings were carried away among the which there were found many copies of letters written to some princes full of complaints of hard vsage which hee receiued from the king whom he accused of crueltie and bad gouernement in his affaires and it seemed hee did inuite them to assist him by compassion making great promises vnto them His whole designe was also discouered by certaine remembrances which were found Designes of the prince discouered being resolued to escape away in the gallies which should passe into Italie whereby they might easily see whom he loued and whom he hated in Court whom he trusted and whom he would imploy in his enterprises Hee had beene seene some daies before to discourse long and verie earnestly with D. Iohn of Austria Generall at sea and it was thought that hauing acquainted him with his designes hee reuealed them vnto the king which made him resolue to put him in gard The earle of Feria and D. Ruis Gomes had that charge who watcht him carefully in their turnes and hee was serued by two gentlemen who carried no armes and vpon the passages to his chamber there were gards who would not suffer any other to goe vnto him This continued some dayes but the king who obserued all that hee spake caused him afterwards to be put into a strong tower giuing the whole charge and care of him to D. Ruis Gomes it was the same prison whereas king Francis had beene kept There hee attempted many times to kill himselfe as they said and being preuented hee forbare to eat any thing eight dayes together The king aduertised all the noblemen townes and comminalties of Spaine of this imprisonment that they should not take it ill letting them vnderstand that it was for the good and quiet of them all forbidding them all expresly not to speake not mediate for the prince He imparted as much to the embassadours and did write vnto their masters The emperour Maximilian being aduertised of this fact imputed the cause to D. Iohn and was offended with him for he meant to make the prince D. Charles his Son in law if this accident had not happened to haue consummated the marriage within few daies as the fathers had concluded he was so much discontented as hee would haue called home the Princes Rodulphâ—s and earnest his Sonnes who were bred vp in the Court of Spaine but the king D. Philip would not suffer them to depart but sought to pacifie the Emperour with reasons either true or probable But in the end he persuaded him that the cause was most vrgent and iust to assure himselfe of his Sonnes person whome hee should loue and spare if it might be hauing at that time no more Sonnes Whatsoeuer was the true cause of the Sonnes detention by the father being not well manifested from Spaine the prince D. Charles the presumptiue heire of so many realmes dyed
Charles made himselfe odious to them that were the motiues giuing them great meanes to confirme the king in the opinion wherewith they had seasoned him that he sought all meanes to trouble the state to make himselfe pleasing vnto the Netherlanders that he might haue a refuge there and by that means begin to make a breach in the Crowne of Spain adding with all to season their imputations that he was a fauourer of Heretikes so as hee was sharply and disdainfully reprehended and namely by the Inquisitors Inquisitors sharp persecutors of Prince Charles the which did wonderfully incense him so as beeing vanquished with impacience and griefe he presumed one day to enter boldly into the priuy Councell chamber with admiration of all them that were there but especially of the king who did preside for he feared to see or heare some impertinencie from his Sonne in that place where he neuer had accesse nor was not then called Hee demaunded of him with a feuere countenance what hee had to say and what had moued him to come thither It is said he my Lord to beseech you to giue me leaue to aske you one thing and that it will please you to satisfie me before the lords that are here present The king who feared to heare some importune curiositie sought to dismisse him instantly telling him that hee had other places to heare him and that hee should retire for that time But the prince insisted saying that it was onely to know if he tooke him for his Sonne and lawfull successour what demands of a Sonne are yours said the king Vertuous 〈◊〉 of a Son to a father yea you are my sonne and depart in the name of God Seeing then replyed the Prince that I am your sonne and that by nature I shall one day succeed you in the gouernment of your realmes I beseech you take it not in ill part if in this honourable assemblie I let you vnderstand that I haue not yet found that you haue thought of my future condition for you bred me vp as a stranger giuing me neither cause nor means to bee instructed in matters of gouernment or justice importing the good of your subiects hauing not yet libertie being of this age to come where it is treated nor to conuerse with such men as you imploy who rather seeke to estrange me which giues me iust cause to complaine vnto you and to beseech you my Lord to consider thereon and to excuse mee and then hee departed Hee was then full two and twentie yeares old This action ministred matter of discourse to them of the Councell whereas there was not good concluded for Prince Charles for that the opinions of his enemies which were the greatest number swaied it and the king continued in his conceit that his Sonne was a franticke young man without iudgement and that hee had an intent to inuade some Countrie to put all into Combustion for which cause hee desired to be imployed The Prince not content to haue made this had triall of his fathers inclination towards him Speech of the Prince to the Duke of Alba. hee continued his course hearing that the duke of Alba had beene appointed to goe to bee gouernour of the Low-Countries for hauing sent for him hee told him that hee desired nothing more than to goe from Court intreating him instantly to assist him in so honourable and reasonable a desire and to get leaue from the king that hee might goe with him whome hee did reuerence as a great Commander in the warre and one of the greatest statesmen in the world in whose Schole he should thinke himselfe happie to take instruction The Duke vsing many complements seemed also to desire it saying that he could not receiue a greater honour than to commaund vnder him in that troublesome charge where hee might assure himselfe of his humble seruice and assistance yet hee gaue him some admonitions knowing well how the king stood affected towards him wherewith hee was discontented This being auoided for the Duke of Alba what shew soeuer hee made had no will to be troubled with such a Scholer hee adrest himselfe a while after to increase his miseries to D. Iohn of Austria his vncle who it may bee had more ambition in his head than he to whose designes which were great D. Iohn de Austria contrarie to Prince Charles those of the Prince D. Charles must needs bee preiudiciall yet hee discouered himselfe freely vnto him being Generall at Sea saying that hee would steale away and passe with the Gallies into Italie persuading D. Iohn to assist him but hee deceiued him for hee presently aduertised the king which made him to cause him to bee watcht and his actions to bee obserued But behold the Queene was ingaged in these miseries The prince in all his afflictions had often recourse vnto his mother in law who being mild and courteous did willingly heare his complaints did pittie him comfort him and sought by all meanes to reuiue his hopes persuading him to vanquish his passions and to yeeld vnto the rigour and choler of the king his father and to let time moderate them with patience the which past not from the Queene without some free inuectiues after the French maner against them that were enemies to her and to the Prince threatning one day to be reuenged on them that were authors of of her câ—osses and namely against D. Ruy Gomes and a Confessor of the kings who possest him aboue all others and were the chiefe practisers of these Tragedies The which was reported vnto them for they had spies euen in the Queenes Cabinet by whom they were aduertised and the king by them of all the speeches which past betwixt the prince and her They fearing that by the force of coninguall loue Practises of the court of Spaine shee should put some consideration into the kings heart by the which hee might bee moued to examine this businesse with iudgement and that discouering their bad offices hee should take reuenge they resolued to presse the princes ruine and to draw the Queene into the same hatred that the king had conceiued against the prince his Sonne These men wrought so by their practised and coloured reports as they drew that heart alreadie vlcered into a deadlieiealousie of his wife slandering her with loossnesse adding that crime to the impression which they had giuen him that she fauoured the princes designs tending to open rebellion against God the king Moreouer to omit no imposture which might serue to transport this king beyond the bounds of humanitie and reason they let him vnderstand that by the reports of Phisitions and women attendants vnto his Confessor who made relation and to whose words he gaue great credit there appeared on the bodie of this Princesse certaine markes and spots which shewed an impuritie and corruption of the bloud which might infect the kings person if hee did accompany with her and so disperse it selfe into
waft home the Indian fleets discharged in diuers Hauens and Ports Ships of the vnited Prouinces discharged in Spaine And at Seuille the Duke of Medina Sidonia told the Merchants and Masters of ships that it was the kings pleasure and command being mooued there unto by the Cardinal of Austria and that from thenceforth their ships should haue free passage into Spaine and haue pasports to goe and come if they would demaund it hoping they would in time acknowledge the kings gratious fauours and submit themselues vnto their naturall Prince And the better to persuade the vnited Prouinces of the kings loue and fauour towards them hee set Philip of Nassau Prince of Orange and Earle of Buren at libertie hauing beene long restrained in Spaine which was thought to be done at the instance of the Prince of Spaine and of the Archduke to the end hee might haue him with him into the Low-Countries Experience hath often taught that armes are more fortunate French king proclaimes war against the king of Spaine and produce greater effects in an enemies Countrie than at home and that there is no such triumph as that which is fetcht farre off The French held that all their combustions had bin forged in Spaine that the Iesuits had beene the chiefe workemen The attempts against the French kings person by Iohn Chastell who had hurt him in the face and other their disciples did verifie this opinion Besides the French king had by his letters giuen the Estates of Arthois and Henaut to vnderstand that if they did not desist from relieuing his rebellious Leaguers vpon the frontiers of Picardie hee was resolued to make warre against them prefixing them a certaine time to giue him answere which they neglected whereupon the French king grounding the necessitie of his armes vpon these considerations hee made a declaration at Paris in Ianuary this yere by the which for certaine reasons therein contained he denounced war against the king of Spaine and all the Low-countrie Prouinces vnder his obedience as his enemies causing it to bee proclaimed in all the frontier Townes of his Realme After the publication hereof there was the like proclamation made at Brussels King of Spaine proclaimes war against the French in the name of the king of Spaine against the French king whome hee tearmed Prince of Bearne and against all the French that held his partie the Leaguers were excepted whome hee called the good confederate French Catholikes and he promised to aide and assist them with all the meanes which God had giuen him promising the like to all the French of what qualitie soeuer that should within two moneths after that proclamation forsake him and giue good testimony that they are no enemies to the Romish Catholike and Apostolike Religion nor to the king of Spaine This Edict was made in March and proclaimed in all the Low Country townes vnder the kings obedience In the yeare one thousand fiue hundred ninetie and sixe 1596 the king of Spaine made an edict King of Spaine breakes with the Merchants complaining that the reuenues of his crowne and the treasure which came yearely from the Indies were consumed by reason of his great charges for the defence of his Estates and of all Christendome imputing the cause to the great interest which he paid for the exchange of money and vpon other contracts made with the Merchants in his Majesties name so as in a manner all his receipts and reuenues were ingaged to others being without any treasure to supply his wants for that the Bankers who had been accustomed to furnish him by exchange made now some difficultie to deale any farther hauing in a manner all the reuenues of his Crowne in their possession for the preuenting of which inconuenience hee found no better meanes than to repaire the treasure and to free it from the wrongs it hath suffered by interests which hee hath allowed in his contraction to auoid greater daunger which might grow by the want of meanes to supply the necessities of the warre the which his meaning was to preuent by these meanes being impossible to vse any other vpon those occasions wherefore to cut off the said interests his meaning was to resume vnto himselfe all the assignements which hee had giuen vnto any Merchants and Bankers for what summes or contracts soeuer which haue beene made by his commandement since the decree made by him the first of September one thousand fiue hundred seuentie and fiue and the fift of December one thousand fiue hundred seuentie and seuen vnto the twentieth of Nouember this yeare one thousand fiue hundred ninetie and sixe which assignations hee suspended so as the Merchants might not receiue them but the reuenues should be brought into his Cofers and all contracts for interest should cease Confirming whatsoeuer had beene concluded by his royall Councell in this behalfe as done by his expresse commaundement This Edict being published Merchants breake by reason of the Edict it bred a strange alteration among the Merchants in Spaine Italie and the Low-Countries The Cardinall Albertus hauing taken vp money at Andwerp for the paiment of the armie and sent his bils of exchange into Spaine they were not accepted but sent backe againe and protested which was a blemish to his credit and made many merchants to breake imputing the cause vnto the Edict The corruption of titles being brought out of Spaine into Italie Titles forbiddē in Italie men honouring one another in their speaking and writing with affected courtesies in such sort as they found not titles sufficient to satisfie their arrogant ambition so as to tearme meane men most worthy or excellent which was due to Soueraigne Princes they held it no flatterie the which was growne so familiar among all sorts of people as euen base and obscure men did arrogate it the king hauing made a prouision in Spaine some yeares before for this abuse this yeare Henry de Guzman Earle of Oliuares being Viceroy of Naples did set downe an order for that realme the which was in some sort obserued in the Duchie of Milan ordaining that in their letters there should bee no title of courtesie giuen to any but onely the dignitie which hee held as to the Duke Prince Marquesse Earle or Doctor such a one taking away all superfluitie or suspition of Flatterie as well within as without the said letters the which was rigorously obserued in the Realm of Naples But the Court of Rome and the Clergie men disliking to receiue a law from any other than from the Pope would not suffer it to be obserued The King of Spaine being desirous to be reuenged of the spoiles which the English made daily as well in Spaine as in his other dominions gathered all his sea-forces together in the beginning of this yeare one thousand fiue hundred ninetie and sixe appointing the Rendes-vous to bee at Seuille Inundation of the riuer of Guadalquibir but this sudden preparation was disturbed by
his losse so as he slew nine thousand of the Romane armie vpon the place Mumius defeats the Spaniards and is beaten by the vanquished through his own negligence and not onely recouered his owne baggage but tooke the enemies and carried away a great number of ensignes which the Lusitanians dragged vp and downe in scorne of the Romanes Mumius hauing gathered together fiue thousand souldiours which remained and reuiued them as well as he could he found an opportunitie to charge the enemie going to forrage Mumius reuengeth his losses and did so well as he slew a great number and recouered his ensignes The Lusitanians which dwelt beyond the riuer of Tayo hauing in like maner proclaimed warre against the Romanes and tooke the towne of Conistorgis by assault a great and strong towne confederat to the Romanes they being led by a captaine called Caucene and not content to make a tumult in Spaine some of them passed the strait at Hercules pillars and went to spoyle Africke the rest went to assaile Ocile But Mumius arriuing with a thousand foot and fiue hundred horse slew about fifteene thousand forragers and made them to leaue the siege of Ocile Then going against others who thought to escape with the prey hee left not one aliue to carrie newes of their defeat Hee distributed the bootie which was portable among his souldiours and the rest being consecrated to those gods who hee thought did preside ouer the warres he burnt After all this he returned to Rome and triumphed Attilius or Acilius Balbus succeeded Mumius who at his first arriuall cut seuen hundred Lusitanians in peeces and tooke Oxthraca being the greatest and richest towne they had striking terrour in all the neighbour people which submitted themselues to his deuotion as far as the Vectons But when as Acilius had lodged his armie for Winter they rebelled and began to annoy them that were friends and confederats to the Romanes Against whom Ser. Galba sent Pretor to succeed Acilius meaning to succour them made a march of 15 leagues and being come in sight of the enemie without giuing rest to the souldiours he led them to fight Galba being victor is defeated by his rash pursute and vanquished happily But as the Romanes pursued the flying enemie in disorder and made many stands being wearie the Lusitanians turning head slue seuen thousand and forced Galba to flie with his horsemen into Carmel whither many that had escaped were retired who hauing rallied them together and leuied twentie thousand men of their confederats he wintered at Cunes The Consull Lucullus who wintered in Turditania hearing that the Lusitanians were in armes he sent the best of his captaines against them and slue foure thousand of them and afterwards hauing made a new head neere vnto Gades hee cut fiue thousand and fiue hundred in peeces And as Galba on his side pressed these people they sent embassadors vnto him seeming desirous to enjoy the accord made before with Attilius Galba made shew to pitie them and to excuse their excesse for that pouertie had made them to breake the treaties and to steale saying That he knew well that the Barbarians of the countrey was the cause of these inconueniences but if they had a true intent to be friends he would diuide them into three troupes and send them into fertile places to liue in The Lusitanians being woon with these promises put themselues into three troupes and suffered themselues to be led to the places assigned by Galba who spake vnto the first as if they were in full peace The treacherous cruelfie of Serg. Galba injoyning them to leaue their arms which hauing done he caused them all to be massacred and with the like fraud and crueltie he defeated the other two troupes before they could haue any newes of the slaughter of their companions Many slipping through the armed troupes escaped among the which was Viriatus who reuenged the trecherie crueltie of the Romanes against his country-men Galba shewing himselfe as treacherous and it may be more couetous than Lucullus hauing filled his cofers with the spoyles of Lusitania wherof he did defraud both his friends and souldiours returned to Rome where he was called in question for his abuses but being the richest man in the citie he escaped by bribes 20 The Lusitanians which remained of Lucullus and Galbaes treacheries assembled together to the number of ten thousand and did ouerrun the countrey of Turditania against whom the Pretor C. Vetilius was sent who hauing joyned the armie which hee brought from Rome with the forces he found in Spaine he went against them which spoyled their friends countrey and slew many of them forcing the rest to retire to the side of a hill where he besieged them so as they must either end their dayes by hunger or by the sword wherefore they resolued to sue for mercie and to intreat him to appoint them a countrey to dwell in the which he willingly graunted But Viriatus being in this besieged companie who had escaped from Galbaes slaughter began to speake in this manner Viriatus incourageth his companions not to trust the Romans How wretched are we that hauing so often tried the treacherie of these Romanes we will againe offer our throats vnto them and bee murthered by them vnder the sweetnesse of their false promises Do we not know that they with whom we haue now to deale are the same who by their notable treacherie haue slaine our brethren and companions Were it not better to keepe our armes and selling our liues at a deere rate let them feele that wee are men than suffering our selues to be disarmed by a foolish credulitie to bee afterwards slaine like beasts at the slaughter No my companions let vs not commit so grosse an error as to despaire in that sort let vs rather trie to force vs a passage and you shall find the difficultie is not so great as you imagine if you do what I shall aduise you This souldiour speaking with a great courage reuiued their spirits Viriatus chosen captaine by the Lusitanians besieged deceiues the Pretor who with one voice cried out vnto him That in a good houre he should be their captaine and that he should lead them whither he should thinke good Then he put them all in battell except some thousand of the best appointed which he kept with himselfe and then he commaunded euerie one to flie appointing their Rendezuous at Tribola Vetilius was in doubt to pursue them that fled thinking it the safest course to assaile Viriatus his thousand souldiours which were in battell on the side of the hill But they hauing spent that day and a part of the next in making a shew that they would fight with the Romanes easily freed themselues being well mounted and knowing the countrey and then came to Tribola and so this Spanish armie was preserued by the judgement and resolution of Viriatus who of a shepheard became a huntsman then afterwards a
reuenged for their breach of peace and the ruine and euersion of such a towne as Zamora was but they onely say That about the yeare 955 being of full age he maried with a ladie called D. Vrraca by whom it is not found that he had any children and abandoning himselfe to a voluptuous life he contemned all good counsell so as the earles and noblemen of Gallicia The vices of princes causes of sedition seeing his sollie and discontented with his vices they skorned him and would no more acknowledge him for their king Whereupon they did chuse D. Bermund sonne to the last king D. Ordogno and intitled him King of Gallicia which title and countrey he enioyed ten yeares Gallicia made a kingdome notwithstanding all the attempts of D. Ramir who made warre there two whole yeares with great losse of his best men D. Garcia Fernandes new Earle of Castille Castille resisted the Moores valiantly and being also inuited by the basenesse of king D. Ramir and it may be by the remembrance of the injuries done by the king D. Sancho to the Earle D. Ramir Basenesse of king Ramir occasion of new tumulis and the wrongs done by him also vnto the Earle D. Fernand his father he entred the territories of Leon and withdrew some places from him so as falling to an accord the riuer of Carrion was made the bounds betwixt the Estates of Leon and Castille They hold That this earle D. Garcia Fernandes did build in Curuas Rubias the monasterie of S. Cosine and Damian and indowed it with great priuiledges lands and possessions retaining such a right of patronage That if any gentlewomen of his familie should want meanes to marie them according to their estates or would liue vnmaried they should be prouided for and entertained leauing to the religious which serue in the monasterie a competent pension to nourish them This earle did augment the number of horsemen in Castille to six hundred which at his fathers death were but two hundred He maried twice to French ladies but vnfortunatly his first wife was called D. Argentiua daughter to a French earle with whom hee fell in loue when as in the companie of her father and mother she past through Castille A mariage for loue vnfortunaâ— in pilgrimage to S. Iaques of Compostella and demanded her of her father but she proued vnchast abandoning her selfe to a French knight who came from S. Iaques and carried her away into France the earle being sicke in bed six yeares after thier mariage The Spaniards report That being cured and much incensed at the wrong this knight had done him he went out of Castille and left the gouernement of his countries of Gilpâ—res of Bauardillo and Fernand Peres two of his vassalls and went into France in a disguised habit where as this knight dwelt and enjoyed D. Argentina where he wrought in such sort as he woon the fauour of his daughter called D. Sancha or according vnto some D. Ogna with whom he laid a plot vpon promise that he should take her to wife That one night she should giue him entrance into her fathers house to reuenge his wrongs Where as the earle slue those two adulterers in their bed and so returned into Castille carrying with him D. Sancha or Ogna his new spouse whom he maried in the citie of Bourgos The name of this second wife is diuersly set downe by Spanish writers some call her Sancha Gâ—nerall of â—â—â—ulle others Ogna the inscriptions of Peter of Arlance name her Abba D. Garcia Fernandes the earle had one sonne by her called D. Garcia Roldanis who died young as it appeares by the inscriptions of the said monasterie Moreouer he had another sonne called D. Sancho Garcia who was earle In the inscriptions of Saint Peter of Cardegna where she was buried with her husband it is said the she was neece to the Emperour Henrie and is in all places called Abba or Ogna Besides these two sonnes shee had one daughter called D. Vrraca who was profest in the monasterie of S. Cosme and Damian about Arlansa During the time the earle was in France to seeke meanes to be reuenged and to get his new wife the Moores entred into Castille and spoyled all the countrey euen vnto Bourgos and they write That in the way they forced the monasterie of Saint Peter of Cardegna and slue the Abbot and three hundred Monkes A great slaughter of Monkes made by the Moores some Authors write but two hundred and that the destruction of this monasterie was some yeare before But this place was reedified by the earle D. Garcia Fernandes and inriched with rents and jewels more then before This happened during the time that D. Ramir king of Leon made warre against his rebellious subiects in Gallicia 14 About the yeare 956 Anno 956. died that cruell enemie of the Christian Religion Moores Hali Hatan king of the Arabians at Cordoua the sixteenth yeare of his raigne and 339 of the Arabians to whom succeeded Hizen his sonne the second of that name called by others Izica The forces of this king of the Moores Moores drawn into Gallicia by the faction of a Bishop were drawne into Gallicia by the factions of a Bishop of Compostella who had beene deposed for his vices The zeale of their ambition was such as they made no conscience to expose Christians to the crueltie of Arabian Mahumetists It is written in the Spanish Histories that D. Bermond raigning in Gallicia by an accord made with D. Ramir king of Leon and making his ordinarie residence in the towne of S. Iaques there came to the Episcopall dignitie of that place D. Pelagius Bishop of Lugo sonne to Cont Roderigo Velasques who shewing himselfe a prophane man and disposing of Ecclesiasticall dignities to vnworthie men deserued to be expelled by the king D. Bermond who aduanced in his place a Monke of Saint Benoist called D. Pedro of Monsorio of a reasonable good life Cont Roderigo and his followers being incensed at this disgrace done vnto his sonne called the Moores into Gallicia to be reuenged of the king D. Bermond King Hizen was verie young at the decease of his father Halt Hatan wherefore a nobleman among the Moores valiant and verie famous called Mahomad Ibne Aben Hamur and by surname Alhabib Almansor tooke vpon him the gouernement of the realme of Cordoua and of all Spaine vnder the Moores jurisdiction the which he held fiue and twentie yeares and they report that during his life they entred two and fiftie times into the Christians countrey and that he was of such credit among the Moores as all was done by his aduice and counsell Hizen hauing nothing but the bare name Considering the name and surname of this great captaine it is to be presumed he had beene sent out of Affricke by Mansor Miralmumin of Maroc then raigning to gouerne Spaine during the minoritie of the king of Cordoua for Alhabib Mansor is
Emperour D. Alphonso and with him the Earle of Barcelone accompanied with a good number of his Knights of Cattelogne to honour these kings It was this king Lewis who had put away Elenor Dutchesse of Guienne and Couâ—esse of Poictiers who married with Henry king of England which was the cause of long warres in France The yeare following 1151. Arragon and Barcelone for as much as the towne of Tarragone was not wel peopled it may be for that it did belong vnto the Archbishop and the Clergie and that feare of the Moores which were neere kept the people in those places which were commanded by martiall men The Archbishop D. Bernard Cord made cession againe of the sayd Towne vnto the Earle D. Raymond resigning it into his hands with the permission of Pope Eugenius the third and with the consent of the Chapter and Bishops Suffraganes ganes of the Church Don Raymond put it instantly into the hands of a Knight called Robert and did inuest him with a title of Principalitie The same yeare his wife D. Petronille Queene of Arragon was brought in bed of her sonne Don Raymond whose name after the decase of his father was changed to Don Alphonso and hee inherited the Realme of Arragon and Principalitie of Cattelogne Genealogie of Arragon This deliuerie was so dangerous as the Queene resoluing to dye made her will and instituted her after-birth for her heire and the Earle his father for Gouernour of his Estates but God deliuered her and sent her health after which shee had Don Sancho who was Earle of Roussillon and of Cerdagne and two daughters D. Aldonça the eldest married to Sancho the first of that name and second King of Portugall the other was wife to Don Armingol Earle of Vrgel After Queene Petronilles lying in Don Raymond cleansing the rest of the Countrie which lyes betwixt Sarrgossa and Torrosa of Moores hee to-oke from them the Castell of Mirauet A little before D Berenguels Queene of Castile was deceased who desired to be interred at Saint Iemes for the great opinion she had of the Apostles intercession as she had beene instructed by her Prelates D. Sancho the seuenth of that name the 20. King of Nauuarre 18 D. Sancho surnamed the Wise Nauarre sonne to D. Garcia beeing come to the Crowne of Nauarre hee made an Assembly and enteruiew of Princes at Tudele neere vnto Aigues-chaudes whither came the Emperour D. Alphonso and his sonne Don Sancho King of Castile and D. Raymond Berenger Prince of Arragon where they conspired against the new King of Nauarre and set downe many Articles concerning the warre as the Emperour and Earle had done some yeare before Among others they agreed That the Realme of Nauarre should be conquered at their common charge and diuided equally betwixt them except the forts which the Nauarrois held belonging to the Crowne of Arragon the which should be re-united As for the towne of Tudele the Iurisdiction should be diuided the moitie thereof entring into that portion of the lands which lye from Ebro to Montcajo and that for one halfe of the Realme of Nauarre which the Earle should enioy he should as Gouernour of Arragon do homage to the King of Castille That by Saint Michels day next ensuing the Infant Don Sancho should take vnto him D. Blanche the Infanta of Nauarre to marry her or if the thought good to leaue her These and such other like conditions were concluded betwixt these Princes to the ruine of the young King D. Sancho of Nauarre and of his Estates if God had not preserued him With this resolution the Castillan and Arragonois parted from Tudele and went euery one into his Countrie to giue order for that which was needfull for the warres thinking that their enemie who was but a child could not defend himselfe against so great forces but God had otherwise decreed and confounded all their practises Soone after D. Pedro â— ' Athares dyed who had fayled to bee King of Nauarre and Arragon the founder of the Monasterie of S. Mary of Veruela where he was interred The Nauarro is doubting some practise against their Prince in this Assembly of Tudele were very carefull to fortifie their frontier places and to renew the allyances of the house of Nauarre with the French king and other Noblemen of that nation The young king D. Sancho was crowned after the death of his father in the Church of Pampelone where he sware to obserue the lawes and statutes of the Countrie which were the same which they call at this day the lawe of Arragon according to the which Nauarre Guipuscoa and the places ioying to Nauarre were then gouerned Saint Sebastian which was at that time a place of great trafficke had priuiledges granted by him and so had the Towne of Durando in Biscaye They surnamed this king the Sage for that in truth he was a wife and a discreet Prince and for his valour and courage hee was called by some Valiant Hee had some knowledge of learning honored learned men and was studious of the Scriptures as the vse was in those times and shewed himselfe a great Iusticer for all which vertues he was much esteemed by other Princes and was honoured feared and loued of his subiects The armies of the league made at Tudele beganne to annoy him at his first entrance and did him some harme vppon his fronters yet he did not loose any place of importance for although hee were very young yet he was of an actiue spirit and a noble courage and was well and faithfully assisted by his allies and serued by the Nauarrois The warre was hottest in the valley of Roncall but there is no mention that either in that yeare or in the other following there was any memorable exployt done and they hold that Lewis the French king who had beene a great friend to Don Garcia his deceased father French king fauours the king of Nauarre did wonderfully crosse the enterprises of the League and hindred them all he could beeing either vppon his treatie of marriage or else newly married to Dona Isabells Infsanta of Castile in fauour of which allyance the Emperour D. Alphonso did desist from that warre or did neglect it and Don Sancho his sonne King of Castile who had his choice to marrie D. Blanche Genealogie of Castile or to leaue her married her and had a Ionne by her at the end of the yeare called D. Alphonso who was king of Castile and Toledo after the father Some hold that the marriage of king Lewis with D. Isabella was after all this in the yeare 1154. and that the King of Nauarre came to Burgos to the celebration thereof the which was admired by the French for the exceeding pompe The Countrie of Nagera was then one of the chief gouernments of Castile for the Gouernour thereof was Captaine generall of the fronter towards Nauarre The Infant Don. Sancho who was called king of Castile did enioy those lands
little wherefore Pope Innocent the third was forced at the sute and instance of the Estates of Arragon and Cattelogne to send a Cardinall called Peter of Beneuent into Languedoc to whome the young king was deliuered and led by him into his Countrie where hee was receiued and crowned at Monçon and then tooke and receiued the oath at Lerida It was ordayned in these assemblies of Monçon and Lerida that Don Sancho Earle of Rossillon should gouerne the realme during the kings minoritie but they gaue him limitation The kings person was recommended to Friar William of Monredon VVillyam of Monredon and Raymond of Pegnafort or Rochâ—fort Gouernors of the kings person Master of the Templers to whom was giuen for an Assistant Friar Raymond of Pegnafort a Castellan he that compiled the books of the Decretals and did write arguments in cases of conscience whereof there shall be more ample mention made Don Sancho Earle of Rossillon of a Regent became a tyrant and did in time much trouble the king Don Iames. These things past in this manner in Arragon the yeare after the victory of Muradal or Tholousa In Nauarre Nauarre Pampelone in sedition the king D. Sancho the Strong at his returne from Castile found great disorders and mutinies among his subiects especially in the citty of Pampelone which grew by the young maydens of the towne who had iniuried one another and as oftentimes a small coale kindles a great fire which burnes a house yea a whole cittie so these petty brabbles made all the Inhabitants fall into factions those of the Bourg of Saint Sernin and Saint Michel to defend the female kind fell to blowes and murthers the which could not be preuented in the Kings absence who by his presence pacified and reconciled them for a time but beeing afterwards retired to his castell of Tudele where he would not see any man by reason that the incurable griefe in his foot increased daily the young men of Pampelone reuiued their insolencies and quarrels so as one day those of Saint Sernin and Saint Michel falling to armes their fury and rage was such as there were aboue 800. slaine vpon the place both men wiues and virgins and many houses were burnt such was their furious rage one against another the which caused the King Don Sancho to leaue his voluntarie prison to pacifie it as he did 39 Among other remedies which might serue hereafter hee found that peace could not continue long among a people where there was a multitude of idle youth and that of necessitie there must grow daily quarrels among them if there were not meanes found out to employ them Seeing then that his subiects were giuen to armes more then to any other exercise he resolued seeing there was no warre with his neighbors to make a garrison vpon the Moores frontiers whether the young men of the countrie should be sent to be trained vp in martiall discipline and to practise armes honorably against the enemies of Christ for this cause he intreated the king D. Iames or those which did then gouerne his Realme of Arragon to sell him the fruites and possession of the townes of Ademus Castelâ—abib Ferreta Ferrelon and Calamator for his life to make them a schole for armes the which hee obtained confirming also by the same mediators the peace which had beene concluded betwixt the kings Don Sancho and Don Pedro some yeares before the which began to be troubled betwixt these two estates D. Alphonso king of Castille Castile Exploits against the Moores hauing suffered his soldiers to rest some time in their houses drew his army againe together in the yeare 1213. and recouered the Castell of Duegnas which herestored to the Order of Calatraua he also tooke the Castle of Ezna Vexor the which the gaue to the Order of Saint Iames from thence hee came and planted his campe before the towne of Alcarras seated vpon a very high and rough part of the mountaine called Sierra Morena the which hee tooke without any great difficulty the Moores beeing yet amazed at the defeate they had the yeare before and then hauing seazed vppon many other places with the like ease hee returned to Toledo where the Queenes D. Elenor his wife and D. Berenguela his daughter with the Infant Don Henry attended him There was a great famine that yeare in Spaine when as Don Roderigo Ximenes the Arch-bishop did much good by his preaching perswading the rich to releeue the poore for which consideration the King did afterwards giue many places to him and his successors Arch-bishops the which did much augment the reuenues of that Sea honouring moreouer the sayd Don Roderigo and his successors Arch-bishops with the title of High Chancelors of Castile The Kings of Castile and Leon Leon. had beene no very good friends vppon diuers occasions but now lately by reason of the diuorce betwixt the King of Leon and his wife D. Berenguela daughter of Castile the which was partly the cause why the king of Leon was not at the battell of Muradal but this yeare all hatred forgotten the two kings had an interview in the towne of Vailledolit whereas it was agreed that Carpio and Montreall should be restored to the King of Leon vpon condition that he should raze them and that he should make warre against the Moores Reconciliation of the Kings of Castille and Leon. for the execution whereof D. Diego Lopes de Haro was sent to accompany Don Alphonso king of Leon with a good number of souldiers The places beeing ruined the king of Leon went against the Moores of Alcantara vppon the riuer of Tayo on the confines of Portugall the which hee tooke whereas since he did institute an Order of Knights Order of the Knâ—ghts of Alcantara like vnto that of Calatraua This king D. Alphonso of Leon is numbred the tenth of that name by them that mingle the kings of Castile and Leon together We haue sayd before that he had two wiues the one was daughter to Don Sancho the first king of Portugall called Donna Theresa of which marriage issued Don Fernand who died before his father Donna Sancha and D. Dulce being afterwards separated by the Popes authoritie for that they were cousins in the third degree he married to his second wife Donna Berenguela daughter to Don Alphonso the Noble king of Castile of whom was borne Don Fernand who was King of Castile and Leon and Don Alphonso who came to be Lord of Molina Gentalogie of Leon. and had moreouer two daughters by this Lady Donna Constance a Nunne in las Huelgas of Burgos and Donna Berenguela who married with the Earle Iohn de Brenne whom they termed king of Ierusalem This second marriage was also dissolued for that Donna Berenguela was daughter to her husbands cousinâ—germaine therefore Don Alphonso had a friend which brought him a bastard called Don Roderigo Alphonso of Leon. After the taking of Alcantara Castile Don Diego
Arragon and left a French knight for Seneshal and Gouernor thereof his name was Ieoffry of Beaumont of whom the Nauarrois made no great account and lesse of the king of Arragon to whom they would yeeld no obedience so as there began to be a breach of friendship betwixt the Nauartois and Arragonois in the yeere 1257. at which time D. Gil de Rada a knight of Nauar did homage to the King D. Iaime for his castle of Rada for him and D. Maria de Leet his wise The Seneshal seeing the couÌ„try which was committed vnto him ready to fal into a combustion came vnto the king D. Iaime who was at Barcelona and obtained of him an assurance of peace for a certaine time betwixt the two Estates The King of Castille finding himselfe in peace with all his neighbors Castile both Christians and Moores he tooke care for the good gouernment of his subiects who at that time made great complaints for that by reason of the altering of the value of coines al things were growne exceeding deere which thinking to preuent by setting a certaine price vpon al wares that were sold he wrought a contrary effect so as the death increased wherefore he disanulled that law and gaue them free liberty to sel their victuals wares at their pleasures Factionâ— in Germany for the Empire About that time there was great trouble in the Empire of Germany betwixt Conrade sonne to Frederic the 2. King of Naples and Sicile and William Earle of Holland both which carried themselues as Emperors The death of Conrade happened who as the Italians write was poysoned by Manfroy his Lieutenant and bastard brother who vsurped the realmes of Naples and Sicile which the Popes would draw vnto them since Frederiks time and exclude the house of Soaue notwithstanding that Conrade left Conradin his son and heire Impiety of Manfrey Frederiks bastard in whose preiudice Manfroy made himself king sugiesting that he had newes of his death in Germany hauing in the meane time corrupted some to poison him as he had done the father but they failed him their vowed seruice William Earle of Holland had bin chosen Emperor by the practises of Popes against Frederic who held that title vnto his death which was soone after that of Conrâ—â— for hauing war against the Frisons his rebels he was defeated by them and drowned in a Marish He being dead the Electors of Germany were diuided some striuing to haue a Prince of Germany chosen according to the lawes of the Empire and the others it may be corrupted with money sought to haue some forraine Prince placed in the Emperiall dignity that he might pacefie the troubles and tumults which did afflict Germany and Italy Two Princes were then vpon the file Richard sonne to Iohn King of England and brother to Henry the third Richard of England chosen Emperor then raigning and D. Alphonso King of Castille Conrad Archbishop of Cologne and Lewis Cont Palatin of Rhin Electors practised by the English man who was present did chose him King of the Romains where vnto the Archbishop of Mentz consented But Adolph duke of Saxony the Archbishop of Treues and the Marquis of Brandeburg disallowing of this Election they named the king of Castille who was absent who being aduertized of this ElectioÌ„ by a sollemn Ambassage yet would he not go into Germany hearing that Richard would force obedience by armes that the war was hotter among the Germains then before wherefore attending the euent he kept himself within the city of Toledo 7 The same yeere of our Lord 1257. Portugal D. Sancho Capello King of Portugal whom they had depriued of the gouernment of the realme to giue it to his brother D. Alphonso of Bologne came into Castille to King D. Alphonso the wise according to the most certain Authors intreating him to aide him in the recouery of his dignity and to punish his rebelious subiects who had made his brother their King in his life time wherevnto the King of Castille was well affected but a priuat respect made him to abandon the cause of the afflicted for the Earle of Bologne Regent of Portugal knowing that his brother made this pursute intreated King D. Alphonso by his letters not to trouble him in the charge wherevnto he had beene called by the Estates of the realm for lawful considerations the which had also bin allowed and confirmed by the authority of the Romain sea That if he would forbeare to annoy him he promised to marry D. Beatrix his bastard daughter which was then of age to be maried would be diuorced from the Countesse Mâ—hault his wife D. Alphonso of Portugal leaues his lawful wise the Countesse of Balogne to marry with Beatrix of Castille moreouer did reuiue the ancient homage which Portugal did to Leon These offers made king D. Alphonso to open his eares who entertayning the king D. Sancho with good words concluded the marriage of D. Beatrix with the Regent his brother to whom he gaue in doury the country of Algarbe newly taken from the Moores this vnion of the realm of Algarbe to that of Portugal was the cause that from that time the kings of Portugal carriedin their armes a border gueules semee with castles or without number the which were since reduced to the number of seuen The King D. Sancho Capello being out of al hope to raigne in Portugall D. Sancho Capello spoiled of the realme of Portugal died soone after in Castille where for that short time he was entertained in a royal Estate by D. Alphonso King of Castille whose case was like vnto his some few yeeres after for he was dispossessed by his owne sonne D. Sancho where it was happy for him to haue preserued the friendship of the Moores for there was not any Christian Prince that did either fauor him or aide him Whilst that the King D. Sancho of Portugal liued the city of Coimbra resisted D. Alphonso his brother and would neuer acknowledge him for Regent and much lesse for King And the writers of Portugal say that the newes of the Kings death being published he which commanded within the towne whom some cal Fleet demanded a pasport to goe vnto Toledo to informe himselfe of the Kings death and that the tombe wherein he had beene laied being opened he began to fight and to lament the aduenture of this Prince and to protest of his loyaltie vnto him and of the affection of the citizens of Combra and laying the keyes of the city vpon his hands he sayd that seeing he had receiued them from him with the charge and gouernment thereof he deliuered it vp vnto him againe and then resoluing to acknowledge King D. Alphonso for his lawfull Prince and to draw the citizens therevnto he returned into Portugal D. Alphonso the third of that name the fifth King of Portugal BY the death of King D. Sancho Capello Nauarre which was the fifth yeere of
Don Alphonso perceiuing the misery whereinto hee did runne desired to make a peace with Don Iohn Manuel but hee laboured in vaine for the Prior of Saint Iohn vndid all that hee could doe The same yeere beeing the yeere of our Lord 1329. the marriage which had beene treated some monthes before Arragon betwixt Don Alphonso King of Arragon and D. Leonora of Castile sister to his King Don Alphonso of Castile An. 1329. was celebrated at Tarassone whereas both Kings met beeing accompanied by many Princes Princesses Prelates and Knights and the Ambassadors of Don Alphonso King of Portugal There was the league renued betwixt the three Estates of Castille Arragon and Portugal and decreed to receiue one an others Rebels promising withall to assist the King of Castille in his warres against the Moores with the forces of Arragon and Portugall what issue came of this marriage wee haue before related when as D. Leonora saw her selfe mother to Don Fernand her first sonne which was at the end of the yeere beeing desirous hee should succeed the King his father shee sought by all meanes to shewe her selfe a stepmother to Don Pedro her husbands sonne by his first wife but hee finding it hee kept himselfe farre off during his fathers life Don Pedro for his part was of a rough and sower disposition As soone as the Infant D. Fernand was borne the King his father gaue him the Marquisate of Tortose and Albarrazin contrary to the Edict and law of Daroca whereof wee haue made mention whereat the Estates were much discontented and with them the Infant D. Pedro Don Pedro de Luna Archbishop of Saragossa Don Michel Gurrea who was at it were Gouernor of the Realme a dignity which they were wont to giue to the eldest Princes of Arragon Don Pedro and Syraon Gurrea brethren this last was Abbot of Montatragon Vidal of Villanoua Garcia de Lâ—ris Michel Zapate and other Noblemen yet they were forced to haue patience for D. Alphonso King of Arragon suffered himselfe to bee wholy gouerned by D. Leonora this was the first subiect of hatred betwixt D. Pedro and her The King of Castille beeing much discontended for the death of D. Garcilaço de la Vega Castile came presently after his marriage to his aunt being at Soria where causing informations to bee made against the murtherers hee condemned the guiltie to death and did confiscate their goods Hee assembled the Estates of all his realmes at Madrid of whom hee obtained of guift of great summes of Marauidis of gold to make warre against the Moores who that yeere had sodainely taken the towne of Priego D. Iohn Manuel as well for the marriage betwixt the King of Arragon and the Infanta of Castille as for that his wife sister to the King of Arragon was newly dead lost his support on that side yet hee married againe with D. Blanche daughter to the Infant D. Fernand de la Cerde younger brother to D. Alphonso de la Cerde cousin to D. Iohn Nugnes de Lara which de Lara married at the same time the daughter of D. Iohn the blinde the heire of Biscay who was yet at Bayone whether shee had beene conuaied when her father was slaine her name was Mary The King beeing prest to resist the Inuasions of the Moores hee found meanes to make a peace with Don Iohn Manuell to whom he restored Donna Constance his daughter whom hee had kept in the castle of Toro and graunted vnto him certaine other conditions whereby hee pacefied the intestin troubles of the realme Beeing at Vailledolit hee caused Ioseph of Eccia the Iew to yeeld an account of the reuenues of his customes and for that there had beene great complaints made of him hee tooke that charge from him ordayning that from thenceforth it should bee discharged by Christians with the title of Treasorers and not of Customers In the yeere of our Lord 1330. the Kings of Castille and Portugal meeting at Font Grimald An. 1330. renued their alliances and leagues and did capitulate a new that the King of Portugal should assist him of Castille with fiue hundred horse for the Moores warre and then was a marriage celebrated betwixt Don Pedro the Infant of Portugal and Donna Blanche daughter to Don Pedro of Castille The Rendezuous for the Christians army was appointed at Cordoua whether the King came with his fiue hundred horse Portugois led by the maister of the troupes of the Order of Christus so as all things being ready they laied siege to Thiebe Hardales Mahumet King of Granado who kept himselfe in a manner alwaies in the castle of Alhambra Moores gaue the whole conduct of the warre to Ozmin who hauing taken Pruna by treason came and lodged with six thousand horse and good troupes of foote at Turon three leagues from Thiebe seeking by his continuall alarmes to diuert the Christians seege making daylie skirmishes about the riuer of Guadathiebe which was the common watering of both armies notwithstanding all this the Christians continued their battery and the towne was valiantly defended by the Inhabitants who burned the Engins of battery with wilde fire and did frustrate many of the assaylants attempts In the end Ozmin desirous to raise the seege Strâ—â—â—gem of 〈◊〉 he resolued to charge the campe with this pollicie He diuided his army into two and sent three thousand horses farre about and by couered places to charge the Christian army behind or in flanke vpon signe giuen whilst that he with the other three thousand and his footmen did set vpon them in front thinking that the whole armie would make head against him and that whilest they were in fight the rest falling vpon them with great cryes should amaze them and easily disorder them but he fayled in this disseigne for the king of Castile beeing aduertised by his spies that part of the Mores army was disbanded and that the rest came against him hee appointed a good squadron of horse to defend the rere and he with the rest went to incounter Ozmin whom he fought withall and repulsed and had defeated him if the three thousand horse which he had sent to charge the armie behind had not turned head finding all things in good order and come in time to succour Ozmin which was the cause he was not wholy defeated Whilest they were in fight the king sent two thousand horse to assayle the Mores campe and to spoyle their baggage the which they effected bringing away many prisoners This ill-succeeding enterprise was poorely repayred the next day by the Moores who slue about fifty souldiers whom they found disbanded about the riuer and this was all wherefore they retired and the seege was continued and then the Moores beeing out of hope of succors yeelded to haue their liues saued Afterwards Priego and Lagnetta were yeelded and the forts of Cuenas and Ortexica recouered which had beene abandoned by the Moores With these victories king D. Alphonso returned to Seuile being much
them selues or their goods for the aduancement thereof with an especiall charge and commission to Don Gil Carillo of Albornoz Arch-bishop of Toledo to publish this Croisado making him to that end Legate of the Apostolike sea The army before Tariffe being opprest with famine King Alboacen gaue Don Iohn Alphonso of Benauides the Gouernor to vnderstand that he had some matters to treat of with him for the good of the king his master and therefore he should send some vnto him to conferre with him The Gouernour hauing receiued hostages sent two Gentlemen vnto him but beeing aduertised at the same instant that the gallies of Castile and Portugall had beene all cast away by tempest vppon the coast so as the sea beeing free victuals began to come aboundantly from Affrike vnto the campe when as these Knights came vnto king Alboacen hee sayd nothing of consequence vnto them but was desirous agiane to continue the warre sending backe these messengers and retiring his hostages Then did they make a furious batteire with all kinds of engines vsuall in those times against the which the beseeged rampared themselues and made a gallant defence King D. Alphonso hauing called to seuile the Noblemen of his Councell and the chiefe men among his subiects sitting in his royall throne with great maiestie holding in his right hand the sword wherewith hee had beene girt in Saint Iames Chruch of Gallicia when he was made Knight and in his left hand the Crowne wherewith he had beene crowned in the cittie of Bourgos he spake grauely vnto them of the present estate of his affaires D. Alphonsos speech to his Councell and the danger wherein the Christian realms of Spaine then were by the importune malice and impiety of the Arabians their ancient enemies coniured together at that time from the East vnto the West to glut their implacable thirst with the bloud of Spaniards against whose forces without all doubt in time Spaine should not be able to resist many of their best men hauing beene consumed by the factions and diuisions which had raigned among them whereby Spaine had wasted her selfe by her owne armes and withall the ill successe of his armies at sea brought twise to nothing so as for so dangerous a mischiefe there was need of an extraordinarie remedie the honour of the name of Christians the Crowne of Castile and their liberties liues and goods beeing then in question wherein he had need of good and faithfull Councell and for that cause had called them together praying God to put into their harts and vnderstandings what was fit for the honor and increase of his Crowne and the Common-weale Whereupon many different opinions hauing beene propounded all in the end concluded that they must rayse the seege from before Tariffe for the effecting whereof they must find meanes to ioyne the forces of Portugall Arragon and Castile together for the which they began presently to giue order The Queene of Castile got a promise from Don Alphonso King of Portugall her father to ayde the king her husband with all his forces whereupon there was an enterview of the two kings at Irumegna a towne in Portugall The king of Castile sent to encourage them of Tariffe giuing them hope of speedie succours forbidding them expresly not to sally foorth vpon the enemy for that the losse of one man did more import them then an hundred to King Alboacen he obtained a new army at sea from the king of Arragon the which was commanded by the Prior of Saint Iohn who had escaped in the tempest to ioyne with those few gallies which he had yet left and presently after the king of Portugall came in person to Seuile beeing accompanied with all the flower of his Nobility and the best souldiers of his country The leauied men in all parts of Spaine both foot and horse which enrolled themselues for this religious warre but especially out of Biscay Alaua and Guipuscoa which bee the best footmen of Spaine the which were commanded by Don Pero Nugnes de Gazman their Lord Don Iohn Nugnes de Lara beeing employed in the conduct of the horse To conclude their indeauors were such as within few dayes there were mustred about Seuile 25000. foote and 14000. horse with which forces the two kings of Castile and Portugal resolued to offer battell vnto the enemy which was before Tariffe beeing farre more mighty then they hauing besides the great number of horse and foote which he brought out of Affricke ioyned vnto him the forces of Granado the which consisted of 7000. horse and a great multitude of foot Assoone as the Christian army began to march Alboacen king of Maroc and Ioseph king of Granado sent Albohamar Infant of Maroc with 2000. horse to keepe the passage of the riuer of Salado Skrimâ—sh at the passage of the riuer Salado which runnes betwixt Pegna du Cerf and Tariffe the which were defeated by a thousand horse and 4000. foot which the King of Castile had sent to put themselues into Tariffe the which they effected happily after this exploit through fauour of the night the Moorish kings hauing already raised their seege burnt thier engines of batterie and retired their army into a place of aduantage called Alfaneque These troups were the bands of D. Henry and D. Tello children aduowed of Castile the which were led by wise and expert Captaines The day after this defeat the two armies presented themselues vppon the bankes of the riuer of Salado which the Christian meant to passe and so they did but with great resistance and difficultie yet Gonçalo Ruis de la Vega and his brother Garciaço who marched in the head of the army assured the passage for the rest repulsing the Mores who defended it valiantly when as the Christians were all past without breaking they found the great squadrons of the Moores in Order ready to fight so as in an instant they ioyned and were so mingled as the kings themselues on either side sparing not their owne persons and performing the duties as well of souldiers as of Generals of armies were many times found in danger and their obstinacie was so great in the fight as the Arch-bishop of Toledo was faine partly by intreaties and partly by force to draw the king of Castile out of the presse where he had the fore-part of his saddle shot through with an arrow a dangerous blow if it had lighted a little higher the which might haue made the kingdomes of Spaine a prey vnto the Mores by the losse of a battell which doth commonly follow the death of the Generall But God disposed otherwise according to his mercy to the Christians for the Moores beeing rather hindred then helped by their multitudes gaue way and fled where as the slaughter was so great as the number of the dead as Authors write is not credible but howsoeuer Defeats memorable of the Moores at Salado the Christians had an absolute victorie who might haue slaine more and it may be
Pons and of one William Brake Gouernors in whose times the lawes of Duel were much practised in Nauarre a well among the Nobility as others who decided their controuersies and quarrels by combat The wars betwixt the French and English beeing somewhat appeased about the yeare 1343 more for want of meanes to make warre and for need of rest then otherwise Philip king of Nauarre obtayned leaue to come and visit his countrie and if it were conuenient to see the seege of Algezire whereof there was so great brute throughout all Christendome this desire increased in him beeing in Nauarre and the rather for that hee vnderstood there should be a battaile as it was likely and that the king of Castile did resolutely attend it Wherefore king Philip inuited many of his friends and leauied men as well in Nauarre as in France giuing order for the shipping of munition and victuals in the ports of Guipuscoa and so marched on hauing giuen aduice of all vnto king D. Alphonso leading with him only an hundred horse and three hundred foot which were ready about him giuing order for the rest to follow There was great honor done him in all the townes of Castile where he past the king hauing so commanded and he arriued at Seuile about the Spring whither the king of Castile sent Ambassadours to welcome him and conduct him to Xeres vppon the frontier whether many Noblemen and souldiers should come to accompanie him as well to do him honour as for the safetie of his person for that the Moores Armie lay incamped vpon the Riuer of Guadiana Thus the king of Nauarre was conducted vnto Xeres and from thence to the campe with all the shewes of friendship and amity that could bee desired The king went foorth to meete him beeing attended on by many great and worthie personages Castillans and strangers French English Germaines and other Nations The King of Castile did such honour to the King of Nauarre as hee would not determine of any matter of consequence without calling him to councell neither heare nor answer any Ambassadors but in his presence The King of Nauarre likewise for his part shewed himselfe very desirous to please him There were many skirmishes at that time in the which the Nauarrois and Gascons carried themselues very valiantly notwithstanding mention is made by the Histories of Spayne of a great oportunitie lost of giuing the Moores a notable route by the default of Gaston Earle of Foix who that day had the leading of the Nauarrols and Gascons but they speake of it doubtfully as a thing vncertaine and it may be without any iust ground adding withall that the Earle for shame demanded his conge pretending certaine reasons that hee could not stay as well for that his souldiers were vnpayed as for the neede they might haue of him in France neither could the king of Nauarre or hee of Castile who offered him all contentment stay him by any intreaties or perswasions Finally according to the Spanish Authors hee departed with a good troupe of Knights and souldiers leading his brother with him but being at Seuile hee died which shewes that sicknesse was the cause of his retreate or rather the wounds which hee had receiued in a furious skirmih which he maintained against the Moores which sallied out of Algezire in the which our French-Histories affirme that he was slaine He was father to Gaston Phebus of whom mention shall be made hereafter Philip king of Nauarre fell also sicke with other Noblemen which grew by the intemperature of the ayre of Andalusia beeing too violent for the French who changed nothing of their accustomed manner of lyuing being in a different climate The king of Nauarres sicknesse was such as hee was aduised to cause himselfe to be transported into France so as he was forced to take leaue of the king of Castile who neglected no good office to comfort him but beeing come to Xeres Death of Don Philip king of Nauarre his sicknesse so increased as he was forced to stay and dyed there in September 1343. He had raigned about 15. yeares and fiue months in Nauarre His body was carreid to Pampelona and there interred in the Cathedrall church wheresoeuer his body past through the Realme of Castile there were great ceremonies done and shewes of mourning by commandement from king D. Alphonso The Spanish Authors who slatter not the French write that this infirmity increased by griefe for some errors which the French which followed him had committed in an ambush which had bin layd for the Moore where by their too great hast they lost a goodly oportunity to defeat a great number The English Noble-men beeing also called home by their king left the campe and so as Authors report king D. Alphonso remained alone with his owne subiects and such of Portugal and Arragon as hee had entertayned the which may well seeme to bee written by Spaniards that they alone might haue the honour of the taking and winning of Algezire 23 After the retreat of these strangers Castile the king was much troubled for many respects for besides that he was left weake his treasures were spent by reason of his exceeding charge and the rewards hee was forced to giue to such as come to serue him from forraine countries for besides his land army which he must furnish with all things necessarie he was forced to entertaine the gallies of Genoa Portugal and Arragon that hee might be master of the sea the which they could hardly do for that the enemy was strong who soone aftter past out of Affricke with sixty gallies Moores and many other vessels landing many horse and foot with great store of victuals at Estepona whom they might easily haue put into Algezire where they began to want if they had beene men of resolution for besides that the king of Castiles army was not equall in strength it was then dispersed in diuers parts With this new supply the Moores might muster 12000. horse an infinit number of foote King D. Alphonso got succours and money from the French king the Pope and other Princes his friends and from the Prelates townes and priuate men of his realme who lent him willingly what they could spare so as hee stayed the Genouois who would haue beene gone and contented both them and others with great wisedome and good husbandry The King of Castile Portugal notwithstanding his affaires of war did not forget any thing that might serue to better the Estate of his Prouinces building and peopling new townes as Monreal vpon Deua a riuer in Guipuscoa and Playsance vpon the same riuer the which he peopled with men out of the valley of Marquina granting them the rights and priuiledges of Logrogno and assigning their bounds and limits These things past in the yeare 1343. in the which there hapned at Lisbon the chiefe city of Portugall great earth-quakes which ruined many goodly buildings to the great terror of the inhabitants and in this accident
which the seller demanded vpon great penalties yea death in some cases Hearing that aduocates did multiply sutes and that of one they often made many he discharged them all throughout his realme and imposed great punishments vpon Iudges that should suffer themselues to be corrupted with money or otherwise yea losse of life and confiscation of their goods he made in any lawes for the shortning of sutes appointing fit men for Iudges causing his ordonances to be executed with all rigor Hee appointed great punishments for light offences and if any one told him that he was to seuere he answered that it was the meanes to reforme vice and that it was pleasing vnto God for if the wicked were not kept in awe with the feare of death they would neuer bee restrained with lesser punishments Finally to haue the good liue in peace it was necessary to punish the bad seuerely As soone as the pleaders had made their demaunds and pertinent answeres giuen they were presently dispatched if it might be If by any trickes and deuises matters were delaied the offenders were punished that is the poore by the whip and the rich by great fines by reason whereof his realme florished in peace and aboundance of all things and he was honoured and beloued of his subiects as much as any Prince lyuing Hee had often in his mouth the saying of the Emperour Titus That he held that day lost wherein hee had not done good to some one Hee did not greeue to be himselfe in person at the deciding of causes and did often assist at the examination and torturing of criminal persons he did so hate malefactors as hee did often times rise from the table to haue them punished yea he tooke such pleasure to doe iustice as he caused to be borne before him or did carry himselfe a whip or rod wherewith offenders should be punished to the end he might cause himselfe to be feared and Iustice more respected so as to many this seuerity seemed to approch neere vnto cruelty Moreouer he was carefull to dispatch all sorts of businesse His dilligence and equity with great breuity especially if a stranger came into his court he commanded he should be presently dispatched to the end hee should not consume himselfe in charges With his royal vertues hee loued hunting His delights dauncing and Ladies and all other sports but not with such excesse as the other Kings of Spaine of his time neither was he free from desire of reuenge mixt with some infidelity for his father being once dead he affected nothing more then to reuenge the death of his best beloued D. Agnes of Castro wherefore knowing that Diego Lopes Pacheco Peter Cuello and Aluar Gonçales who had slaine her â—esiâ—e of reuenge moues the King of Portugal to betray them that were retired vnto his protection were in Castile hee made an accord with his Nephew D. Pedro King of Castile to deliuer vnto him in exchange some Castillan Knights who to flie the fury of this tyrant were retired into Portugal vnder his protection so as they made this dishonorable exchange when as these three men were brought to Saint Iren whereas the King was hee would insantly haue them put to sundry torments but the Noblemen which were about him disswaded him yet could he not forbeare to vse outragious speeches yea hee strooke Peter Cuellâ— on the face and notwithstanding that they excused themselues vpon the commaundement of the King his father yet hee condemned them to cruel deaths Peter Cuello and Aluar Gonçales were executed first before the court gate causing the one to bee opened by the brest and the other by the backe to pul out their hearts Diego Lopes Pacheco appointed to the same death had the hap to escape flying in a pilgrimes weed into Castile where he lay concealed vntil that Don Henry came vnto the crowne Family of Pacheco in Castile whom hee serued and was much beloued of him They say he was the stem of the house of Pacheco in Castille which gaue beginning to the Marquis of Villena and Dukes of Escalona This cruel example shal be followed by one more commendable this King D. Pedrâ— beeing in Lisbone where they had made him a stately entry and ordained a Tourney whereas many Knights both Portugals and strangers did runne hauing beene aduertised that a Knights wife of the city called Alphonso Andre abandoned her selfe to an other he watched that day which he held fit to execute such vnlawful loues these adulterers in such sort as he surprized them together the gentlewomans husband being in armes at the lists with the rest in the new street who without making bruit or suffring any to aduertise the husband of the wrong his wife had done him Adulterers punished hee caused her to bee burnt and her adulterer to be slaine If he descouered any baude namely of such as vnder collour of deuotion enter into houses to carry messages or which vse charmes or giue loue drinkes and such like he did punish them seuerely He was like to haue slaine his Admiral in that towne for that hee had imploied a woman of that trade but hee fled and so escaped his fury but hee caused the woman to be burnt In the country of Vera he caused a married man to bee hanged hauing children by his wife for that hee had forced her beeing a maide before hee had married her If he punished secular men seuerely hee did no more spare priests and monkes yea and prelats if they offended Wherevpon being giuen to vnderstand that hee should send them to their superior Iudges he answered that so he did for hauing once caused them to bee hanged they went directly before God who was the head Iudge of al and did the last Iustice. Knowing that the bishop of Porto were hee then was liued loosely with a married woman of that towne he sent for him seeming that he would confer with him of some businesses The bishop being come he caused euery one to depart the chamber hauing shut the doore he began to pursue the bishop handled him in such sort as if some which staied in the chamber had not taken him out of his hands he had slaine him He was more seuere to his houshold seruants then to any other he caused a Secretary to be slaine hauing taken money without the priuity of his Tresorer This we read of the maners and customes of this king who spared himselfe sometimes as for the stately buildings which he leâ—t they hold that the bridge and towne of Lima are of his foundation he caused Santa Maria of Charneça to be built he indowed the Monastery of Alcouaça with sixe Chaplains and appointed ordinary masses to which monastery his sonne Fernand did afterwards giue the towne of Paredes in the country of Leyra Hee was bountifull and courteous to them that did him seruice to whom hee gaue many guifts His liberty and was accustomed euery yeere to put
Constables charge who was in such authoritie and fauour as euery man feared him penly or hated him secretly The Estates requiring also that the Kings excessiue gifts should bee cut off it was ordained that all that had or should be giuen by the King before the age of twenty fiue yeares should bee reputed voide Many other good decrees were made but they lasted little The King of Nauarre staied in Castile where he had great possessions and was much fauoured yea for his sake many Noblemen Castillans were aduanced to Offices in the Kings house as Ruy Dias of Mendoça was made Lord Steward and Ihon Aluaro of Gadillo Standard-bearer As for himselfe hee was wholy gouerned by Diego Gomes of Sandoual whom he made Earle of Castro Xeris a place which was of his patrimonie There were three Leagues beginning in Court one for the king of Nauarre the second for Henry his brother and the third for the Constable Don Aluar de Luna who increased dayly in authoritie The king spent the rest of that yeare one thousand foure hundred twenty and sixe at Fuente del Sauco at Vailledolit at Zamora where he caused some pettie mutiniers and rebels to bee punished by Iustice whilest that great men which troubled the realme liued in all assurance In the beginning of the yeare one thousand foure hundred twenty and seauen the Infant Don Henry and his wife Donna Catherina came from Valencia to Ocagne where the hatred burst forth betwixt the King of Nauarre and the Constable Don Aluar de Luna being much fauoured and highly supported by the fauor of the King who desired also to entertaine the King of Nauarre Don Henry aduancing towards the Court came to Vailledolit accompanied by the Maisters of Calatraua and Alcantara and others of the faction opposite to the Constable it auailing nothing that the King who was at Simanca did write vnto him and commanded him by many messages that he should not come to Court but returne to Ocagne The two Brethren entring into Vailledolit Leaguâ— against the Constable Aluâ—â— de Luna being confederate with Don Pedro of Velasco who was Earle of Haro and Lord Chamberlaine to the King Don Iâ—igo Lopes of Mendoça Lord of Hita and Buitrago who afterwards was the first Marquis of Sentillana Don Fernand Aluares of Toledo Lord of the Vallee of Corneia who afterwards was the first Earle of Alba and his Vncle Don Guttiere Gomes of Tolledo Bishop of Palence the Maisters of Calatraua and Alcantara with other noble men of Castille sent to beseech the King that for some good respects he would command the Constable to retire from Court for that the absolute power which he did vsurpe In the gouernment of affaires was the cause of many inconueniences The King would haue it put to Compromise and that the King of Nauarre on the one side and Don Aluar on the other should deliuer their reasons before Arbitrators of which aduice Francisco of Soria a Franciscan Friar was the Author The Iudges named for the confederates were don Lewis of Guzman Maister of the Calatraua and the Gouernour Don Pedro Manrique and for the Constable Don Alphonso Henriques high Admirall of Castille D. Aluar de Luna 〈…〉 from Court and Fernand Alphonso of Robles of the Kings Councell and his chiefe Treasurer and for an Vmper the Abbot of Saint Benets in Vailledolit All which gaue sentence that Don Aluaro de Luna the Constable should absent himselfe from Court for the space of eighteene moneths next ensuing and not come within fifteene Leagues of it and so should they doe whom hee had put into the Kings Chamber The Constable yeelding to this sentence hee retired himselfe to his house at Aillon and the King of Nauarre with his brother Don Henrie came to Cigales where the King was of whom they tooke their leaues with reasonable good shewes of loue yet Don Henry had a better countenance of him then the King of Nauarre to whom they imputed the whole cause of the Constables dismission which made the King the more desirous to see him againe And for that Fernando Alphonso de Robles one of the Kings Counsell had beene one of the principall Instruments of all these alterations hee was shut vp in the Castle of Segobia After all this they treated of Don Henries affaires and of his confederates The accord which the King made there with Don Henry Accord made by the King with Don Henry besides the restitution of his goods and the dignitie of the maistership of Saint Iames was that for the Marquisate of Villena hee should enioy Trugillo and Alcaras with their appurtenances and other lands in the country of Guadalajara Moreouer they gaue him two hundred thousand Florens of gold in ready money and a Million and two hundred thousand small Marauidis of yeerely pension during his life To the King of Nauarre for his charges during the troubles hee gaue a hundred thousand Florins to bee payde by a certaine time There was then present Inigo Ortiz of Estuniga Marshall of Nauarre who had married Donna Ioane base Sister to the Queene Donna Blanche The King discharged and sent home to their houses a great number of vnnecessarie men which followed the court without cause who were but a burthen to him and the country and to take away all occasion of distrust and new troubles hee granted a generall pardon to all men of what Estate quality or condition soeuer they were that had medled with the precedent troubles D. Ruy Lopes of Analos restored to his honor and good name but not to his goods Hee restored Don Ruy Lopes of Aualos the Constable beeing accused to haue had Intelligence with the Moores by letters produced to the Kings Councell to his honour and fame but hee neither restored him to his Office nor goods Amidest these treaties the Constable Aluaro de Luna was called backe againe to the court his verie enemies consenting therevnto yea the King of Nauarre and his brother Don Henry who grew after so iealous one of an other who should bee in the Constables fauour as they entred into factions wherefore the King of Castile imploying therein the Queene of Nauar and the Estates also of Nauarre they perswaded their King to returne into his realme D. Henry went in pilgrimage to Saint Iames and then was sent to the Moores frontier who began to raise some tumults as we will hereafter shew The King of Castile being at Vailledolit D. Leonora Infanta of Arragon sister to the King of Nauarre past thereby going into Portugal to be married to prince Edward the heire of that Realme to whom the King her cousin gaue the best reception he could honouring her with rich presents money and men to accompany her Soone after the King being at Arando of Duero her receiued D. Pedro Infant of Portugal and Duke of Coimbra very gratiously being also his cousin germaine for D. Philippe mother to D. Pedro and Donna Constance mother
certaine Barbary horses and other Moorish presents vnto whom the King promised fauour and assistance against the King of Granado as to his vassall From thence he came to Carmona where he remained a space In the same towne there was three castles two of which were at the commandement of the Maister of Saint Iames but the third was held by Gomes Mendes de Sotomajor a Knight wholy leagued with those of Siuill whom the Maister had a great desire to dispossesse and did greatly importune the King to consent therevnto and hee did promise Gomes Mendes a large recompence the which hee refused saying that hee could not leaue that place without the consent of the Knights of Siuill vnto whom hauing declared the wrong that the King would haue done to him onely to satisfie the Maister of Saint Iames the Duke of Medina Sidonia and Roderigo Ponce of Leon Pedro de Estuniga Alphonso Henriques Gouernor of the frontiers sent to aduertize the King that they could not consent to so vnreasonable a matter hurtfull to the crowne as to alienate from the same the town of Carmona which the King at that time tooke in good part but afterward hee was ouer-ruled by the Maister of Saint Iames and would haue constrained Gomes Mendes to haue left the same place wherefore the Duke of Medina and the other Knights with the Inhabitants of Siuill armed themselues and assailed the castle of Triana from whence hauing driuen Hernandes Arias of Sahauedra they placed therein an other captaine then their power increasinge they came into the field giuing the King and the Maister of Saint Iames new matter to thinke on who with the whole Court left Carmona and came to Alcala of Guadiaira and from thence the King sent to command the Duke to disarme himselfe and to send away his people who answered that hee had taken armes for his seruice as also to defend himselfe from his enemy the Maister of Saint Iames The Maister fearing that this fire would kindle to his owne hurt sought meanes to conferre with the Duke which the other Lords and Knights with those of Siuill would not agree vnto saying that the Maister was a crafty wicked man and that their talke would come to no good effect and so sent backe to the King intreating him not to alienat Carmona from the crowne and to confirme Gomes Mendes in his captaineship The King to auoide farther mischiefes made means himself that the Duke and the Maister might talke together betweene Siuill and Cantillana At this meeting it was onely determined that the King should enter into Siuill and that the Maister should stay at Cantillana where they should agree vpon those things The King beeing receiued with great ioy into the city of Siuill whilest hee remaines there about the appeasing of those differences the Princesse Isabella his sister being continually sollicited by her Maister Pantâ—er Guttieres of Cardegna to harken to the marriage of Fernand Prince of Girona the heire of Arragon and to reiect that of Portugall and Duke Charles of France with the King of Englands brother who was an other sutor at the last she gaue her full consent therevnto wherefore the Archbishop of Toledo and the Admirall D. Frederike wholy addicted to the seruice of this Princesse and likewise to Prince Fernand King of Sicill thinking that this marriage was most conuenient and proffitable for the affaires of the Kingdome did consent and conclude therevpon causing the Bridegroome in a disguised habit to come into Castile whether hee was conducted by D. Pedro Manriques Earle of Treuigno Donna Isabella of Castilâ— marrieth Fernand of Arragon who afterwards was Duke of Nagera and others who brought him to Valiodolit Where beeing presented before the Princesse amongst others very few nor yet she her selfe did know him but her faithfull seruant Guttiere de Cardegna shewed her him saying in his Spanish tongue Esseâ—es This is he to whom the Princesse readily replied and Esse shall be thine armes for this cause the house and posterity of this Knight beareth yet to this day amidst there blazons and deuises an S S The royall aspect and graue countenance of Prince Fernand did soone certifie the Princesse that it was he therefore without any more delay the marriage was sollemnized and accomplished at Valiodolit the eighteenth of October 1469. in the house of Iohn de Biuero where at this day the Kings Chancery is kept King Henry not knowing thereof who would rather haue hindred it then otherwise for the small good which he wished to King Iohn of Arragon his father These newes were presently carried to the Maister of Saint Iames who wrote to the King that he should forthwith without delay come to Cantillana the which he did not knowing the cause why he was so hastily sent for there to his great griefe he vnderstood of his sisters marriage wherefore vpon the instant hee departed out of Andaluzia leauing those of Siuill some-what mooued vntill they knew the cause and taking the ready way to Trugillo hee was there staied by the refusall of Garcia de Sese captaine of the fort of that city who would not yeeld the same place vp vnto him the which hee ment to haue bestowed vpon the Earle of Playsance in recompence of the good seruice which hee had done vnto him This captaine had agreed with the townes-men who had foreseene the Kings intent to hold out and not to permit the same to bee alienated from the crowne and giuen to a priuate Lord. The King perceiuing that hee could not gratifie the Earle with Trugillo confirmed vnto him and left for Inheritance to him and his heires for euer the towne of Areualo which was pawn'd vnto him with title of Duke doing thereby manyfest wrong to the widow Queene Isabella vnto whom that towne did belong Being at Trugillo Gomes de Caceres Maister of Alcantara came vnto him and craued pardon for his offences the which hee freely obtained and besides that hee was confirmed in the gouernment of Badajos and Caceres which hee had vsurped during the reuolts and at his intreaty and of the Maister of Saint Iames hee gaue to his brother Guttiere de Caceres the city of Coria with the title of Earle To Alphonso Monroy who had beene faithfull vnto him and followed the warres at his owne charges hee gaue many great guifts so this King did good both to his friends and enemies At the same place of Trugillo hee receiued letters from the Princesse his sister by the which shee gaue him reason for her marriage with Prince Fernand and for her refusall of the others intreating him to beleeue that it was done for the good quiet and commodity of the Kingdome of Castile in time to come and to assure him both of her good will and her husbands who would for euer remaine his affectionate seruants without inclyning to any thing that should displease him beseeching him to consider with what hearty affection shee loued and honoured
the truth from him and what course the Indians meant to take to execute their enterprise he wrought in such sort on the one side and Colmenares on the other as they dispersed their forces put a confusion in their counsels and did in a maner subiect all the countrey of Vraba Being returned to the Antique of Darien they sent Iohn of Quincedo and Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares into Spaine to make relation vnto king Ferdinand of that which they had done and of the conquest of the South sea which they intended and to beseech him to send them 1000 Spaniards to that end That yeare there went out of Spaine with the kings leaue and at his owne charge Iohn Dias de Solis pilot major to the king who taking the course of Pinsons past beyond S. Augustines cape fortie degrees vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the great riuer of Parauaguasu which signifies in the Indian tongue great water the which was by Iohn Dias called the riuer of Plata Riuer of Plata found by Iohn Dias de Solis that is to say of siluer for that they found there some grains of that mettall and hauing planted many crosses there in signe of possession he returned into Spaine laden with Brasil where he gaue an account vnto the king of his nauigation ⧠THE 25 BOOKE OF THE Historie of Spaine The Contents of the 26 Booke 1 WArre continued by the duke of Aluain Nauarre and the frontires of France An armie of French in Nauarre and their poore exploits 2 Proceeding of Pope Iulio against the Councell of Pisa and the fauourers thereof 3 Practises of the duke of Ferrara against king Ferdinand Death of Pope Iulio the second and election of Leon. 4 Queene Germaine giues a drinke to king Ferdinand her husband to haue children by him which causeth his death 5 Warre of Milan and dissolution of the Councell of Pisa. 6 Discouerie of the South sea at the Indies by Vasco Nugnes of Balboa 7 Warre continued in Italie by the Emperor and Spaniards against the Venetians 8 Behauiour of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa at the Indies 9 Designes of Pope Leo an enemie both to Spanish and French 10 Seditions at the Indies The miserable end of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa 11 Comming of king Francis to the Crowne and treaties betwixt him the Emperor Maximilian and king Ferdinand 12 Enterprises of king Ferdinand against France Vnion of Nauarre and Castille 13 Exploits of king Francis in Italie Abolition of the Pragmaticke sanction 14 Comming of doctor Adrian Florantin to Spaine Testament of king Ferdinand and his death 15 Exploits of the king D. Manuel in Africke Exactions vpon the Clergie of Portugall His third mariage 16 D. Charles of Austria first of that name 22 king in Castille 43 in Leon and 20 in Arragon and in Nauarre the fourth of that name and 36 king Gouernment of Cardinall Ximenes and doctor Adrian in the kings absence 17 Estate of king Charles his house 18 Troubles in Spaine by D. Pedro Giron and others pacified by the wisedome of cardinall Ximenes 19 Ordinances for the ordinarie legions in Spaine and other orders made by cardinall Ximenes 20 Gouernement of Nauarre Counsell to ruine the townes and to make the countrey of Nauarre desolate Death of king Iohn of Albret and queene Katherine Order of the iustice of Nauarre 21 Troubles at Malaga by reason of the priuiledges and iurisdiction of the Admiraltie Punishment of the inhabitants 22 Contentions for the towne of Areualo and reprehension of Velasques of Cuellar 23 Pitifull estate of queene Ioane mother to Charles of Austria troubled in her sences 24 Arcenals and storâ—houses for munition appointed in Spaine 25 Search of auncient writings and instructions for the publike good appointed by cardinall Ximenes in Spaine by the which many frauds were discouered c. 26 Algier taken by Horusco Barberousse and the vaine attempts of the Spaniards 27 Rigorous Edict in Spaine against the Genouois The cause thereof and the reuocation 28 Vâ—iust proceedings against the accused by the Inquisitors Contention for the bishopricke of Siguensa In this six and twentieth Booke are vnited the Realmes of Castille Arragon and Nauarre in D. Charles of Austria 22 in Castille 1. 43 in Leon 1. 20 in Arragon 1. 36 in Nauarre 4. THe realme of Nauarre being conquered with so great happinesse and ease 1512 was afterwards defended and kept with more difficultie Nauarre About the moneth of May the English armie landed in Guipuscoa being eight thousand foot most archers and some other men of warre whereof the lord marquesse Dorset was Generall who stayed some dayes vpon those marches attending the duke of Alua who was busie in subduing the vallies of Amescoa Salazar and Roncal with the helpe and diligence of colonell Vilalua whose armie being fortified with new troups sent from king Ferdinand who was offended at the detention of his embassadour S. Iohn du pieâ— de Port taken by the duke of Alua. the bishop of Zamora in Bearn it was led to Saint Iohn du pied de Port which place yeelded vnto him From whence he sent word vnto the marquesse what he should doe to come and besiege Bayone But the English generall thinking that the duke of Alua had caused him to stay there for the conquest of Nauarre which concerned his master after that he had burnt Saint Iohn de Lus and done some other spoyles vpon the sea coast he imbarkt his men and went home saying That he would returne another time besides there was a brute of a great French armie which marcht through Guienne to make head against these Spanish and English forces by reason whereof the duke of Alua hauing fortified the castle of Pied de Port and rased that of Montgelo he returned into high Nauarre Armie of FreÌ„ch goes into Nauarre The French armie whereof the brute was was led by Francis of Valois duke Angoulesme who was afterwards French king in the which there was king Iohn of Albret Charles of Montpensier duke of Bourbon Odet of Foix vicont of Lautrec the earles of Palisse and Longueuille and others making about fortie thousand foot and foure thousand horse About the end of the yeare 1512 the king of Nauarre aduanced with six thousand foot King Iohn of Albret goes into his realme of Nauarre with an armie and a thousand horse accompanied with the lords of Palisse and Longueuille he entred into his countrey by the vallie of Roncal where hee tooke Burgui hauing cut the Spaniards in peeces which were in garrison with their commander Valdes captaine of king Ferdinands gard On the other side the duke of Angoulesme caused the duke of Bourbon and the lord of Lautrec to enter by Guipuscoa with ten thousand foot and foure hundred horse who ruined Yrum Vransu Ojarcum and the townes of Harnam and Renterie and besieged S. Sebastien but they left it soone the vicont of Lautrec going to joyne with king Iohns forces who marcht towards Pampelone
Mentia was married to D. Pedro Giron D. Henrie was vnapt for generation and dyed without children D. Aluaro borne of the second venter married as we haue said with D. Anne of Arragon daughter to D. Alphonso of Arragon which marriage was made by the King D. Ferdinand in hope that D. Aluaro should succeede in all the seigniories of Duke Iohn his father who beeing dead hee was put in possession of the Duchie of Medina Sidonia notwithstanding the opposition of D. Pedro Giron who saied that D. Alâ—â—ro was a bastard borne in incest not beeing tollerable neyther by Diuine nor Humane Lawes to marrie two sisters and if Popes had at anie time suffered it it was for some great good and benefite to the Common weale which had no such consideration in the fact of the deceased duke D. Iohn but for all his reasons D. Aluaro enioyed the possession beeing fauoured and supported by king Ferdinand whilest hee liued but being dead D. Pedro Girâ—â— thought that prince Charles beeing absent and the gouernement in the hands of a monke Hauing therefore gathered together a good troupe of licentious fellowes hee went to field and first attempted the towne of Luzero but D. Pedro of Arras had preuented him and put himselfe into the place to defend it besides the castle was held in the kings name with a garrison by D. Gomes de Solis as it it is the manner of Spaine in polices vpon the sea although they belong to priuate Lords So as D. Pedros attempt was vaine In the meane time cardinall Ximenes being aduertised of this tumult hee had meanes to prouide for it commaunding by the aduice of the Councell the inhabitants of Seuile and Cordoua to assist the duke of Medinâ— Sidonia and captaine Solis with forces Then D. Anthony Fonseca was sent with certaine ensignes of foot and with him an Alcade of the court called Corneille to disperse D. Pedroes troupes and to punish those that should be taken as troublers of the publike peace and guiltie of high treason wherewith D. Pedro Giron being terrified hee retired for that time but within few dayes after hee incited the Constable D. Inigo Fernandes of Velasco his vncle by the mothers side who on the other side was no good friend to Cardinall Ximenes drawing many other noblemen to his designes and enterprises passing by Madrid with a great troupe hee stayed there keeping himselfe in his lodging and would not vouchsafe to visite the Cardinall who was the kings lieuetenant but as if hee would braue him and in a manner threaten him to incense the noblemen of Castille against him hee sent him word that he was come to visite his kinsemen and friends whereunto the Cardinall who knew well to what end all his courses tended made no other answer but that hee should goe on in a good houre and continue his officious voyage There were great signes of a mutinous and rebellious heart in the answer which hee made to some of his friends demaunding of him why hee vndertooke these things without any respect or reuerence to Cardinall Ximenes Arrogant answer of D. Pedro Giron who presented there the kings person And what thankes said hee will the king giuevs if wee respect and honour his lieutenants as much as himselfe but he was much mistaken for there was no comparison betwixt his meanes and of all those of his partie and the power of Cardinall Ximenes who besides the authoritie which he had as regent was so rich both in reuenues and treasure which hee had gathered together as hee was well able to entertaine an army without any helpe of the kings money D. Pedro Giron in his frenzie went towards his vncle D. Inigo Fernandes of Velasco knowing that he hated the Cardinall for that hee vnderstood that hee had propounded to retire all that which priuate noblemen did hold of the reuenues of the crowne if they did not shew good titles and were grounded vpon lawfull causes and therefore fearing hee should be depriued of certaine imposts hee drew from the sea hee desired to see the Cardinalls authority abated There were meanes plotted betwixt the vncle and the nephew to attaine vnto that which they pretended and to fortifie themselues they did write or went in person to all them that they knew to bee anie way discontented with Cardinall Ximenes Faction against the Cardinall Ximenes the duke of Benauent was one whom they had forbidden to finish a fort which he had begunne to build at Cibales the duke of Albuquerque and the erle of Medina Celi for the affinity which they had with the earle of Vregna offered themselues to be ready against all persons that would offend him or his and they did also hold some of the kings rents D. Frederike of Portugall bishop of Siguensa fearing to be depriued of his bishoprike to giue it to doctor Carnaial ioyned with that faction Aboue all they desired to draw vnto them the duke of the Infantazgo the head of the familie of Mendoza whose power and riches they held a sufficient counterpoize to ouersway the Cardinall their aduersary The duke offered himselfe freely to be theirs in all enterprises so as it were not against the state and the gouernment of the realme for he meant not to attempt any thing that should contradict the will of the deceased king D. Ferdinand 〈◊〉 made by the Coâ—â—able against the Cardinall nor the will of king Charles wherefore all these noblemen went vnto him to Guadalajara whereas the Constable D. Inigo Fernandes of Velasco made a long inuectiue against the Cardinall whom he called rash insupportable an obscure man of an vnknowne beginning an enemy to nobilitie vnworthy to commaund and gouerne those realmes which charge did belong more rightly to them then to monke who abused the authoritie to the dishonour and scorne of the nobility That if they said hee was appoynted to that degree by the testament of the deceased king D. Ferdinand let them remember that they had endured indignities enow in his time without fearing his vaine comaundements after his death but let him shew his letters of power and authority from king Charles else for his part hee was not resolued to obey him The duke of the Infantazgo the chiefe in this assembly Wise speech of the duke of the Infantazâ—â— seeing euery man moued at the Constables words I haue said hee many occasions to complaine of cardinall Ximenes euen in this that contrarie to his faith and promise hee hath hindered the marriage betwixt my nephew and his neece and that now he seeks to diminish my patrâ—â—onie what hee can but these are but priuate wrongs for the which I would not cause the least alteration in the world in our kings absence and I will say more vnto you that I haue alwayes knowne this man to be so vpright as the authoritie power nor credit of any man cannot moue him you see what great reuenues hee hath and what lands and countries
be so far from the sea wherefore the king hauing giuen good reception to the deputies he sent them back making choice rather of the towne of Vailledolit Enterâ—iew betwixt K. Charles and his mother vnnecessary but before his comming thither he would go visite his mother D. Ioane at Tordefillas writing the causes vnto the Cardinall and to his brother D. Ferdinand which had moued him thereunto his resolution seemed full of pietie but considering the indisposition of this princesse it was not needfull to conferre so long with her of affaires as he did During the Kings abode at Tordesillas the lodgings were made at Vailledolit where the Cardinall beganne to find that the Flemings could doe more than he in Spaine for his seruants demanding the lodging of doctor Bernardin for him Signe of the Cardinalls disgrace being in a wholesome place and fit for his infirmity the harbenger Terremonde refused it him hauing marked it for Queene Germaine wherein the Cardinall had infinite troublesome difficulties being not accustomed to intreate although he obtained it it was knowen afterwards that the duke of Alba had beene the motiue of this vnworthy vsage of a man of so great authority but as for his traine it was lodged in a village without the towne and yet he must haue patience it auailed him nothing to complayne of this contempt and disgrace which he had neuer tried being in a meaner estate no not when the kings D. Ferdinand and D. Philippe were together in that towne with a great traine of noblemen and knights and all their ordinary gards saying that it was a poore recompence after so much toyle and sweat to receiue a wrong in the place of a reward whereof he blamed the K. officers who were strangers ignorant of the customs of Spaine Letter of discharge from the Cardinal to the King But the worst was when he receiued letters from the K. by the which he was commanded to attend him at Mojados vpon the way to Tordesillas where he desired to confer with him and to haue his councell in affaires both of his realme and house to th end he might discharge him of so great a burthen suffer him to retire to his own house to liue in rest where God would coÌ„fort recompence him for so many good offices which he had done for the realm seeing he thought it was not in the power of any man to do it that for his part hee would euer remember it and honour and reuerence him as his father These letters were written at the persuasion of Mote Bish. of Badajos an affectionat seruant to the L. of Cheures yet much bound to the Cardinall who hauing receiued them conceiued so great a griefe to see himselfe put backe as within few hours after he died his feuer encreasing which he had gotten the day before these strange news Death of the Cardinall frier Francâ—â— Ximenes of Cisneros feeling his end to draw neer he had some little coÌ„ference with some of his people of the mercy of God of the vanity of this world forgetting no ceremonies which his order profession required he recoÌ„mended his soul to God to al the Saints namely to the virgin Mary to S. Peter S Paul S. Iaques and S. Michael but especially to S. Francis vnder whose rule he had liued and to the protectors and patrons of his church of Toledo S. Eugenius and Idelfonse or Alphonso Being thus prouided with the praiers suffrages of some priests which assisted him he ended his dais leauing a great griefe to many but it may be the number of those that were glad of it exceeded He was no sooner dead but 2 Spanish captaines Vadillo Collozo going out of the Antichamber into the chamber where he died began to lay hand vpon some plate and other things thinking that all was to be sackt but they were balmed by the colonel Spinosa D. Alphonso of Areillan erle of Aguilar other noblemen who were better taught His body was imbalmed and being attired in his pontificall robes he was â—aid for a time bare faced vpon a rich bed whereas euery man came and kist his hands being muited thereunto by the sound of a trumpet with promise of pardon for their sins Then according to his wil he was carried to Alcala of Henares where he was founder of that goodly Vniuersitie and there with great honour and funerall pomp he was interred in the church of S. Idelfonse as he had ordained where his tombe is to be seene of white marble with his Image in his archbishops weed Cardinall Ximenes little respected by the people and vniuersitie of Alcala excellently well cut enuironed with a grate of yron whereas are 16 spaces representing the deeds of this Prelate artificially grauen The people of Alcala shewed him small reuerence for presently after his funerall they went and beat downe and rased the houses and farmes which he had caused to be built without the towne for Benedict his nephew and they of the vniuersity and colledge of S. Idelfonse disannulled many things which he had brought in and chased away the chanon Cardegna who was treasurer and superintendent of that colledge Disposition ef Cardinall Ximenes Such was the end of this cardinall a famous man for his great wisdome iudgement in the gouernment of the affaires of state constancie in his resolutions and magnanimitie in the execution of his enterprises seuere rigorous and inexorable a terror to great men not yielding to force nor flattery being exceeding ambitious desirous of honor the which he shewed in his sower disposition fit for them that gouerne great Estates His constitution of body did represent the qualities of his mind for he was of a great stature strong lustie his pace was graue his voice strong firm his face long and drie a large forehead without any wrinckles reasonable big eies hollow but quicke sighted and alwayes moist long nosed crooked like an Egle his great teeth stucke out so as some called him Elephant thick lipt His skull being found in the yere 1565 in the vault where it had bin laied seemed to be all of one peece without any seame he deliuered his conceptions in few words neuer straid froÌ„ the purpose no not in his greatest choler if he promised to do any man good he always performed more than he spake he did seldome vse to iest yet he took delight to heare them that were quick conceited would laugh at them that were plesant in their speeches he kept a mad man who somtimes had bin learned a diuine was delighted to heare him reheâ—se many passages which he had retained the which he repeated without any reason yet somtimes not ill applied he would be pleasant with a Spanish captaine called Maderol who had made many promises but done little good in all his life counselling him to become a monk to do penance for his sins
if hee might not haue such authoritie giuen him as hee might gouerne with honour and hope of good successe Wherefore hee obtained a title Duke of Alba sent Viceroy into Italie which was neuer before graunted to any of the emperours Ministers passing with full power and authoritie to gouerne the realme of Naples and the duchie of Milan as well in peace as in warre and to gouerne all as if his Majestie were there in person And for that hee knew how weake the forces were in Italie for want of money before his departure he would haue great prouision made both from the lowe countries Spaine and Italie so as with an opinion to doe great matters not onely by the same of his authoritie and valour but by the great sum of money which was assigned him he gaue order for his speedy passage beyond the Alpes Hee sent Commissions before to haue men artillerie munition victuals and pioners in a readinesse and himselfe came in post the twelfth of Iune to Milan the successe of that warre you may read in its proper historie The duke of Alba hearing of some alteration intended vpon the confines of the realmes of Naples was inuited to goe thither notwithstanding that the king had already sent Bernardine of Mendosa thither with the title of Lieutenant in the place of Cardinall Pacecco who went away hearing of the dukes arriuall in Italie making Iohn Baptista Castaldo his Lieutenant in the state of Milan 18 The emperour this yeare one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and fiue Emperour Charles resignes the Gouernment to his son broken with toyles of the world and willing to free himselfe of so great a burthen and to satisfie the desire of his sonne king Philip to whom although he had giuen the title of King of Naples and afterwards of duke of Milan yet the gouernment remained at the disposition of the emperors councell he resolued to renounce the absolute gouernment with the titles of al those realmes states except the empire to the which his brother Ferdinand should succeed So calling his sonne into Flaunders he made this renunciation with great ceremonies in the town of Brussels the fiue and twentieth day of October in a great assemblie of the Nobilitie Prelates and deputies of towns the Queene of Hungarie and Meximilian the emperours sonne in law with some other princes being present but all Spaniards officers others of what qualitie soeuer were put out of the hall and not any suffered to stay but such as had business or had beene called So as from that time all matters were handled by the said kings Councell and he was called both king of Spaine and Catholike But before the resignation of all his realmes and estates in this honourable assemblie he gaue these instructions vnto his Sonne for the better gouernment of his estate The instructions of the emperour Charles when hee resigned his estates vnto his Sonne Philip. I Haue resolued most deare son to come now to the point of resigning into your hands the full administration and absolute gouernment of al my estates realms as I haue often told you wherefore my pleasure is that against the morning you giue order for the performance of this act with all due ceremonies you shall also giue order with speed by sending messengers into euery part that both gouernors inferior magistrates and people acknowledge you as in duty they are boūd for their superior yeelding you due obediēce that al persons except such as are subiect to the empire take the oth of allegeance The like oth I wil haue the generals of armies al the commanders of martial forces take that they may from henceforth in the point of loyalty depend vpon your selfe no other The more rare this president is of princes which haue bin content to resigne their estates vnto their successors the greater are the signs not only of my loue to you but of the assurance I haue of your good inclination my great care to see your estate setled I could defer this act as most princes doe vntill my death but hauing a desire rather to imitate the smaller number of fathers in this point I haue chosen willingly by this act in my life time to make my self a superior rather than a cōpanion to any It is a weak trial of the valor resolution of a prince to subdue kingdoms by force in comparison of conquering himself being thus far cōtent not only to bridle al ambition desire of rule but to submit himselfe to a certain kind of obedience Against this course sensuality doth striue with all her force and in exchange of al worldlie satisfactiōs which are enioyed by the prerogatiue of absolute authoritie setteth before our eies the rigor of the laws to which as to a common bounder princes setting their authoritie aside must leuell all their actions as well as priuat men To blind our vnderstanding farther with like vailes the same sensuall consideration stirreth vp by way of admonition a prouident forecast of diuers inconueniences whereinto many fall that haue made themselues subiect to the will of other men by the diuersitie of their conceits and censures the which by the corruption of the care of priuat interest are apt to swarue from the right rule of integritie It may be that some wil be terrified with this common supposition that princes which are once possessed of authoritie may resigne it at their owne pleasures but they must resume it at the pleasures of other men Yet fatherly affection hath preuailed in me more than all these zealous considerations and duetie also in some part for finding my selfe now aged which may bee accompted greater in regard of my sickely estate my satietie of glory in this world and wearinesse of toile finding moreouer that by my continuall trauell vnto this day I could not satisfie in any part the duetie which belongeth vnto the profession of a Christian I find my selfe inflamed with a most earnest desire to free my selfe from so manie troublesome incombrances and then retire my selfe to a meere religious kind of life and more fit for a Christian. On the other side the consideration of your age being now ripe and fit for gouernment together with the expectation which you haue gotten in the world by managing the greatest affaires of Spaine with great judgement do moue me the rather to proceed in my resolution Being moued by all these good considerations I haue thought it fit to lay this weighty burthen vpon your shoulders and to ease mine owne which time and trauell haue now weakened and disabled I do confidently hope that the subiects of al my prouinces shal haue cause to thanke God first and then me for this resolution in respect of the gratious vsage they shall receiue at your hands succeeding in my place neither is it hurtfull vnto your selfe that by his occasion during my life you shall settle your selfe more firmely in my dominions It remaineth then
ought to be preferred before the course of keeping them in awe may easily appeare by a due consideration of the causes from whence these affections haue their beginning The causes of the peoples loue are justice gracious vsage and fauours all which deserue praise The causes of their feare are grieuances ill vsage and oppression which merit blame Looke what the cause is such is commonly the effect whereby it followes necessarily that as out of loue is drawne a regiment more firme and stable though more moderate so out of feare proceeds a kind of power more absolute in shew but yet lesse durable the like proportion holdes in the peoples hearts for where they loue there is all satisfaction mirth sweet conuersation and dutifull respect but where they feare there is suspition strangenes discontent quarrels melancholie Out of the impressions which feare breeds wee can expect no better fruits than hatred but from that deuotion which loue kindleth assured confidence whereupon we ground the common prouerbe Loue is among kinsfolkes and feare among enemies The parts which beside respect of Religion are required in a Prince for the better gouernment of his estates setling in his subiects hearts a loue and reuerent respect both of his person state are chiefly three Faith Iustice Continencie Faith makes him intire in all his proceedings and a man of his word for without it no man would giue credit either to his practises or promises Continencie makes him to be reuerenced with respect and imitated with commendation it giueth him an excellent aduantage in a large field correcting seuerely the faults of subiects that offend in that degree the which he could not doe without blushing if himselfe were culpable Iustice teacheth a prince how to reward the good and to punish the bad to giue euerie man his due to restraine men by correction that are apt to erre to incourage others by rewards that are desirous to deserue wel besides it makes the princes bloud his honor and his estate secure without which vertue no force is able to keep the subiects faithfully affected to their Soueraigne for it is the propertie of all people when as they neither find reward of good deserts nor punishment of offences to grow first into distrust then into despaire which passions corrupt their mindes hauing once gotten the masterie Wherefore let the due consideration of what is iust and honest bee alwaies preferred in all your princely purposes that being once setled in the subiects hearts that iustice is duely administred they will euer remaine satisfied with your direction especially if besides this fauour they liue in aboundance hauing free traffike to all parts and quietnesse of minde for men toile and trauell during the course of their liues not only for their Princes superiors but for themselues and families Doubtlesse to maintain the people in aboundance of al things necessarie for the preseruation of their liues is not only commendable in a prince but doth worke great effectes in winning the hearts of men the which may bee easily prouided for by a carefull fore-sight of the times of dearth making diligent prouision for necessaries in due time so as the benefitte may wholie redound to the peoples ease and not to the princes gaine by inhaunsing of prices and preferring of priuate benefit before publike content A prince may alwaies hold himselfe rich when as his subjects that liue vnder him are rich for vpon any extremitie he shall bee frankely releeued by their beneolence good vsage setleth their loues and bindeth their deuotions Experience teacheth that fauours of this kind are neuer forgotten that a small consideration in time of need winnes more vnfained loue than greater benefits when there is plentie And that those fauours haue alwaies had deepest impressions in mens gratefull thought which concerne maintenance and the preseruation of life in time of necessitie It is sufficient for a prince in this cause of prouision to take order that hee lose not by the bargaine or if hee desire to gaine something for the releefe of other charges let it bee no more than an honest merchant with a good conscience may gaine for to these bounds may the politike prouision of princes ayme but no farther either in respect of honour or authoritie If a Prince will bee beloued of his people hee must giue them cause to thinke that hee loueth them assuring himselfe that their thākfulnes must grow from his desert their loue from his prouidence their content frō the peace and securitie which they enioy vnder him and that according to the fruits of fauour which the people reape by the Princes policie they frame themselues to liue contentedly vnder the gracious shadow and protection of his princely wings relying vpon his wisdome and carefull gouern ment Otherwise there is no doubt but subiection being in it selfe both burthensome and odious they would soone take some new course to settle their quiet and securitie by some other means freeing themselues from all cause of feare which as I haue said before is lesse durable and lesse secure and therefore lesse pleasing to the state of a Christian Gouernour Let no Prince imagin that with solemne shewes and publike sights alone subiects are delighted and pleased in their own conceits for those things are not acceptable but whē as their minds are satisfied in matters which do import them more Vpon this ground and to the same end I must also aduise you in any case to vse that moderation which is fit in charging the people with tributes or any other kind of impositions for albeit that States cannot bee ruled without some kind of releefe in respect of the manie occasions and excessiue charges wherewith Princes are burthened in times of peace but much more in time of war yet vnto euerie thing there belongs a meane which in all occurrents is the perfect rule of humane actions especially those which any way grieue the subiects hearts considering that euerie princes power is grounded vpon their conformitie to his directions and vniforme assent to serue and honor him wherfore this meane must be sought out with all care being found it must be put in practise with great temperance and worthily preferred before all other courses seeme they neuer so commodious and profitable If the continuall toile of warre hath inforced mee at anie time to holde a heauie hand ouer my subiects in this kinde I protest this course was alwaies against mine owne liking Touching this point of obseruing a conuenient meane in all impositions and taxes you must consider that the reuenues of a prince whether they be publike or priuate are raised two waies the first by augmentation of the old the other by addition of new for vnto these two heads all the inuentions to get money which are put in practise by the princes of our age may bee reduced In like maner the waies by which mony may be drawn from the subiect others are voluntarie
office and authoritie doth breed being impossible in so short a space to make parties or to procure followers And although this course be not alwayes free from those dangers and discommodities which are incident to gouernors who either want experience or acquaintance with state yet a moderate exchange ought in my conceit to be preferred before a perpetuitie for the people be the gouernors neuer so religious and just feele a kind of safetie at the least and as well in this point as in others delight in change vsing the same as a counterpoise to that irkesome loathsomenesse which groweth out of the continuall vse of any one thing without alteration Let your maner in giuing audience to suitors be easie liberal and ordinarie wherby not only the subiect is pleased with the same reputing this accesse as a restoritiue for that it giueth them opportunitie to ease their grieuances by their superiors fauor but on the other side it maketh the prince more wise when euery day by this means he cōmeth to the knowledge of new accidents new impressions new opinions The prince also commeth to vnderstand all the affairs humors passions and plots of his own subiects and their interest which is as I said before one kind of wisedome To this end therefore and for a thousand other good effects a prince ought to visit all his estates often but in such sort as many progresses and extraordinarie charges which belongs vnto them may not be burthensome to his subiects and a blemish to his owne authoritie for things that are accounted excellent if they be made common they loose a great part of their estimation in the eyes of the world If their progresses be seldom in like maner they giue some suspition of neglect and carelesse regard of the peoples good they giue incouragement to deputies and magistrats to follow their own humors and moreouer they make their subiects despaire of all hope of refuge to the princes presence and of recourse to the same in time of necessitie for as I said before this is a meane to ease the subiect and to curbe the magistrat In giuing audience let your care be to send euerie man away with some satisfaction or at the least with good liking of your affabilitie Heare such as offer you petitions with patience and answer them with compassion Prouide alwaies that the power of those that are most mightie ouersway not the right of them that are miserable haue no respect of persons but looke only to the justice of the cause If any man appeare before you in a rightfull matter who is otherwise ill spoken of regard not at that time his conuersation but his complaint not what he is in life but what he speaketh Now to the end the parties which haue recourse vnto you appealing from your officers or charging them with corruption may be more throughly conuinced by due proofe and more easily induced of themselues to confesse their faults stretch out your hand as farre as in honor you may in granting them new Iudges or Commissioners who together with other ordinarie officers will be more carefull to carrie themselues vprightly in such offices as are assigned to their cares The way to plant a firme resolution in your officers to deserue well is to reward them bountifully that haue shewed their worth for by this meanes by the discharge of his duetie in a meane place he will endeuour to be held worthie of an office of more esteeme notwithstanding there is great reason why the prince vpon these occasions should haue due respect to the credit and honour of his officers and to vse such moderation in this kind as without wrong to the plaintifes their reputations may be tendred Examine weightie causes with deliberation but be carefull to giue quicke dispatch to matters of small moment especially if they concerne persons that are in miserie Vse the like expedition in matters concerning poore men orphans dowers churches education maintenance charges left tutorship debts and such like charitable causes of which you are in conscience bound to haue an especiall care and to protect them in necessitie That state can neuer prosper where such causes are neglected for that God which makes no difference of persons but assureth vs That he will alwaies haue one eare open to the sortowful complaints of simple soules which suffer wrong will punish kings and magistrats for their contempt euen of their Christian subiects I would exemplifie this danger by some speciall example of Gods justice in my time but the verie ground of charitie set downe in a word or two may serue and for the rest I leaue you to the tendernesse of your owne conscience and the counsel of your Confessor The like course must be taken with tradesmen artisans marchants and husbandmen for these kind of people can neuer follow the court nor without ruine to their estates spend their goods labour and time about suits for it were better to be speedily dispatcht with some losse than to be tired with a world of Proctors Aduocates and Notaries in hope of getting all considering how much the losse of time in regard of their trade importeth them Whatsoeuer may be ended at one hearing by your selfe dispatch what you are not able of your selfe to rid recommend it by way of tables and memorials in other affaires It shall not be amisse for quicke dispatch of causes to assigne to euerie officer his particular taske for otherwise it were not possible for one man to run through all In case of necessitie the prince may commit his office for his owne ease to his faithfull ministers in imitation of the knife which in old time was vsed in the sacrifice at Delphos for there was such a fashion deuised for the reliefe of poore men which could not long attend without great losse as one man alone was able by the helpe of its many parts to serue all the priests In criminiall causes where there is question of life and death and other capitall punishment proceed benignely with seueritie and seuerely with benignitie according to the state and qualitie of the cause Applie you sences to the circumstances of the person time and place the maner and such like considerations Be content to imitate the rule of Lesbos in this case which was apt to bend according to the obliquitie of the subiect vnto which it was applied by art So must princes follow occasions if they will rule with commendation This is not to make difference of persons touching the right it selfe but to judge of right with wisedome and diseretion according to the sundrie indifferences that are aptly offered proceeding notwithstanding where we find the like respects in all degrees concurre with like consideration for the people are not grieued with setting downe any resolution how grieuous soeuer it may seeme but diuersitie of punishments for one and the selfesame fault where no certaine reason can be found of the diuersitie If any conceiues this counsel to be
in a trustie hand rather than to carrie it about with them If any chance to die without heires in bloud or limitation in warre who should succeed him the goods may iustly be assigned to the Princes chamber as wee see by the ciuil Law the prince inheriteth their estates that die without any certaine heires It may be jealousie which the baser sort is euer apt to conceiue of the princes policie to inrich himselfe may discourage some supposing vnder euerie bait to find a secret hooke vntill that experience hath cleered the clouds of this false imagination wherefore the way to breake this ice is to appoint a certaine number of the chiefest of the campe whome we may most boldly trust to beginne this order and to bring in their shares for who is either so suspitious or foolish be he either priuat soldier captaine or Colonell that had rather carrie all his goods about him in continual hazard both of enemies and boores vpon euerie sinister accident than leaue it in safety and with some aduantage to themselues or to their heires who may recouer it It may be said that prouision for the carriage of these things will be chargeable but that may be holpen by another meanes if the souldier out of the gaine and interest of his goods laied downe in trust be bound to answere it for that the goods doe still remaine his owne and the charge is satisfied with ouer-plus Touching these carriages you shall find a modell and memoriall among my notes for the priuate souldier is greatly eased by this new inuention hauing nothing to care for but his armes and himselfe so as the whole campe in generall should be more light besides the greatest part of the treasure and goods of value belonging to the campe should rest euer in the princes hand so as hee might vse them for the furtherance of his attempts in warre as wee see the proofe of things left by like trust in the hands of merchants Thus by the money which shal remain in the princes hands by their decease without heires either by descent or disposition of will of such as were the right owners of the same and by the gaine which doth accrue vnto the prince by selling victuals and other implements at the second hand but yet to the souldiers ease in respect of that which he should pay vnto the merchant or victualler for the like the prince may make himselfe more able to maintein a mightie armie long as you shal discouer more particularly by my notes But as I haue said before it is expedient that with this the prouision of valiant souldiers able leaders and good orders doe concurre although the vulgar sort doe accompt money to bee the sinewes of all warre I haue oftentimes had cause to iudge of this comparison and therefore may be the better beleeued in setting downe a difference It is a strength where other parts more needful are cōpleat but a sillie sinew where the chiefest members are disordred Allow me those abilities and politike prouisions in a princes armie with perfection whereof I spake before and no doubt but the warre will maintain it selfe for we cannot find that a worthie Generall and leader of a good and well directed armie euer wanted courage to beginne or meanes to maintaine the warre as well with pay by meanes of pillage and such other gaine as with victuals euen out of the enemies countrie Besides a prince may alwaies keepe his troupes in heart by putting them in hope of honour profit and all kinds of reward when time doth serue although prouision for the present bee scant so as they know the princes abilitie and fortune to bee sufficient to performe his promises Then may the Prince imitating the Romans repose greater trust in souldiers that are both valiant and well affected to his gouernment then either in deepe trenches or places strongly fortified I meane such a Prince as either hath a will or is inforced against his will to hold his sword alwaies in his hand and to looke for hard measure If all the charges of warre should bee drawne out of a princes cofers it were not possible it should continue long To preuent this inconuenience it seemeth good to some to haue the warre made to a profitable end but it is not verie easie as I thinke to giue an instance of this aduice considering experience doth teach that by offensiue warre the countrie is ruined the people spoiled and the prince impouerished and in a defensiue warre of what qualitie soeuer the gaine be men may not expect that it should answere the charge that doth grow thereby Imagine that this inconuenience may bee eased by good counsell and applying batterie to the chiefe places onely which either by their wealth or the releefe which others bring in by their meanes may yeeld satisfaction and recompence for any charge without being forced otherwise to fight in vaine or for the opening of a passage which is alreadie giuen you into the enemies state yet it cannot bee denied but for many other respects and in sundrie other cases the warre which without such a kind of releefe is no way tollerable by meanes thereof is made secure and free from all dangers and disorder of any moment Now for that supplies are necessarie for the maintenance of a continuall armie in one and the selfe same estate I thinke it verie requisite for the seruice of your campe that throughout all your realmes and estates the which in your choise are fittest to set out men a particular muster bee taken and a Register precisely kept of all the youth that are able to beare armes so as it may bee done without offence to the people or incensing the hautie hearts with rage and malice against their Soueraigne As I said before your tried Souldiers must bee kept in practise least their spirits grow dull and their bodies vnable by sloth and discontinuance so would I wish those young souldiers were trained by sufficient leaders that they may be the better able to serue when they are called for In this generall muster especiall choise ought to bee made of such men as by nature are giuen to the warres and apt of their disposition that are in good estate to liue and especially that haue families for of such a man may looke for better proofe and relie more on for that they haue somewhat to lose at home they esteeme their reputation and feare shame and punishment more the which they that haue lands and goods to answere for their good behauiour cannot so easily auoid as they that haue nothing Besides they are incouraged by a respect of bloud to a care of their owne houses These persons may in no wise be drawne out of families that haue but one man in them or so few as the pressing of one man may indanger the whole familie for want of food but you must presse them where they may be spared without danger and incourage them besides with
Piedmont where the French did afterwards make warre to their best aduantage discouraging the ready meanes of diuerting all attempts on that side against Fraunce besides the credite which they got by the action with the States of Italie If they had knowne as I haue said how to vse this prosperous successe to their best aduantage I doubt not but they had often put all the estates you holde thereabouts in daunger Seeke therefore alwayes to assault the French King in his owne Realme and to preuent his first attempts for otherwise you cannot when you will ridde your hands of him by making a diuersion from Italie if hee may be suffered to put in his foote for then the difficultie of repairing your armie with supplies of Spaniards considering the situation will be verie great wherein all consisteth for they beeing defeated by anie mischaunce it giues great incouragement to the States of Italie to laie new plottes especially the Venetiant whom euerie little blast doth easily awake Persuade not your selfe that your deerest friends in Italie seeing your power decline will euer adhere to your misfortunes with the hazard of their owne estates but rather secretly reconcile themselues to him that hath the vpper hand and follow the Victors good fortune I would not wish you to applie vour whole care about the recouerie of Siena which will be hardly effected I graunt the Duke of Florence hath beene jealous to that State considering his oportunity to annoy them both by neere neighbourhood and the power of his authoritie This plot if it might take effect will bee a notable president to all States and make them warie how to intermeddle against your power And which importeth your cause most of all you shall by this meanes cut off all intelligence betweene the French Kings forces and the States of Italie who finding the French setled within the heart of their Countrey will be more apt to ioyne with them in friendship and relie vpon their strength rather than when they see them farre off in Piedmont and much lesse if they can bee drawne on this side the Alpes whereas their fauour cannot bee commodious nor their displeasure daungerous It shall also much auaile in your dealing with the Crowne of France to bee fully informed of the humors and affections of all such persons as are in greatest fauour with the King or that stand for the best offices thrust your hand secretly into all their competitions and drawe the strongest partie vnto you with all the Art you can for neuer can the Theater of publique Actions affoord more fauourable shewes in your behalfe than when it shall bee moued vnder hand with inuisible deuises If euer Fortune fauour you so much as that either by alliance or anie other kind of agreement you shall bee able to remooue the French out of Piedmont wincke at all other things Doe the best you can whereby the Realme may bee induced to desist from armes so shall you bee secured from tumults and many other kindes of crosses which are more daungerous and not knowne to euery man if afterwards anie occasion be offred of doing your selfe good forbeare not to lay holde of it Thus shall you euer be most secure concerning causes which belong to Italie This is the ground vpon which in the end it behoueth you to settle the strongest sinews of your foreine power and therefore haue alwayes an eye vnto it with an aduised consideration The reason is not all one for the French to bee now put out of Piedmont and as if they had neuer held it for in the opinion of the world it will be more disgrace vnto them than the winning thereof before did yeeld them profit Wherefore in all your capitulations and agreements let your eye leuell directly at this end and your plottes of policie aime alwayes at this marke For beleeue me son and I assure you out of my long experience that Piedmont alone will benefit you more than if on that side which lies next vnto Flaunders you had berest him of the third part of his owne kingdome Seeing then wee are entred so farre into the State of Italie and ingaged in the highest mysterie of State wee must proceed a little farther in this politique discourse I will tell you once againe that by the life of this one artere the pulse of all your great power doth beate This waie your eyes must bee euer bent and open to all oportunities First I would haue you vse all deuotion and curtesie to the holie father and the apostolike Sea I would wish you to bee verie kind to the members of the same as the Cardinalles Bishoppes Prelates and other of the Clergie belonging to the Court of Rome Be euer readie for the defence of them and the Catholike profession In all elections of Popes see that you labour not by anie vnchristian vnlawfull and indirect meanes to preferre anie of those Cardinalles that are your especiall friends Striue not to make one rather than an other so as all Competitors bee worthie of the place for in these sacred actions the holie Ghost doth worke And it is better to submit our likings to the prouidence of God which turneth all things to the best as wee may vnderstand by that which is recorded of Mathias in the Text than to follow humours or respect particulars There is no question but anie of them may bee wonne by due respect and admit they should become strange yet after you haue sought to reconcile your selfe into their fauours by such meanes as are prescribed you by the holie Ghost hauing your territories included in the middest of theyr Countrey you can neuer want the choice of manie meanes belonging to the world by which for your last refuge when there is no other meanes you may insinuate your selfe more easily into their good opinions I meane either by alliance with their chiefest friends abroad or bestowing pensions and sundrie curtesies vpon such persons of the Clergie as they most affect at home with a thousand such like complements as may pleasure them daily without anie hinderance to princes of your qualitie This is the waie to make the Pope you friend though at the first hee were elected by a faction of Cardinalles which depend not on your affection for hardly shall you find anie hawke so haggard but hee will prey vpon all apt aduaunxstages Hereof you must haue an especiall care the end whereof is the general good of Christendome rather than anie respect of your owne priuate interest though manie perhaps doe not so much regard those bonds which ought to moue them simply to make a Pope as they doe the profit when a Pope is made to their purpose The territories of the Church lie as we may say in the very heart of Italie but so inuironed with yours as they may serue for a garland if Siena were once recouered they should then be compassed in on all sides with your forces So as the way which you shall take
according to the rule set downe before shal be made more easie by your diligence and the fauours which you meane to bestow shall more readily bring forth those good fruits which you desire among them So long as godly men are preferred to that Sea ther is no doubt but charitie religion care to keep the seamlesse coat of Christ vnrent will moue them both to tender and deserue your loue If men delighted more with worldlie honours should hold those places which God forbid yet would they be alwaies glad to make a friend of one whō they are not able to incounter with hospitalitie besides his deuotion to the popes thēselues The curtesies which you may likewise vse to the cardinals your speciall frends wil much fortifie this warie discreet cōsideration Apply your care frō time to time to win many friends amōg the cardinals aswel old as yōg the which may be easily effected in giuing thē prefermēts such dignities as they desire The like course I would haue you hold with the Bishops other prelats of that Court but haue a care to deale most bountifully with such persons as are most inward with his Holines Aboue all things ground your selfe vpon the conscience and equity of your demands in dealing with the cardinals other friends but in cases that require grace and fauour see that you rely vpon the bountie of the Pope himselfe lest you be deceiued of your expectation Sticke not to afford all commodities out of your estates to the court of Rome with a bountifull and a willing heart if necessitie inforce you to breake with the Pope yet vse the matter with such temperance and warinesse as the world may rightly vnderstand the reason and acknowledge that the cause of this stratageme grew not from your desert but that you were inforced thereunto for your owne safetie Religion is the bond of loue and therefore nothing is more contrarie to hope and expectation of good successe than to leaue an ill opinion in the minds of men of your affection towards those that hold the place and credite of Gods ministers In matters pertaining to accōpts in general conforme your self at al times with obedience humblenes to the certen infallible determination of his Holines howsoeuer causes of vnkindnes may arise yet let the world see your religiō is vnchāgeable Touching the Venetians you may easily take order if you find it good for your selfe to continue in the league with thē being as I said before so disposed to rely wholy vpō time as they wil wander between these vaine idle expectations suffring thēselues willingly to be drawn on from day to day consuming stil with a soft fire of ambitiō till at length they become a prey to some martial power without any great difficulty Moreouer the Turke hauing shut thē from Corfu wil soone bereaue thē of Cipres Candie restraine them much And considering that the trade of Venice standeth wholie vpon merchandise you may neuer vndertake anie enterprise vpon hope of their assistance especially against the Turk if it be not at such time as they are very lowe and you in great prosperitie and yet euen then also it might be thought that ielosie feare of your good fortune wil work more in their suspitious conceits than any other due consideratiō or respect whatsoeuer Experience hath taught that these mean conceits whose humor is to apprehend more than anie can containe lose more by emulation than they get by policie but whensoeuer you haue cause to break league with them assault them first with all celeritie for as they do lie in wait to worke vpon the first aduantage that their neighbors miseries doe afford so states which haue often had proofe of this strange inclination look warily to their attempts hold no stricter league with thē than stands with their owne necessities If then you shall begin to plie thē lustily before they cā haue leisure to combine with other states or make prouision for war a matter so long neglected by their sloath as it will appeare they haue quite forgotten their first alphabet as in popular estates fear breedeth infinit confusiōs so may you make your profit of their ignorance If this be doubted of you can desire no plainer proofe than their want aswell of carriages as of policie in letting shippe so many braue occasions as these late yeeres haue offred It seemes that they presume out of their sloathfull humor to maintaine their dignitie by certaine quiet ordinances and sober institutions made by their gowne men herein fortune hath bin more fauorable to them but yet it may be said without offence or error that commonweales so qualified doe neither know nor vnderstand in what sort to vse their power to their best benefit This weaknes being found in setting first vpon their estate I do assure my selfe that with that sodaine alteration and many other troubles and disorders that will ensue you may bring some great enterprise to passe before they be awaked from sleepe or resolued among themselues what to spend or whom to relie vpon what Leaders to imploy or haue reuiued their old discipline or manner of making warre so many yeeres neglected in their gouernement Their couetous desires to cut off all cause of charge in time of peace their ignorance in training men that may be fit to serue when need requires their want of leaders in the bodie of their owne estate that may withstand the violence of any mightie potentate that maketh head against their force will alwayes giue aduantage to your policie in taking the first start of them you may boldly imagine that by this means you shall inforce them to their owne defence whereas if you giue them leisure to beginne the warre and to assault you first in the realme of Naples they might doe great harme in respect of their kind vsage towards them and their ciuil gouernment which is yet fresh in memorie If you find no likelihood that they will fall to their defence inforce them what you may and seeke to preuent their purposes by meanes of diuision in some good sort for herein consisteth the greatest aduantage of your actions I must now let you vnderstand that in seeking to assault them first your greatest care must be by all means possible to thrust into the verie centre of the State for hauing forced them to put garrisons into all the strong places which they hold it is not possible they should bee able at the same time to keepe the field In the meane time you cannot but find some great want in one or other of their forts either of leaders garrisons prouisions or paies you may find out the striuing humors that are set a worke by faction in generall or of persons discontented in particular In any one place that your fortune shall be to take vse your happy beginning as an extreme to further good and leaue a president and
the Moorish nation dwelling in the mountaines Moores plaines and valleyes and in some of the good townes in the countries of Granado and Murcia which was by reason of the contempt they were in with the naturall Spaniards Causes of the rebellion of the Moores of Granado whom they call old Christians among whom they liued in continual vexation especially by the Clergie and officers of the Inquisition and also by them of the Iustice which was not equally distributed vnto them But that whereof they most complained was the kings Edict whereof we haue made mention tending to alter their manners their apparell and their language whereof the President D. Pedro de Desa was appointed to see the execution with the assistance of the Gouernour Domingo Lope de Mendosa marquesse of Mondejar and the aduice of the Auditors Counsellers of the Chancerie in th◠Parliament of Granado and of the Archbishop if need were wherein they found no small difficultie To begin therefore by gentlenesse the President gaue charge to Alphonso de Horosco Chanon of S. Sauior which is a Collegiall Church in the quarter of Albayzin of the citie of Granado beeing in a manner wholly inhabited by Moores to persuade them to receiue the Edict yea to demaund it themselues but hauing imparted some copies vnto them they reiected it sending vnto the President and Gouernour George de Bacsa Proctor general of that nation and Francis Nugnes Muley a knight one of the most auncient among them to intreat them to deferre the publication of the Edict vntill they had acquainted the king with their reasons and the inconueniences that might growe by the execution thereof But notwithstanding all their sayings and allegations the Edict was proclaimed the first of Ianuarie 1567 and to shew the diligence of officers all the baths and hot-houses of the citie were instantly forbidden and most of them beaten downe yet they vsed some moderation for that during the yeare 1567 there were not any penalties leuied of them that did infringe it In the meane time they sent their deputies to Court where by the meanes of some noble men they procured audience of the Councell and there were some of opinion that if they would haue the Edict stand in force the execution should be suspended as it beene in the time of the Emperour Charles and of his mother 〈…〉 The Cardinall of Espinosa was of another opinion and brought all the rest to concurre with him which was that the Edict should bee speedily executed in all points and the penalties exacted vpon them that should not obey There was among the new Christians some that were descended of the blood of the auncient kings of the Moores the which were honoured in Spaine well respected in Court among which D. Alphonso of Granado Venegas laboured by good perswasions to hinder this rash execution but he was willed to desist for such was the kings pleasure So as all the Moores of the citie townes and mountaines of Alpuxarra of the boroughs and villages towards the Sea were brought to despaire apprehending this strange alteration euen in their language habites which persuaded thē that they were thereby reduced into seruitude and confusion of their houses and families for this nation is verie curious to keep remembrances and registers of their families as by a tradition of their ancestors after the maner of the Arabians and Iewes And then beganne to appeare the distrust they had of them all the Moores hauing beene commaunded by proclamation to keepe themselues within their dwellings and parishes and for all them that were come out of the villages into the Albayzin to depart the which was grieuous vnto them for that the inhabitants of that place being most Marchants and Artisans they had need of many labourers and workemen for their ordinarie works which they did vsually draw out of the Countrey and of their owne nation They saw that the marquesse of Mondejar had leuied 300 souldiers for the safetie said he of the towne and to haue better assurance of the Moores residing there if anie one of them did owe anie thing he was presently subiect to arrest and in like maner they that were cautions for any other and by this means the prisons were full The officers of justice vnder colour of seeking for such as hauing no meanes to pay were retired into the villages and mountains they entred into the houses where they said they were hidden cōmitted many insolencies yea they sought out old actiōs for the which the Moores had compounded with their parties and drew them into new suites Finally as soone as they heard that this Edict was resolued in court this nation was so basely respected by all the old Christians both clergie and others as euerie man presumed to vex oppresse them esteeming them no better than bruit beasts wherfore seeing themselues reduced to that miserable estate worse than if they had bin common slaues yet fearing worse they concurred all in one mind to reuolt Those of the Albayzin who had more to loose incited the rest to begin they expected meanes from them of the Albayzin and councel how they should behaue themselues for they were men of vnderstanding ciuill and better experienced in the world than the inhabitants of the mountaines whereas the force lay but they needed councel yea there did ordinarily cōuerse among them thieues banished men and such as were condemned by justice who desired nothing more than to see some disordered seditiō There was a bold audacious Moore dwelling in the Albayzin his name was Farrax Aben Farrax a dier by his trade yet he said he was descended frō the Abenxaraces sometimes famous knights among the Granadins This man was as a trumpet to stirre vp the rest Farrax Aben Farrax first motiue of sedition he went came to the mountaines townes villages where the Moores dwelt carried them aduice and aduertisements how they should gouerne themselues in a generall reuolt which was intended the 1. of Ianuarie 1568 the same day that the city of Granado had bin yeelded vp to the kings D. Ferdinand and D. Isabella but being impatient to attend he called before the time a troup of thieues disguised after the Turkish maner made them to enter into the Albaizin by certain places where the walls were low ful of holes on Christmas eue at night when making a great noise he awaked them shewing an ensigne displaied inuiting thē to come with their armes into the street for the time said he is come that we must shew our selues men of courage for that there were a good number of Turks arriued in Alpuxarra which were come to fauor them out of Barbarie This alarme did trouble all the other quarters of the town for that they were in jealousie touching the execution of the Edict for otherwise they had not bin moued being no strange thing to heare a noise in the Albaizin the Moores being accustomed to make
in their holy warres and came by the gift of Richard king of England who had conquered it from the Emperours of Constantinople or rather by purchase or exchange to the famous house of Lusignan in France who enioyed it some generations Among the kings of this familie there was one Peter the first of that name who was valiant and went into diuers parts of the world but for some tyrannies and by the conspiracie of his vnchast wife who was of the house of Arragon he was slaine by his subiects to whom Peter the second succeeded in whose time there grew great contention with notable murthers betwixt the Consuls of the Venetian and Genouois nations traffiking in Cypres and the Consul of the Genouois was by his commaundement cast out of the windowes of his palace in fauour of the Venetian wherefore the Genouois being then strong at sea sent a great armie to Cypres sackt the island and seised vpon Famagosta falling to an accord the Genouois carried Iames the kings vncle with his wife away in hostage Peter being dead Iames was deliuered and raigned in Cypres and vpon some rights caused himselfe to bee crowned and called king of Ierusalem and Armenia 1570 although that he possessed not any thing His son named Iaâ—us for that he was born a Genoua which they cal in Latin Ianua succeeded him who was taken by Melech Sala Sultan of Aegypt to whom he paid for his ransom 125000 ducats of gold and a yerely pention by way of tribute After him Iohn his sonne raigned a man of no value who among other wiues had maried one of the bloud royall of the Paleologui named Helene by whom he had a daughter called Charlotte who was maried to a prince of Portugal he tooke the gouernment from his mother in law Helene and therefore she caused him to be poisoned Lewis of Sauoy king of Cypres Charlotte tooke to her second husband Lewis of Sauoy earle of Genoua and seeking to raigne a bastard brother of hers called Iâ—â—es opposed himselfe saying the women did not raigne in Cypres This quarell being debated before the Sultan of Aegypt who as superour of that realme which payed him tribute made himselfe Iudge gaue sentence in fauour of Iames and put him in possession chasing Charlotte and her husband out of the island This 〈◊〉 maried with Katherine Cornari a Venetian who was adopted by the Seigniorie of Venice for the daughter of S. Marc and had an hundred thousand ducats for her dower This Iames being the second of that name dyed in the yeare 1473 leauing the queene his wife with child hauing ordained by his Will that his after birth if it were a sonne should bee heire to the realme It was a sonne and hee was named Iames the third being acknowledged and crowned by the nobles and people of Cypres for their king as soone as hee was borne but hee died at the end of the yeare and then there grew a diuision in the realme for the Regencie and gouernment thereof the which was ended by a resolution taken by the Estates That the widow Queene should raigne and gouerne with the counsell of eight men that should bee chosen the which continued fifteene or sixteene yeares Considering afterwards with what difficultie they should maintaine themselues against the enterprises of the Sultans raigning in Aegypt and in all Syria the Queene and the Councell hauing againe assembled the Estates and the feudataries of the countrey they concluded make donation of the island to the Seigniorie of Venice which was rich and strong and had meanes to defend them Right of the Seigniorie of Venice to Cypres sending the Queene to Venice to signifie the decree and to carrie this goodly present in the yeare 1489 where shee remained and then they sent onely a Lieutenant and certaine officers for the Seigniorie Thus this donation is found written in the Annales of the Cypriots But others say that when as king Iames the second was dead the Venetians being aduertised that he had appointed the infant which should be borne and the mother together to be heires vnto the realme and the one if the other failed the Venetians sent some of their Senators thither as tutors to the king and at the intreatie of the Venetian queene who had a desire to quit her right vnto the Seigniorie and that this young king being dead within the yeare she retired her selfe to Venice Howsoeuer it were they enioyed it aboue fourescore yeares Although that this commonweale be famous for their wisedome in the gouernement of their Estates Tyrannies of the nobilitie ouer the people in Cypres yet they had in time suffered the nobilitie of the countrey to vsurpe a certaine authoritie ouer the common people which exceeded so as their condition did not differ much from slaues for they were beaten sold and slaine at the pleasure of great and couetous men without mercie the which had bred a desire in the people to change their master Whereunto they adde another quarell which was often made vnto the Senat by the great Master of Malta That some priuat men among them had appropriated vnto themselues the Commaunderies of the Order of S. Iohn Vsurpations vpon the religion of Malta in that island and had made them hereditarie to their houses whereof they gaue them no satisfaction Which had made the great Master la Valettâ— to countenance an enterprise which was made to take that island from them and to make a Maltois borne king there who had his beginning from Greece named Basilic much fauoured by the great Turke and who for his valour and merits had bâ—ene made by him Vaiuode or Prince of Transiluania But the matter being discouered it was disappointed and quenched by the punishment of some and a better gard set and yet they did not suppresse the tyranuies of the nobilitie ouer the poore people Who for that cause did still animate the Turke to send an armie into Cypres with assurance of good successe for he should find the inhabitants of the countrey 〈…〉 This was then the cause which had moued Sâ—ltan 〈◊〉 to 〈…〉 this yeare the which hee coloured with his old rights of 〈◊〉 and Aegypâ— and other 〈◊〉 vanities 〈◊〉 forth his armie after the returne of his Chaous 〈◊〉 from Venice to inuade â—his island where they landed a great number of Turkes Armie of Turks in Cypres horse and foot in Aprill 〈…〉 called Sâ—lmes finding no resistance so as within few dayes they were aboue foure 〈◊〉 thousand fighting menâ— for the trayâ—ed bands the Tymariots of Syria Aegypt and of Natolia which were neere vnto the sea and in like 〈◊〉 the higher pâ—â—uinâ—es euen vnto the riâ—er Euphrates had beene commaunded to come vnto certaine ports whereas thirtie gallies which Aly Bassa had left after his first landing and some boats to carrie horses went to receiue them and to transport them into the island The which continued many dayes and the Venetians could not
act for the which there were great feasts of ioy made at Fez Marroc Tarudant and other townes Whilest that Mahomet begged succors of the King of Portugal by his Deputies Mahomet Xeriffe craues aide from Portugal hee liued at Ceuta a fort belonging vnto Portugal beeing in Afrike the Gouernor whereof beeing aduertised of his Masters disposition did him honour attending an answere the which he had soone and according to his desire But the King D. Sebastian beeing aduertised by some that were about him that hee might finde himselfe too weake for so great an enterprise hee tooke counsell to sollicit King Philip his vncle to bee of the partie and to the end they might negotiat such an action with more efficacy hee sent Peter d' Alcassoua a fauorite of his to craue an enterview at Guadalupe vpon the confines of the realmes of Castile and Portugal who returned with a good answere whereas these two Kings met to their great contents King Philip diswads D. Sebastian from the voiage of Afrike namely of Don Philip there was some treaty of a future marriage betwixt Don Sebastian and one of the daughters of Castile but comming to confer of the warre of Afrike which was the chiefe subiect of their meeting King Philip diswaded him from it as well for that he had a peceable treaty with Muley Moluc as also for that he saw such a war had need of a more experienced commander then D. Sebastian was better soldiers then the Portugals of those times for since the time of King Emanuel that nation had not done any thing memorable in warre at the least in Europe or the countries confyning vpon Europe yet hauing well defended their forts at the East Indies The conclusion was that King Phillip aduised him not to meddle in the quarrels of those Princes Moores but whatsoeuer hee did not to goe in person to those warres Being importuned by D. Sebastian to contribute men and shipping to this enterprise hee excused himselfe vpon the great affaires he had in the Low countries and the iealousie he had continually of the French but especially of the Turke who threatned Sicile and Italy and had already taken Goulette and Tunes being ignorant what this new Sultan might practise against him yet being intreated and coniured by D. Sebastian not to abandon him in his first enterprise he would not leaue him discontented but promised in case the Turke did not arme against him to furnish him with fifty Gallies and fiue thousand souldiars so as he for his part should entertaine tenne thousand and aduising him what warre soeuer he made in Afrike Aduice of king Philip to D. Sebastian not to abandon the sea shore and that he should attempt the recouery of Alarache and so proceed by degrees along the Ocean and then they parted King Philips aduise was very good and the Portugals haue not yet any cause to complaine After that he had heard his Nephew speake and discouered his heat and obstinacy he fell to discourse of the inconueniences that might fall vpon him and began to thinke of his affaires as if the royall line of Portugall failed and to seeke out what pretensions he might haue were they cleere or doubtfull and from that time he resolued that if Don Sebastian should chance to die in this warre not to suffer any other to seize vpon the Realme The young King of Portugal being returned to Lisbone full of hope and ioy he still pressed King Philip to grant him a free promise of his succors without that reseruation if the Turke should send an army against him the which he granted and therevpon he thought it was but a leape to passe into Afrike with great troupes which hee imagined to haue ready D. Sebastian vnfurnished of all things for the warre but when they came to examine euery thing in particular they neither found men money shipping nor horses of seruice nor any thing that might serue to good vse so as to prouide all these things which giue motion vnto armies they were forced to spend all the yeere 1577. And without doubt if D. Sebastian had had his men and prouisions ready as it was concluded King Philip would haue furnished the gallies and men which he had promised D. Sebastian beganne then to tast the difficulties which are found in making warre especially for Estates which haue enioyed a long peace and whereas both Nobility and people haue neglected armes the which is an inexcusable fault in them that gouerne common-weals who should know that it is one of the maine pillers of an Estate especially in this age full of iniustice Seeing then that Portugal at that time had neither captaines souldiers treasure victuals armes nor horses which are the essentiall parts to make a warre into the which D. Sebastian would enter he was forced to prouide all these things extraordinarily and in hast seeing that in time of peace they had not thought of it Hee was therefore forced to write into Italy and Flanders for some Regiments of old souldiars the Prince of Orange who was then in armes against the Prince of Parma Lieutenant to King Philip sent three thousand Lansquenets into Portugall vnder the command of Martin of Burgongne Lord of Tamberg And it happened that the King of Spaine being perswaded by Pope Gregory the thirteenth to succor the rebels of Ireland against the Queene of England there was a leauy of Italians made in the territories of the Church the action went in the Popes name but the King bare the charge sixe hundred of these vnder the command of a Licentious English man called Thomas Stukeley who not long before had gotten from the Pope the title of Marquis of Ireland being shipped at Ciuita-uecha came into the riuer of Lisbone when they were preparing for this warre of Afrike The King being desirous to see them staied them and intreated them to goe with him to this war He was forced to seeke money by meanes that were vnpleasing to the whole realme The king tooke the portions of Widowes Orfans he made forced borrowings of the Clergy Nobility townes and commonalties he laied an imposition vpon salt he made the new Christians as they call them to buy the exemption of the confiscation of their goods in case they should fall into the Inquisition and hee vsed other exactions which made all men complaine He staied marchants ships He enioyned some of the Nobility to mount themselues like men at armes and many gentlemen to march with the foote beeing so aduised to better his new leauied Portugal footmen of the which hee made foure regiments In these preparations he spent the time vntill Sommer being in the yeere 1578. And when as he thought to take shipping hoping that King Philip would haue sent him the gallies and men which he had promised he found himselfe deceiued for that the Castillan hauing changed his minde excused himselfe vpon new accidents which had happened that yeere which would
would obey seeing there was no humane helpe against his Commandements for he had the will of a man the authoritie of a Pope and the execution of a King To conclude hee had many vertues and fewer vices yet they were equall for he had the vertue of a Church-man and the defects of a Prince during his life he was feared of many and beloued of few so as no man lamented his death onely such as were well affected desiring the cause of succession had beene first decided had some feeling The fiue Gouernors being at Almerin at the time of his death they began to exercise their charge as Kings and their first resolution was to send Ambassadours to King Philip whome they saw in armes and who had in a manner threatened the deceased king and the Realme to intreate him to proceede in this busines by the way of iustice and to assure him that it should be done him witnessing moreouer the great good will and respect which the Gouernors the chiefe of the Nobilitie and the good townes of Portugall bare vnto his highnesse The king before their audience made some difficulty whether he should receiue them with the accustomed ceremonies to Princes Ambassadors or as simple Deputies of his subiects but he was counselled to heare them as Ambassadors to the end he might winne the loue of the Portugueses so as they were heard with their hats on the king beeing vncouered at their comming in The Ambassadours were the Bishop of Coimbra and Emanuel de Mela and they came vnto the King being at Guadalupe who made a long relation vnto them of his rights and of the consultations which he had made as well to make them apparent to the world as to satisfie his owne conscience that he knew well there were many among the Nobilitie and townes ill affected vnto him whom he had good meanes to draw vnto their duties wherefore the Gouernours and the Estates should be well aduised and not be the cause of a warre in their countrey giuing them a short time to send him their last resolution The Deputies of the Estates of the Realme who had beene called by the deceased king were all at Saint Iren a towne right against Almerin the riuer of Tagus running betwixt them who seeing the Gouernors manner of proceeding they gaue them to vnderstand that their Councell and Assembly was superiour vnto them as representing the Realme and the generall Estates thereof and therefore they sent word vnto the Gouernours that leauing Almerin which was small and not able to lodge so great a multitude they should come to S. Iren to the end they might all together determine of that was fitting for the preseruation of the Realme and put it in execution and not make them vpon euery occasion to passe the riuer for their affaires required expedition and no delayes saying that their most necessarie prouisions was to man the entries of the Realme with soldiers the which they should haue done before they sent Ambassadors to King Philip. This did amaze the Gouernours and caused bad intelligence betwixt them and the Estates so as in disdaine one of another they did not any good for the publike Among these Gouernours there were there noted to fauour King Philip Discâ—rd betwixt the Gouernâ—rs and the Estates the other two were for the Realme Among the Deputies of the Estates most of them were for Don Antonio Prior of Crato who hauing notice of the death of Don Henry came presently to Lisbone spake vnto the Magistrates of the Cittie shewed himselfe vnto the people saluted euery man seeking to maintaine himselfe in the loue of the multitude D. Anthâ—â—ies proceedings with all the humilitie that might be hee wrote vnto the Deputies of the Estates at S. Iren and came himselfe to present the Popes Bull vnto them by the which the sentence of the deceased King giuen against him was suspended he remembred his rights vnto the Crowne and protested that he would submit himself to iustice according to the resolution which was taken whilest he liued in the open Estates and conformable also to the sayd Kings last will made eight moneths before his death by the which he declared him his successor that should be found to haue most right by the Iudges This course was desired by all in generall namely by the other Pretendants except King Philip who pressing the Ambassadours much to haue their last resolution whether they would receiue him for their King or not and they desiring him to giue them a longer time then he had prefixed he told them plainely that he would vse his rights according to his meanes and dignitie The which the Gouernours the Duke of Bragança and other Noblemen that were at Almerin seeing they began to prouide for the frontiers but so late and so slowly as all men wondred the Deputies of the Estates insisting stil that they should all assemble in one place to consult ioyntly together how to repulse the iniurious force which the Castillans their ancient enemies would do vnto the Realme And although it seemed reasonable that the Gouernors who were but few in number and had but a transitorie and limited authoritie for a time should passe vnto S. Iren and make shew to allow of it yet they did it not they still remayning in their seuerall lodgings making very preiudiciall decrees apart which in the end blemished the honour of the Crowne of Portugall one weakening anothers authoritie whereas if they had beene well vnited euery man would haue obeyed them and they might haue opposed such forces against King Philip as happily he might haue yeelded to a iudiciall course The Gouernours sent Commissions into the Prouinces to raise the Commons and commanded the Lords which had lands and vassals to be mounted and armed readie to march when they should be called but they did little regard it The King of Spaine beeing aduertised of all their disorders was exceeding glad for that they prepared a way for him to attaine vnto that which he pretended and without any further delay hee caused those troupes which he had so long entertayned to march towards Badajos where hee had appoynted the Rendez-vous for the armie he commanded Don Fernando de Silua Earle of Cifuentes Guidon Major of Castile to draw foorth the Standardâ—royal which is neuer displayed but when as the King goes to the warre in person Hee made choice of the Duke of Alba to be his Lieutenant to leade this armie Philips troupes marchâ—th towards Portugall whom hee freed from prison for a certaine precipitated marriage made by Don Frederick his sonne and by his counsell causing him to come to Merida to conferre of the meanes to enter with an army into Portugall yet some say that he saw not the King but marched directly to the armie In the meane time he did write againe and perswaded the Gouernors the Estates the Nobilitie and Commons to receiue him without resistance sending them new consultations which he
to recouer the reputation which he had lost but the King of Spaine stayed this rigour sending a generall pardon concerning this murther The Deputies of the generall Estates beeing returned from France with many good words Deputies sent from the Estats of the â—â—wcountries into England but no effects by reason of the league which hindred the Kings desire to embrace their cause they had recourse vnto the Queene of England vnto whom they also sent their Deputies seeking to perswade her to vndertake their protection against the king of Spaine in regard of her owne priuate interest and the good of both the Estates This matter was weightie and required a graue and deliberate consultation Shee called her Councell and demanded their opinions whether shee should voluntarily ingage her selfe in a warre without constraint which she must needes do in taking vppon her the protection of the Low-countries Whereupon they concluded that she might not with her owne safetie abandon the vnited Prouinces of the Netherlands vnlesse she would neglect the preseruation of her owne Estate Reasons why the Queene of England shold take protection of the Low-countries They layed before her the King of Spaines hatred against her hauing changed the religion which he had planted in England which appeared by his denying passage to her Merchants throughout the Low-countries with armes powder and munition which he had bought in Germany That he had refused to renue the auncient contracts made betwixt the Emperour Charles his father and her predecessours And to shew his hatred to her Maiestie he had suffered the Inquisitors of Spaine to persecute her poore subiects with all crueltie and had dismissed her Ambassadour out of Spaine vppon colour of Religion That the Duke of Alba his Gouernour in the Low-conntries had in hostile manner arrested the bodies and goods of her subiects contrarie to the ancient contracts That he had sent forces to invade her realme of Ireland and to ayde her rebels Besides these and many other iniuries the Lords of her Councell layed before her how dangerous it would be for her Estate if the Spaniard should become absolute Lord of those countries that he would alter their religion disanuâ—ll their auncient Priuiledges and liberties and make them subiect to his will and pleasure which done he might easily inuade England hauing so much shipping and so many marriners at his command and his Indian treasure to supply all other wants He would ouerthrow all trade betwixt her subiects and the Netherlanders and would breed factions within the heart of her countrie These reasons sayd they should mooue her Maiestie to embrace the present occasion and not suffer the Low-countries to be planted with Spaniards and Italians considering that the warre was not vndertaken against those Prouinces but with an intent to make a greater conquest Whilst that the Queene of England resolues to vndertake the protection of the generall Estates of the vnited Prouinces it was concluded to arme out a Fleete to annoy the King of Spaine vpon his owne coast Sir Francis Drake with â— fleet vpon the coast of Spaine or at the Indies whence his treasor came Wherefore this yeare 1585. in September Sir Francis Drake was sent out of England with a fleet of 25. ships and pinaces and about 2300. souldiers and mariners Master Christopher Carlile was his Lieutenant generall with many other gallant Captaines and Gentlemen whose names for breuitie sake I omit being written at large by others After some daies this Fleet came to the Ilands of Bayonne vppon the coast of Spaine where the Generall putting his men into boates and pinaces went into his Galley with an intent to surprize the towne but vpon the way there came an English Merchant vnto them from the Gouernour to see what Fleet it was who after some speech with the Generall was returned backe and one Captaine Sampson with him to demaund of the Gouernour if there were any warres betwixt Spaine and England and why they did arrest the English Merchants and their goods To whome the Gouernour made this answer that he knew not of any warre and that it was not in his owne power to make any and as for the stay of the Merchants it was the kings pleasure but not with any intent to preiudice them and that hee had receiued a countermaund to discharge them the which hee did presently The lying of this Fleete at those Ilands did much trouble them in Spaine beeing ignorant of their intent Whereuppon Don Aluaro de Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz Admirall of Spaine beeing then at Lisbone did set downe in writing what harme this Fleete might do if it should go to the West Indies and enter into the South sea as Drake had formerly done and what course was to bee taken to preuent those inconueniences and dangers The English Fleete stayed not long vppon the coast of Spaine but directed their course towards the VVest Indies S. Iago taken passing by the Canaries and the Ilands of cape Verde where they tooke the towne of S. Iago which they spoiled and burnt they came to the Island of S. Dominica from whence they past to the Island of Hispaniola where they tooke that gallant Cittie of S. Domingo by force which after they spoyled and burnt a third part S Domiâ—gâ— taken the Spaniards made a composition for the rest paying fiue and twenty thousand Duckets at fiue shillings sixe pence the peece In this Island they found great store of good prouision but little siluer or plate yet in their furniture they were very rich and costly From Saint Domingo they put ouer to the mayne land and came within sight of Carthagena which stands vppon the sea side where they made a gallant attempt vppon the towne and tooke it they landed their troupes fiue miles from the towne whither they marched in battell comming within halfe a mile of the towne they were to passe vpon a narrow causey not fiue paces ouer lying betwixt the sea and the harbour This streight was crost ouer with a wall well flanked and a good ditch hauing onely a passage for horsemen and carriages if need required which breach had a good barricado and here there were sixe peeces of Ordinance planted which scoured along the causey and in the harbor or inner water they had layd two gallies with their prowes to the shore hauing eleuen peeces of Ordinance in them which did beate crosse this streight and three of foure hundred small shot notwithstanding all this preparation to receiue them the Lieutenant generall it beeing very darke and not yet day marched by the sea shoare so as they receiued little harme by their shot and comming close vp to the wall after some resistance they ouerthrew the Barricado and forced the Spaniards to retire they entred pel mel with them into the towne and wan the market place where the Spaniards made head awhile after which they abandoned the towne and retired to other places whither they had
hearers and did much distemper the Viceroyes thoughts who dying some moneths after charged his sonne and successor to carrie himselfe discreetly and moderatly to this prisoner as indeed he had intreated him as the Portugals say with little rigour and much courtesie But this new keeper whether that he had a contrarie commaundement from his Soueraigne or to insinuate more into his fauor or else fearing the corruption of some Portugals who followed him a farre off to see his successe he restrained his prisoner and doubled his gards giuing him no more libertie than to many others to goe out on Sundayes and festiuall daies to heare Masse in a chappell within the castle Yet the Viceroy who would not publikely seeme to consent to the affliction of this vnfortunate man dispensed with himselfe to call him Impostor who finding himselfe much toucht with this reproch fell to those armes which his condition did furnish him which were as bitter words as might be giuen to any one that would not respect his qualitie These violent words did not free him from a hard prison in the castle d' Ouo D. Sebastian in the castle d'Ouo in the which he did not find any thing according to the report of the Portugals but a cord and a long knife fit instruments for some desperat malefactor who would free himselfe from some exemplarie punishment There he continued three daies without bread wine water or bed On the fourth the Auditor generall being followed by two Registers came to visit him and finding him safe and well for there was no great likelyhood that with such cruell vsage he should seeke to prolong his life especially hauing such fit instruments to end his miseries and to free himselfe from a more sensible ignominie before men he said vnto him That if he did not forbeare to say and maintaine himselfe to be D. Sebastian king of Portugall they had not any thing to sustaine his hunger nor thirst nor to giue him rest Doe what you please said the prisoner for I am D. Sebastian the true king of Portugall and no other God forbid that I should fall into so great a mischiefe and so contrarie to my soules health that for feare of men I should denie the truth and confesse that which is not I am that D. Sebastian king of Portugall who in the yeare 1578 past into Africke against the Infidels he who to augment the number and power of Christians put his life in hazard that vnfortunat man who for his sinnes lost a battell which was the cause of so great alterations in Christendome This is the very truth and I can say no other The Auditor and the Registers departed with this answere from which time they gaue him bread and water for his diet but some dayes after he had fiue crownes a moneth giuen him and a man to serue him without any further proceeding in his cause vntill the seuenteenth of Aprill 1602. Vpon which day the Viceroy sent to know if he persisted in his first deposition and that he should be now well aduised to answere pertinently This is not said he the right course they should take to examine and judge my processe present me vnto the Portugals who haue bred me knowne me and serued me vpon whose saying and testimonie the whole profe and verification of my cause doth depend If I should liue a thousand yeares yea more I would neuer answere otherwise If you be resolued to put me to death without any other profe I take God for my onely judge who knowes the truth of my cause I am D. Sebastian the true king of Portugall you may now deale with me as you haue heretofore pretended After which he disposed himselfe to die made a generall confession and receiued the Sacrament still maintaining that he was as he had said Whilest that he attended the houre of his death they sent againe vnto him to make his last answere that is to say he should sing a new song and recant the former but he made the same answere And vpon this last answere he was at the instance of the Castillans exorcised by the Bishop of Rhegium as a Magitian for that he had answered very pertinently to all they had demaunded of him During which action hee shewed vnto the Bishop with a cheerefull countenance a Crucifix which he carried at his breast Behold said he the Image of the Master in whom I trust and for whom I would die Wherewith the Bishop went away confounded with his conjurations as some report who say they were then present After which he was set vpon an Asse the last day of Aprill D. Sebastian led ignominiously through the streets and carried publikely through the streets hauing three trumpets going before him and proclayming his sentence by the which he was condemned to be led ignominiously through the streets of Naples and then put into the galleyes for that he had called himselfe D. Sebastian king of Portugall being but a Calabrois At this crie when he pronounced this word King he answered with a loud voice So am I and when he added being but a Calabrois he said That is false Neither did any of the officers or people hinder him or once moue Euerie man heared him with admiration crying at the corners of the streets I am in my enemies hands let them doe with my bodie what they please I recommend my soule vnto God who hath created it and knowes the truth that I am as I say Hauing thus led him through the citie He is put into a Galley they put him into the royall Galley where they attired him like a slaue and cut off the haire both of his head and beard which some gathered vp either through reuerence or superstition as a matter of great esteeme and then they fastened him to the chaine yet aduising them that they should not force him to rowe The galleyes passing from Naples to Barcelona arriued in August 1602 at the port of S. Lucar of Barameda whereas the Duke of Medina Sydonia and his wife were desirous to see him His discourse with the Duke of Medina Sidonia and the Duchesse who hauing deuised long with him he demaunded of the Duke if he had the sword which he had ginen him when he imbarked to goe into Barbarie The Duke answered It is true Don Sebastian king of Portugall presented me with a sword which I keepe among others Seeing you haue it yet said the Gallerien I pray you let me see it for although it be foure and twentie yeares since I gaue it you yet will I know it Whereupon the Duke caused a dozen to be brought but it being not among them he sent for others The Gallerian seeing it in the bringers hand behold said he vnto the Duke the sword which I gaue you when as I vndertooke my voyage into Afrike Then turning vnto the Duchesse who was Anna de Silua daughter to the prince of Eboli Cousin said he after that
king of Castile in his last testament 629 Orders for the gouernment of the realme of Castile ibid. Order for the gouernment of Castile 637 Orders for the giuing of spirituall liuings 641 Officers called in question 659 Order of the golden fleece instituted 696 Outrage committed by a Moore in Seuile vnpunished 776 Opinion of the Biscains concerning Bishops 863 Orders for the quiet of the realme of Nauar. 891 Order touching the gouernment of Castile 881 Oran in Affrike taken miraculously 893 Order of the Nuns called the Conception 900 Orders for the Indies 930 Outrage committed by the Earle of Vregna 948 Oran beseeged by the Turkes and valiantly defended 1077 Occasion of a victory lost by the Christians 1086 Order of the Christians army at Gerbe 1087 Oran beseeged againe and well defended 1112 Obiections against the Prince of Spaine 1130 Order of the Christians and Turkes armies at Lepanto 1168 P PAssion in Amilcar the ruine of his country 35 Parle betwixt Masinissa and Scipio 74 Palantines among the Spaniards 106 Pampelone begun 112 Paliardise the ruine of the Gothes kingdome 157 Palence restored to the king of Nauarre 230 Patricide among the Princes of Cattelonia 254 Papacy disputed by armes 276 Parliament at Toledo for the Moores warre 339 Pampelona in sedition 346. diuided into two factions 405 Parricids committed by Conrade 412 Pablo a Iew conuerted a learned Doctor and of a good life 658 Pampelona made one body 689 Pardon granted to the confederats 731 Parliament at Toledo 880 Pastors being negligent cause persecutions 946 Pampelona beseeged in vaine by king Iohn 910. it is abandoned by the Castillans 962. it is taken by the Lords of Asperaut 965 Passage of king Francis a prisoner into Spaine 974 Pardon for the Moores proclaimed 1145 Perpenna and his confederats murther Sertorious 111. he is punished for his treason 112 Pelagius the first king of the Asturies 168. he flâ—es into the mountaines 169. he stiles himselfe king of Ouiedo 171 Pelagius a religious man cruelly murthered 194 Peace betwixt Nauarre and Castile 289 Peace betwixt Nauarre and Arragon 303 Pero Nugnes a faithful vassal to his king 309 D. Pedro king of Arragon slaine in France 345 D. Pedro of Arragon drawes his brother 401 D. Pedro Sanches of Montagu regent of Nauarre 402. he is murthered 405 Peace betwixt France and Arragon 436 Perpignan taken by the French 427 Peace betwixt Nauarre and Castile 501 D. Pedro king of Castile called the cruel 531. hee leaues his new wife 3. daies after his marriage 534. he marries a second wife the first beeing liuing 536. murthers committed by him 538. he puts his brother to death 546 his diuilish cruelty 548. he spoiles the Venerians at sea 551. hee murthers two other of his brethren 552. hee murthers Queene Blanch his wife 554. his cruelty couetousnesse and treachery 557. his flight out of Castile 567 he discontents the English 571. he is slaine by his base brother D. Hen. 575 Peace broken by the Castillan with Arragon 556 Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 585 Peace betwixt Castile and Nauarre 594 D. Pedro of Portugal a great traueller 691 D Pedro of Arragon slaine at Naples 714 Pedro Sarmiento deliuers Toledo to Prince H. 739 Peace concluded betwixt Castile Arragon 768 D. Pedro of Portugal chosen king of Arragon 775 he is crowned at Barcelona 786. he is defeated with the Cattelans ibid. he is poisoned 789 Pedro de Velasco made Constable of Castile 834 Pero Gonzales of Mendosa Cardinal of Spaine 835 Perpignan yeelded to the French 847 Peace betwixt France and Castile 870 Peace betwixt Portugal and Castile 875 Pedro of Nauarre made Earle of Albeto 874. hee is chiefe conductor of the warre at Oran 892 Peace betwixt France and Spaine 879 Pegnon de Velez fortified by the Castillans 888 Pedro Arias d' Auila viceroy of the firme land at the Indies 917 Pearles in aboundance at the Indies 918 D. Pedro Giron raiseth new troubles 955 Peru discouered 981 Peace betwixt the Pope and king of Spaine 1080 Peace betwixt France and Spaine 1081 Persecutions in Spaine for religion 1083 Pegnon de Velez how scituated 1112 Pedro Aroio defeated and slaine by the Moores 1144 Pegnon of Fregiliana taken by the great Commander 1148 Peace betwixt the Turke and the Venetians 1172 People of the Terceres brutish 1218 Pedro de Baldes defeated by them of the Terceres ibid. Phenitiens spoile Spaine 8 Philip Archduke of Austria and Ioane his wife driuen into England by a storme 880 Philip Prince of Spaine sworn future king of Spain 1007. he goes into Flanders 1025. his marriage with Mary Queene of England 1039. hee is made king of Naples 1040. he is desirous of a peace with the Pope 1078. hee returnes into Spaine 1083. he sends succors into France 1094 his marriage with his Neece 1156. he sends his gallies to assist the Venetians 1157. his resolution to warre against the Turke 1173. he disswads D. Sebastien from the voiage of Affrike 1198. his troupes march towards Portugal 1208. he enters into Portugal 1217. his bounty in Portugal 1220. he is acknowledged king in Lisbone ibid. he goes out of Portugal 1226 Pyrenee mountaines ful of yron mines 2 Pirenees why so called 14 Piety of Isabel Queene of Portugal 469 Pisans abandon the Island of Sardinia 480 Piety of a sonne ill rewarded by D. Pedro king of Castile 530 Pizarro abandoned by his soldiers at Peru 1031. he defeats his enemies 1032. he is defeated and executed 1033 Pialy Basha hauing taken Gerbe enters Constantinople in triumph 1093 C. Plautius defeated by Viriatus 99 Pleasures corrupt both minde and body 215 Plague in Alphonso de la Cerdes campe 441 Places vpon the frontier of Castile abandoned by bad counsel 736 Places yeelded to the king of Castile 930 Placentia taken from D. Aluaro d' Estuniga 932 Places returne to the obedience of the king of Nauarre 910 Places belonging to the Portugals in Afrike yeeld to king Philip. 1215 Portugal whence it was so called 18 Pouerty assures the peoples liberty 28 Policy of the Romaine and Carthag captaines 43 Pompey deceiues the Numantins 103. he is sent into Spaine against Sertorius 111. his wisdome to end the ciuil war 112. he is made perpetual gouernor in Spaine ibid. he gets the farther Spaine to be at his deuotion 115 Policy of Flaccus Commissary of the victuals 105 Popilius Lenas vnfortunat in the warre of Numantia 104 Pompeys sonne slaine by Caesar. 116 Power of Ballancing that of kings 146 Pope Benedict an heretike 151 Posterity of Mudarra Gonsales 218 Portugal held in fee of the crowne of Leon. 258 Pope ratifies the election of the Emperour Rodolphus 406 Pope and D. Alphonso king of Castile met at Beaucaire 407 Pompe at the creation of the Earl of Barcellos 551 Policy cruell and detestable of Queene Leonora Telles 558 Pope Clement sends a Legat into Castile 631 Portugals slaine at Aliubarota 609 Power of the realme of Granado 644 3. Popes at one time in