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and_o the_o sophister_n answer_v it_o be_v a_o live_a creature_n without_o reason_n and_o be_v demand_v what_o reason_n be_v he_o say_v it_o be_v to_o follow_v and_o use_v the_o good_a and_o to_o shun_v the_o evil_a then_o charon_n conclude_v upon_o his_o own_o word_n and_o say_v your_o own_o word_n have_v prove_v you_o a_o ass_n want_v reason_n for_o you_o have_v no_o reason_n in_o the_o world_n whereby_o you_o shall_v be_v guide_v to_o follow_v the_o good_a which_o be_v virtue_n but_o you_o have_v follow_v evil_a which_o be_v vice_n which_o make_v you_o to_o come_v hither_o to_o receive_v the_o punishment_n of_o a_o ass_n which_o be_v incident_a unto_o most_o mariner_n come_v on_o shore_n i_o wish_v they_o to_o remember_v thanksgiving_n to_o god_n
to_o a_o second_o voyage_n when_o the_o first_o be_v perform_v but_o to_o be_v vigilant_a in_o their_o action_n 8_o whether_o a_o assurance_n make_v for_o the_o tempest_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v also_o to_o be_v understand_v for_o thief_n or_o robber_n upon_o the_o sea_n a._n the_o general_a and_o ordinary_a policy_n of_o assurance_n contain_v all_o adventure_n show_v that_o the_o assuror_n be_v to_o bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o both_o these_o and_o if_o it_o be_v otherwise_o in_o particular_a it_o must_v be_v declare_v so_o that_o this_o distinction_n be_v vain_a 9_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v to_o the_o question_n whether_o a_o assurance_n make_v by_o stipulation_n be_v a_o contract_n or_o not_o or_o whether_o it_o be_v coventionall_a or_o conditional_a wherein_o this_o distinction_n be_v of_o no_o moment_n 10_o whether_o a_o assuror_n have_v pay_v the_o merchant_n for_o good_n lose_v by_o he_o assure_v may_v afterward_o if_o the_o good_n be_v find_v again_o or_o recover_v restore_v the_o good_n to_o the_o merchant_n and_o call_v for_o his_o money_n which_o he_o pay_v back_o again_o a._n it_o appear_v plain_o by_o all_o policy_n of_o assurance_n that_o the_o assuror_n do_v condescend_v that_o the_o merchant_n shall_v have_v full_a power_n and_o authority_n by_o himself_o or_o his_o factor_n and_o servant_n to_o sue_v for_o therecoverie_n of_o the_o good_n and_o that_o the_o assuror_n shall_v contribute_v to_o the_o charge_n pro_fw-la rata_fw-la of_o their_o sum_n by_o they_o assure_v respective_o but_o the_o merchant_n be_v not_o therefore_o hinder_v to_o recover_v the_o money_n of_o the_o assuror_n neither_o can_v one_o particular_a assuror_n have_v all_o the_o good_n for_o the_o merchant_n relinquish_a the_o good_n to_o the_o assuror_n reserve_v always_o his_o part_n therein_o which_o he_o have_v not_o assure_v which_o he_o detain_v in_o nature_n of_o a_o assuror_n so_o that_o the_o assuror_n have_v not_o convenient_a mean_n to_o perform_v the_o content_n of_o the_o question_n nevertheless_o if_o the_o merchant_n will_v he_o may_v buy_v the_o good_n so_o recover_v of_o the_o assuror_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v but_o then_o be_v the_o question_n alter_v and_o not_o the_o same_o 11_o whether_o a_o assuror_n be_v to_o answer_v any_o hurt_n or_o damage_n do_v to_o the_o good_n by_o mouse_n rat_n or_o any_o other_o vermin_n especial_o moth_n a._n by_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n that_o assuror_n be_v to_o answer_v for_o all_o damage_n detriment_n or_o hurt_v which_o shall_v happen_v to_o the_o good_n after_o his_o underwriting_n but_o if_o he_o can_v prove_v the_o hurt_n or_o damage_n be_v before_o do_v in_o the_o warehouse_n or_o other_o place_n he_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o answer_v the_o same_o 12_o whether_o good_n lose_v in_o the_o ship_n boat_n be_v unlade_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n or_o be_v to_o be_v lade_v into_o the_o ship_n shall_v be_v answer_v by_o the_o assuror_n or_o what_o may_v be_v lay_v to_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o assuror_n by_o contribution_n a._n this_o question_n consist_v of_o two_o point_n the_o answer_n to_o the_o first_o be_v plain_a according_a to_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n where_o it_o be_v specify_v that_o the_o adventure_n shall_v begin_v upon_o the_o good_n lade_v in_o any_o boat_n vessel_n or_o crayer_n to_o be_v lay_v aboard_o of_o such_o a_o ship_n or_o be_v discharge_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n the_o adventure_n to_o continue_v till_o the_o good_n be_v safe_o land_v but_o to_o the_o second_o the_o answer_n be_v not_o so_o plain_a because_o it_o depend_v upon_o the_o sea-law_n and_o must_v be_v consider_v according_o for_o as_o we_o have_v note_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o contribution_n if_o by_o occasion_n of_o lightning_n the_o good_n which_o be_v put_v into_o the_o boat_n or_o light_a perish_v the_o ship_n and_o remain_a good_n in_o the_o ship_n shall_v answer_v for_o the_o same_o but_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o the_o ship_n and_o remain_a good_n perish_v after_o the_o boat_n or_o light_a be_v once_o safe_a no_o contribution_n shall_v be_v on_o the_o good_n in_o the_o light_a for_o the_o law_n be_v that_o the_o good_n shall_v only_a be_v liable_a to_o contribution_n when_o ship_n and_o good_n be_v safe_o arrive_v to_o their_o intend_a port_n of_o discharge_n according_a to_o this_o rule_n be_v the_o assuror_n to_o answer_v for_o contribution_n pro_fw-la rata_fw-la of_o the_o sum_n by_o he_o assure_v 13_o whether_o assurance_n make_v for_o pirate_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v also_o for_o thief_n which_o by_o night_n steal_v the_o good_n from_o the_o ship_n a._n the_o answer_n be_v so_o evident_a that_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v comprise_v in_o the_o assurance_n as_o there_o need_v no_o other_o explanation_n 14_o whether_o a_o assurance_n make_v at_o one_o time_n upon_o good_n to_o be_v buy_v and_o intend_v to_o be_v lade_v and_o afterward_o find_v not_o to_o be_v buy_v at_o the_o same_o time_n but_o at_o another_o time_n do_v bind_v the_o assuror_n to_o pay_v the_o loss_n a._n this_o question_n be_v worthy_a the_o consideration_n and_o do_v mere_o consist_v in_o the_o observation_n of_o time_n &_o not_o in_o the_o buy_n of_o the_o good_n although_o it_o be_v so_o propound_v for_o the_o time_n make_v great_a difference_n in_o the_o assurance_n as_o i_o have_v note_v before_o good_n lade_v in_o the_o summer_n be_v not_o in_o adventure_n comparable_a to_o the_o winter_n when_o storm_n and_o tempest_n do_v arise_v and_o therefore_o be_v not_o the_o assuror_n to_o be_v make_v answerable_a to_o this_o assurance_n for_o the_o custom_n herein_o be_v clear_a and_o concur_v with_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n and_o therefore_o not_o comprise_v in_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o policy_n of_o assurance_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n also_o that_o assuror_n be_v to_o have_v a_o special_a regard_n to_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n whether_o they_o be_v vicious_a or_o diligent_a for_o the_o love_n of_o woman_n and_o wine_n make_v they_o to_o loose_v the_o opportunity_n of_o time_n so_o that_o by_o contrary_a wind_n their_o voyage_n be_v retard_v and_o which_o be_v to_o be_v make_v in_o summer_n fall_v out_o to_o be_v in_o winter_n subject_a to_o eminent_a danger_n and_o loss_n whereunto_o the_o assuror_n become_v liable_a as_o be_v declare_v whether_o it_o be_v by_o accident_n misfortune_n casualty_n rare_a success_n and_o negligence_n of_o master_n and_o mariner_n unlooked_v for_o and_o happen_v in_o strange_a manner_n sudden_o 15_o whether_o a_o assuror_n be_v liable_a to_o the_o adventure_n of_o good_n ship_v from_o one_o ship_n into_o another_o a._n sometime_o in_o policy_n of_o assurance_n it_o happen_v that_o upon_o some_o especial_a consideration_n this_o clause_n forbid_v the_o transfer_v of_o good_n be_v insert_v because_o in_o time_n of_o hostility_n or_o war_n between_o prince_n it_o may_v fall_v out_o to_o be_v unlade_v in_o such_o ship_n of_o those_o contend_a prince_n whereby_o the_o adventure_n will_v be_v far_o great_a but_o according_a to_o the_o usual_a assurance_n which_o be_v make_v general_o without_o any_o exception_n the_o assuror_n be_v liable_a thereunto_o for_o it_o be_v understand_v that_o the_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n without_o some_o good_a and_o accidental_a cause_n will_v not_o put_v the_o good_n from_o one_o ship_n into_o another_o but_o will_v deliver_v they_o according_a to_o the_o charterpartie_n at_o the_o appoint_a place_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o when_o assurance_n be_v make_v upon_o some_o particular_a good_n lade_v in_o such_o a_o ship_n under_o such_o a_o mark_n the_o policy_n make_v mention_n of_o the_o good_n lade_v to_o be_v transport_v and_o deliver_v to_o such_o a_o place_n by_o the_o ship_n or_o by_o any_o other_o ship_n or_o vessel_n until_o they_o be_v safe_o land_v so_o that_o in_o all_o these_o and_o the_o like_o the_o condition_n make_v the_o law_n 16_o now_o there_o be_v a_o question_n whether_o a_o assuror_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o assurance_n of_o good_n to_o bear_v the_o adventure_n if_o no_o good_n be_v lade_v or_o but_o part_n of_o the_o good_n a._n if_o a_o man_n do_v bind_v or_o oblige_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v find_v in_o such_o a_o place_n and_o it_o be_v not_o find_v there_o every_o man_n know_v that_o the_o say_a thing_n tie_v to_o a_o local_a place_n can_v be_v bind_v thereby_o because_o it_o be_v a_o body_n name_v without_o substance_n and_o not_o in_o rerum_fw-la natura_fw-la and_o there_o will_v be_v understand_v a_o privation_n without_o be_v and_o where_o there_o be_v not_o materia_fw-la &_o forma_fw-la first_o there_o can_v be_v no_o privation_n but_o if_o part_n of_o the_o good_n be_v lade_v than_o the_o assuror_n be_v liable_a for_o so_o much_o as_o that_o part_n of_o good_n do_v cost_v
by_o a_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o i_o be_o to_o bear_v no_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n and_o so_o say_v the_o three_o merchant_n that_o make_v over_o his_o money_n by_o exchange_n from_o antuerpe_n the_o two_o partner_n dwell_v in_o spain_n they_o say_v that_o they_o have_v not_o only_o pay_v their_o part_n of_o the_o tobacco_n but_o also_o the_o 1300_o will_v which_o be_v owe_v to_o the_o merchant_n that_o sell_v the_o tobacco_n and_o therefore_o they_o demand_v much_o money_n due_a unto_o they_o and_o that_o rest_v also_o upon_o account_n between_o the_o party_n decease_v and_o they_o and_o other_o the_o party_n decease_v be_v decay_v have_v few_o to_o undertake_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o the_o seven_o merchant_n be_v content_v to_o bear_v his_o part_n of_o the_o loss_n so_o he_o may_v come_v in_o for_o his_o part_n of_o the_o gain_n and_o say_v that_o if_o the_o money_n have_v be_v take_v upon_o he_o by_o exchange_n he_o will_v have_v pay_v the_o same_o but_o howsoever_o he_o be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o he_o have_v provision_n sufficient_a to_o pay_v his_o part_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o some_o of_o the_o partner_n there_o and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o he_o have_v bear_v the_o adventure_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o his_o part_n of_o the_o tobacco_n he_o claim_v his_o part_n of_o the_o gain_n for_o if_o all_o have_v be_v cast_v away_o at_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v certain_a the_o rest_n of_o the_o partner_n will_v have_v make_v he_o to_o bear_v the_o loss_n of_o his_o part_n and_o thus_o they_o be_v all_o in_o a_o dilemma_n and_o have_v some_o of_o they_o bond_n other_o contract_n and_o some_o but_o account_n and_o paper_n they_o know_v not_o how_o to_o make_v a_o end_n and_o such_o as_o have_v more_o than_o their_o own_o be_v remiss_a enough_o to_o procure_v a_o end_n i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o set_v down_o this_o case_n because_o man_n of_o understanding_n may_v judge_v â—ow_o it_o be_v possible_a that_o the_o common_a law_n by_o the_o strict_a and_o peremptory_a proceed_n of_o it_o can_v determine_v the_o same_o without_o the_o law-merchant_n not_o know_v the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n be_v also_o impossible_a to_o direct_v a_o jury_n of_o twelve_o man_n in_o the_o premise_n wherein_o i_o be_o now_o a_o arbitrator_n myself_o description_n of_o monopoly_n monopoly_n be_v somewhat_o displease_v because_o the_o property_n of_o they_o be_v common_o to_o engross_v thing_n to_o a_o ill_a end_n increase_v the_o price_n thereof_o disorderly_a draw_v a_o general_a benefit_n to_o a_o particular_a divert_v the_o course_n of_o traffic_n but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o be_v use_v now_o a_o day_n it_o will_v be_v convenient_a to_o distinguish_v they_o by_o reasonable_a unreasonable_a and_o indifferent_a reasonable_a of_o such_o thing_n and_o trifle_n as_o be_v for_o pleasure_n as_o starch_n card_n lute-string_n tobacco_n and_o such_o like_a unreasonable_a as_o of_o flesh_n fish_n butter_n cheese_n or_o needful_a thing_n for_o the_o sustenance_n of_o man_n without_o which_o he_o can_v hardly_o live_v civil_o indifferent_a as_o of_o velvet_n silk_n sugar_n spice_n and_o other_o delicacy_n and_o dainty_n or_o curiosity_n indifferent_a to_o be_v use_v or_o not_o all_o these_o be_v do_v by_o public_a authority_n of_o prince_n and_o state_n by_o letter_n patent_n grant_v for_o term_n of_o year_n engross_a engross_a but_o engross_a be_v do_v by_o private_a person_n of_o their_o own_o authority_n which_o be_v commendable_a to_o keep_v commodity_n in_o reputation_n to_o maintain_v a_o trade_n thereby_o as_o when_o man_n of_o mean_n do_v engross_v and_o buy_v up_o a_o commodity_n and_o for_o reasonable_a gain_n they_o sell_v the_o same_o again_o to_o shopkeeper_n and_o retailer_n this_o be_v much_o use_v among_o merchant_n of_o all_o nation_n otherwise_o when_o abundance_n of_o a_o commodity_n do_v so_o much_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o it_o that_o merchant_n do_v become_v loser_n and_o discourage_v than_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n be_v thereby_o overthrow_v to_o the_o general_a hurt_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n in_o which_o respect_n it_o be_v better_a to_o pay_v somewhat_o more_o for_o commodity_n than_o to_o have_v they_o altogether_o over_o cheap_a especial_o for_o commodity_n serve_v for_o the_o back_n dardanary_n forestall_v or_o forestaller_n call_v by_o the_o civilians_n dardanary_n and_o not_o for_o the_o belly_n which_o diverse_a time_n by_o forestaller_n become_v dear_a against_o which_o kind_n of_o people_n regrator_n and_o other_o there_o be_v very_o good_a law_n make_v which_o the_o magistrate_n be_v to_o see_v observe_v and_o in_o france_n and_o scotland_n the_o admiral_n of_o the_o sea_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o look_v unto_o this_o inconvenience_n the_o government_n of_o norenborough_n in_o germany_n be_v much_o to_o be_v commend_v not_o only_o for_o the_o provident_a care_n to_o prevent_v forestaller_n engross_a commendable_a engross_a but_o also_o for_o the_o engross_n or_o incorporate_n of_o all_o manufacture_n into_o their_o own_o hand_n to_o set_v the_o poor_a people_n continual_o on_o work_n themselves_o cause_v the_o say_a manufacture_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o such_o reasonable_a rate_n as_o none_o can_v make_v or_o provide_v better_a cheap_a than_o they_o do_v whereof_o abundance_n be_v buy_v and_o send_v for_o the_o west-indies_n and_o other_o place_n the_o mechanical_a people_n be_v very_o much_o cherish_v by_o they_o and_o all_o artist_n be_v welcome_a unto_o they_o which_o make_v their_o city_n populus_fw-la the_o hollander_n do_v imitate_v they_o and_o some_o money_n of_o the_o bank_n at_o amsterdam_n be_v employ_v therein_o for_o the_o proverb_n be_v to_o be_v commend_v sceptra_fw-la savent_fw-la artes._n the_o civilians_n have_v make_v the_o latin_a word_n monopolium_n borrow_v from_o the_o greek_a to_o be_v less_o understand_v because_o of_o their_o many_o difinition_n thereof_o which_o make_v i_o to_o treat_v of_o association_n monopoly_n engrossing_n and_o forestallings_n as_o have_v affinity_n one_o with_o another_o and_o to_o describe_v they_o in_o divide_a manner_n as_o also_o to_o note_v their_o coherence_n as_o follow_v for_o a_o association_n company_n monopoly_n a_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n or_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n in_o effect_n when_o some_o few_o merchant_n have_v the_o whole_a manage_n of_o a_o trade_n to_o the_o hurt_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n when_o other_o merchant_n be_v exclude_v to_o negotiate_v with_o their_o stock_n to_o vent_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n with_o reputation_n according_a to_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d solus_fw-la and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d vendo_fw-la monopoly_n a_o society_n may_v become_v a_o monopoly_n to_o sell_v alone_o and_o as_o this_o be_v do_v many_o time_n by_o one_o merchant_n for_o one_o kind_n of_o commodity_n be_v it_o corn_n salt_n oil_n woolles_n and_o the_o like_a so_o may_v it_o be_v do_v by_o a_o society_n of_o merchant_n continual_o under_o the_o colour_n of_o authority_n albeit_o that_o there_o be_v no_o combination_n to_o limit_v any_o certain_a price_n for_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n in_o the_o particular_a of_o one_o merchant_n or_o more_o merchant_n agree_v together_o to_o buy_v up_o a_o commodity_n it_o may_v be_v call_v a_o forestalling_a as_o one_o dardanus_n do_v whereof_o as_o we_o have_v say_v the_o name_n dardanarij_fw-la be_v use_v by_o the_o say_a civilians_n who_o define_v they_o to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d qui_fw-la omne_fw-la praemunt_fw-la ut_fw-la carius_fw-la vendant_fw-la that_o forestall_v or_o buy_v up_o thing_n to_o the_o end_n they_o shall_v sell_v they_o dear_a which_o although_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o practice_n meaning_n and_o intention_n of_o merchant_n yet_o the_o practice_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n for_o it_o will_v run_v into_o disorder_n in_o the_o government_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n in_o the_o general_a where_o a_o society_n buy_v commodity_n apart_o and_o sell_v apart_o although_o under_o orderly_a government_n it_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o engross_a as_o the_o manufacture_n of_o norenborough_n aforesaid_a and_o be_v do_v with_o discretion_n and_o good_a order_n it_o can_v give_v no_o cause_n of_o offence_n but_o the_o abuse_n thereof_o make_v the_o same_o odious_a and_o so_o general_o to_o be_v know_v of_o all_o man_n as_o the_o word_n usury_n be_v imply_v a_o bite_n definition_n of_o a_o monopoly_n the_o true_a definition_n of_o a_o monopoly_n therefore_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o commerce_n in_o buy_v sell_v change_a or_o barter_v usurp_v by_o a_o few_o and_o sometime_o but_o by_o one_o person_n and_o forestall_v from_o all_o other_o to_o his_o or_o their_o private_a gain_n and_o to_o the_o hurt_n and_o detriment_n of_o other_o man_n whereby_o of_o course_n or_o by_o authority_n the_o
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alteration_n of_o ten_o day_n make_v by_o pope_n gregory_n the_o 13._o ivlius_fw-la caesar_n the_o first_o emperor_n of_o rome_n a_o man_n learned_a and_o of_o great_a magnanimity_n consider_v that_o the_o roman_a year_n be_v reckon_v confuse_o according_o to_o the_o course_n of_o the_o moon_n &_o by_o the_o hebrew_n with_o their_o intercalar_a month_n to_o make_v the_o same_o agree_v with_o the_o sun_n by_o the_o counsel_n and_o instigation_n of_o sosigenes_n a_o expert_a mathematician_n about_o 44_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n devise_v a_o new_a foâ—me_n of_o calendar_n first_o frame_v after_o the_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n divide_v the_o whole_a year_n into_o three_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o day_n and_o six_o hour_n make_v it_o to_o contain_v twelve_o month_n whereof_o the_o name_n be_v yet_o in_o use_n beginning_n from_o march_n for_o the_o first_o month_n which_o cause_v september_n october_n november_n and_o december_n to_o bear_v their_o name_n the_o seven_o eightth_v nine_o and_o ten_o month_n yet_o all_o year_n by_o the_o almanac_n putttng_a januarie_n for_o the_o first_o month_n bear_v the_o name_n according_o from_o the_o heathen_a god_n janus_n paint_v with_o two_o face_n as_o it_o be_v behold_v the_o year_n past_a and_o the_o year_n to_o come_v february_n be_v so_o call_v of_o certain_a sacrifice_n then_o offer_v call_v februa_n march_v of_o mars_n a_o heathen_a god_n april_n month_n the_o denomination_n of_o the_o month_n of_o the_o spring_n time_n and_o the_o word_n aperio_fw-la open_v all_o vegetible_n and_o other_o thing_n may_v of_o maya_n the_o mother_n of_o mercury_n june_n a_o juniore_fw-la for_o that_o all_o the_o young_a people_n have_v a_o meeting_n in_o that_o month_n for_o recreation_n july_n of_o his_o own_o name_n julius_n and_o augustus_n for_o the_o enlarge_n of_o the_o empire_n now_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o odd_a six_o hour_n can_v not_o convenient_o be_v bring_v to_o account_v every_o year_n he_o ordain_v that_o 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which_o have_v a_o reference_n unto_o god_n the_o only_a fountain_n of_o goodness_n the_o only_a father_n creator_n and_o preserver_n of_o we_o all_o here_o let_v we_o note_v that_o the_o philosopher_n have_v not_o only_o with_o one_o consent_n affirm_v that_o great_a mystery_n and_o virtue_n be_v contain_v in_o number_n but_o the_o ancient_a father_n have_v also_o observe_v the_o same_o in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n as_o jerome_n augustine_n origen_n ambrose_n basil_n athanasius_n hilarius_n rabanus_n beda_n and_o other_o among_o who_o doctor_n rabanus_n have_v make_v a_o book_n of_o the_o virtue_n which_o be_v hide_v under_o number_n and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o mystery_n comprehend_v under_o number_n saint_n john_n in_o the_o revelation_n will_v not_o have_v say_v he_o that_o have_v understanding_n let_v he_o reckon_v the_o number_n of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o beast_n jiiiii_n
ware_n and_o durable_a commodity_n to_o the_o impoverish_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n and_o not_o only_o be_v this_o commutation_n or_o exchange_n abuse_v in_o kind_n but_o also_o in_o the_o price_n pay_v too_o dear_a for_o the_o one_o and_o sell_v the_o other_o too_o good_a cheap_a whereby_o come_v a_o overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n in_o price_n and_o quality_n and_o not_o in_o quantity_n whereby_o in_o effect_n commodity_n overbalancing_a of_o commodity_n money_n be_v give_v to_o boot_v and_o as_o it_o be_v over_o and_o above_o the_o reasonable_a estimation_n of_o thing_n and_o herein_o be_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n predominant_a and_o overruling_a both_o the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v at_o large_a demonstrate_v hereafter_o for_o the_o say_v three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v proper_o the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o commerce_n traffic_n the_o body_n soul_n and_o spirit_n of_o traffic_n and_o have_v 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esse_fw-la vendacem_fw-la non_fw-la emacem_fw-la a_o prince_n therefore_o as_o the_o father_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n ought_v to_o be_v a_o seller_n and_o not_o a_o buyer_n which_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o the_o expense_n of_o his_o commonwealth_n do_v not_o exceed_v his_o income_n and_o revenue_n this_o to_o be_v effect_v by_o keep_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o traffic_n betwixt_o his_o kingdom_n and_o foreign_a nation_n riches_n natural_a riches_n artificial_a riches_n for_o riches_n be_v natural_a or_o artificial_a and_o both_o subject_n to_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n require_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o the_o true_a commutation_n of_o thing_n between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n commutative_a justice_n distributive_a and_o commutative_a and_o justice_n be_v distributive_a &_o commutative_a every_o man_n of_o judgement_n know_v that_o this_o part_n be_v comprehend_v under_o justice_n commutative_a and_o that_o all_o traffic_n consist_v of_o the_o land_n commodity_n commodity_n land_n commodity_n sea_n commodity_n and_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o last_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o other_o country_n and_o nation_n for_o god_n cause_v nature_n to_o distribute_v her_o benefit_n or_o his_o blessing_n to_o several_a climate_n supply_v the_o barrenness_n of_o â—some_a thing_n in_o one_o country_n with_o the_o fruitfulness_n and_o store_n of_o other_o country_n to_o the_o end_n that_o interchangeable_o one_o commonweal_n shall_v live_v with_o another_o these_o aphorism_n or_o select_a point_n be_v of_o great_a importance_n for_o as_o be_v note_v before_o gain_v be_v the_o scope_n of_o all_o merchant_n be_v procure_v without_o regard_n have_v to_o the_o commonwealth_n the_o wealth_n whereof_o can_v proper_o decrease_v but_o three_o manner_n of_o way_n state_n proper_a cause_n of_o the_o decrease_n of_o wealth_n in_o a_o state_n namely_o by_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n too_o good_a cheap_a by_o buy_v the_o foreign_a commodity_n too_o dear_a and_o by_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la when_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n do_v not_o answer_v the_o true_a value_n of_o it_o by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o shall_v be_v plain_o demonstrate_v traffic_n exchange_v the_o rudder_n of_o traffic_n for_o this_o exchange_n be_v the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n of_o traffic_n fasten_v upon_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o keel_n of_o equity_n which_o do_v rule_n and_o direct_v the_o say_a ship_n upon_o all_o the_o variation_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o all_o country_n many_o man_n know_v that_o the_o rudder_n do_v govern_v the_o ship_n can_v notwithstanding_o give_v little_a reason_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o but_o admire_v to_o see_v so_o small_a a_o piece_n of_o timber_n have_v so_o great_a a_o operation_n yet_o no_o man_n be_v so_o foolish_a as_o to_o attribute_v that_o power_n unto_o the_o sail_n or_o any_o other_o appurtenance_n of_o the_o ship_n or_o to_o the_o main_a body_n of_o it_o call_v the_o hull_n of_o the_o ship_n great_a be_v the_o error_n therefore_o of_o those_o that_o will_v ascribe_v any_o effectual_a operation_n to_o the_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n albeit_o there_o be_v a_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n without_o either_o money_n or_o exchange_n for_o money_n when_o the_o course_n of_o it_o be_v like_o a_o ship_n sail_v without_o rudder_n or_o compass_n money_n may_v well_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o compass_n rudder_n money_n as_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o ship_n and_o exchange_v the_o rudder_n have_v so_o many_o variation_n upon_o the_o several_a standard_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o all_o country_n and_o change_v continual_o from_o time_n to_o time_n in_o valuation_n prince_n and_o commonweal_n take_v advantage_n one_o against_o another_o either_o to_o draw_v treasure_n into_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n or_o to_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o their_o country_n commodity_n and_o exchange_n may_v proper_o be_v compare_v to_o the_o rudder_n of_o a_o ship_n which_o command_v the_o direction_n of_o the_o compass_n according_o and_o so_o do_v the_o exchange_n command_v the_o course_n of_o money_n for_o let_v the_o standard_n of_o money_n be_v alter_v either_o in_o weight_n fineness_n or_o valuation_n the_o exchange_n by_o alter_v the_o price_n with_o great_a facility_n according_a to_o equity_n be_v able_a to_o meet_v and_o over-rule_v they_o all_o as_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o the_o progress_n of_o this_o book_n the_o learned_a have_v determine_v etc._n principle_n or_o axiom_n what_o they_o be_v etc._n etc._n that_o no_o argument_n or_o disputation_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v with_o those_o that_o will_v deny_v principle_n which_o by_o reason_n and_o common_a consent_n be_v indisputable_a and_o stand_v of_o their_o own_o authority_n for_o by_o a_o undoubted_a principle_n or_o axiom_n we_o know_v that_o the_o whole_a be_v big_a than_o his_o part_n that_o two_o be_v more_o than_o one_o and_o that_o two_o equal_a thing_n be_v equal_o divide_v into_o
of_o debt_n herein_o we_o may_v consider_v a_o necessity_n to_o give_v blank_n not_o only_o because_o of_o the_o master_n credit_v requisite_a but_o also_o because_o of_o the_o uncertainty_n in_o the_o find_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o corn_n which_o be_v to_o be_v buy_v chap._n xv._o of_o letter_n of_o attorney_n or_o procuration_n and_o transport_v or_o conveyance_n etc._n a_o definition_n of_o a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n etc._n etc._n a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n be_v a_o act_n public_o do_v before_o a_o notary_n or_o scrivener_n whereby_o one_o man_n give_v power_n and_o authority_n of_o himself_o unto_o another_o man_n by_o way_n of_o deputation_n to_o do_v execute_v and_o perform_v for_o he_o any_o lawful_a thing_n which_o he_o himself_o be_v the_o constituant_fw-la might_n or_o may_v aswell_o present_a as_o absent_a do_v conclude_v and_o determine_v in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o politic_a with_o power_n also_o to_o substitute_n one_o or_o more_o person_n to_o do_v the_o same_o under_o he_o in_o the_o say_v first_o constituant_n name_n and_o to_o swear_v in_o the_o soul_n of_o he_o if_o cause_n so_o require_v albeit_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o attorney_n do_v differ_v in_o the_o manner_n and_o form_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o substance_n which_o must_v be_v observe_v they_o be_v call_v beyond_o the_o sea_n procuration_n to_o procure_v or_o effect_v that_o which_o a_o man_n will_v have_v common_o in_o a_o other_o place_n and_o in_o matter_n of_o authority_n for_o law_n cause_n they_o go_v one_o degree_n further_o than_o letter_n of_o credit_n because_o the_o law_n do_v require_v the_o same_o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o authority_n or_o power_n of_o the_o party_n constitute_v may_v public_o appear_v wherein_o a_o letter_n missive_a be_v not_o sufficient_a as_o the_o same_o be_v in_o thing_n concern_v the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o negotiation_n and_o deal_n between_o merchant_n which_o by_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v of_o great_a validity_n procuration_n general_o or_o for_o the_o most_o part_n contain_v the_o word_n irrevocable_a irrevocable_a pâ—ocurations_n irrevocable_a imply_v that_o power_n give_v shall_v endure_v for_o ever_o and_o so_o it_o be_v take_v beyond_o the_o sea_n but_o by_o the_o common_a law_n the_o word_n be_v use_v pro_fw-la forma_fw-la and_o a_o procuration_n or_o letter_n of_o attorney_n be_v revocable_a at_o all_o time_n unless_o it_o be_v that_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o attorney_n do_v contain_v a_o transport_v of_o some_o thing_n which_o be_v convey_v thereby_o as_o if_o a_o man_n do_v constitute_v another_o for_o the_o recouver_n of_o certain_a money_n for_o the_o party_n own_o proper_a use_n without_o account_n to_o be_v render_v for_o the_o same_o and_o the_o say_a party_n have_v recover_v the_o say_a money_n by_o virtue_n of_o it_o this_o letter_n of_o attorney_n can_v be_v revoke_v to_o any_o purpose_n the_o effect_n be_v full_o perform_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n thereof_o so_o beyond_o the_o sea_n if_o you_o make_v a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n to_o a_o procurator_n in_o law_n to_o follow_v a_o cause_n for_o you_o in_o law_n although_o the_o same_o be_v make_v irrevocable_a yet_o upon_o good_a cause_n you_o may_v revoke_v the_o same_o and_o appoint_v another_o to_o follow_v the_o cause_n but_o it_o be_v common_o do_v with_o leave_n of_o the_o court_n where_o the_o cause_n be_v consist_v or_o depend_v and_o because_o the_o intimation_n and_o citation_n be_v to_o be_v do_v at_o such_o time_n as_o the_o cause_n may_v require_v the_o nomination_n of_o some_o place_n as_o it_o be_v to_o choose_v a_o domicilium_fw-la must_v be_v do_v power_n procuration_n with_o a_o limit_a power_n but_o the_o power_n may_v be_v limit_v a_o attorney_n may_v have_v authority_n to_o convict_v a_o man_n by_o law_n for_o the_o recovery_n of_o money_n or_o good_n and_o to_o proceed_v to_o execution_n by_o imprison_v of_o the_o debtor_n yet_o he_o shall_v have_v no_o power_n to_o release_v he_o out_o of_o prison_n without_o further_a authority_n so_o in_o the_o receive_n of_o good_n or_o money_n wherein_o every_o man_n be_v to_o use_v his_o discretion_n as_o the_o cause_n may_v require_v a_o merchant_n may_v also_o make_v a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n to_o a_o notary_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o thereby_o to_o give_v he_o power_n to_o make_v any_o insinuation_n or_o intimation_n or_o protest_v against_o any_o other_o merchant_n there_o to_o serve_v he_o in_o all_o occasion_n or_o occurrence_n concern_v the_o matter_n in_o question_n for_o a_o procuration_n be_v beyond_o the_o sea_n of_o that_o validity_n that_o the_o party_n who_o have_v the_o same_o and_o be_v the_o procurator_n be_v take_v in_o law_n as_o absolute_a as_o the_o constituant_fw-la and_o many_o sundry_a proceed_n may_v be_v use_v against_o he_o according_o by_o citation_n intimation_n protest_v recovery_n of_o good_n deliver_v former_o and_o recall_v back_o again_o or_o the_o value_n thereof_o upon_o any_o attachment_n or_o sequestration_n which_o can_v be_v do_v against_o a_o man_n factor_n or_o servant_n procurator_n a_o caveat_n for_o procurator_n therefore_o they_o that_o have_v procuration_n be_v to_o be_v careful_a of_o the_o dispossess_v of_o themselves_o of_o any_o good_n or_o money_n receive_v to_o be_v clear_v by_o the_o law_n which_o happen_v common_o of_o good_n take_v upon_o the_o sea_n or_o sequester_v in_o any_o harbour_n by_o virtue_n of_o a_o letter_n of_o attorney_n or_o procuration_n the_o civilians_n entreat_v of_o procuration_n or_o constitution_n under_o titulas_fw-la mandati_fw-la have_v well_o observe_v mandata_fw-la the_o original_n of_o mandata_fw-la that_o commandment_n have_v their_o original_n from_o friendship_n or_o out_o of_o authority_n of_o office_n and_o place_n and_o that_o the_o same_o be_v diligent_o to_o be_v execute_v and_o keep_v and_o hereupon_o they_o have_v also_o note_v diverse_a question_n and_o proposition_n nos_fw-la igitur_fw-la pauca_fw-la tractabimus_fw-la adrem_fw-la de_fw-la qua_fw-la agitur_fw-la pertinentia_fw-la a.b._n will_v c.d._n his_o debtor_n to_o pay_v unto_o e._n â—_o one_o hundred_o pound_n which_o he_o do_v owe_v he_o c.d._n do_v not_o pay_v the_o say_a money_n but_o promise_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o queritur_fw-la whether_o c.d._n have_v perform_v the_o commission_n or_o commandment_n give_v he_o and_o whether_o he_o be_v discharge_v of_o the_o debt_n as_o also_o whether_o this_o order_n or_o commission_n can_v be_v revoke_v a.b._n owe_v the_o like_a sum_n to_o e.f._n herein_o c.d._n have_v not_o perform_v his_o commission_n which_o be_v to_o pay_v and_o not_o to_o promise_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o hundred_o pound_n and_o therefore_o the_o say_a commission_n may_v be_v revoke_v and_o c.d._n be_v not_o discharge_v of_o the_o debt_n for_o the_o matter_n be_v entire_a and_o all_o entire_a commission_n be_v revocable_a mandatum_fw-la enim_fw-la re_fw-la integra_fw-la revocari_fw-la potest_fw-la &_o res_fw-la est_fw-la integra_fw-la &_o si_fw-la stipulatio_fw-la promissiove_n interuenerit_fw-la cum_fw-la id_fw-la non_fw-la mandaverim_fw-la for_o if_o c.d._n shall_v break_v or_o become_v insoluent_a e.f._n will_v come_v to_o a.b._n his_o debtor_n to_o have_v satisfaction_n for_o the_o say_a money_n and_o c.d._n be_v not_o discharge_v of_o the_o debt_n owe_v unto_o a.b._n but_o if_o e.f._n have_v take_v his_o promise_n for_o payment_n then_o upon_o proof_n make_v of_o it_o the_o case_n be_v clear_a it_o be_v a_o question_n also_o whether_o a_o procurator_n have_v commission_n to_o receive_v money_n which_o be_v owe_v or_o lend_v and_o to_o give_v a_o acquittance_n for_o the_o same_o and_o receive_v the_o money_n without_o make_v a_o acquittance_n have_v perform_v his_o commission_n and_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o he_o have_v not_o perform_v the_o same_o because_o he_o make_v no_o acquittance_n as_o he_o be_v will_v to_o do_v aliud_fw-la est_fw-la enim_fw-la confessio_fw-la aliud_fw-la numeratio_fw-la albeit_o the_o acquittance_n do_v not_o concern_v the_o procurator_n but_o the_o party_n who_o repay_v the_o money_n another_o case_n they_o handle_v at_o large_a bartholomew_n do_v make_v and_o constitute_v nicholas_n to_o be_v his_o procurator_n or_o agent_n in_o the_o buy_n of_o commodity_n to_o the_o value_n of_o five_o thousand_o crown_n and_o he_o the_o constituant_fw-la to_o be_v answerable_a for_o the_o price_n and_o total_a sum_n of_o five_o thousand_o crown_n and_o withal_o give_v full_a power_n and_o authority_n unto_o the_o say_a nicholas_n that_o his_o procuration_n shall_v be_v good_a and_o available_a during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o honest_a person_n gerome_n john_n and_o angel_n of_o who_o the_o say_v constituant_fw-la have_v his_o commission_n and_o that_o they_o also_o together_o and_o apart_o insolidum_fw-la shall_v be_v bind_v for_o the_o performance_n and_o himself_o also_o nicholas_n the_o procurator_n by_o the_o commission_n of_o jerome_n john_n and_o angel_n as_o also_o
eighty_o asper_n every_o asper_n be_v ten_o macharines_n at_o alexandria_n in_o egypt_n they_o account_v by_o ducat_n there_o be_v ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n make_v three_o ducat_n of_o venice_n pargo_n ducat_n de_fw-fr pargo_n also_o italian_a ducat_n of_o thirty_o and_o five_o maid_n and_o the_o venice_n ducat_n be_v better_a and_o make_v forty_o maid_n scot_n mark_v scot_n at_o edinburgh_n in_o scotland_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o mark_n piece_n of_o silver_n which_o be_v value_v in_o england_n at_o 13_o ½_n penny_n be_v otherwise_o 13⅓_n penny_n or_o thirteen_o shilling_n four_o penny_n scot_n so_o one_o mark_n and_o a_o half_a scot_n be_v twenty_o shilling_n scot_n and_o twenty_o penny_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n scottish_a scot_n pound_v scot_n which_o be_v twelve_o to_o one_o the_o 18_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n be_v by_o the_o say_a valuation_n twenty_o shilling_n three_o penny_n and_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n at_o london_n pay_v for_o twelve_o penny_n the_o say_a mark_n of_o 13_o ⅓_n penny_n at_o two_o or_o three_o month_n time_n in_o scotland_n as_o they_o can_v agree_v irish._n pound_n irish._n at_o dublin_n in_o ireland_n the_o fifteen_o shilling_n sterling_a be_v one_o pound_n irish_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v with_o allowance_n of_o six_o penny_n or_o eight_o penny_n upon_o every_o pound_n payable_a at_o london_n and_o for_o want_v of_o a_o mint_n no_o bullion_n be_v import_v thither_o and_o exchange_n be_v divert_v into_o other_o part_n at_o london_n all_o exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o shilling_n for_o germany_n sterling_a pound_n sterling_a the_o low-countries_n and_o other_o place_n of_o traffic_n and_o for_o france_n upon_o the_o french_a crown_n for_o italy_n and_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n upon_o the_o ducat_n or_o for_o the_o doller_n and_o florin_n in_o some_o place_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n whereof_o more_o particular_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n chap._n four_o of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o the_o term_n of_o art_n use_v therein_o the_o discrepance_n of_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n or_o place_n where_o the_o money_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v wherein_o we_o may_v consider_v three_o kind_n of_o diversity_n call_v by_o the_o term_n of_o art_n in_o matter_n of_o exchange_n at_o sight_n usance_n and_o double_a usance_n or_o treble_a the_o take_n and_o deliver_v money_n at_o sight_n sight_n at_o sight_n bind_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n to_o give_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n direct_v upon_o his_o friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n in_o any_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o pay_v upon_o sight_n of_o it_o or_o within_o three_o four_o or_o more_o day_n so_o much_o money_n as_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o he_o after_o such_o a_o rate_n the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n or_o crown_n as_o be_v agree_v upon_o between_o they_o in_o foreign_a coin_n either_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n or_o currant_n money_n for_o merchandise_n which_o be_v more_o ordinary_a because_o merchant_n will_v admit_v sometime_o to_o receive_v some_o coin_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n than_o they_o be_v value_v upon_o occasion_n that_o some_o species_n be_v require_v for_o transportation_n or_o some_o other_o use_n to_o make_v payment_n estate_n policy_n of_o estate_n which_o toleration_n be_v by_o authority_n many_o time_n suffer_v to_o draw_v money_n unto_o their_o place_n of_o jurisdiction_n herein_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a at_o so_o many_o day_n sight_n that_o the_o number_n of_o day_n must_v be_v express_v in_o the_o bill_n or_o bill_n for_o common_o there_o be_v make_v three_o bill_n of_o one_o tenor_n for_o every_o sum_n of_o money_n take_v up_o because_o if_o one_o bill_n be_v lose_v the_o other_o may_v serve_v in_o place_n the_o second_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v usance_n usance_n at_o usance_n which_o be_v either_o the_o time_n of_o one_o month_n two_o or_o three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o hereafter_o be_v declare_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n where_o these_o exchange_n do_v run_v according_a to_o which_o time_n the_o party_n upon_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v be_v to_o pay_v the_o same_o unless_o there_o be_v good_a cause_n to_o the_o contrary_a as_o shall_v appear_v hereafter_o usance_n double_a usance_n and_o treble_a usance_n the_o three_o time_n of_o payment_n call_v double_a usance_n be_v either_o two_o or_o more_o month_n or_o always_o double_a the_o time_n of_o the_o usance_n respect_v by_o custom_n the_o course_n thereof_o and_o many_o time_n exchange_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o half_a usance_n which_o be_v fifteen_o day_n but_o consider_v the_o wind_n and_o other_o hindrance_n it_o be_v better_a to_o limit_v the_o day_n after_o sight_n in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o to_o send_v the_o same_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n with_o a_o letter_n of_o advice_n which_o the_o taker_n of_o money_n common_o do_v deliver_v with_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereunto_o the_o bill_n make_v also_o relation_n and_o treble_a usance_n be_v according_o mart_n payment_n in_o fair_n or_o mart_n there_o be_v another_o time_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o exchange_n where_o great_a payment_n be_v make_v as_o in_o fair_n or_o mart_n as_o at_o madrill_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it campo_n by_o three_o ferias_fw-la in_o the_o year_n at_o lion_n by_o four_o payment_n yearly_a and_o at_o frankford_n twice_o every_o year_n etc._n etc._n the_o difference_n of_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n do_v alter_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o time_n common_o after_o twelve_o fifteen_o or_o twenty_o in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n so_o between_o the_o pound_n sterling_a exchange_v for_o the_o low-countries_n at_o sight_n and_o usance_n be_v between_o four_o and_o five_o penny_n and_o double_a usance_n and_o usance_n six_o or_o seven_o penny_n which_o ordinary_o be_v account_v to_o be_v but_o four_o penny_n after_o 10_o pro_fw-la 100_o but_o for_o the_o fair_n and_o mart_n it_o be_v very_o uncertain_a because_o the_o payment_n be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n and_o the_o near_o the_o fair_n be_v at_o hand_n exchange_n consideration_n in_o exchange_n the_o more_o shall_v the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n save_v by_o pay_v less_o interest_n because_o he_o have_v not_o have_v the_o use_n of_o the_o money_n from_o the_o beginning_n that_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o the_o fair_n which_o in_o questionable_a matter_n be_v very_o considerable_a usance_n from_o london_n to_o and_o from_o middleborough_n amsterdam_n antuerpe_n bridges_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o low-countries_n be_v one_o month_n time_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o double_a usance_n be_v two_o month_n usance_n for_o hamborough_n be_v two_o month_n and_o for_o venice_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o rome_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o lion_n to_o rome_n one_o month_n usance_n from_o antuerp_n to_o venice_n be_v two_o month_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n usance_n at_o florence_n be_v two_o month_n and_o from_o florence_n to_o london_n three_o month_n usance_n from_o genoa_n to_o rome_n and_o naples_n be_v ten_o day_n sight_n and_o for_o palermo_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n by_o ordinary_a observation_n and_o so_o be_v luca_n from_o naples_n to_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n and_o the_o like_a for_o palermo_n usance_n for_o rouen_n and_o paris_n be_v one_o month_n but_o common_o at_o three_o week_n sight_n from_o antuerp_n and_o london_n to_o seville_a be_v two_o month_n castille_n payment_n be_v in_o three_o bank_n and_o ferias_fw-la de_fw-fr villalon_n medina_n del_fw-it campo_n and_o medina_n del_fw-it rio_n sicco_fw-it but_o many_o time_n prolong_v by_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n usance_n from_o lixborne_a to_o london_n and_o antuerp_n be_v two_o month_n which_o merchant_n be_v to_o know_v because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v not_o declare_v the_o same_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o nature_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o nature_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v so_o noble_a and_o excel_a all_o other_o deal_n between_o merchant_n that_o the_o proceed_n therein_o be_v extraordinary_a and_o singular_a and_o not_o subject_a to_o any_o prescription_n by_o law_n or_o otherwise_o but_o mere_o subsist_v of_o a_o reverend_a custom_n use_v and_o solemnize_v concern_v the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a declaration_n whereof_o let_v we_o set_v down_o the_o form_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n from_o
exchange_n do_v acknowledge_v the_o receipt_n for_o the_o bill_n be_v give_v upon_o account_n between_o they_o which_o be_v to_o be_v make_v up_o and_o he_o be_v not_o to_o clear_v their_o account_n and_o the_o party_n break_v do_v owe_v unto_o he_o far_o great_a sum_n the_o party_n at_o london_n answer_v the_o notary_n that_o they_o look_v to_o be_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o acceptation_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o for_o other_o matter_n they_o have_v nothing_o to_o do_v therewith_o interim_n the_o party_n at_o london_n who_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n die_v and_o so_o all_o the_o bill_n return_v protest_v and_o the_o matter_n rest_v undetermine_v but_o the_o opinion_n of_o other_o merchant_n and_o my_o own_o be_v that_o the_o acceptor_n of_o the_o bill_n be_v to_o pay_v they_o and_o his_o heir_n and_o executor_n be_v liable_a thereunto_o unless_o there_o be_v find_v a_o apparent_a combination_n and_o practice_n in_o it_o between_o the_o two_o merchant_n of_o antuerp_n as_o be_v by_o many_o suspect_v thus_o much_o concern_v the_o observation_n of_o exchange_n chap._n vii_o of_o notary_n intimation_n and_o protest_v the_o intimation_n of_o notary_n well_o and_o orderly_o make_v may_v be_v call_v to_o be_v true_a probation_n of_o the_o original_n in_o the_o court_n of_o law_n and_o equity_n whereby_o the_o better_a foundation_n may_v be_v lay_v in_o all_o litigious_a cause_n which_o take_v their_o feel_a beginning_n of_o a_o wrong_n do_v protest_v the_o time_n of_o intimation_n and_o protest_v whereof_o intimation_n be_v a_o manifestation_n and_o protest_v as_o be_v more_o sensible_a be_v mean_n of_o the_o redress_n thereof_o both_o these_o have_v a_o tripartite_a reference_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n to_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o which_o we_o be_v to_o make_v our_o declaration_n observe_v first_o and_o foremost_a that_o the_o time_n to_o make_v the_o say_a intimation_n and_o protest_v must_v be_v observe_v both_o for_o day_n and_o hour_n as_o have_v be_v note_v for_o the_o hour_n convenient_a be_v when_o the_o action_n of_o man_n be_v public_o do_v in_o the_o day_n time_n neither_o too_o early_a nor_o too_o late_o but_o as_o it_o be_v at_o such_o time_n as_o matter_n be_v ordinary_o hear_v in_o judicial_a court_n wherein_o the_o sabbath_n day_n and_o holiday_n be_v except_v which_o they_o be_v likewise_o to_o observe_v day_n commodity_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o a_o day_n for_o commodity_n buy_v or_o sell_v to_o be_v deliver_v at_o or_o before_o such_o a_o day_n it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o make_v intimation_n and_o to_o tender_v the_o commodity_n before_o the_o day_n but_o it_o must_v also_o be_v do_v upon_o the_o last_o day_n and_o to_o take_v witness_n of_o it_o and_o if_o the_o commodity_n be_v not_o of_o the_o goodness_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v by_o the_o contract_n or_o bargain_n make_v and_o nevertheless_o for_o some_o cause_n you_o do_v not_o hold_v convenient_a to_o refuse_v they_o let_v there_o be_v make_v a_o notariall_a instrument_n or_o act_n concern_v the_o defectivenesse_n of_o the_o commodity_n with_o a_o protestation_n of_o your_o intention_n to_o recover_v all_o your_o damage_n and_o loss_n sustain_v or_o like_a to_o be_v sustain_v thereby_o which_o will_v be_v very_o available_a unto_o you_o upon_o all_o occasion_n this_o be_v much_o observe_v beyond_o the_o sea_n especial_o upon_o the_o lading_n of_o ship_n which_o be_v to_o take_v in_o the_o same_o or_o else_o may_v incur_v a_o further_a danger_n unto_o the_o charter-partie_n of_o fraightment_n and_o whereas_o the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n will_v make_v a_o protest_v against_o you_o if_o his_o lade_n be_v not_o ready_a at_o the_o day_n appoint_v or_o agree_v upon_o so_o be_v it_o reasonable_a that_o you_o make_v the_o like_a protest_v against_o the_o party_n that_o sell_v you_o the_o commodity_n to_o be_v deliver_v at_o such_o a_o day_n and_o if_o it_o do_v fall_v out_o that_o you_o have_v commit_v the_o like_a fault_n and_o thereupon_o a_o protest_v be_v make_v against_o you_o and_o the_o notary_n will_v crave_v your_o answer_n to_o be_v record_v that_o thereupon_o at_o convenient_a time_n some_o advantage_n may_v be_v take_v against_o you_o the_o not_o answer_v being_n take_v to_o be_v discourteous_a or_o brutish_a the_o ordinary_a answer_n be_v video_fw-la &_o taceo_fw-la or_o i_o do_v hear_v and_o see_v which_o word_n the_o notary_n do_v insert_v in_o his_o act_n intimation_n or_o protest_v specialty_n money_n payable_a by_o bond_n or_o specialty_n if_o intimation_n protest_v or_o witness_n be_v make_v concern_v the_o receipt_n and_o payment_n of_o money_n upon_o bond_n or_o other_o evidence_n limit_v to_o a_o day_n you_o be_v then_o to_o observe_v the_o last_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n and_o to_o tender_a or_o to_o attend_v for_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v or_o to_o be_v receive_v until_o sun_n set_v at_o the_o 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say_a bill_n or_o bond_n yet_o civility_n require_v a_o kind_n of_o intimation_n and_o demand_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n although_o a_o bill_n have_v a_o time_n limit_v for_o the_o payment_n yet_o if_o the_o same_o be_v thirty_o year_n old_a and_o have_v be_v never_o demand_v it_o be_v void_a of_o course_n and_o can_v be_v recover_v by_o that_o law_n and_o bill_n make_v upon_o reasonable_a demand_n if_o they_o be_v not_o demand_v in_o seven_o year_n which_o be_v account_v for_o the_o life_n of_o man_n it_o be_v void_a also_o for_o there_o must_v be_v a_o determinate_a course_n in_o all_o thing_n or_o a_o continuance_n by_o way_n of_o reviuer_n therefore_o land_n hold_v in_o quiet_a possession_n for_o the_o space_n of_o sixty_o year_n be_v a_o perpetual_a inheritance_n by_o the_o say_v law_n if_o money_n payable_a upon_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o a_o bond_n forfeiture_n money_n take_v which_o be_v payable_a upon_o a_o forfeiture_n have_v be_v take_v or_o 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of_o intimation_n require_v more_o celerity_n than_o the_o other_o and_o albeit_o that_o by_o custom_n the_o party_n who_o be_v to_o accept_v the_o same_o have_v twenty_o and_o four_o hour_n respite_n to_o deliberate_v before_o he_o give_v his_o answer_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o lose_v any_o time_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o protest_v of_o acceptation_n for_o if_o there_o be_v no_o pregnant_a cause_n the_o protest_v may_v be_v leave_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o notary_n for_o a_o while_n but_o your_o diligence_n can_v be_v discommend_v this_o protest_v be_v make_v exchange_n for_o nonpayment_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o afterward_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n become_v due_a the_o notary_n be_v the_o fit_a man_n to_o demand_v the_o payment_n or_o to_o protest_v unless_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o
according_a to_o the_o say_a custom_n if_o he_o be_v a_o substantial_a man_n of_o credit_n and_o reputation_n for_o although_o the_o say_v c._n d._n be_v the_o first_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n unto_o a._n b._n by_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n for_o venice_n and_o may_v allege_v that_o he_o receive_v no_o money_n of_o he_o but_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o venice_n whereof_o he_o have_v no_o advice_n whether_o it_o be_v accept_v or_o not_o yet_o such_o be_v the_o precise_a and_o commendable_a custom_n use_v in_o exchange_n that_o he_o may_v not_o stand_v upon_o any_o evasion_n or_o allegation_n which_o may_v interrupt_v the_o say_a course_n without_o manifest_a discredit_n unto_o he_o unless_o there_o be_v cause_n of_o doubt_n that_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o a._n b._n shall_v not_o be_v accomplish_v at_o venice_n neither_o may_v a._n b._n without_o discredit_n countermand_v the_o payment_n of_o the_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n unless_o there_o be_v just_a cause_n to_o call_v the_o credit_n of_o c._n d._n in_o question_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o these_o exchange_n be_v usual_a in_o all_o the_o place_n of_o great_a exchange_n as_o lion_n bizanson_n madrill_n and_o venice_n where_o the_o most_o stand_a bank_n be_v and_o where_o they_o do_v get_v money_n ingenious_o by_o the_o calculation_n upon_o their_o payment_n at_o the_o fair_n or_o market_n by_o intermissive_a time_n either_o twice_o or_o thrice_o within_o the_o year_n in_o regard_n whereof_o and_o to_o avoid_v this_o observation_n in_o that_o strictness_n they_o have_v use_v to_o say_v in_o their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n per_fw-la la_fw-fr valuta_n cambiata_n for_o the_o value_n exchange_v with_o such_o a_o one_o exchange_v the_o value_n of_o money_n exchange_v and_o not_o for_o the_o value_n receive_v as_o aforesaid_a because_o they_o make_v their_o payment_n as_o it_o be_v all_o at_o one_o time_n which_o be_v otherwise_o in_o those_o place_n where_o no_o bank_n be_v keep_v or_o may_v be_v 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with_o the_o stream_n can_v make_v their_o exchange_n beneficial_a unto_o themselves_o and_o that_o without_o stock_n or_o capital_a of_o their_o own_o but_o mere_o by_o take_v up_o money_n for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v the_o same_o for_o another_o place_n at_o a_o undervalue_v in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n send_v many_o time_n the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la which_o have_v be_v take_v up_o by_o exchange_n when_o the_o same_o do_v yield_v more_o than_o the_o price_n at_o which_o they_o take_v up_o the_o same_o as_o in_o our_o precedent_a treatise_n have_v be_v declare_v more_o ample_o this_o orderly_a course_n of_o payment_n or_o satisfaction_n to_o be_v make_v for_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v admit_v no_o rescounter_n or_o stoppage_n but_o voluntary_a voluntary_a rescounter_v in_o exchange_n be_v voluntary_a that_o be_v to_o say_v if_o i_o owe_v you_o one_o hundred_o pound_n by_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o i_o accept_v and_o within_o three_o or_o four_o day_n you_o shall_v owe_v i_o the_o like_o hundred_o pound_n for_o another_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o you_o accept_v i_o can_v rescounter_v these_o payment_n to_o answer_v each_o other_o unless_o you_o condescend_v thereunto_o although_o the_o money_n be_v due_a to_o be_v pay_v but_o every_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v to_o be_v answer_v and_o pay_v in_o his_o proper_a nature_n for_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o some_o countermand_n be_v make_v by_o he_o that_o cause_v this_o money_n to_o be_v make_v over_o unto_o you_o before_o you_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o say_a bill_n which_o for_o some_o cause_n you_o be_v to_o conceal_v for_o a_o time_n you_o be_v for_o all_o that_o to_o be_v pay_v of_o your_o hundred_o pound_n or_o the_o diligence_n which_o be_v requisite_a to_o be_v do_v herein_o be_v both_o way_n to_o be_v observe_v according_o but_o when_o it_o be_v do_v by_o voluntary_a consent_n and_o agreement_n then_o be_v it_o questionless_a for_o voluntas_fw-la est_fw-la mensura_fw-la actionum_fw-la etc._n will_n do_v regulate_v action_n etc._n etc._n the_o will_n do_v regulate_v the_o action_n and_o if_o any_o factor_n do_v the_o same_o for_o another_o man_n account_n without_o commission_n he_o shall_v be_v answerable_a for_o it_o as_o before_o be_v declare_v in_o the_o title_n of_o factor_n and_o servant_n and_o the_o commission_n give_v unto_o they_o for_o the_o better_a explanation_n of_o exchange_n for_o money_n take_v up_o for_o one_o place_n and_o deliver_v again_o for_o another_o place_n let_v we_o observe_v this_o example_n ten_o thousand_o ducat_n be_v take_v up_o at_o antuerp_n for_o venice_n at_o usance_n of_o two_o month_n at_o several_a price_n of_o 113_o ½_n penny_n 114_o penny_n and_o 115_o ½_n penny_n for_o the_o ducat_n be_v the_o medium_fw-la or_o one_o with_o another_o at_o 115_o penny_n make_v flemish_a money_n r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o these_o r._n 4791_o 13_o 4_o money_n example_n of_o exchange_n and_o rechange_n of_o money_n be_v make_v over_o for_o london_n at_o usance_n be_v one_o month_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 32_o shilling_n four_o penny_n and_o make_v 2875_o will_v 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o r._n 2875_o sterling_a be_v receive_v and_o factoridge_n brokeridge_n and_o port_n of_o letter_n deduct_v remain_v 2860_o will_v which_o be_v make_v over_o for_o antuerp_n again_o at_o several_a price_n and_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 34_o ss_z 2_o ½_n d._n 4894_o will_v 15_o 10_o the_o ten_o thousand_o ducat_n at_o venice_n be_v take_v up_o for_o frankford_n at_o 130_o florin_n of_o 65_o creutzer_n for_o 100_o ducat_n whereunto_o factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n add_v it_o amount_v to_o 13130_o dollar_n or_o florin_n of_o sixty_o five_o creutzer_n and_o with_o brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n at_o frankford_n be_v florin_n 13260_o flo._n 0_o ss_z 0_o do_v the_o 4894_o 15_o 10_o flemish_n receive_v in_o antuerp_n be_v make_v over_o for_o madrill_n in_o spain_n at_o diverse_a price_n whereof_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v 106_o penny_n for_o a_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la to_o be_v pay_v in_o bank_n at_o four_o month_n time_n with_o five_o upon_o the_o thousand_o and_o make_v ducat_n 11132_o duc._n 12_o ss_z 6_o d_o these_o 11132_o ducat_n twelve_o shilling_n six_o penny_n of_o a_o ducat_n be_v make_v over_o from_o madrill_n to_o lixborne_n in_o portugal_n and_o deduct_v factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n there_o remain_v 11010_o ducat_n of_o 440_o reas_n for_o every_o ducat_n of_o 375_o maluedeis_fw-la or_o 11_o ryalls_z be_v 4844_o u_o 620_o vlas_n and_o ducat_n 12111_o duc._n 11_o ss_z 0_o do_v these_o 12111_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n of_o lixborne_n make_v over_o to_o antuerp_n factoridge_n and_o brokeridge_n deduct_v remain_v 11990_o ducat_n at_o 98_o penny_n flemish_n every_o ducat_n or_o crusat_n be_v flemish_n r._n 4895_o 18_o 4_o the_o 13260_o florin_n of_o frankford_n take_v up_o for_o antuerp_n at_o 81_o penny_n r._n 4530_o 10_o 0_o  _fw-fr r._n 365_o 8_o 4_o these_o money_n pay_v brokeridge_n and_o factoridge_n for_o venice_n and_o deliver_v for_o london_n and_o for_o madrill_n 38_o two_o 4_o which_o must_v be_v deduct_v r._n 38_o 2_o 4_o so_o there_o be_v advance_v by_o industry_n with_o other_o man_n money_n r._n 327_o 6_o 0_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n perform_v by_o exchange_n we_o have_v in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o book_n make_v a_o description_n of_o bank_n and_o banker_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o payment_n and_o exchange_n make_v in_o bank_n for_o commodity_n buy_v and_o sell_v and_o have_v in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n declare_v the_o four_o manner_n of_o exchange_n and_o the_o merchandize_v exchange_n by_o denomination_n of_o it_o to_o be_v the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n let_v we_o now_o entreat_v of_o the_o feat_n of_o banker_n some_o man_n of_o judgement_n have_v find_v my_o writing_n
the_o price_n for_o their_o advantage_n and_o so_o jump_v all_o to_o one_o end_n upon_o the_o imaginary_a money_n before_o declare_v which_o make_v the_o main_a ocean_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o the_o exchange_n of_o england_n be_v swallow_v up_o as_o a_o little_a river_n or_o branch_n of_o the_o same_o take_v still_o advantage_n upon_o our_o fine_a money_n and_o staple_n ware_n to_o glut_v we_o with_o their_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o dear_a rate_n and_o hence_o proceed_v the_o primum_fw-la mobile_a of_o exchange_n exchange_n primum_fw-la mobile_a of_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o inequality_n so_o much_o abuse_v from_o the_o true_a exchange_n of_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la and_o nevertheless_o admit_v to_o be_v high_a and_o low_a upon_o just_a occasion_n above_o the_o same_o as_o money_n be_v plentiful_a or_o scarce_o or_o the_o taker_n of_o it_o many_o or_o few_o to_o this_o purpose_n let_v we_o remember_v that_o about_o seventie_o year_n past_a between_o this_o realm_n and_o the_o low-countries_n many_o of_o their_o coin_n although_o much_o differ_v in_o standard_n do_v in_o the_o pound_n or_o mark_v weight_n and_o in_o the_o very_a piece_n and_o price_n answer_v the_o coin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o do_v contain_v as_o much_o fine_a gold_n and_o silver_n as_o we_o par._n equal_a exchange_n or_o a_o true_a par._n and_o be_v also_o name_v and_o value_v according_o whereby_o twenty_o shilling_n here_o make_v also_o twenty_o shilling_n with_o they_o be_v a_o true_a par._n as_o for_o example_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr 23_o car_n 3_o ½_n the_o angel_n at_o 10_o the_o emperor_n royal_a at_o 10_o 22_o car_n fine_a 22_o car_n the_o french_a crown_n 6_o the_o flemish_a crown_n 6_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr ss_z  _fw-fr 11_o ow_v 2_o penny_n weight_n ed._n crown_n of_o silver_n 5_o the_o philip_n dolor_n 5_o 10_o ounce_n fine_a english_a shilling_n 1_o flemish_n six_o stiver_n 1_o ten_o groat_n silver_n with_o the_o emperor_n florin_v four_o penny_n 3_o all_o these_o coin_n be_v not_o answer_v in_o standard_n for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n but_o be_v alter_v and_o enhance_v by_o valuation_n to_o double_a and_o more_o as_o you_o may_v find_v by_o the_o valuation_n heretofore_o declare_v by_o mean_n whereof_o inequality_n creep_v in_o by_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n wherein_o our_o merchant_n have_v follow_v the_o advice_n of_o other_o and_o lose_v the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n exchange_n england_n lose_v the_o rule_n of_o exchange_n and_o do_v observe_v to_o raise_v the_o price_n here_o when_o it_o be_v rise_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o we_o fall_v in_o price_n as_o they_o do_v fall_v and_o so_o the_o public_a measure_n of_o exchange_n between_o they_o and_o we_o be_v falsify_v and_o untrue_a whereby_o our_o commodity_n be_v sell_v and_o also_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v buy_v this_o may_v be_v illustrate_v by_o a_o similitude_n for_o concern_v the_o sale_n of_o our_o commodity_n we_o do_v as_o much_o in_o effect_n as_o if_o some_o draper_n do_v sell_v his_o cloth_n at_o a_o certain_a price_n the_o yard_n and_o suffer_v the_o buyer_n to_o measure_v out_o the_o same_o by_o the_o buyer_n own_o false_a yard_n or_o like_o a_o grocer_n that_o sell_v out_o his_o pepper_n by_o the_o pound_n at_o a_o price_n agree_v upon_o and_o be_v content_v that_o the_o buyer_n shall_v weigh_v it_o out_o by_o a_o weight_n which_o unknown_a unto_o he_o be_v false_a and_o so_o lose_v unaware_o or_o get_v less_o than_o he_o make_v account_n of_o because_o the_o fraud_n use_v in_o the_o weight_n and_o measure_n be_v unknown_a unto_o he_o even_o so_o be_v the_o cunning_a course_n of_o exchange_n unknown_a unto_o we_o and_o so_o be_v our_o money_n export_v and_o hinder_v to_o be_v import_v again_o *_o âŽ_o *_o chap._n x._o of_o the_o true_a reformation_n of_o exchange_n as_o of_o all_o thing_n and_o in_o all_o humane_a action_n the_o beginning_n progress_n continuance_n and_o termination_n or_o end_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o better_a judgement_n so_o by_o compare_v they_o often_o to_o their_o principle_n &_o original_n not_o only_o the_o disgression_n of_o it_o be_v make_v apparent_a but_o also_o the_o long_a continuance_n in_o the_o same_o estate_n be_v thereby_o procure_v to_o reduce_v they_o again_o to_o their_o first_o integrity_n and_o goodness_n for_o there_o be_v never_o any_o thing_n by_o the_o wit_n of_o man_n so_o well_o devise_v or_o so_o sure_o establish_v which_o in_o continuance_n of_o time_n have_v not_o be_v corrupt_v so_o that_o the_o matter_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v a_o merchandise_n require_v this_o consideration_n for_o the_o reduce_v thereof_o to_o his_o first_o principle_n and_o foundation_n which_o be_v the_o intrinsique_n value_n of_o coin_n of_o country_n and_o country_n according_a to_o weight_n and_o fineness_n albeit_o the_o price_n thereof_o in_o exchange_n do_v rise_v and_o fall_v according_a to_o scarcity_n or_o plenty_n of_o money_n proceed_v of_o the_o few_o or_o many_o deliverer_n and_o taker_n thereof_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n not_o by_o commodity_n only_o but_o also_o by_o exchange_n devise_v upon_o money_n in_o nature_n of_o merchandise_n herein_o be_v the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n so_o often_o name_v to_o be_v consider_v joint_o and_o divide_o for_o the_o good_a and_o welfare_n of_o commonweal_n etc._n the_o general_a benefit_n to_o be_v prefer_v etc._n etc._n and_o not_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o particular_a or_o few_o person_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o general_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o particular_a yet_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o particular_a will_v breed_v a_o great_a inconvenience_n to_o the_o general_a whereby_o private_a person_n may_v reap_v a_o benefit_n to_o the_o hurt_n of_o a_o multitude_n or_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n in_o nature_n of_o some_o monopoly_n heretofore_o declare_v which_o may_v as_o well_o happen_v by_o ignorance_n as_o by_o premeditate_a practice_n for_o to_o speak_v ingenious_o merchant_n can_v enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n import_v at_o dear_a rate_n and_o the_o native_a commodity_n at_o lesser_a rate_n export_v respective_o of_o former_a time_n by_o the_o disportation_n whereof_o come_v a_o evident_a overballance_v of_o commodity_n merchant_n do_v not_o regard_v whether_o the_o money_n of_o a_o kingdom_n be_v underualued_a in_o exchange_n by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o foreign_a coin_n in_o other_o country_n whereby_o our_o money_n be_v export_v and_o foreign_a coin_n or_o bullion_n can_v be_v import_v but_o at_o a_o exceed_a loss_n last_o merchant_n do_v not_o know_v the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o the_o proportion_n observe_v between_o gold_n and_o silver_n nor_o the_o several_a difference_n of_o standard_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n a_o matter_n so_o necessary_a for_o they_o to_o know_v to_o drive_v a_o profitable_a trade_n as_o by_o this_o book_n they_o may_v now_o understand_v for_o the_o common_a good_a prince_n and_o governor_n therefore_o be_v to_o direct_v they_o according_a to_o the_o law_n wherein_o the_o law-merchant_n must_v be_v the_o true_a guide_n and_o direct_a this_o direction_n must_v as_o well_o be_v establish_v upon_o the_o coin_n of_o other_o nation_n as_o upon_o the_o money_n of_o the_o kingdom_n because_o the_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v make_v by_o several_a coin_n upon_o the_o valuation_n make_v thereof_o at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n whereby_o sometime_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o proportionable_o value_v according_a to_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n which_o be_v thereby_o divert_v also_o to_o be_v import_v unto_o we_o for_o example_n let_v we_o take_v the_o valuation_n aforesaid_a make_v in_o the_o unite_a province_n during_o the_o government_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o leicester_n at_o which_o time_n the_o royal_a of_o eight_o be_v value_v at_o forty_o and_o two_o stiver_n and_o the_o rickx_n doller_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o also_o their_o own_o doller_n at_o forty_o and_o five_o stiver_n and_o the_o english_a shilling_n at_o twelve_o penny_n here_o be_v there_o value_v at_o ten_o stiver_n make_v twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a to_o be_v by_o exchange_n thirty_o three_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n as_o a_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n the_o like_a for_o hamborough_n at_o twenty_o four_o shilling_n and_o nine_o penny_n as_o have_v be_v note_v now_o five_o royal_n of_o eight_o which_o be_v at_o forty_o two_o stiver_n thirty_o five_o shilling_n be_v value_v at_o forty_o two_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o fifty_o one_o stiver_n and_o yet_o the_o exchange_n be_v take_v still_o at_o the_o say_a
plenty_n the_o price_n thereof_o dear_a or_o by_o scarcity_n better_o cheap_a as_o have_v be_v note_v but_o exchange_n have_v a_o contrary_a means_n of_o work_v for_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v a_o low_a exchange_n and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v a_o high_a exchange_n and_o the_o price_n to_o rise_v which_o be_v of_o great_a consideration_n because_o it_o overrule_v money_n and_o commodity_n which_o never_o enter_v in_o the_o politic_a study_n of_o aristotle_n seneca_n or_o cicero_n who_o be_v but_o in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n and_o civilians_n can_v tell_v we_o that_o commercium_fw-la be_v quasi_fw-la commutatio_fw-la mercium_fw-la but_o go_v no_o further_o in_o this_o just_a and_o princely_a study_n of_o state_n affair_n to_o augment_v by_o all_o lawful_a mean_n of_o ius_n gentium_fw-la the_o wealth_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o territory_n as_o also_o to_o prevent_v the_o diminution_n thereof_o by_o the_o carry_v away_o of_o their_o money_n and_o treasure_n true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o statute_n law_n of_o england_n have_v have_v a_o care_n hereof_o but_o the_o remedy_n have_v be_v hitherto_o defective_a by_o mistake_v the_o efficient_a cause_n thereof_o which_o remedy_n may_v be_v distinguish_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n 1_o first_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o merchant_n stranger_n commodity_n commodity_n make_v for_o three_o especial_a cause_n 1_o for_o the_o advance_v of_o the_o price_n and_o sale_n of_o our_o native_a commodity_n 2_o to_o prevent_v the_o overballance_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n 3_o to_o preserve_v the_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n 14._o r._n 2._o 2_o the_o lodging_n of_o merchant_n stranger_n with_o free_a host_n who_o have_v a_o inspection_n in_o their_o negotiation_n for_o commodity_n and_o money_n 3_o the_o keep_n of_o staple_n for_o wool_n woolfel_n and_o other_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o their_o corrector_n and_o broker_n to_o register_v merchant_n stranger_n deal_n 4_o to_o cause_n denizen_n to_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n inward_o and_o outward_o 5_o the_o sundry_a treaty_n and_o conference_n with_o the_o commissioner_n of_o other_o prince_n about_o merchandise_n money_n and_o exchange_n 6_o the_o severe_a proclamation_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o statute_n make_v for_o and_o concern_v the_o same_o and_o the_o article_n of_o intercourse_n 7_o the_o prohibition_n to_o export_v commodity_n but_o at_o great_a port_n 8_o the_o prohibition_n for_o stranger_n to_o sell_v ware_n by_o retail_v 9_o the_o prohibition_n for_o english_a merchant_n to_o ship_n good_n in_o strange_a bottom_n 10_o the_o transportation_n of_o money_n make_v felony_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n money_n money_n 11_o the_o attendance_n of_o searcher_n waiter_n and_o other_o officer_n 12_o the_o strict_a information_n in_o the_o exchequer_n and_o other_o court_n 13_o the_o swear_n of_o the_o master_n of_o ship_n for_o exportation_n of_o money_n 14_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o overheavinesse_n of_o our_o pound_n weight_n troy_n in_o the_o tower_n 15_o the_o overrichnesse_n of_o our_o sterling_a standard_n of_o money_n 16_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n 17_o the_o make_n of_o more_o price_n out_o of_o the_o pound_n troy_n by_o the_o sheyre_n 18_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n coin_n in_o price_n 19_o the_o embase_v of_o money_n by_o alloy_n or_o copper_n 20_o the_o use_n of_o many_o standard_n of_o money_n and_o reduce_v to_o two_o again_o 21_o the_o increase_n of_o coinage_n money_n to_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n 22_o the_o prohibition_n to_o cull_v out_o heavy_a piece_n to_o melt_v or_o transport_v 23_o the_o banish_n of_o light_a spanish_a money_n and_o gold_n to_o be_v melt_v 24_o the_o give_v more_o for_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n 25_o the_o prohibition_n for_o goldsmith_n to_o buy_v gold_n or_o bullion_n 26_o the_o make_n of_o the_o principal_a foreign_a coin_n currant_n in_o england_n 27_o the_o bind_v of_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o bullion_n 28_o the_o prohibition_n to_o pay_v gold_n unto_o merchant_n stranger_n 29_o the_o prohibition_n to_o take_v gain_n upon_o coin_n 30_o the_o bullion_n in_o the_o mint_n to_o be_v deliver_v by_o weight_n to_o restore_v by_o tale_n 31_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n and_o undervalue_v of_o silver_n 32_o the_o punishment_n of_o transporter_n in_o the_o star-chamber_n by_o fines_n 33_o exchange_n exchange_n the_o prohibition_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o make_v exchange_n for_o money_n for_o foreign_a part_n without_o the_o king_n especial_a licence_n 34_o money_n deliver_v to_o sir_n thomas_n gresham_n knight_n out_o of_o the_o exchequer_n to_o rule_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n 35_o the_o office_n of_o the_o king_n royal_a exchanger_n never_o put_v in_o practice_n since_o the_o merchandise_v exchange_n begin_v erect_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o in_o the_o eleven_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n by_o a_o act_n make_v at_o acton_n burnell_n as_o aforesaid_a here_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v defective_a when_o merchant_n both_o english_a and_o stranger_n have_v a_o ability_n give_v they_o by_o exchange_n to_o take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o to_o deliver_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o it_o payable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o can_v send_v over_o the_o money_n in_o specie_fw-la and_o be_v a_o great_a gainer_n thereby_o insomuch_o that_o if_o i_o receive_v here_o one_o hundred_o piece_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n i_o can_v send_v nintie_a piece_n to_o pay_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o put_v ten_o piece_n in_o my_o pocket_n for_o a_o overplus_n and_o gain_n the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v by_o make_v over_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o be_v pay_v here_o by_o exchange_n which_o be_v receive_v i_o can_v transport_v with_o 15_o upon_o the_o hundred_o gain_n in_o two_o month_n and_o less_o and_o advance_v a_o hundred_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o one_o year_n which_o exceed_v all_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v make_v by_o commodity_n wherewith_o i_o need_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v neither_o can_v the_o say_a statute_n be_v any_o help_n herein_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o this_o gain_n arise_v by_o the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o inhance_a and_o overualuation_n of_o foreign_a coin_n so_o that_o the_o cause_n be_v extrinsique_n and_o comprise_v under_o the_o say_a exchange_n of_o money_n and_o not_o intrinsique_n in_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o money_n which_o be_v consider_v in_o the_o course_n of_o true_a exchange_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n and_o thereupon_o it_o follow_v that_o neither_o difference_n of_o weight_n fineness_n of_o standard_n proportion_n between_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o their_o proper_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v be_v any_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n so_o long_o as_o a_o due_a course_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v ground_v thereupon_o hence_o arise_v the_o facility_n of_o the_o remedy_n by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o cause_v our_o money_n to_o be_v true_o answer_v by_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o very_a value_n or_o above_o the_o same_o which_o cut_v off_o the_o say_a gain_n have_v by_o the_o exportation_n of_o money_n and_o cause_v also_o in_o effect_n that_o the_o foreign_a coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o take_v in_o payment_n above_o their_o value_n although_o they_o be_v receive_v at_o a_o high_a rate_n because_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v sell_v according_a to_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n which_o counteruail_v the_o same_o according_a to_o their_o inhaunce_n of_o coin_n or_o embase_v of_o the_o same_o by_o allay_n or_o copper_n all_o man_n of_o common_a understanding_n when_o they_o do_v hear_v of_o the_o raise_n of_o money_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v ready_a to_o say_v we_o must_v do_v the_o like_a for_o they_o conceive_v the_o say_n of_o cato_n tu_fw-la quoque_fw-la fac_fw-la simile_n sic_fw-la ars_fw-la deluditur_fw-la arte_fw-la to_o be_v a_o proper_a application_n hereunto_o but_o they_o do_v not_o enter_v into_o consideration_n what_o alteration_n it_o will_v bring_v to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v run_v ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la as_o shall_v be_v declare_v but_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o this_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a remedy_n to_o enhance_v or_o money_n as_o they_o do_v they_o to_o embase_v our_o coin_n as_o they_o do_v they_o and_o to_o imitate_v overualuation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o they_o do_v which_o require_v a_o continual_a labour_n charge_n and_o innovation_n be_v it_o not_o a_o excellent_a thing_n that_o all_o this_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n with_o great_a facility_n and_o that_o without_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o money_n at_o home_n or_o meddle_v with_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n
justice_n for_o to_o be_v find_v a_o debtor_n in_o the_o law_n be_v no_o criminal_a guilt_n and_o therefore_o unjust_a to_o punish_v he_o criminal_o if_o for_o cohersion_n to_o make_v the_o debtor_n bring_v forth_o his_o estate_n to_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o debt_n it_o be_v also_o against_o the_o rule_n of_o justice_n to_o enforce_v a_o man_n by_o punishment_n to_o do_v that_o which_o appear_v not_o to_o be_v in_o his_o power_n or_o whereof_o the_o law_n be_v already_o certify_v that_o there_o be_v not_o wherewithal_o to_o do_v according_a to_o the_o purport_n of_o the_o capias_fw-la grant_v against_o the_o body_n by_o the_o common_a law_n it_o be_v also_o against_o the_o rule_n of_o justice_n to_o thrust_v all_o kind_n of_o debtor_n into_o a_o prison_n together_o in_o a_o heap_n without_o respect_n to_o the_o different_a quality_n of_o man_n to_o more_o or_o less_o guilt_n of_o fraud_n or_o obstinacy_n or_o whether_o it_o be_v a_o honest_a or_o a_o usurious_a debt_n life_n plutarch_n in_o solon_n life_n to_o more_o or_o less_o mean_n of_o the_o debtor_n whereby_o he_o must_v live_v or_o starve_v in_o prison_n or_o to_o the_o hold_v he_o one_o or_o twenty_o year_n in_o prison_n for_o some_o be_v great_a debt_n for_o thousand_o some_o be_v small_a debt_n for_o trifle_n some_o be_v suppose_v debt_n not_o yet_o prove_v and_o in_o truth_n some_o be_v no_o debt_n but_o for_o certain_a all_o or_o nine_o in_o ten_o be_v usurious_a debt_n and_o forfeiture_n scarce_o one_o honest_a debt_n of_o a_o hundred_o but_o all_o by_o unlawful_a gain_n upon_o corrupt_a and_o desperate_a adventure_n but_o it_o will_v be_v say_v that_o imprisonment_n be_v no_o punishment_n for_o prisoner_n live_v at_o ease_n and_o pleasure_n etc._n etc._n according_a to_o the_o received_a opinion_n but_o the_o misery_n and_o affliction_n of_o imprisonment_n be_v inexplicable_a and_o can_v be_v conceive_v by_o any_o that_o have_v not_o feel_v or_o have_v proof_n thereof_o the_o ancient_a roman_n construe_v and_o repute_v imprisonment_n to_o be_v a_o guard_n or_o saâ—e_v keep_v of_o slave_n and_o bondman_n but_o a_o heavy_a punishment_n to_o free_v bear_v man_n and_o it_o be_v record_v that_o the_o prophet_n micha_n be_v send_v to_o prison_n to_o be_v feed_v with_o the_o bread_n of_o affliction_n for_o imprisonment_n be_v a_o corporal_a punishment_n imprisonment_n a_o description_n of_o imprisonment_n a_o grief_n and_o torture_n of_o the_o mind_n a_o long_a and_o linger_a die_v and_o sometime_o a_o short_a kill_n by_o plague_n etc._n etc._n it_o overthrow_v a_o man_n reputation_n and_o destroy_v all_o that_o be_v good_a and_o dear_a unto_o he_o his_o kindred_n grow_v strange_a his_o friend_n forsake_v he_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n suffer_v with_o he_o or_o leave_v he_o or_o rebel_n or_o degenerate_a against_o he_o and_o lie_v open_a to_o all_o disgrace_n and_o villainy_n of_o the_o world_n in_o who_o misery_n the_o prisoner_n suffer_v more_o than_o in_o his_o own_o suffering_n before_o he_o the_o sight_n of_o all_o these_o misery_n and_o evil_n and_o which_o be_v not_o the_o least_o he_o lie_v open_a to_o every_o arrow_n of_o scandal_n or_o calumny_n that_o a_o malicious_a adversary_n will_v shoot_v at_o he_o which_o he_o can_v neither_o resist_v nor_o avoid_v because_o he_o be_v absent_a to_o confront_v they_o behind_o he_o grief_n for_o loss_n of_o liberty_n credit_n friend_n estate_n and_o all_o good_a fortune_n his_o bail_n and_o surety_n who_o common_o be_v his_o near_a kin_n or_o dear_a friend_n lie_v in_o the_o power_n of_o his_o adversary_n or_o be_v already_o imprison_v to_o say_v nothing_o of_o ill_a air_n straight_a place_n hard_a lodging_n unwholesome_a diet_n with_o the_o noise_n noisomeness_n pester_v and_o fetter_n the_o body_n of_o the_o prisoner_n as_o the_o least_o of_o many_o evil_n charity_n against_o conscience_n and_o charity_n let_v this_o be_v weigh_v in_o the_o balance_n of_o conscience_n and_o christian_a charity_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o these_o proceed_n can_v subsist_v for_o they_o be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o not_o warrant_v by_o scripture_n but_o to_o induce_v diverse_a necessary_a consequence_n for_o proof_n hereof_o we_o be_v to_o consider_v how_o many_o way_n any_o man_n may_v guiltless_o and_o innocent_o fall_v by_o the_o law_n innocent_o guiltless_o or_o innocent_o be_v convict_v of_o debt_n or_o damage_n and_o cast_v into_o prison_n thereupon_o viz._n by_o misprision_n or_o ignorance_n of_o himself_o or_o his_o attorney_n in_o plead_v of_o the_o cause_n by_o careless_a or_o unskilful_a councillor_n especial_o when_o false_a thing_n be_v cunning_o lay_v or_o true_a thing_n uncertain_o lay_v by_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o defendant_n want_v mean_n to_o pay_v his_o attorney_n or_o council_n and_o by_o combination_n of_o the_o adversary_n with_o the_o defendant_n attorney_n solicitor_n or_o councillor_n or_o with_o the_o witness_n or_o juror_n for_o love_n malice_n or_o end_n of_o their_o own_o by_o perjury_n of_o witness_n in_o conceal_v pervert_v and_o misapply_v truth_n or_o depose_v untruth_n and_o by_o subornation_n of_o witness_n juror_n or_o officer_n in_o the_o impannel_a of_o juror_n and_o corruption_n of_o the_o judge_n casualty_n by_o casualty_n a_o man_n may_v likewise_o be_v disable_v and_o become_v insoluent_a by_o as_o many_o casualty_n and_o act_n of_o honest_a and_o good_a intention_n and_o consequent_o become_v a_o debtor_n and_o be_v cast_v into_o prison_n thereupon_o as_o by_o suretyship_n bail_n or_o security_n for_o kinsman_n friend_n or_o other_o likewise_o by_o loan_n unto_o they_o who_o pay_v not_o again_o also_o by_o falsehood_n of_o friend_n servant_n and_o other_o put_v in_o trust_n with_o money_n evidence_n office_n trade_n and_o land_n again_o by_o move_v a_o just_a suit_n in_o law_n where_o may_v practice_n or_o falsehood_n overbear_v he_o or_o many_o year_n suit_n consume_v he_o also_o by_o fire_n water_n shipwreck_n and_o such_o like_a sudden_a and_o unresistable_a accident_n at_o sea_n or_o at_o land_n by_o robbery_n of_o thief_n and_o pirate_n by_o unprofitable_a buy_n and_o selling_n of_o land_n lease_n merchandise_n etc._n etc._n by_o arrest_v seizure_n or_o pretence_n and_o detriment_n of_o foreign_a prince_n by_o sudden_a loss_n of_o friend_n or_o master_n on_o who_o favour_n any_o man_n estate_n depend_v also_o by_o error_n in_o make_v or_o keep_v reckon_n and_o account_n or_o by_o lose_v or_o not_o call_v for_o acquitance_n bill_n bond_n release_v or_o engagement_n and_o assurance_n for_o warranties_n annuity_n dower_n joyncture_n legacy_n and_o such_o like_a by_o vsuror_n and_o usury_n eat_v up_o a_o man_n estate_n by_o interest_n and_o forfeiture_n and_o by_o a_o multitude_n of_o other_o mean_n whereby_o no_o man_n be_v secure_v but_o may_v become_v a_o debtor_n and_o insoluent_a and_o this_o law_n take_v no_o consideration_n or_o admit_v no_o information_n hereof_o but_o in_o summo_fw-la jure_fw-la juâ—_n summuâ—_n juâ—_n give_v the_o whole_a forfeiture_n without_o any_o conscionable_a respect_n and_o the_o after_o proceed_n be_v suitable_a for_o after_o judgement_n though_o the_o debtor_n by_o his_o good_n discharge_v ninety_o and_o nine_o pound_n of_o one_o hundred_o pound_n principal_a yet_o the_o body_n be_v subject_a to_o be_v imprison_v till_o he_o pay_v the_o whole_a forfeiture_n of_o two_o hundred_o pound_n and_o the_o word_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v that_o if_o he_o have_v no_o good_n nor_o chattel_n or_o not_o enough_o to_o satisfy_v the_o whole_a his_o body_n shall_v be_v imprison_v for_o the_o rest_n till_o he_o make_v payment_n or_o agreement_n marlebridge_n cap._n 23_o anno_fw-la 52_o h._n 3_o etc._n etc._n so_o every_o way_n it_o be_v in_o the_o absolute_a will_n and_o power_n of_o the_o creditor_n to_o cast_v the_o debtor_n body_n into_o prison_n when_o in_o all_o conscience_n and_o equity_n if_o he_o have_v no_o mean_n to_o pay_v he_o ought_v to_o be_v let_v out_o of_o prison_n or_o not_o to_o be_v imprison_v at_o all_o because_o the_o debtor_n body_n can_v give_v no_o satisfaction_n to_o the_o creditor_n be_v in_o itself_o consider_v some_o prisoner_n have_v mean_n and_o be_v willing_a cannoâ—_n mean_v to_o pay_v &_o yet_o cannoâ—_n but_o can_v pay_v either_o because_o the_o present_a power_n of_o their_o estate_n be_v not_o in_o they_o or_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o time_n that_o they_o can_v sell_v or_o receive_v payment_n or_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o worth_n for_o scarce_o any_o will_v buy_v a_o prisoner_n land_n lease_n or_o good_n at_o half_a the_o worth_n or_o in_o regard_n of_o other_o interress_v without_o who_o consent_n he_o can_v dispose_v thereof_o or_o the_o estate_n be_v entangle_v with_o dower_n joyncture_n warranties_n assurance_n statute_n etc._n etc._n some_o have_v not_o mean_n sufficient_a to_o pay_v all_o and_o some_o
all_o remedy_n against_o his_o estate_n for_o ever_o the_o consideration_n hereof_o make_v the_o debtor_n to_o retain_v in_o his_o hand_n what_o they_o can_v to_o maintain_v themselves_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o to_o keep_v they_o from_o perish_v which_o make_v also_o against_o the_o crditors_n profit_n the_o body_n of_o every_o subject_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n commonwealth_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o king_n and_o commonwealth_n and_o every_o subject_n be_v a_o member_n or_o single_a part_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n so_o that_o to_o take_v this_o body_n and_o to_o cast_v the_o same_o into_o prison_n for_o debt_n where_o he_o must_v lie_v rot_v idle_o and_o unprofitable_o all_o the_o day_n of_o his_o life_n and_o die_v miserable_o be_v no_o other_o than_o to_o strip_v and_o rob_v the_o king_n and_o commonwealth_n of_o their_o limb_n and_o member_n and_o consequent_o of_o the_o service_n and_o endeavour_n of_o a_o great_a number_n of_o subject_n yearly_a of_o all_o degree_n and_o profession_n to_o do_v service_n to_o the_o king_n and_o commonwealth_n which_o number_n of_o prisoner_n exceed_v all_o the_o prisoner_n in_o all_o other_o country_n it_o be_v therefore_o in_o christian_n charity_n wish_v and_o in_o all_o godly_a policy_n desire_v that_o the_o body_n and_o endeavour_n of_o all_o debtor_n may_v be_v free_a from_o imprisonment_n and_o the_o creditor_n recovery_n be_v make_v against_o the_o debtor_n land_n and_o good_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a fundamental_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v most_o consonant_a to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n to_o christian_n charity_n to_o the_o rule_n of_o justice_n and_o to_o godly_a policy_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o that_o interim_n the_o relief_n of_o prisoner_n may_v be_v permit_v which_o the_o late_a queen_n elizabeth_n grant_v for_o she_o and_o her_o successor_n in_o the_o 28._o year_n of_o her_o reign_n by_o a_o large_a commission_n record_v in_o the_o high_a court_n of_o chancery_n the_o exemplification_n whereof_o be_v by_o all_o prisoner_n for_o debt_n humble_o desire_v many_o other_o reason_n be_v allege_v in_o the_o say_a remonstrance_n invective_n against_o usury_n and_o usuror_n which_o i_o have_v omit_v and_o hereunto_o let_v we_o add_v certain_a observation_n in_o general_a concern_v execution_n the_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o mute_a magistrate_n but_o the_o magistrate_n be_v a_o living_n law_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o law_n be_v in_o command_v and_o the_o strength_n of_o command_v be_v in_o the_o constrain_a or_o execute_v of_o the_o law_n which_o belong_v unto_o judge_n and_o magistrate_n the_o consideration_n hereof_o do_v produce_v a_o diversity_n of_o opinion_n whether_o judge_n or_o magistrate_n ought_v to_o be_v for_o a_o time_n or_o term_n of_o life_n the_o often_o change_v of_o they_o being_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o roman_n who_o do_v instigate_v man_n to_o accuse_v those_o that_o have_v not_o discharge_v the_o place_n of_o their_o office_n due_o law_n custom_n of_o the_o roman_n about_o execution_n of_o law_n whereby_o wickedness_n be_v not_o only_o punish_v but_o also_o every_o man_n through_o emulation_n do_v endeavour_v himself_o to_o follow_v virtue_n and_o to_o discharge_v the_o place_n of_o his_o call_n beside_o whereas_o virtue_n in_o all_o commonweal_n be_v the_o principal_a point_n whereat_o man_n aim_v and_o whereunto_o the_o law_n do_v bind_v they_o so_o the_o distribution_n of_o office_n be_v a_o reward_n of_o virtue_n which_o can_v be_v do_v to_o many_o when_o they_o be_v give_v in_o perpetuity_n to_o some_o few_o which_o many_o time_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o sedition_n by_o the_o inequal_a distribution_n of_o reward_n and_o punishment_n in_o some_o commonweal_n officer_n inconvenience_n of_o yearly_a officer_n true_a it_o be_v that_o there_o be_v many_o inconvenience_n if_o the_o officer_n be_v but_o for_o one_o year_n or_o a_o short_a time_n to_o the_o hindrance_n of_o the_o public_a good_a for_o they_o must_v leave_v their_o place_n before_o they_o know_v the_o duty_n of_o it_o and_o common_o unto_o one_o that_o be_v but_o a_o novice_n in_o the_o place_n whereby_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n fall_v into_o the_o government_n of_o such_o as_o be_v incapable_a thereof_o and_o without_o experience_n and_o if_o they_o be_v fit_a for_o the_o place_n their_o time_n be_v short_a that_o it_o do_v vanish_v away_o in_o feast_n and_o pleasure_n and_o matter_n either_o public_a or_o private_a do_v remain_v undecided_a and_o every_o thing_n protract_v without_o due_a administration_n of_o justice_n beside_o how_o be_v it_o in_o common_a sense_n and_o reason_n possible_a that_o he_o shall_v command_v with_o the_o effectual_a power_n of_o a_o magistrate_n that_o within_o a_o little_a while_n be_v as_o it_o be_v a_o cipher_n without_o power_n or_o authority_n what_o subject_n will_v yield_v he_o due_a respect_n and_o reverence_v whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a it_o his_o office_n be_v perpetual_a and_o his_o estate_n assure_v he_o be_v resolve_v bold_o to_o resist_v the_o wicked_a to_o defend_v the_o good_a permanent_a commodity_n have_v by_o judge_n permanent_a to_o revenge_v the_o injury_n of_o the_o oppress_a and_o even_o to_o withstand_v tyrant_n who_o many_o time_n have_v be_v astonish_v to_o see_v the_o constancy_n of_o the_o judge_n and_o magistrate_n in_o the_o execution_n of_o justice_n according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o herein_o be_v the_o common_a law_n excellent_a because_o the_o judge_n and_o magistrate_n be_v authorise_v according_o for_o term_v of_o life_n as_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o place_n require_v and_o be_v also_o choose_v with_o great_a solemnity_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o integrity_n knowledge_n and_o experience_n in_o the_o law_n whereof_o they_o be_v the_o ornament_n whereas_o to_o call_v the_o yearly_a judge_n in_o question_n after_o their_o time_n expire_v be_v a_o derogation_n and_o dishonour_n to_o the_o law_n in_o other_o country_n the_o sheriff_n and_o many_o other_o officer_n which_o put_v in_o every_o county_n the_o writ_n commandment_n annual_a subaltern_a officer_n annual_a and_o judgement_n of_o the_o court_n in_o execution_n be_v remove_v every_o year_n and_o the_o same_o be_v expire_v they_o may_v be_v call_v to_o account_v to_o answer_v for_o any_o misdemeanour_n commit_v by_o they_o during_o their_o office_n by_o the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o the_o law_n which_o make_v they_o vigilant_a and_o circumspect_a in_o the_o execution_n of_o their_o place_n which_o they_o supply_v either_o personal_o or_o by_o deputy_n for_o who_o offence_n they_o must_v answer_v this_o authority_n and_o severity_n of_o the_o judge_n therefore_o do_v prevent_v many_o mischief_n put_v a_o fear_n in_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o offender_n of_o the_o law_n by_o the_o rigour_n thereof_o which_o in_o criminal_a case_n be_v call_v by_o some_o cruelty_n but_o the_o merciful_a judge_n be_v more_o to_o be_v blame_v in_o these_o case_n than_o the_o severe_a because_o severity_n make_v man_n to_o be_v obedient_a unto_o the_o law_n whereas_o too_o much_o lenity_n cause_v contempt_n both_o of_o law_n and_o magistrate_n nevertheless_o as_o there_o be_v in_o all_o commonweal_n two_o principal_a point_n which_o the_o magistrate_n be_v to_o consider_v namely_o law_n and_o equity_n so_o the_o execution_n of_o law_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v by_o the_o magistrate_n who_o sometime_o be_v too_o severe_a may_v do_v more_o hurt_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n than_o good_a see_v the_o intention_n of_o those_o that_o make_v the_o law_n good_a law_n intention_n be_v the_o common_a good_a be_v to_o provide_v for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n salus_fw-la populi_fw-la suprema_fw-la lex_fw-la esto_fw-la this_o may_v be_v say_v especial_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o statute_n law_n whereof_o we_o have_v the_o example_n of_o empson_n and_o dudley_n fresh_a in_o memory_n who_o be_v privy_a councillor_n to_o king_n henry_n 7_o cause_v the_o penal_a law_n to_o be_v strict_o execute_v against_o his_o subject_n whereby_o the_o king_n gather_v much_o treasure_n with_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o love_n of_o his_o subject_n which_o be_v much_o displease_v unto_o he_o as_o the_o chronicle_n of_o this_o realm_n have_v record_v because_o there_o be_v nothing_o so_o effectual_a to_o cause_v the_o prince_n to_o be_v call_v a_o tyrant_n than_o this_o course_n of_o strict_a execution_n of_o law_n which_o have_v a_o affinity_n with_o the_o say_n of_o nicholas_n machiavelli_n sometime_o secretary_n to_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o tuscanie_n touch_v the_o condition_n of_o man_n in_o general_n it_o be_v miserable_a that_o we_o can_v do_v all_o thing_n machiavelli_n the_o say_n of_o machiavelli_n more_o miserable_a to_o do_v that_o which_o we_o will_v do_v and_o most_o miserable_a to_o do_v that_o which_o we_o can_v do_v informer_n nevertheless_o be_v necessary_a member_n in_o
a_o commonwealth_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o law_n which_o otherwise_o will_v be_v fruitless_a or_o make_v as_o it_o be_v say_v by_o some_o propter_fw-la terrorem_fw-la for_o prevention_n whereof_o it_o be_v very_o commendable_a to_o preserve_v this_o life_n of_o the_o law_n consist_v in_o execution_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o commissioner_n have_v be_v heretofore_o appoint_v to_o retain_v man_n in_o their_o duty_n as_o the_o nomophilats_n in_o greece_n the_o censuror_n among_o the_o roman_n the_o ephore_n at_o lacedaemon_n the_o areopagit_n at_o athens_n the_o visitor_n in_o spain_n duty_n commissioner_n to_o retain_v officer_n in_o their_o duty_n and_o the_o commissioner_n of_o troyle_n the_o bastort_v in_o edward_n the_o first_o his_o time_n for_o all_o humane_a action_n be_v so_o flexible_a to_o evil_n that_o they_o have_v need_n of_o a_o continual_a remembrancer_n to_o virtue_n for_o the_o conservation_n of_o the_o public_a good_a if_o we_o will_v make_v a_o comparison_n between_o the_o execution_n of_o criminal_a cause_n and_o civil_a we_o shall_v in_o a_o manner_n find_v the_o same_o to_o be_v all_o one_o effectual_o for_o the_o general_a manner_n of_o death_n impose_v by_o the_o law_n be_v hang_v where_o in_o other_o country_n they_o have_v diverse_a manner_n of_o execution_n according_a as_o the_o fact_n be_v heinous_a murder_n be_v a_o great_a offence_n have_v in_o all_o age_n be_v punish_v with_o death_n but_o steal_v of_o good_n be_v always_o take_v to_o be_v much_o inferior_a because_o the_o law_n of_o god_n do_v not_o punish_v the_o same_o by_o death_n as_o be_v now_o use_v and_o yet_o a_o death_n by_o sudden_a execution_n be_v better_a than_o a_o linger_a death_n by_o famine_n imprisonment_n and_o other_o adversity_n before_o remember_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o king_n prerogative_n royal_a to_o be_v merciful_a even_o when_o law_n have_v have_v her_o full_a course_n be_v to_o be_v see_v rather_o in_o cause_n civil_a than_o criminal_a and_o that_o in_o the_o relief_n of_o poor_a distress_a prisoner_n and_o other_o contrary_n justice_n and_o mercy_n in_o god_n be_v not_o contrary_n see_v the_o mercy_n of_o god_n who_o lieutenant_n they_o be_v on_o earth_n be_v above_o all_o his_o work_n which_o make_v i_o to_o remember_v a_o error_n of_o the_o common_a people_n which_o think_v the_o justice_n and_o mercy_n of_o god_n to_o be_v contrary_n for_o if_o they_o be_v they_o can_v not_o be_v in_o god_n because_o the_o godhead_n be_v but_o one_o and_o always_o like_o itself_o can_v admit_v contrary_n and_o contrary_n they_o can_v be_v be_v both_o virtue_n whereas_o no_o virtue_n be_v contrary_a to_o virtue_n but_o only_o opposite_a to_o vice_n so_o that_o respect_v the_o king_n prerogative_n in_o criminal_a cause_n when_o the_o law_n have_v determine_v death_n or_o punishment_n by_o perpetual_a imprisonment_n or_o banishment_n the_o king_n imitate_v god_n mercy_n do_v restore_v life_n freedom_n and_o liberty_n much_o more_o may_v the_o king_n do_v the_o same_o in_o civil_a cause_n when_o the_o law_n command_v imprisonment_n until_o satisfaction_n be_v make_v of_o the_o judgement_n give_v liberty_n and_o prolongation_n of_o time_n as_o have_v a_o interest_n in_o the_o person_n of_o his_o subject_n as_o we_o have_v observe_v i_o have_v herein_o be_v the_o more_o ample_a because_o it_o concern_v the_o life_n of_o many_o honest_a man_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xiii_o of_o denization_n and_o naturalisation_n of_o merchant_n the_o manner_n to_o make_v merchant_n stranger_n artificersâ—_n or_o handiecraft_n man_n to_o be_v denizen_n or_o naturalize_v be_v in_o time_n pass_v without_o any_o difference_n and_o they_o do_v enjoy_v the_o like_a liberty_n and_o privilege_n and_o be_v most_o common_o make_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n by_o his_o highness_n prerogative_n royal_a whereby_o they_o do_v enjoy_v all_o the_o freedom_n and_o immunity_n that_o natural_a subject_n do_v enjoy_v and_o be_v so_o repute_v and_o take_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n upon_o their_o oath_n make_v in_o chancery_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o commonwealth_n but_o the_o same_o be_v afterwards_o call_v in_o question_n upon_o the_o misdemeanour_n of_o some_o forgetful_a person_n and_o then_o denizen_n be_v make_v to_o pay_v custom_n to_o the_o king_n as_o stranger_n howbeit_o they_o may_v buy_v lease_n land_n and_o house_n as_o english_a bear_v subject_n and_o their_o child_n here_o bear_v shall_v be_v free_a and_o pay_v but_o english_a custom_n for_o good_n import_v and_o export_v and_o may_v become_v freeman_n of_o london_n and_o buy_v cloth_n in_o blackewell_n hall_n and_o all_o other_o market_n and_o transport_v the_o same_o where_o it_o please_v they_o albeit_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n have_v infringe_v the_o same_o distinguish_v naturalize_v distinguish_v nevertheless_o some_o privilege_n to_o pay_v english_a custom_n be_v grant_v to_o some_o particular_a merchant_n by_o the_o prince_n prerogative_n by_o letter_n patent_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o these_o be_v name_v naturalize_v which_o may_v be_v place_v in_o office_n as_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o quorum_fw-la high_a sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n and_o other_o place_n of_o dignity_n and_o come_v to_o be_v make_v knight_n and_o barronet_n and_o some_o of_o they_o buy_v land_n and_o lease_n make_v great_a purchase_n marry_v their_o daughter_n unto_o diverse_a gentleman_n and_o other_o do_v also_o sell_v land_n again_o and_o buy_v other_o land_n which_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o land_n do_v require_v assurance_n to_o be_v make_v and_o therein_o some_o lawyer_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o by_o the_o law_n the_o say_a assurance_n be_v not_o of_o sufficient_a validity_n without_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o then_o the_o act_n of_o naturalisation_n be_v make_v but_o the_o make_n of_o denizen_n be_v always_o continue_v by_o his_o majesty_n letter_n patent_n only_o and_o they_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n albeit_o they_o pay_v stranger_n custom_n employment_n denizen_n not_o subject_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n and_o diverse_a other_o charge_n which_o the_o native_a subject_n do_v not_o pay_v whereof_o merchant_n be_v to_o take_v notice_n no_o stranger_n which_o be_v a_o mechanical_a person_n be_v much_o incline_v to_o be_v a_o natural_a subject_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n because_o of_o the_o charge_n of_o it_o which_o may_v be_v about_o 30_o will_v albeit_o four_o or_o five_o person_n may_v join_v together_o by_o petition_n to_o the_o parliament_n and_o have_v one_o act_n for_o they_o all_o the_o form_n whereof_o be_v common_o as_o hereafter_o follow_v and_o here_o note_v that_o a_o merchant_n be_v in_o no_o danger_n if_o he_o be_v neither_o denizon_n nor_o naturalize_v but_o may_v deal_v traffic_n and_o negotiate_v at_o his_o pleasure_n but_o he_o may_v take_v no_o lease_n nor_o buy_v land_n in_o most_o humble_a manner_n beseech_v your_o most_o excellent_a majesty_n your_o humble_a and_o obedient_a orator_n i._n l._n of_o florence_n your_o majesty_n servant_n t._n m._n etc._n etc._n r._n b._n and_o m._n q._n that_o whereas_o the_o say_v i._o l._n the_o son_n of_o a._n l._n and_o l._n his_o wife_n stranger_n be_v bear_v at_o florence_n in_o italy_n in_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o whereas_o etc._n etc._n and_o whereas_o m._n q._n be_v the_o son_n of_o m._n q._n and_o c._n his_o wife_n bear_v at_o bridge_n in_o flanders_n in_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o lawful_a matrimony_n and_o have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n these_o twenty_o year_n remain_v and_o make_v his_o abode_n in_o london_n within_o your_o majesty_n realm_n of_o england_n during_o which_o time_n he_o have_v demean_v himself_o faithful_o and_o dutiful_o towards_o your_o highness_n and_o your_o law_n yet_o for_o that_o both_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o majesty_n orator_n be_v bear_v in_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n they_o can_v take_v benefit_n of_o your_o majesty_n law_n statute_n and_o custom_n of_o your_o highness_n realm_n of_o england_n as_o other_o your_o majesty_n subject_n bear_v within_o this_o realm_n to_o their_o great_a prejudice_n loss_n and_o hindrance_n it_o may_v therefore_o please_v your_o highness_n of_o your_o most_o noble_a and_o abundant_a grace_n that_o it_o may_v be_v ordain_v enact_v and_o establish_v by_o your_o highness_n the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o the_o commons_o of_o this_o present_a parliament_n assemble_v and_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o same_o that_o your_o majesty_n most_o humble_a petitioner_n i._n l._n t._n m._n r._n b._n and_o m._n q._n and_o every_o of_o they_o shall_v from_o henceforth_o be_v adjudge_v repute_v and_o take_v to_o be_v your_o highness_n natural_a subject_n and_o as_o person_n
against_o the_o law_n 5_o that_o they_o do_v not_o award_v any_o thing_n whereby_o any_o matter_n already_o determine_v by_o decree_n in_o chancery_n or_o judgement_n at_o the_o common_a law_n or_o any_o sentence_n judicial_o give_v in_o the_o cause_n be_v infringe_v or_o meddle_v withal_o these_o point_n ought_v to_o be_v observe_v for_o the_o reason_n follow_v for_o touch_v the_o first_o if_o the_o award_n be_v not_o deliver_v up_o in_o write_v under_o the_o arbitrator_n hand_n and_o seal_n if_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o bond_n do_v so_o limit_v the_o same_o then_o have_v they_o no_o authority_n to_o do_v the_o same_o after_o the_o time_n which_o be_v limit_v unto_o they_o by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o party_n for_o the_o second_o point_n reason_n require_v in_o all_o humane_a action_n a_o reciprocal_a act_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o by_o deed_n of_o performance_n call_v quid_fw-la pro_fw-la quo_fw-la quo_fw-la the_o reason_n of_o quid_fw-la pro_fw-la quo_fw-la although_o it_o be_v a_o man_n sallarie_n for_o his_o pain_n which_o in_o some_o case_n cause_v man_n to_o award_v that_o each_o party_n shall_v pay_v so_o much_o to_o the_o scrivener_n or_o notary_n for_o write_v the_o say_a award_n but_o this_o be_v no_o collateral_a act_n between_o the_o party_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o matter_n compromit_v to_o the_o arbitrator_n it_o be_v therefore_o better_a to_o express_v and_o award_n that_o each_o party_n shall_v seal_v and_o deliver_v either_o general_a acquittance_n each_o to_o other_o or_o with_o some_o exception_n therein_o as_o the_o award_n will_v lead_v they_o the_o three_o point_n be_v considerable_a where_o the_o difference_n be_v by_o both_o party_n or_o either_o of_o they_o deliver_v in_o article_n in_o write_v to_o the_o arbitrator_n for_o herein_o it_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o say_v that_o the_o say_a arbitrator_n shall_v have_v power_n and_o authority_n to_o determine_v all_o question_n difference_n doubt_n controversy_n matter_n of_o account_n reckon_n or_o any_o other_o usual_a or_o general_a word_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n until_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bond_n but_o they_o must_v give_v their_o award_n upon_o every_o particular_a article_n and_o upon_o all_o of_o they_o the_o four_o point_n that_o the_o arbitrator_n do_v not_o award_v any_o thing_n which_o be_v unlawful_a be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v evil_a in_o themselves_o call_v malum_fw-la in_o se_fw-la and_o of_o thing_n call_v evil_a because_o they_o be_v upon_o some_o respect_n and_o consideration_n prohibit_v and_o therefore_o term_v malum_fw-la prohibitum_fw-la as_o the_o wear_n of_o hat_n at_o all_o time_n transportation_n of_o corn_n eat_v of_o flesh_n in_o lent_n and_o the_o like_a wherein_o there_o be_v a_o further_a consideration_n which_o require_v a_o distinction_n as_o for_o example_n a_o arbitrator_n or_o many_o arbitrator_n do_v award_n law_n a_o notable_a good_a distinction_n in_o law_n that_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n shall_v be_v pay_v unto_o such_o a_o man_n during_o all_o the_o time_n he_o be_v unmarried_a be_v good_a in_o law_n but_o to_o bind_v the_o party_n by_o award_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o marry_v because_o he_o shall_v enjoy_v the_o money_n still_o be_v unlawful_a and_o void_a by_o the_o law_n the_o five_o point_n be_v of_o very_o great_a consequence_n to_o bind_v the_o action_n of_o man_n to_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o law_n whereunto_o such_o reverence_n be_v due_a that_o decree_n judgement_n and_o sentence_n of_o judicial_a court_n of_o record_n be_v always_o of_o a_o high_a nature_n than_o arbitrator_n award_v nevertheless_o in_o many_o doubtful_a question_n the_o civilians_n themselves_o after_o long_o and_o curious_a debate_n do_v assign_v they_o to_o be_v determine_v by_o arbitrator_n have_v skill_n and_o knowledge_n of_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n which_o always_o do_v intend_v expedition_n and_o that_o be_v the_o cause_n wherefore_o a_o umpire_n choose_v upon_o arbitrable_a matter_n authority_n a_o umpire_n have_v absolute_a authority_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n to_o himself_o give_v to_o end_v the_o matter_n alone_o without_o hear_v the_o arbitrator_n if_o he_o will_v for_o albeit_o this_o be_v not_o without_o some_o danger_n and_o that_o the_o end_n of_o arbitrator_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v yet_o brevity_n and_o expedition_n of_o justice_n in_o merchant_n affair_n be_v so_o much_o regard_v that_o by_o all_o mean_v the_o same_o aught_o to_o be_v further_v hence_o it_o proceed_v that_o the_o merchant_n court_n govern_v by_o prior_n and_o consul_n whereof_o we_o entreat_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n have_v authority_n to_o reform_v or_o confirm_v the_o sentence_n of_o arbitrator_n consul_n arbitrator_n award_v subject_a to_o the_o prior_n and_o consul_n when_o merchant_n will_v appeal_v their_o arbitrement_n before_o they_o rather_o than_o to_o go_v to_o law_n and_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o appellation_n of_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o say_a arbitrator_n shall_v not_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n before_o the_o arbitrement_n be_v perform_v by_o the_o party_n that_o do_v appeal_v conditional_o that_o restitution_n shall_v be_v make_v if_o there_o be_v cause_n upon_o the_o end_n of_o the_o process_n and_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v to_o note_v that_o no_o merchant_n nor_o other_o be_v of_o their_o jurisdiction_n can_v transport_v or_o make_v over_o their_o interest_n to_o any_o person_n privilege_v and_o not_o subject_a to_o the_o say_a jurisdiction_n be_v it_o by_o gift_n sale_n or_o exchange_n or_o by_o any_o other_o mean_n to_o the_o end_n thereby_o to_o avoid_v their_o authority_n upon_o pain_n that_o the_o same_o transport_n or_o possessing_n shall_v be_v of_o no_o effect_n and_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o right_n and_o cause_n and_o all_o notary_n who_o shall_v receive_v any_o such_o transport_n shall_v be_v punish_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n in_o a_o penalty_n arbitrable_a and_o further_o shall_v be_v condemn_v to_o pay_v unto_o the_o adverse_a party_n all_o his_o cost_n and_o charge_n which_o he_o have_v sustain_v by_o mean_n thereof_o merchant_n reference_n of_o cause_n to_o merchant_n and_o to_o the_o end_n this_o expedition_n may_v by_o all_o mean_n be_v further_v the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n may_v distribute_v and_o refer_v cause_n unto_o the_o most_o ancient_a and_o expert_a merchant_n in_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n to_o make_v a_o true_a report_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o cause_n according_a to_o the_o allegation_n and_o proof_n of_o the_o party_n without_o any_o sallarie_n to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o say_a merchant_n howbeit_o in_o italy_n some_o reward_n be_v give_v upon_o the_o ricorse_n of_o merchant_n these_o merchant_n be_v to_o take_v the_o advice_n of_o the_o advocate_n council_n and_o attorney_n of_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n in_o matter_n difficult_a the_o better_a to_o discern_v the_o right_n of_o the_o cause_n to_o make_v their_o report_n more_o complete_a for_o the_o soon_o end_v of_o it_o according_a to_o reason_n and_o right_n by_o the_o true_a affirmation_n of_o the_o merchant_n and_o not_o by_o feign_a subtle_a and_o crafty_a writing_n which_o oftentimes_o do_v darken_v the_o truth_n under_o the_o colour_n of_o fair_a phrase_n declare_v in_o they_o cause_v protraction_n and_o delay_n arbitrator_n difference_n between_o ludge_n of_o the_o law_n and_o arbitrator_n marcus_n tullius_n cicero_n have_v true_o set_v down_o the_o difference_n which_o be_v between_o judge_n of_o the_o law_n and_o arbitrator_n incline_v to_o the_o most_o easy_a and_o less_o chargeable_a course_n say_v the_o one_o be_v servile_a the_o other_o be_v noble_a the_o one_o be_v bind_v to_o the_o law_n and_o the_o other_o be_v not_o the_o one_o do_v consist_v in_o fact_n the_o other_o in_o justice_n the_o one_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o magistrate_n the_o other_o be_v reserve_v to_o the_o law_n the_o one_o be_v write_v in_o the_o law_n the_o other_o be_v without_o the_o law_n the_o one_o be_v in_o the_o power_n and_o the_o other_o be_v without_o the_o power_n of_o magistrate_n howbeit_o it_o be_v not_o forbid_v but_o all_o justice_n of_o peace_n may_v compound_v difference_n and_o their_o authority_n do_v enable_v they_o better_o thereunto_o and_o in_o this_o regard_n it_o be_v say_v that_o a_o umpire_n do_v represent_v the_o lord_n chancellor_n authority_n because_o that_o the_o commissioner_n report_n of_o the_o master_n and_o other_o of_o the_o chancery_n or_o of_o merchant_n be_v the_o ground_n work_v whereupon_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n do_v deliver_v his_o sentence_n and_o make_v up_o his_o decree_n and_o the_o say_a commissioner_n have_v a_o further_a authority_n and_o power_n than_o arbitrator_n arbitrator_n difference_n between_o commissioner_n and_o arbitrator_n for_o they_o may_v examine_v witness_n upon_o oath_n upon_o
any_o thing_n in_o question_n where_o there_o want_v proof_n or_o they_o may_v minister_v the_o say_a oath_n to_o either_o party_n upon_o pregnant_a occasion_n to_o boult_v out_o the_o truth_n the_o like_a authority_n have_v the_o prior_n and_o consul_n of_o merchant_n and_o moreover_o their_o authority_n do_v far_o exceed_v the_o power_n of_o commissioner_n for_o as_o arbitrator_n have_v a_o determinate_a power_n to_o make_v a_o end_n of_o controversy_n in_o general_a term_n without_o declaration_n of_o particular_n so_o have_v the_o prior_n and_o consul_n power_n to_o do_v the_o like_a whereas_o commissioner_n be_v to_o give_v a_o reason_n and_o declaration_n of_o their_o proceed_n to_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n final_o the_o arbitrator_n authority_n impli_v a_o voluntary_a command_n proceed_v from_o both_o party_n which_o the_o commissioner_n have_v not_o but_o the_o merchant_n court_n have_v chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o merchant_n court_n or_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n the_o three_o mean_a to_o end_n and_o determine_v merchant_n question_n and_o controversy_n happen_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n be_v the_o court_n of_o merchant_n call_v prior_n and_o consul_n or_o il_fw-fr consolato_fw-la as_o the_o italian_n have_v call_v the_o same_o and_o here_o we_o may_v say_v a_o merchant_n be_v in_o loco_fw-la propriâ—_n as_o the_o fish_n in_o the_o water_n where_o he_o understand_v himself_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n according_a to_o which_o they_o be_v determine_v and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o yet_o as_o every_o man_n be_v take_v to_o be_v wise_a in_o his_o profession_n so_o may_v he_o be_v admit_v to_o understand_v they_o the_o rather_o when_o he_o shall_v true_o peruse_v and_o ponder_v the_o content_n of_o this_o book_n which_o in_o my_o love_n to_o merchant_n i_o have_v compile_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o civilians_n have_v consider_v of_o this_o office_n of_o prior_n and_o consul_n establish_v in_o many_o place_n of_o france_n italy_n and_o germany_n power_n wherein_o prior_n and_o consul_n have_v no_o power_n have_v make_v diverse_a question_n of_o their_o authority_n say_v they_o can_v decree_v any_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n as_o that_o the_o father_n shall_v be_v bind_v for_o the_o son_n or_o the_o son_n for_o the_o father_n or_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v malum_fw-la in_o se_fw-la or_o natural_o unjust_a or_o against_o the_o public_a good_a or_o that_o which_o savour_v of_o a_o monopoly_n neither_o may_v they_o forbid_v any_o man_n to_o go_v to_o law_n or_o order_n that_o a_o work_n begin_v by_o one_o shall_v not_o be_v end_v by_o another_o without_o the_o other_o consent_n neither_o be_v they_o to_o deal_v or_o to_o determine_v of_o any_o thing_n but_o what_o concern_v merchandise_v for_o other_o thing_n as_o the_o sell_n of_o house_n land_n and_o the_o like_a do_v not_o appertain_v unto_o they_o true_a it_o be_v that_o all_o matter_n criminal_a or_o offensive_a do_v not_o belong_v unto_o they_o to_o deal_v in_o for_o there_o the_o king_n attorney_n be_v a_o party_n and_o have_v interest_n therein_o as_o falsify_v of_o obligation_n and_o bill_n of_o debt_n or_o other_o writing_n matter_n of_o reproach_n or_o discredit_v of_o person_n theft_n and_o other_o evil_a unlawful_a behaviour_n do_v and_o commit_v by_o their_o say_a servant_n or_o themselves_o or_o any_o other_o merchant_n factor_n or_o intermedler_n in_o cause_n of_o merchandise_n as_o also_o all_o other_o not_o exercise_v the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v forbid_v to_o be_v deal_v with_o by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n neither_o be_v they_o to_o deal_v with_o the_o contract_n of_o usury_n either_o feign_v or_o otherwise_o unlawful_a nor_o with_o the_o will_n and_o testament_n or_o contract_n of_o marriage_n of_o any_o person_n or_o with_o the_o interchange_n of_o good_n by_o consent_n and_o all_o other_o such_o like_a contract_n but_o only_o in_o all_o civil_a cause_n of_o merchandise_v how_o be_v it_o these_o questionable_a matter_n be_v not_o of_o that_o moment_n to_o be_v discuss_v consider_v that_o their_o authority_n be_v declare_v and_o confine_v by_o the_o charter_n and_o privilege_n make_v unto_o they_o by_o prince_n and_o commonweal_n whereunto_o relation_n be_v to_o be_v have_v and_o according_o they_o be_v to_o proceed_v have_v a_o respect_n to_o the_o equity_n of_o the_o cause_n hereupon_o benvenuto_n straccha_n the_o civilian_n make_v a_o treatise_n quomodo_fw-la procedendum_fw-la sit_fw-la in_o causis_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la of_o the_o manner_n to_o proceed_v in_o merchant_n affair_n wherein_o be_v many_o universal_a thing_n propound_v which_o be_v easy_a but_o particular_a thing_n be_v common_o more_o true_a by_o his_o own_o observation_n confirmation_n the_o decree_n of_o merchant_n need_v no_o other_o confirmation_n and_o he_o conclude_v that_o the_o decree_n of_o merchant_n need_v no_o other_o confirmation_n or_o approbation_n the_o oath_n take_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n to_o observe_v the_o law-merchant_n be_v subject_a to_o punishment_n if_o they_o be_v perfidious_a or_o forswear_a as_o well_o as_o the_o oath_n of_o all_o other_o judge_n and_o write_v de_fw-la consulibus_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la he_o say_v that_o a_o merchant_n may_v call_v in_o question_n and_o begin_v his_o plea_n before_o they_o although_o it_o be_v against_o one_o that_o be_v no_o merchant_n if_o the_o cause_n concern_v merchandise_v and_o the_o plaintiff_n herein_o bind_v the_o defendant_n to_o be_v judge_v by_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v he_o either_o a_o knight_n or_o ecclesiastical_a person_n or_o a_o stranger_n not_o resident_a in_o the_o place_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n all_o banker_n shopkeeper_n in_o fair_n and_o market_n be_v bind_v to_o their_o jurisdiction_n for_o matter_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n or_o for_o merchandise_n the_o plaintiff_n may_v in_o other_o place_n where_o the_o defendant_n do_v deal_v or_o negotiate_v be_v at_o his_o choice_n to_o begin_v or_o commence_v his_o suit_n where_o he_o will_v but_o not_o in_o two_o place_n at_o one_o time_n for_o one_o cause_n wherein_o sometime_o the_o penalty_n be_v by_o he_o respect_v to_o be_v far_o great_a in_o one_o place_n than_o in_o another_o here_o let_v we_o remember_v the_o controversy_n between_o two_o brother_n which_o be_v above_o fortie-yeare_n since_o call_v joan_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr failia_n and_o jaques_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr failia_n who_o go_v to_o law_n in_o brabant_n for_o many_o thousand_o pound_n and_o afterward_o one_o of_o they_o do_v commence_v suit_n in_o flanders_n be_v another_o jurisdiction_n whereupon_o he_o be_v compel_v to_o pay_v a_o forfeiture_n of_o 4000_o will_v jurisdiction_n a_o forfeiture_n for_o a_o jurisdiction_n for_o in_o truth_n good_a order_n and_o custom_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v as_o law_n and_o nothing_o be_v to_o be_v admit_v that_o may_v infringe_v the_o law_n of_o merchant_n the_o proceed_n before_o the_o say_a prior_n and_o consul_n be_v by_o libel_n or_o petition_n or_o by_o declaration_n wherein_o let_v we_o note_v the_o difference_n set_v down_o by_o the_o say_a civilians_n declaration_n difference_n between_o a_o petition_n and_o a_o declaration_n the_o libel_n or_o declaration_n be_v to_o be_v make_v with_o all_o the_o form_n use_v in_o law_n as_o well_o for_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n as_o the_o matter_n of_o law_n but_o in_o a_o petition_n the_o form_n be_v not_o needful_a so_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v well_o express_v especial_o the_o sum_n which_o be_v demand_v or_o the_o good_n be_v lend_v or_o unjust_o detain_v must_v be_v specify_v and_o if_o it_o be_v for_o money_n owe_v for_o merchandise_n or_o lend_v it_o must_v be_v declare_v otherwise_o the_o consul_n will_v reject_v the_o petition_n as_o impertinent_a albeit_o some_o trivial_a error_n in_o petition_n be_v to_o be_v tolerate_v and_o the_o party_n be_v to_o be_v by_o the_o merchant_n law_n relieve_v they_o be_v to_o proceed_v summary_o in_o all_o their_o action_n proceed_v summarie_n proceed_v to_o avoid_v interruption_n of_o traffic_n and_o commerce_n and_o they_o be_v to_o respect_v plain_a and_o sincere_a deal_n among_o merchant_n with_o a_o consideration_n to_o construe_v all_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v bona_fw-la fide_fw-la so_o that_o trust_n may_v be_v preserve_v among_o they_o debar_v as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o lie_v the_o exception_n of_o prescription_n excussion_n and_o of_o promise_n make_v without_o consideration_n quod_fw-la nudo_fw-la pacto_fw-la promisisti_fw-la and_o the_o like_a in_o so_o much_o that_o many_o time_n a_o woman_n be_v admit_v to_o be_v a_o procuratrix_n contrary_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n law_n a_o custom_n contrary_n to_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o all_o other_o exception_n upon_o plain_a bill_n and_o obligation_n be_v set_v a_o part_n and_o the_o truth_n be_v hunt_v after_o and_o all_o exception_n proceed_v of_o justice_n and_o
circumstantibus_fw-la and_o empannell_n they_o that_o be_v to_o take_v other_o person_n of_o the_o stander_n by_o which_o be_v do_v before_o the_o judge_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o trial_n when_o the_o jury_n have_v deliver_v up_o their_o verdict_n execution_n verdict_n judgement_n and_o execution_n if_o nothing_o be_v allege_v in_o respite_n of_o judgement_n than_o judgement_n be_v have_v of_o course_n and_o alsoe_o execution_n be_v award_v to_o be_v execute_v as_o the_o final_a end_n of_o law_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v three_o mean_n to_o dissolve_v the_o say_a judgement_n and_o execution_n namely_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o attaint_n a_o writ_n of_o error_n and_o a_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la which_o writ_n be_v ground_v upon_o equity_n by_o law_n and_o conscience_n the_o writ_n of_o attaint_n be_v not_o only_o tedious_a and_o thargeable_a attaint_n write_v of_o attaint_n but_o also_o never_o for_o seldom_o try_v for_o the_o same_o be_v bring_v by_o the_o party_n grieve_v against_o the_o twelve_o man_n and_o the_o party_n for_o who_o the_o sentence_n be_v give_v and_o whereas_o before_o common_o upon_o the_o first_o enquest_n they_o be_v all_o yeoman_n or_o man_n of_o mean_a call_n now_o upon_o this_o attaint_n must_v go_v twenty_o four_o gentleman_n of_o great_a quality_n and_o forty_o eight_o must_v be_v warn_v to_o appear_v then_o there_o must_v in_o the_o attaint_n no_o more_o evidence_n be_v bring_v in_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v bring_v in_o and_o allege_v before_o the_o first_o enquest_n which_o not_o appear_v of_o record_n be_v hard_o to_o be_v make_v a_o plain_a matter_n again_o gentleman_n and_o other_o be_v loath_a to_o discredit_v their_o neighbour_n yet_o if_o the_o matter_n be_v so_o apparent_a that_o they_o must_v needs_o find_v they_o attaint_v then_o mean_n be_v find_v to_o defer_v the_o judgement_n and_o it_o may_v be_v the_o party_n shall_v be_v bring_v to_o a_o agreement_n or_o at_o the_o least_o one_o of_o they_o that_o be_v of_o the_o attaint_v juror_n will_v die_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n and_o then_o the_o attaint_n cease_v yet_o in_o this_o case_n if_o the_o party_n be_v in_o prison_n which_o bring_v the_o writ_n of_o attaint_n he_o may_v be_v bail_v as_o be_v in_o natura_fw-la brevium_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o error_n be_v more_o easy_a error_n write_v of_o error_n and_o be_v heretofore_o usual_a to_o prolong_v suit_n in_o law_n before_o the_o statute_n of_o jeofaile_v be_v make_v mean_v in_o good_a french_a i'ay_fw-fr failly_fw-fr for_o every_o small_a error_n if_o it_o be_v but_o false_a latin_a will_v overthrow_v a_o cause_n but_o now_o it_o run_v into_o another_o extreme_a for_o if_o the_o party_n grieve_v speak_v in_o arrest_n of_o judgement_n and_o show_v some_o material_a error_n upon_o motion_n make_v the_o adverse_a party_n may_v have_v it_o amend_v as_o often_o as_o error_n be_v open_v the_o record_n therefore_o aught_o to_o be_v first_o remove_v and_o not_o only_o by_o transcript_n be_v put_v into_o another_o court_n but_o the_o party_n be_v to_o plead_v thereunto_o in_o nullo_n est_fw-la erratum_fw-la and_o then_o the_o danger_n of_o open_v error_n be_v pass_v if_o there_o be_v no_o trick_n use_v in_o amend_v of_o the_o record_n under_o hand_n wherein_o lie_v a_o cerciorare_fw-la to_o satisfy_v the_o court_n where_o the_o record_n be_v bring_v namely_o from_o the_o common_a plea_n to_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n from_o the_o king_n bench_n to_o the_o exchequer_n which_o heretofore_o be_v do_v in_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o the_o party_n grieve_v and_o in_o prison_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n can_v be_v bailable_a upon_o a_o writ_n of_o error_n after_o judgement_n and_o execution_n as_o he_o be_v upon_o a_o judgement_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n in_o the_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n for_o this_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n challenge_v some_o priority_n herein_o quaerela_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la the_o writ_n of_o audita_fw-la quaerela_fw-la be_v grant_v out_o of_o the_o king_n bench_n court_n if_o the_o judgement_n do_v depend_v there_o and_o returnable_a in_o the_o say_a court_n or_o else_o out_o of_o the_o chancery_n returnable_a in_o the_o king_n bench_n whereupon_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n take_v four_o bail_n in_o the_o vacation_n time_n before_o a_o master_n of_o the_o chancery_n and_o the_o matter_n do_v mere_o depend_v upon_o the_o bail_n the_o suggestion_n of_o the_o writ_n in_o matter_n of_o law_n be_v a_o late_a contract_n after_o judgement_n and_o execution_n a_o escape_n in_o law_n if_o the_o prisoner_n be_v by_o the_o gaoler_n permit_v to_o go_v abroad_o without_o the_o king_n writ_n or_o if_o he_o break_v prison_n in_o which_o case_n the_o gaoler_n be_v to_o pay_v the_o debt_n or_o upon_o a_o payment_n make_v since_o the_o execution_n also_o a_o wrong_a recovery_n by_o a_o executor_n who_o the_o prerogative_n court_n do_v afterward_o disavow_v such_o and_o the_o like_a suggestion_n be_v to_o be_v try_v by_o another_o jury_n upon_o evidence_n to_o be_v produce_v to_o prove_v the_o say_a allegation_n law_n a_o strict_a law_n this_o common_a law_n be_v so_o strict_a that_o the_o proverb_n be_v summum_fw-la ius_fw-la summa_fw-la iniuria_fw-la for_o example_n if_o a_o man_n seize_v of_o land_n in_o fee_n have_v issue_n two_o son_n the_o elder_a son_n go_v beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o because_o a_o common_a voice_n be_v that_o he_o be_v dead_a the_o young_a brother_n be_v take_v for_o heite_n the_o father_n die_v the_o young_a brother_n enter_v as_o heir_n and_o alienate_v the_o land_n with_o a_o warranty_n and_o die_v without_o any_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n and_o after_o the_o elder_a brother_n come_v again_o and_o claim_v the_o land_n as_o heir_n to_o his_o father_n in_o this_o case_n by_o the_o law_n the_o elder_a brother_n shall_v be_v bar_v by_o the_o warranty_n of_o the_o young_a brother_n again_o partner_n can_v sue_v each_o other_o by_o the_o law_n law_n partner_n can_v sue_v each_o other_o by_o the_o law_n if_o two_o man_n have_v a_o wood_n joint_o and_o the_o one_o sell_v the_o wood_n and_o keep_v all_o the_o money_n whole_o to_o himself_o in_o this_o case_n his_o fellow_n shall_v have_v no_o remedy_n against_o he_o by_o the_o common_a law_n for_o as_o they_o when_o they_o take_v the_o wood_n joint_o put_v each_o other_o in_o trust_n and_o be_v content_v to_o occupy_v and_o deal_v together_o so_o the_o law_n suffer_v they_o to_o order_v the_o profit_n thereof_o the_o law_n therefore_o be_v not_o complete_a without_o the_o court_n of_o chancery_n or_o equity_n for_o the_o imperfection_n and_o rigour_n of_o it_o be_v qualify_v thereby_o call_v to_o be_v aequum_fw-la &_o bonum_fw-la which_o may_v be_v consider_v in_o this_o case_n two_o stranger_n joint_o do_v deliver_v in_o trust_n unto_o a_o widow_n woman_n a_o round_a sum_n of_o money_n with_o condition_n not_o to_o deliver_v the_o same_o out_o of_o her_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o both_o shall_v demand_v the_o same_o within_o a_o while_n after_o one_o of_o they_o come_v unto_o she_o and_o do_v assure_v she_o by_o good_a indices_fw-la and_o probability_n that_o the_o other_o his_o companion_n be_v dead_a and_o thereupon_o do_v entreat_v she_o to_o deliver_v he_o the_o money_n which_o she_o do_v not_o suspect_v any_o fraud_n so_o the_o party_n go_v away_o with_o the_o money_n afterward_o come_v the_o other_o who_o be_v say_v to_o be_v dead_a and_o demand_v the_o money_n of_o the_o woman_n and_o understand_v that_o she_o have_v pay_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o other_o be_v much_o offend_v therewith_o and_o cause_v she_o to_o be_v adiourn_v before_o the_o judge_n the_o woman_n appear_v do_v declare_v the_o matter_n according_a to_o the_o truth_n show_v how_o the_o other_o have_v deceive_v she_o and_o she_o do_v whole_o rely_v upon_o the_o integrity_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o judge_n equity_n example_n of_o law_n and_o equity_n here_o a_o action_n of_o the_o case_n may_v have_v be_v bring_v against_o the_o woman_n by_o the_o law_n and_o cause_v she_o to_o seek_v the_o party_n that_o have_v deceive_v she_o but_o the_o judge_n temper_v the_o rigour_n of_o the_o law_n do_v give_v sentence_n that_o the_o woman_n shall_v pay_v the_o money_n unto_o the_o party_n so_o as_o he_o bring_v his_o companion_n with_o he_o to_o demand_v the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o covenant_n they_o both_o joint_o have_v repose_v a_o trust_n in_o she_o here_o i_o call_v to_o mind_v the_o question_n which_o no_o judge_n can_v determine_v a_o covetous_a doctor_n at_o the_o civil_a law_n will_v not_o instruct_v a_o young_a student_n unless_o he_o do_v pay_v he_o a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n whereunto_o the_o student_n do_v condescend_v conditional_o that_o he_o shall_v
they_o shall_v speak_v truth_n to_o that_o which_o shall_v be_v demand_v of_o they_o 3_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o require_v without_o just_a cause_n any_o time_n of_o prolongation_n 4_o that_o they_o have_v not_o nor_o will_v attempt_v to_o corrupt_v witness_n 6_o the_o six_o time_n upon_o the_o contestation_n and_o interlocutorie_a sentence_n you_o must_v observe_v nine_o thing_n 1_o that_o the_o witness_n be_v present_v in_o presence_n of_o the_o party_n against_o who_o they_o be_v produce_v 2_o that_o they_o be_v freeman_n and_o honest_a and_o not_o hire_v nor_o corrupt_v 3_o that_o they_o be_v swear_v and_o the_o producent_fw-la pay_v his_o charge_n 4_o you_o may_v inquire_v of_o the_o party_n that_o do_v produce_v the_o witness_n as_o also_o of_o the_o witness_n by_o certain_a article_n what_o may_v appertain_v to_o the_o cause_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o admittance_n for_o to_o be_v swear_v because_o their_o deposition_n be_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o matter_n 5_o that_o the_o plaintiff_n have_v have_v three_o several_a time_n to_o produce_v his_o witness_n shall_v not_o have_v any_o other_o time_n to_o examine_v any_o more_o unless_o he_o do_v swear_v that_o he_o know_v not_o what_o the_o former_a witness_n have_v depose_v and_o the_o judge_n do_v assent_v thereunto_o 6_o if_o the_o witness_n have_v declare_v any_o thing_n obscure_o they_o may_v declare_v the_o same_o more_o plain_o if_o the_o judge_n do_v desire_v the_o same_o at_o the_o entreaty_n of_o the_o party_n according_a as_o he_o shall_v direct_v 7_o after_o publication_n of_o the_o witness_n deposition_n there_o may_v not_o any_o other_o witness_n be_v depose_v upon_o the_o say_a interrogatory_n or_o any_o matter_n touch_v the_o same_o 8_o that_o the_o witness_n be_v examine_v of_o the_o time_n of_o the_o place_n and_o of_o the_o case_n itself_o whether_o they_o have_v see_v or_o hear_v the_o same_o &_o what_o they_o believe_v or_o know_v thereof_o or_o of_o the_o report_n they_o have_v hear_v 9_o that_o to_o avoid_v charge_n there_o be_v not_o too_o many_o examine_v arragon_n a_o maximo_n of_o the_o law_n of_o arragon_n the_o seven_o time_n be_v when_o all_o must_v be_v allege_v which_o may_v any_o manner_n of_o way_n make_v for_o the_o state_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o if_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o two_o witness_n tell_v one_o tale_n as_o it_o be_v verbatim_o their_o evidence_n be_v void_a and_o the_o eight_o time_n the_o judge_n proceed_v to_o a_o definitive_a sentence_n and_o the_o nine_o time_n which_o must_v be_v do_v within_o ten_o day_n the_o party_n may_v appeal_v and_o thereupon_o for_o the_o ten_o time_n the_o pleyto_n or_o suit_n with_o all_o the_o record_n go_v out_o of_o that_o judge_n court_n to_o a_o high_a court_n where_o it_o may_v not_o depend_v above_o a_o limit_a time_n the_o observation_n do_v minister_v a_o occasion_n that_o many_o controversy_n be_v end_v without_o law_n for_o the_o party_n be_v not_o sure_a to_o observe_v these_o time_n and_o the_o defendant_n which_o seek_v delay_n be_v not_o content_v with_o so_o short_a a_o time_n of_o plead_v the_o complainant_n also_o may_v know_v whether_o it_o be_v safe_a for_o he_o to_o take_v his_o oath_n as_o aforesaid_a that_o he_o be_v in_o conscience_n persuade_v of_o his_o right_n suit_n to_o abridge_v the_o multiplicity_n of_o suit_n and_o morever_o pay_v a_o fine_a for_o wrong_v molestation_n abridge_v with_o they_o heretofore_o the_o multiplicity_n of_o suit_n omit_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o other_o court_n of_o equity_n and_o call_v law_n and_o equity_n to_o be_v the_o common_a law_n so_o much_o commend_v above_o the_o civil_a law_n by_o the_o say_v m_o r._n fortescue_n sometime_o lord_n chief_a justice_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o who_o have_v observe_v five_o point_n wherein_o the_o same_o consist_v let_v we_o observe_v many_o more_o to_o extol_v the_o excellency_n of_o the_o say_v common_a law_n as_o follow_v summary_o 1_o first_o because_o of_o the_o antiquity_n thereof_o england_n excellency_n of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n for_o that_o in_o all_o the_o time_n that_o the_o realm_n be_v inhabit_v by_o five_o several_a nation_n the_o same_o be_v still_o rule_v by_o the_o say_a custom_n that_o it_o be_v now_o govern_v withal_o which_o if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v good_a some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o these_o several_a nation_n move_v either_o with_o justice_n or_o with_o reason_n and_o affection_n will_v have_v change_v or_o abolish_v the_o same_o especial_o the_o roman_n who_o judge_v all_o the_o world_n 2_o second_o for_o that_o the_o king_n of_o england_n at_o their_o coronation_n do_v take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o cause_v all_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o be_v faithful_o observe_v according_a to_o the_o former_a institution_n 3_o for_o that_o the_o say_v ancient_a custom_n or_o maxim_n thereof_o be_v inexpugnable_a and_o do_v stand_v of_o their_o own_o authority_n as_o principle_n which_o need_v no_o reason_n to_o confirm_v their_o authority_n as_o the_o law_n of_o solon_n draco_n carondas_n lycurgus_n numa_n pompilius_n and_o the_o law_n of_o twelve_o table_n etc._n etc._n 4_o because_o all_o difference_n and_o controversy_n which_o happen_v between_o the_o king_n and_o his_o subject_n be_v try_v and_o determine_v by_o the_o law_n and_o if_o it_o be_v do_v in_o parliament_n or_o by_o the_o judge_n it_o be_v still_o according_a to_o the_o law_n 5_o because_o the_o king_n personal_o give_v not_o any_o judgement_n especial_o when_o himself_o be_v a_o party_n see_v it_o be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o be_v both_o judge_n and_o party_n 6_o for_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o decease_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n from_o time_n to_o time_n the_o judge_n of_o the_o court_n of_o record_n that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o the_o chancery_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n which_o do_v sit_v as_o judge_n by_o the_o king_n letter_n patent_n do_v remain_v authorise_v and_o their_o power_n end_v not_o immediate_o with_o the_o king_n howbeit_o the_o succeed_a king_n do_v confirm_v they_o in_o their_o office_n whereby_o all_o sedition_n be_v prevent_v during_o the_o inter_fw-la regnum_fw-la 7_o for_o that_o with_o indifferency_n without_o regard_n of_o person_n it_o command_v as_o well_o the_o nobility_n and_o other_o person_n of_o dignity_n by_o way_n of_o utlagare_o or_o outlaw_n as_o the_o mean_a subject_n 8_o for_o exercise_v a_o power_n over_o the_o judge_n which_o be_v not_o to_o judge_v of_o the_o law_n but_o by_o the_o law_n and_o therefore_o be_v the_o word_n judicium_fw-la properly_z attribute_v to_o their_o determination_n even_o as_o the_o word_n decretum_fw-la be_v understand_v of_o the_o ordinance_n or_o sentence_n of_o the_o magistrate_n follow_v equity_n as_o it_o be_v without_o law_n for_o there_o be_v the_o like_a proportion_n between_o the_o law_n and_o the_o execution_n thereof_o call_v legis_fw-la actio_fw-la as_o there_o be_v between_o equity_n and_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o magistrate_n call_v judicis_fw-la officium_fw-la 9_o for_o that_o the_o officer_n thereof_o be_v authorise_v according_a to_o the_o quality_n and_o due_a execution_n of_o it_o by_o a_o proportionable_a distribution_n namely_o the_o judge_n for_o term_n of_o life_n and_o officer_n subaltern_a change_v from_o year_n to_o year_n to_o the_o end_n the_o administration_n of_o justice_n may_v be_v more_o indifferent_a 10_o for_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o trial_n thereof_o in_o several_a court_n according_a to_o law_n and_o equity_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o agree_v and_o most_o necessary_a discord_n as_o it_o be_v concordi_fw-la discordia_fw-la whereby_o the_o body_n of_o justice_n be_v support_v by_o strive_v as_o the_o stone_n uphold_v a_o vault_n as_o cato_n say_v 11_o for_o that_o the_o judge_n in_o criminal_a cause_n do_v change_v from_o time_n to_o time_n their_o circuit_n and_o inferior_a judge_n of_o the_o court_n do_v execute_v the_o place_n as_o well_o as_o superior_a judge_n whereby_o partiality_n be_v prevent_v 12_o for_o that_o the_o law_n tend_v most_o careful_o for_o the_o good_a and_o preservation_n of_o life_n and_o good_n of_o every_o good_a and_o honest_a man_n see_v that_o even_o in_o criminal_a cause_n it_o have_v provide_v as_o much_o as_o may_v stand_v with_o justice_n a_o help_n and_o favour_n permit_v the_o judge_n to_o order_v the_o plead_n of_o offender_n and_o to_o instruct_v they_o to_o avoid_v mispleading_a and_o give_v they_o leave_v to_o except_v against_o the_o juror_n which_o they_o dislike_v 13_o for_o that_o it_o do_v forbid_v the_o sale_n of_o office_n thereby_o intend_v due_a administration_n of_o justice_n for_o where_o office_n be_v sell_v as_o it_o be_v by_o the_o great_a there_o justice_n be_v common_o sell_v by_o
king_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n in_o the_o year_n 1328_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o flowerdeluce_n as_o good_a in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o sun_n now_o be_v then_o worth_a but_o twenty_o sou_n tournois_n common_o account_v to_o be_v two_o shilling_n sterling_a in_o those_o day_n say_v he_o the_o french_a ell_n or_o yard_n of_o velvet_n be_v worth_a four_o liver_n which_o be_v four_o crown_n or_o eight_o shilling_n sterling_a the_o say_a ell_n of_o velvet_n do_v now_o cost_v ten_o liver_n or_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o the_o french_a crown_n which_o be_v then_o value_v at_o two_o shilling_n be_v now_o value_v at_o fifty_o sou_n or_o five_o shilling_n so_o that_o four_o crown_n do_v make_v the_o say_v twenty_o shilling_n yet_o the_o say_a french_a crown_n do_v not_o contain_v more_o gold_n in_o weight_n or_o fineness_n than_o before_o and_o consequent_o the_o velvet_n be_v not_o now_o dear_a than_o it_o be_v then_o the_o gentleman_n that_o have_v now_o five_o hundred_o liver_n by_o the_o year_n to_o spend_v have_v no_o more_o than_o he_o that_o have_v one_o hundred_o liver_n to_o spend_v in_o those_o day_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n he_o proceed_v for_o corn_n wine_n and_o other_o commodity_n and_o thereupon_o conclude_v that_o the_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n be_v but_o imaginary_a and_o a_o vain_a opinion_n to_o conceive_v that_o thing_n shall_v be_v dear_a now_o than_o in_o those_o day_n the_o second_o paradox_n there_o be_v much_o to_o be_v lose_v upon_o a_o crown_n or_o any_o other_o money_n although_o the_o same_o be_v give_v in_o payment_n at_o the_o price_n it_o be_v receive_v this_o say_v monsieur_n malestroit_n be_v a_o old_a and_o common_a error_n root_v in_o the_o judgement_n of_o most_o man_n that_o be_v far_o from_o the_o mark_n and_o without_o their_o reckon_n as_o he_o will_v manifest_v in_o the_o former_a term_n in_o the_o aforesaid_a time_n of_o king_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n the_o french_a crown_n aforesaid_a be_v worth_a but_o twenty_o sou_n which_o be_v now_o currant_n for_o fifty_o sou_n the_o gentleman_n that_o have_v fifty_o sou_n rend_v or_o income_n do_v receive_v for_o it_o two_o crown_n and_o ahalfe_n or_o so_o much_o in_o silver_n according_o for_o which_o two_o crown_n and_o a_o half_a he_o have_v half_o a_o yard_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n of_o velvet_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o four_o liver_n the_o yard_n which_o be_v the_o price_n of_o velvet_n then_o now_o for_o this_o fifty_o sou_n the_o gentleman_n do_v receive_v but_o one_o crown_n or_o so_o much_o of_o silver_n money_n and_o for_o that_o one_o crown_n now_o he_o can_v buy_v but_o one_o quarter_n of_o a_o yard_n of_o velvet_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o liver_n that_o velvet_n be_v now_o worth_a whereas_o before_o he_o have_v half_o a_o yard_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n although_o he_o have_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n for_o fifty_o sol_n which_o be_v the_o price_n for_o which_o he_o receive_v the_o say_a crown_n and_o so_o proceed_v with_o other_o the_o like_a example_n in_o the_o buy_n of_o commodity_n with_o silver_n coin_n or_o in_o the_o receive_n of_o rent_n or_o income_n add_v further_o thereunto_o that_o if_o any_o man_n will_v object_v and_o say_v i_o care_v not_o what_o the_o crown_n liver_n or_o sou_n be_v worth_a so_o as_o i_o have_v a_o hundred_o liver_n of_o rent_n pay_v i_o and_o that_o i_o can_v pay_v out_o again_o the_o say_v hundred_o liver_n this_o man_n say_v he_o must_v then_o make_v proof_n that_o he_o can_v have_v now_o as_o much_o ware_n for_o two_o sou_n as_o he_o can_v have_v have_v in_o time_n pass_v for_o two_o sou_n which_o be_v of_o fine_a silver_n and_o now_o almost_o of_o copper_n and_o in_o do_v so_o he_o shall_v make_v a_o three_o paradox_n more_o strange_a than_o the_o former_a for_o he_o shall_v go_v about_o to_o prove_v every_o thing_n to_o be_v become_v better_a cheap_a which_o can_v be_v prove_v the_o substance_n and_o intention_n of_o these_o two_o paradox_n be_v say_v he_o to_o show_v that_o the_o king_n and_o his_o subject_n do_v buy_v all_o thing_n as_o dear_a as_o in_o time_n past_a for_o that_o they_o must_v give_v as_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o in_o time_n past_a but_o by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o money_n of_o gold_n from_o whence_o of_o necessity_n proceed_v the_o abate_n of_o the_o silver_n money_n they_o inhaunce_v of_o gold_n abate_v the_o silver_n in_o regard_n of_o proportion_n between_o they_o the_o king_n do_v not_o receive_v in_o payment_n of_o his_o revenue_n such_o a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o his_o predecessor_n in_o like_a manner_n noblemen_z and_o gentleman_n that_o have_v great_a revenue_n and_o incombe_n do_v not_o receive_v such_o a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o in_o time_n past_a but_o be_v pay_v as_o the_o king_n be_v in_o copper_n in_o lieu_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o which_o copper_n according_a to_o the_o second_o paradox_n they_o can_v have_v so_o much_o ware_n as_o they_o may_v have_v for_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n so_o that_o the_o loss_n which_o we_o have_v by_o the_o grow_a dear_a of_o all_o thing_n come_v not_o by_o give_v more_o but_o by_o receive_v less_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o before_o whereby_o we_o see_v manifest_o that_o the_o more_o we_o do_v enhance_v the_o price_n of_o money_n the_o more_o we_o lose_v mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n the_o famous_a and_o learned_a politician_n politician_n the_o great_a french_a politician_n take_v upon_o he_o to_o make_v a_o answer_n unto_o those_o two_o paradox_n be_v of_o another_o opinion_n and_o set_v down_o other_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v five_o in_o number_n namely_o 1_o the_o principal_a and_o almost_o only_a cause_n the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n now_o extant_a in_o the_o kingdom_n more_o than_o in_o time_n past_a 2_o the_o monopoly_n 3_o the_o want_n of_o thing_n cause_v by_o excessive_a trade_n and_o waste_v thereof_o 4_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n that_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n 5_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n to_o prove_v the_o first_o case_n and_o principal_a he_o allege_v diverse_a example_n plutarch_n and_o pliny_n do_v witness_n wealth_n example_n of_o great_a wealth_n that_o paulus_n aemilius_n after_o the_o conquest_n of_o macedon_n against_o the_o persian_n do_v bring_v such_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o rome_n that_o the_o people_n be_v free_v of_o all_o impost_n and_o the_o price_n of_o land_n advance_v unto_o two_o three_o part_n sudden_o the_o emperor_n augustus_n bring_v such_o great_a treasure_n from_o egypt_n that_o the_o price_n of_o usury_n do_v decrease_v and_o land_n become_v much_o dear_a and_o the_o like_a at_o jerusalem_n by_o the_o come_n of_o the_o queen_n of_o candace_n and_o in_o the_o west_n indies_n by_o the_o spaniard_n conquest_n there_o and_o hereunto_o he_o make_v a_o comparison_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o time_n past_a etc._n the_o french_a king_n john_n in_o england_n etc._n etc._n for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o ransom_n of_o prince_n take_v prisoner_n in_o those_o day_n and_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o increase_n of_o wealth_n by_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o west_n indies_n the_o propagation_n of_o the_o people_n in_o france_n their_o trade_n for_o turkey_n and_o barbary_n their_o bank_n at_o lion_n and_o other_o accident_n concern_v the_o second_o cause_n of_o monopoly_n he_o do_v pass_v over_o the_o same_o as_o a_o matter_n not_o considerable_a and_o do_v limit_v monopoly_n only_o to_o the_o combination_n of_o merchant_n and_o artificer_n in_o the_o set_n of_o a_o price_n to_o commodity_n or_o their_o handy_a work_n by_o augment_v their_o wage_n touch_v the_o three_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n by_o the_o want_n or_o waste_v of_o they_o he_o observe_v some_o especial_a thing_n that_o corn_n and_o wine_n be_v better_a cheap_a during_o the_o time_n of_o war_n than_o peace_n because_o the_o husbandman_n be_v drive_v to_o sell_v and_o to_o make_v money_n of_o his_o ware_n and_o the_o gentleman_n find_v the_o same_o perishable_a when_o the_o merchant_n dare_v not_o lade_v his_o ship_n do_v abate_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n and_o make_v the_o people_n to_o live_v good_a cheap_a which_o according_a to_o the_o proverb_n france_n can_v never_o be_v famish_v will_v always_o continue_v france_n the_o fertility_n of_o france_n if_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o stranger_n their_o storehouse_n be_v not_o empty_v concern_v the_o four_o cause_n of_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n impose_v a_o price_n upon_o commodity_n
which_o they_o do_v affect_v plato_n say_v that_o it_o be_v a_o general_a rule_n in_o state_n matter_n that_o prince_n do_v not_o only_o give_v law_n unto_o their_o subject_n but_o also_o by_o their_o example_n they_o do_v change_v the_o manner_n of_o man_n man_n the_o example_n of_o prince_n do_v change_v the_o manner_n of_o man_n to_o which_o purpose_n he_o do_v use_v the_o example_n of_o their_o king_n francis_n the_o first_o who_o be_v hurt_v in_o the_o head_n cause_v his_o hair_n to_o be_v cut_v off_o wherein_o the_o people_n do_v present_o imitate_v he_o we_o have_v see_v say_v he_o three_o great_a prince_n strive_v as_o it_o be_v who_o shall_v have_v the_o most_o learned_a man_n and_o best_a artificer_n namely_o the_o say_v great_a king_n francis_n the_o first_o henry_n the_o 8_o king_n of_o england_n and_o pope_n paul_n the_o three_o insomuch_o that_o the_o king_n of_o england_n can_v never_o have_v the_o learned_a and_o reverend_a beda_n and_o the_o french_a king_n do_v pay_v seventie_o two_o thousand_o crown_n for_o a_o diamond_n rather_o than_o king_n henry_n shall_v have_v have_v it_o hereupon_o present_o the_o people_n do_v give_v themselves_o to_o study_v and_o to_o buy_v precious_a stone_n when_o the_o nobility_n do_v imitate_v the_o king_n and_o when_o the_o king_n give_v over_o the_o same_o the_o price_n of_o they_o be_v much_o abate_v if_o any_o man_n shall_v here_o object_v say_v monsieur_n bodin_n that_o if_o thing_n shall_v still_o become_v dear_a partly_o through_o the_o waste_n and_o partly_o for_o the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n no_o man_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o live_v because_o of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n it_o be_v true_a but_o the_o war_n and_o calamity_n happen_v to_o a_o commonwealth_n do_v stay_v the_o course_n of_o it_o as_o we_o may_v note_v that_o the_o roman_n have_v live_v with_o scarcity_n and_o to_o speak_v proper_o in_o want_n and_o misery_n almost_o five_o hundred_o year_n when_o they_o have_v but_o copper_n money_n of_o a_o pound_n weight_n weight_n copper_n money_n of_o one_o pound_n weight_n and_o without_o stamp_n for_o their_o gold_n and_o silver_n come_v unto_o they_o in_o one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o year_n by_o the_o spoil_n of_o all_o the_o world_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o rome_n by_o the_o scipion_n paul_n emilyus_fw-la marius_n sylla_n lucullus_n pompey_n and_o caesar_n especial_o by_o the_o two_o last_o for_o pompey_n do_v conquer_v so_o much_o land_n roman_n great_a wealth_n of_o the_o roman_n as_o make_v the_o revenue_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o be_v eight_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o crown_n caesar_n notwithstanding_o all_o his_o prodigality_n bring_v to_o the_o treasury_n forty_o million_o of_o crown_n have_v give_v at_o one_o time_n unto_o paul_n consul_n 900_o thousand_o crown_n to_o hold_v silence_n and_o unto_o curion_n tribune_n 1500_o thousand_o crown_n to_o take_v his_o part_n mark_v anthony_n go_v further_o as_o plutarch_n and_o appian_n have_v write_v for_o he_o give_v unto_o his_o army_n for_o their_o service_n do_v 200_o thousand_o talent_n be_v 120_o million_o of_o crown_n so_o do_v adrian_n the_o emperor_n to_o have_v the_o good_a will_n of_o forty_o legion_n give_v ten_o million_o whereby_o appear_v great_a abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o have_v be_v at_o rome_n but_o it_o do_v not_o last_v ever_o for_o in_o less_o than_o three_o hundred_o year_n the_o parth_n goth_n hercules_n hongres_n and_o other_o cruel_a nation_n do_v overcome_v the_o empire_n and_o all_o italy_n and_o overcome_v the_o roman_n burn_v their_o city_n and_o take_v the_o spoil_n of_o they_o the_o like_a do_v happen_v unto_o all_o commonweal_n to_o wax_n and_o increase_v by_o little_a and_o little_a and_o to_o flourish_v for_o a_o time_n in_o wealth_n and_o power_n commonweal_n the_o property_n of_o commonweal_n and_o afterward_o to_o grow_v old_a and_o decline_v until_o they_o be_v utter_o ruinate_v and_o destroy_v touch_v the_o last_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n by_o the_o alteration_n of_o money_n he_o show_v how_o monsieur_n malestroit_n have_v mistake_v the_o matter_n in_o the_o money_n themselves_o make_v within_o three_o hundred_o year_n for_o whereas_o he_o say_v that_o saint_n lewis_n cause_v the_o first_o sol_n to_o be_v coin_a worth_a twelve_o denier_n whereof_o sixty_o four_o piece_n go_v to_o the_o mark_n weight_n of_o eight_o ounce_n and_o that_o in_o philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n his_o time_n the_o crown_n of_o the_o flower_n de_fw-fr luce_n without_o number_n and_o as_o good_a as_o the_o crown_n now_o be_v value_v but_o at_o twenty_o sol_n and_o that_o afterwards_o king_n john_n cause_v the_o frankes_n to_o be_v make_v of_o sine_fw-la gold_n which_o be_v but_o value_v twenty_o sol_n and_o that_o the_o sol_n of_o silver_n be_v worth_a five_o of_o our_o sol_n he_o do_v not_o say_v of_o what_o weight_n and_o fineness_n the_o money_n be_v in_o those_o day_n and_o in_o conclusion_n he_o say_v that_o the_o price_n of_o thing_n be_v not_o alter_v by_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n but_o if_o mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n according_a to_o his_o wisdom_n and_o deep_a judgement_n in_o other_o matter_n have_v due_o consider_v of_o these_o two_o paradox_n he_o will_v have_v make_v a_o direct_a answer_n thereunto_o before_o he_o will_v have_v proceed_v in_o his_o former_a discourse_n the_o first_o paradox_n be_v consider_v with_o the_o second_o will_v show_v a_o manifest_a contradiction_n or_o contrariety_n paradox_n the_o contratierie_a of_o the_o paradox_n for_o the_o first_o do_v consist_v in_o give_v of_o more_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o commodity_n now_o than_o in_o time_n past_a which_o he_o deni_v and_o the_o second_o in_o receive_v less_o commodity_n for_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n now_o than_o in_o time_n past_a which_o he_o affirm_v which_o both_o way_n be_v to_o be_v take_v in_o nature_n of_o commutation_n now_o if_o we_o do_v not_o give_v more_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o commodity_n than_o in_o time_n past_a how_o can_v we_o receive_v less_o commodity_n for_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o thereby_o receive_v a_o loss_n as_o in_o the_o second_o paradox_n be_v allege_v again_o if_o we_o do_v receive_v less_o quantity_n of_o commodity_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o in_o time_n past_a according_a to_o the_o second_o paradox_n whereby_o we_o sustain_v a_o loss_n how_o can_v the_o first_o paradox_n be_v true_a that_o nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a for_o that_o we_o give_v no_o more_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n than_o in_o time_n past_a commodity_n and_o money_n lie_v by_o this_o comparison_n in_o a_o equal_a balance_n but_o let_v we_o admit_v that_o monsieur_n malestroit_n have_v a_o intention_n which_o he_o may_v have_v express_v in_o few_o word_n if_o he_o have_v the_o true_a ground_n and_o understand_v the_o matter_n he_o go_v about_o by_o prove_v only_o that_o when_o money_n do_v alter_v in_o weight_n or_o in_o fineness_n or_o in_o valuation_n etc._n cause_n of_o the_o denomination_n of_o money_n etc._n etc._n or_o in_o all_o three_o the_o price_n of_o thing_n do_v alter_v only_o by_o denomination_n if_o the_o valuation_n be_v make_v according_o yet_o mounseur_fw-fr bodine_n have_v not_o make_v a_o good_a interpretation_n of_o the_o say_a paradox_n and_o mistake_v the_o true_a ground_n of_o the_o matter_n in_o question_n touch_v the_o price_n of_o commodity_n which_o he_o compare_v within_o themselves_o in_o the_o realm_n of_o france_n whereas_o the_o comparison_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o one_o country_n with_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o other_o country_n and_o thereby_o find_v out_o whether_o thing_n be_v grow_v dear_a with_o we_o or_o with_o they_o in_o effect_n so_o that_o they_o both_o mistake_v their_o ground_n we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o say_a treatise_n that_o they_o have_v lose_v ariadne_n her_o line_n wherewith_o they_o enter_v into_o the_o labyrinth_n of_o money_n and_o their_o property_n before_o declare_v be_v like_a unto_o a_o man_n who_o have_v lose_v his_o way_n among_o the_o wood_n the_o further_o he_o go_v the_o more_o he_o err_v from_o the_o right_a way_n to_o entreat_v therefore_o of_o commodity_n and_o money_n in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n between_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n be_v not_o sufficient_a but_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n be_v the_o public_a measure_n between_o they_o must_v be_v regard_v as_o the_o principal_a and_o overrule_a part_n thereof_o for_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v frame_v a_o silogisme_n in_o manner_n follow_v he_o shall_v find_v the_o same_o full_a of_o fallacy_n and_o misprision_n nay_o a_o very_a dilemma_n nothing_o cause_v merchant_n to_o export_v more_o money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n than_o they_o bring_v
coin_n which_o be_v of_o late_a year_n establish_v to_o prevent_v the_o inhance_a of_o coin_n and_o yet_o it_o can_v be_v sufficient_a to_o prevent_v the_o say_a incertainty_n of_o the_o price_n of_o commodity_n if_o the_o standard_n of_o the_o say_a money_n be_v by_o allay_n of_o copper_n alter_v much_o less_o will_v the_o advice_n give_v that_o merchant_n account_n shall_v no_o more_o be_v keep_v in_o liver_n and_o sou_n but_o in_o french_a crown_n to_o hinder_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o money_n which_o in_o some_o country_n be_v secret_o practise_v to_o be_v do_v of_o mere_a policy_n when_o by_o public_a authority_n it_o be_v forbid_v and_o may_v be_v effect_v as_o within_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n scotland_n and_o ireland_n and_o other_o his_o majesty_n dominion_n where_o the_o money_n be_v not_o enhance_v between_o man_n and_o man_n and_o remain_v currant_n according_a to_o their_o price_n until_o the_o king_n authority_n do_v alter_v the_o valuation_n by_o proclamation_n albeit_o by_o exchange_n it_o be_v not_o so_o and_o therefore_o according_a to_o my_o three_o paradox_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o imaginary_a money_n in_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o substantial_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la paradox_n the_o three_o paradox_n for_o the_o merchant_n valuation_n of_o money_n in_o exchange_n do_v over-rule_v the_o king_n valuation_n of_o money_n within_o the_o realm_n for_o when_o the_o king_n have_v value_v the_o shilling_n piece_n at_o twelve_o penny_n merchant_n undervalue_v the_o same_o in_o exchange_n at_o 11_o ½_n d_o and_z 11_o d_o not_o only_o in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n but_o also_o receive_v beyond_o the_o sea_n the_o enhanced_a money_n above_o their_o value_n and_o not_o value_v of_o they_o in_o exchange_n according_o as_o before_o have_v be_v observe_v concern_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n and_o the_o imaginary_a coin_n or_o rather_o money_n whereupon_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o so_o many_o several_a place_n the_o late_a earl_n of_o donfermel_v lord_n chancellor_n of_o scotland_n do_v propound_v unto_o the_o king_n majesty_n in_o the_o year_n 1610_o donfermel_v proposition_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o donfermel_v a_o certain_a proposition_n touch_v the_o inhaunce_n of_o gold_n his_o lordship_n be_v of_o a_o excellent_a judgement_n in_o mint_n affair_n that_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o go_v never_o in_o england_n to_o use_v his_o own_o phrase_n all_o queen_n elizabeth_n time_n above_o six_o shilling_n english_a money_n go_v now_o for_o seven_o shilling_n and_o three_o penny_n and_o that_o the_o english_a double_a sovereign_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n go_v in_o france_n for_o eleven_o francque_n or_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n and_o that_o both_o way_n there_o have_v be_v no_o alteration_n in_o the_o standard_n whereupon_o he_o do_v demand_v in_o write_v what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o say_a difference_n or_o alteration_n if_o this_o proceed_v say_v he_o from_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o gold_n that_o it_o be_v better_a in_o fineness_n and_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n or_o from_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o silver_n that_o it_o be_v worse_o than_o it_o be_v either_o in_o finesse_n &_o allay_n or_o in_o weight_n then_o be_v the_o cause_n intrinsic_a and_o substantial_a and_o may_v be_v easy_o consider_v and_o resolve_v if_o it_o be_v good_a or_o evil_n to_o be_v entertain_v maintain_v and_o set_v forward_o or_o reject_v and_o stay_v from_o all_o further_a course_n if_o there_o be_v any_o other_o cause_n or_o reason_n it_o must_v of_o force_n be_v extrinsicke_a and_o accidental_a let_v the_o same_o be_v search_v out_o if_o it_o be_v good_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o estate_n weal_n and_o commodity_n it_o shall_v be_v assist_v and_o continue_v if_o it_o be_v try_v evil_a proceed_v from_o the_o policy_n and_o craft_n of_o tradesman_n tend_v only_o to_o private_a gain_n and_o commodity_n prejudicial_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o state_n to_o be_v gainestood_v and_o expel_v this_o proportion_n be_v send_v unto_o i_o by_o a_o great_a personage_n then_o in_o high_a place_n be_v make_v plain_a by_o demonstration_n to_o proceed_v of_o a_o accidental_a cause_n by_o advance_v the_o valuation_n of_o gold_n partly_o in_o england_n when_o crown_n gold_n be_v value_v from_o fifty_o five_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n to_o three_o pound_n and_o partly_o in_o france_n when_o they_o do_v advance_v the_o french_a crown_n in_o specie_fw-la five_o sou_n advise_v therewithal_o that_o to_o remedy_v the_o same_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v do_v by_o inhaunce_v of_o our_o gold_n still_o more_o and_o more_o but_o in_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n between_o france_n and_o we_o otherwise_o we_o shall_v underualue_n too_o much_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o our_o exceed_a loss_n show_v withal_o how_o easy_o this_o may_v be_v do_v without_o alteration_n of_o the_o proportion_n observe_v between_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o most_o place_n but_o the_o contrary_n be_v approve_v and_o crown_n gold_n be_v more_o enhance_v to_o sixty_o six_o shilling_n the_o ounce_n by_o two_o several_a proclamation_n 1611._o november_n 1611._o which_o have_v prove_v the_o loss_n of_o our_o silver_n in_o bullion_n or_o weighty_a coin_n daily_a breed_n great_a inconvenience_n by_o the_o want_n of_o our_o money_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o undervaluation_n in_o exchange_n and_o not_o by_o undervaluation_n in_o specie_fw-la be_v continual_o export_v none_o import_v but_o divert_v by_o gain_n for_o other_o place_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v all_o which_o come_v to_o pass_v for_o want_v of_o true_a judgement_n and_o experience_n in_o mint_n affair_n with_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o say_v essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n so_o often_o mention_v whereof_o i_o hope_v that_o in_o general_a meeting_n for_o the_o public_a more_o regard_n will_v be_v have_v to_o the_o end_n it_o be_v not_o record_v of_o we_o as_o it_o have_v be_v of_o some_o parlement_n in_o france_n that_o in_o populi_fw-la republica_fw-la sententiae_fw-la numerantur_fw-la non_fw-la ponderantur_fw-la and_o then_o we_o shall_v be_v say_v to_o understand_v the_o par_fw-fr by_o right_a distinction_n between_o the_o active_a and_o passive_a 3._o pâ—ys_n 3._o lib._n ca._n 3._o aristotle_n say_v that_o action_n and_o passion_n be_v mere_o relative_n and_o that_o they_o differ_v no_o more_o than_o the_o way_n from_o thebes_n to_o athens_n and_o from_o athens_n to_o thebes_n let_v we_o discern_v therefore_o the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o and_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o as_o the_o liver_n money_n minister_v spirit_n to_o the_o heart_n commodity_n and_o the_o heart_n to_o the_o brain_n exchange_n so_o do_v the_o brain_n exchange_n minister_v to_o the_o whole_a microcosm_n or_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o traffic_n let_v the_o heart_n therefore_o by_o the_o liver_n receive_v his_o tintured_a chylus_n by_o his_o own_o mouth_n and_o stomach_n and_o the_o blood_n full_a of_o spirit_n shall_v fill_v all_o the_o vein_n and_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o money_n the_o easy_a course_n and_o recourse_n of_o who_o exchange_n shall_v bring_v all_o thing_n in_o tune_n &_o serve_v all_o man_n turn_n for_o even_o as_o there_o be_v two_o course_n observe_v of_o the_o sun_n sun_n two_o course_n of_o exchange_n like_o the_o two_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o one_o annual_a and_o the_o other_o by_o daily_a declination_n rise_v and_o go_v under_o within_o the_o aecliptique_a line_n even_o so_o must_v we_o observe_v in_o exchange_n two_o course_n the_o one_o according_a to_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o value_n for_o value_n the_o other_o rise_v or_o fall_v from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o declare_v whereof_o the_o say_v aristotle_n seneca_n nor_o cicero_n nor_o any_o other_o philosopher_n or_o orator_n can_v take_v notice_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o trade_n exchange_v not_o be_v then_o invent_v neither_o do_v we_o find_v that_o any_o temporal_a or_o civil_a lawyer_n have_v enter_v into_o this_o important_a study_n for_o the_o welfare_n of_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o equality_n and_o equity_n hitherto_o to_o conclude_v therefore_o this_o paradoxical_a discourse_n i_o can_v omit_v to_o do_v the_o same_o with_o another_o paradox_n by_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o make_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n namely_o that_o a_o man_n may_v commix_v bullion_n to_o make_v a_o certain_a standard_n of_o money_n either_o of_o gold_n and_o silver_n paradox_n a_o very_a strange_a paradox_n and_o after_o the_o commixture_n make_v shall_v alter_v the_o standard_n and_o make_v the_o same_o better_a or_o worse_o without_o put_v any_o allay_n or_o silver_n and_o gold_n unto_o it_o that_o be_v to_o say_v i_o will_v melt_v down_o eleven_o ounce_n and_o two_o penny_n weight_n of_o fine_a silver_n and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n of_o copper_n both_o one_o pound_n troy_n