Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	good_a	great_a	time_n	5,928	5	3.4202	3	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A28496	Irelands naturall history being a true and ample description of its situation, greatness, shape, and nature, of its hills, woods, heaths, bogs, of its fruitfull parts, and profitable grounds : with the severall ways of manuring and improving the same : with its heads or promontories, harbours, roads, and bays, of its springs, and fountains, brooks, rivers, loghs, of its metalls, mineralls, free-stone, marble, sea-coal, turf, and other things that are taken out of the ground : and lastly of the nature and temperature of its air and season, and what diseases it is free from or subject unto : conducing to the advancement of navigation, husbandry, and other profitable arts and professions / written by Gerald Boate ; and now published by Samuell Hartlib for the common good of Ireland and more especially for the benefit of the adventurers and planters therein.	Boate, Gerard, 1604-1650.; Hartlib, Samuel, d. 1662.	1657 (1657)	Wing B3373; ESTC R27215	105,129	208

finding an open entrance and twice a day with the Tide fully flowing into them maketh the water so salt And it would be no great error to take all those Loughs wherein that happeneth viz. Lough Cone in the County of Down Lough-Foile in the County of Colrain Lough-suille in Tirconnell and the Lough of Cork rather for Inlets of the Sea than for Lakes although the Inhabitants hold them all to be Loughs and give them the name of Loughs And in this number is also to be put that great Lough betwixt Limmerick and the sea through which the Shanon dischargeth it self into the sea of the which we have already spoke once or twice heretofore Sect. 4. Of Lough-Earne Lough-Neaugh and the rest of the great Loughs Amongst the great Loughs of Sweet-water are far the principallest Lough-Earne Lough-Neaugh the first of which is situated in the confines of Ulster and Connaught being in effect two different Loughs joyned together onely by a short and narrow chanel of which two that which lyeth farthest within the land doth extend it self in a manner directly North and South but the second which is next to the sea doth lye East and West so that both together they have the fashion of a bended elbow being both very broad in the midst growing by degrees narrower towards both the ends Lough-Neaugh lyeth in the North-Easterly part of Ulster bordering upon the Counties of Tirone Armagh Down Antrim and Colrain being of a round or rather somwhat ovall figure Next in bigness to these two is Lough-Corbes the same on whose neather-end the City Galloway is seated The two Loughs thorough which the Shanon passeth Lough-Ree and Lough-Dirg item Lough-Fingarrow in Connaught betwixt the Counties of Maio and Roscomen In the last place as the least of this sort are Lough-Allen out of which the Shanon taketh his originall being nine miles long and three miles broad Lough-Meâ—ke situated betwixt Lough-Fingarrow and the Lough of Galloway And Lough-Larne in the County of Kerry in Munster not far from the upper-end of those two famous Bayes Dingle and Maire The least of these is some miles long and broad and many miles in circuit but the biggest are of so vast a compass that they are more like a Sea than a Lough Sect. 5. Of the Ilands in the Loughs Most of these great Loughs are very full of little Ilands and above all Lough-Earne in which the same are numberless In Lough-Cone also there is so great a number that those who inhabit about it affirm them to bee two hundred and threescore Lough-Ree and Lough-Dirg are likewise very full of them And there is also a good many in Lough-Fingarrow Lough-Larne and Suille But Lough-Foile is very free from them and in the Lough of Cork there is not above one or two as likewise in Lough-Neaugh in which they lye near to the â—ides leaving the midst altogether free Very few of these Ilands are inhabited or planted but the most part being plentifully cloathed with very sweet Grass serve for pastures to sheep and other cattle the which doe thrive wonderfully well in them and the same befalleth also in the middle sort of Loughs amongst which likewise there be very few that have not some of these little Ilands in them In some few of these Ilands especially of Lough-Earne and Lough-Ree are some dwellings whereunto persons who love solitariness were wont to retire themselves and might live there with much contentment as finding there not only privacy and quietness with opportunity for studies and contemplations but there besides great delightfulness in the place it self with variety of very sweet pastimes in fowling fishing planting and gardening In one of the greatest Ilands of Lough-Earne Sir Henry Spotteswood had a fine seat with goodly Buildings Gardens Orchards and a pretty little Village with a Church and Steeple belonging to it which whither it is in being yet or destroyed by the Barbarians and bloody Rebels I am not informed In Lough Sillon in the County of Cavan in a Iland not far from the bank where the River Nanneâ— runneth into it is a Castle built of form four square which covereth the whole I le much after the manner of the Fort Eneskellin in Lough-Earne and so many more to long to be rehearsed Sect. 6. Of St Patriks Purgatory One of these little Ilands situated in Lough-Dirg one of the middle-sort of Loughs hath been very famous for the space of some ages over almost all Christendome because the world was made to beleeve that there was the suburbs of Purgatorie into which whoso had the courage to goe and remaine there the appointed time did see and suffer very strange and terrible things which perswasion having lasted untill our times the matter hath been discovered with in these few yeares and found to be a meer illusion This discoverie was made during the goverment of Richard Boile Earle of Cork and Adam Lostus Vicount of Elie and Lord Chancellour of Ireland which two being Lords Iustices of that Kingdome in the last yeares of King Iames desirous to know the truth of the business sent some persons of qualitie to the place to inquire exactly into the truth of the whole matter These did find that that miraculous and fearfull cave descending down to the very Purgatorie and Hell was nothing els but a little cell digged or hewen out of the Rockie ground without any windowes or holes so as the doore beeing shut one could not see a jot within it beeing of so little depth that a tall man could but just stand upright in it and of no greater capacity than to contain six or seven persons Now when that any person desirous to goe that Pilgrimage to Purgatory was come into the Iland the Friars some small number whereof made their constant aboad there for that purpose made him watch and fast excessively whereby and through the recounting of strange and horrible apparitions and â—antasmes which he would meet withall in that subterranean pilgrimage being well preepared they did shut him up in that little dark hole and beeing drawn out again from thence after some houres altogether astonished and in a maze he would be a good while before he came again to himself and afterwards the poor man would tell wonderfull stories as if in very deed he had gone a great way under the ground and seen and suffered all those things which his weak imagination altogether corrupted by the concurrence and sequel of so many causes to weaken the braine did figure unto him To prevent this delusion in future times the said Lords Iustices caused the Friars to depart from thence their dwelling quite to be demolished and the hole or cell to be broke open and altogether exposed to the open aire in which state it hath lyen ever since whereby that Pilgrimage to Purgatory is quite come to nothing and never hath bin undertaken since by any To beget the greater reputation to this sictitious Purgatory the people

our Saviour a eleven hundred seventy and one But the English having setled themselves in the land did by degrees greatly diminish the Woods in all the places where they were masters partly to deprive the Theeves and Rogues who used to lurk in the Woods in great numbers of their refuge and starting-holes and partly to gain the greater scope of profitable lands For the trees being cut down the roots stubbed up and the land used and tilled according to exigency the Woods in most part of Ireland may be reduced not only to very good Pastures but also to excellent Arable and Meddow Through these two causes it is come to pass in the space of many years yea of some Ages that a great part of the Woods which the English found in Ireland at their first arrival there are quite destroyed so as nothing at all remaineth of them at this time Sect. 3. Diminishing of the Woods during the last Peace And even since the subduing of the last great Rebellion of the Irish before this under the conduct of the Earl of Tirone overthrown in the last yeares of Queen Elizabeth by her Viceroy Sir Charles Blunt Lord Mountjoy and afterwards Earl of Devonshire and during this last Peace of about forty years the longest that Ireland ever enjoyed both before and since the comming in of the English the remaining Woods have very much been diminished and in sundry places quite destroyed partly for the reason last mentioned and partly for the wood and timber it self not for the ordinary uses of building and firing the which ever having been afoot are not very considerable in regard of what now we speak of but to make merchandise of and for the making of Charcoal for the Iron-works As for the first I have not heard that great timber hath ever been used to be sent out of Ireland in any great quantity nor in any ordinary way of Traffick but onely Pipe-staves and the like of which good store hath been used to be made and sent out of the Land even in former times but never in that vast quantity nor so constantly as of late years and during the last Peace wherein it was grown one of the ordinary merchandable commodities of the country so as a mighty Trade was driven in them and whole ship-loads sent into forrein countries yearly which as it brought great profit to the proprietaries so the felling of so many thousands of trees every year as were employed that way did make a great destruction of the Woods in tract of time As for the Charcoal it is incredible what quantity thereof is consumed by one Iron-work in a year and whereas there was never an Iron-work in Ireland before there hath been a very great number of them erected since the last Peace in sundry parts of every Province the which to furnish constantly with Charcoales it was necessary from time to time to fell an infinite number of trees all the lopings and windfals being not sufficient for it in the least manner Sect. 4. Great part of Ireland very bare of Woods at this time Through the aforesayd causes Ireland hath been made so bare of Woods in many parts that the inhabitants do not onely want wood for firing being therefore constrained to make shift with turf or sea-coal where they are not too far from the sea but even timber for building so as they are necessitated to fetch it a good way off to their great charges especially in places where it must be brought by land And in some parts you many travell whole dayes long without seeing any woods or trees except a few about Gentlemens houses as namely from Dublin and from places that are some miles further to the South of it to Tredagh Dundalk the Nurie and as far as Dremore in which whole extent of land being above threescore miles one doth not come near any woods worth the speaking of and in some parts thereof you shall not see so much as one tree in many miles For the great Woods which the Maps doe represent unto us upon the Mountains between Dundalk and the Nury are quite vanished there being nothing left of them these many years since but one only tree standing close by the highway at the very top of one of the Mountains so as it may be seen a great way off and therefore serveth travellers for a mark Section 5. Many great Woods still left in Ireland Yet notwithstanding the great destruction of the Woods in Ireland occasioned by the aforesayd causes there are still sundry great Woods remaining and that not onely in the other Provinces but even in Leinster it self For the County of Wickloe Kings-county and Queens-county all three in that Province are throughout full of Woods some whereof are many miles long and broad And part of the Counties of Wexford and Carloe are likewise greatly furnished with them In Ulster there be great Forrests in the County of Donegall and in the North-part of Tirone in the Country called Glankankin Also in the County of Fermanagh along Lough-Earne in the County of Antrim and in the North-part of the County of Down in the two Countries called Killulta and Kilwarlin besides severall other lesser Woods in sundry parts of that Province But the County of Louth and far the greatest part of the Countys of Down Armagh Monaghan and Cavan all in the same Province of Ulster are almost every where bare not onely of Woods but of all sorts of Trees even in places which in the beginning of this present Age in the War with Tirone were encumbred with great and thick Forrests In Munster where the English especially the Earl of Cork have made great havock of the Woods during the last Peace there be still sundry great Forests remaining in the Counties of Kerry and of Tipperary and even in the County of Cork where the greatest destruction therof hath bin made some great Woods are yet remaining there being also store of scattered Woods both in that County and all the Province over Connaught is well stored with trees in most parts but hath very few Forests or great Woods except in the Counties of Maio and Sligo CHAP. XVI Of the Mines in Ireland and in particular of the Iron-mines Sect. 1. All the Mines in Ireland discovered by the New-English THe Old-English in Ireland that is those who are come in from the time of the first Conquest untill the beginning of Queen Elizabeths Reign have been so plagued with Wars from time to time one while intestine among themselves and another while with the Irish that they could scarce ever find the opportunity of seeking for Mines and searching out the Metals hidden in the bowels of the Earth And the Irish themselves as being one of the most barbarous Nations of the whole earth have at all times been so far from seeking out any that even in these last years and since the English have begun to discover some none of them all great nor small

those of long continuance as the Falling-sickness the Palâ—ie all sorts-of Gout Coughs the Consumption of the Lungs the Stone of the Kidneys and of the Bladder the Colick the laundis the Dropsie the grief of the Spleen and severall sorts of Loosnesses with all which Evills it is here as in other Countries some of them being very common here and others happening but seldom and in few persons the more particular relation whereof wee will leave for the books of Physick and for those Observaâ—ions which perhaps my Brother some time or other will publish of what he hath found concerning theâ—e matters in an ample and flourishing practice of eight yeares which he hath lived in Dublin CHAP. XXIIII Of the Diseases reigning in Ireland and whereunto that country is peculiarly subject Sect. 1. Of the Irish Agues AS Ireland is subject to most diseases in common with other Countries so there are some whereunto it is peculiarly obnoxious being at all times so rife there that they may justly be reputed for Irelands Endemii Morbi or reigning Diseases as indeed they are generally reputed for such Of this number is a certain sort of Malignant Feavers vulgarly in Ireland called Irish Agues because that at all times they are so common in Ireland as well among the Inhabitants and the Natives as among those who are newly come thither from other countries This Feaver commonly accompanied with a great pain in the head aâ—d in all the bones great weakness drought losse of all manner of appetite and want of sleep and for the most part idleness or raving and restlesness or tossings but no very great nor constant heat is hard to be cured for those that understand the disease and seek to overcome it do it not by purging which cannot be used at any time without great and present danger for the fermentation of the humors which causeth the disease is hereby mightily increased and the patient weakned and hardly with bleeding which seldom is used with success otherwise than in the very beginning but with strengthning medicines and good cordials in which case and if all necessary prescriptious be well observed very few persons doe lose their lives except when some extraordinary and pestilent malignity commeth to it as it befalleth in some yeares with so great violence that notwithstanding all good helps some are thereby carried to their graves the same doth ordinarily come to pass that it proveth deadly if the Sick doe fall into unskilfull hands or neglect all help or do not observe good directions in which cases many do perish and others who come off with their lives through robustuousness of nature or hidden causes are forced to keep their beds a long time in extreme weakness being a great while before they can râ—cover their perfect health and strength Sect. 2. Of the Loosness The Loosness doth also greatly reign in Ireland as well among those of the countrie as among the Strangers wherfore the English inhabitants have given it the name of The country-disease Many are a great while troubled with it and yet get no other harm and those that betimes doe make use of good medicines are without any great difficulty cured of it But they that let the Loosness take its course do commonly after some dayes get the bleeding with it whereby the disease doth not only grow much more troublesome and painfull but a great deal hardeâ— to be cured at last it useth to turn to the Bloody flux the which in some persons having lasted a great while leaveth them of it self but in farre the greatest number is very dangerous and killeth the most part of the sick except they be carefully assisted with good remedies That this disease as also the other viz. the Malignant Feavers are so rife in Ireland doth partly come through the peculiar disposition and excessive wetness of the Air but partly also through the errours which people do commit in eating and drinking and other particulars as manifestly doth appear by that a very great number not only of the Natives but also of the Strangers comming thiâ— her who tâ—ke carefull heed to themselves in abstaining from hurtfull things never are troubled with either of these infirmities Sect. 3. Of the Rickets Among the reigning diseases of Ireland the Rickets also may with good reason be reckoned a disease peculiar to young children and so well known to every body in England as it is needless to give any description of it and yet to this day never any Physician either English or of any other nation made any the least mention of it no not in those works which are expresly written of all manner of diseases and accidents of litle children In Ireland this disease is wonderfull rife now but it hath nothing neer been so long known there as in England either through thâ— unskiâ—fullness or neglect of the Physicians the most part wherof in both kingdomes to this day are ignorant not onely of the manner how to cure it but even of the nature and property thereof or that really it is new there and never before having been in Ireland hath got footing in it only within these few yeares through some strange revolution or constellation or Gods immediat sending which kind of changes severall times have befaln in divers Countries and in Ireland it self wee have alreadie shewed some such matter in another sickness namely the Tertian-Ague This evill being altogether incurable when it is gon too farre is hard enough to be cured even in the beginning except it be very carefully looked unto and use made of the best remedies nevertheless this grief as well as moâ—â— others hath its peculiar medicines the which being applied betimes and with convenient care do with Gods blessing for the most part produce the effect desired Sect. 4. Of the Leprosâ—e The Rickets are of late very rife in Ireland where few yeares agoe unknown so on the contraâ—y it hath been almost quite freed from another disease one of the very worst miserablest in the world namely the Leprosie which in former times used to bee very common there especially in the Province of Munster the which therefore was filled with Hospitals expresly built for to receive keep the Leprous persons But many yeares since Ireland hath been almost quite freed from this horrible and loathsome disease and as few Leprous persons are now found there as in any other Countrie in the world so that be Hospitals erected for their use having stood empty a long time at length are quite decayed come to nothing The cause of thâ—s change is not so obscure nor unknown as it is in most other changes of that nature For that this sickness was so generall in Ireland did not come by any peculiar defect in the Land or in the Air but meerly through the fault foul gluttony of the inhabitants in the excessive dâ—vouring of unwholesome Salmons The common report in Ireland is that boiled Salmons eaten hot out

of the Kettle in great quantity bring this disease and used to be the cause why it was so common and some famous Authors have not stuck to relate as much for a truth But that is a fable and Salmâ—ns have not that evill quality which way soever they be eaten and prepared but when they are out of season which is in the latter end of the year after they have cast their spawn upon which they doe not onely grow very weak and flaggie but so unwholesome that over their whole body they break out in very filthy spots just like a scalled mans head so as it would loath any man to see them nevertheless the Irish a nation extremely barbarous in all the parts of their life did use to take them in that very season as well as at any other time of the year and to eat them in very great abundance as easily they might every river and rivelet in most parts being very full of them and by that meanes that horrible disease came to be so common amongst them But the English having once gotten the command of the whole Countrie into â—heir hands made very severe laws against the taking of Salmons in that unwholesome season and saw them carefully observed whereby hindering those barbarians against their will to feed on that poysonous meat they were the cause that that woefull sickness which used so mightily to reign amongst them hath in time been almost quite abolished which great benefit with so many others that hatefull people hath rewarded with seeking utterly to exterminate their benefactors Sect. 5. Of the Leagueâ—-Sicknesses In the English Aâ—mies which since this bloody Rebellion went ovâ—r into Ireland to fight against that murdering Nation were not only the Loosness and the Malignant Feaver whereof wee have spoke above as of Irelands reigning diseases very common but there-besides severall other infirmities viz. violent Coughs and of loâ—g continuance Stopping of the Breath called in latin Dispnoea Lameness of the thighs or Sciatica painfull Stranguries all which griefes seized on so many persons that they might well have been taken for sicknesses reigning in that land as I have many times understood of my Brother who at that time not only dwelling and practising at Dublin but being Physician generall of the English Forces had but too much occasion to know that perfectly But withall he hath assured me that those diseases had their originall not from any defect of the climate but of the cold other hardship which the soldiers suffered in their marches for they many times going to the fields in cold and foul weather and sometimes marching whole dayes long yea severall dayes together in very dirty and wet wayes where their feet and legs were continually cold and wet besides that they were sometimes constrained to pass through the water up as high as the knees and waste and after all that hardship endured in the day-time to lye in the night upon the wet ground in the open air this caused the aforenamed diseases and severall others amongst them in so great number it being to be wondred at that many more did not fall into them And without doubt in any other countrie of the world where all the same causes did concurre and where an Armie indured the like hard-ship the same effects if not worse would follow so that in this behalf the Land it self iâ— not at all to be blamed A Table of the principal Heads contained in this Book CHAP. I. Of the situation shape and greatness of Ireland its division into Provinces and Counties of the English Pale The principall Townes of that Nation pag. 1. CHAP. II. Of the principall Havens of Ireland pag. 10. CHAP. III. Of the lesser Havens and the barred Havens of Ireland also of the Roads and Anchor-places upon the Coast and in the little Ilands near the coast p. 24. CHAP. IV. Quality and fashion of the Irish Coast or Shoares Item a brief description of the principall Promontories or Heads of Ireland p. 35. CHAP. V. Of the Sands or Grounds Blind-Rocks and other Rocks in the Irish Sea p. 40. CHAP. VI. Of the Nature of the Irish Sea and of the Tides which goe in the same p. 48. CHAP. VII Of the Springs and Fountaines Item of the Brooks and Rivelets of Ireland p. 54. CHAP. VIII Of the Rivers of Ireland p. 61. CHAP. IX Of the Lakes or Loughs in Ireland p. 71. CHAP. X. Of the nature and condition of the Land both for the outward shape and for the internall qualities and fruitfulness p. 78. CHAP. XI Of the severall manners of manuring and inriching the ground practised in Ireland p. 91. CHAP. XII Of the Marle in Ireland and the manner of Marling the land there p. 100. CHAP. XIII Of the Heaths Moores or Bogs in Ireland p. 105. CHAP. XIV Originall of the Bogs in Ireland and the manner of Draâ—ning them practiced there by the English Inhabitants p. 112. CHAP. XV. Of the Woods in Ireland p. 118. CHAP. XVI Of the Mines in Ireland and in particâ—lar of the Iron-Mines p. 123. CHAP. XVII Of the Iron-works their fashion charges of erecting and maintaining them and profit comming of them with an exact description of the manner of melting the Iron in them p. 131. CHAP. XVIII Of the Mines of Silver and Lead in Ireland and occasionally of the pestiferous Damps and Vapours within the Earth pag. p. 141. CHAP. XIX Of the Free-stone Marble Flint Slate and Sea-coles which are found in Ireland pag. 148. CHAP. XX. Of the Turf Lime and Brick and the manner of making those things in Ireland item of the Glass made in Ireland p. 154 CHAP. XXI Of the temperature and qualities of the Air and Seasons in Ireland as for Heat Cold and Moysture p. 163. CHAP. XXII Of the Dew Mist Snow Hail Hoar-frost Thunder and Ligthning Earthquake and Wind. p. 169. CHAP. XXIII Of the heaâ—thfulness of Ireland and what sicknesses it is free from and subject unto p. 177. CHAP. XXIV Of the Diseases reigning in Ireland and whereunto that Country is perculiarly subject p 180. FINIS Errata Pag. 5. l. 6. r. coasâ— p. 12. l. 1. r. miles l. 3. r. breadth p. 31 l. 9. r. is the. p. 99. l. 11. dele sâ— p. 128. l. 11. r. of this p. 137. l. 8. r. white mine Rom. 1.20 Act. 14 1â— Act. 17.27 1 Cor. 15.46 1 Cor. 1. c. Isa. 11.9 Heâ—â— 8.11 Isa. 40 5.

and by the leanness thereof it commeth that nothing else but coarse grass and the worst kinds of grains will grow there And unto these causes may be joyned another yet the overshaddowing of high and steep Mountains and Hills whereby the sides thereof and the lands lying close under them being deprived of the free and seasonable access of the Sun-beams and so wanting convenient warmness cannot afford to the things growing thereon such good and well-concocted nourishment as unto the producing of the best and richest sorts of grains and grass is requisite Sect. 7. Ireland a very fruitfull Country especially for grasse These defects are not peculiar to Ireland but common to other countries and nowise generall in it but only here and there in distant parts where they are they may be amended by the meanes fit usuall for that purpose whereof by-and-by wee shall speak particularly Therefore they cannot hiâ—der that Ireland should not justly be counted among the fruitfullest countries of the world And although Orosius who preferreth it even before England in this particular Hibernia soli coelique temperie magis utilis BritanniÃ¢ are his words goeth too far yet fullie true is the saying of Stanyhurst in the preface of his Irish chronicle Cum Hibernia coeli salubritate agrorum fertilitate ubertate frugum pastionis magnitudine armentorum gregibus conferre paucas anteferre nullas valeas that is With Irelond for wholesomness of air fruitfulness of lands great store of corn abundance of pastures and numerousnes of cattle few countries may be compared none preferred as also that of Giraldus Gleba praepingui uberique frugum prâ—ventu faelix est terra et foecunda frugibus arva peccore montes that is This country is happy in very rich ground and plentifull increase of graines the fields beeing fertill in corn and the mountains full of cattell But although Ireland almost in every part where the industry of the Husbandman applieth it self thereto bringeth good corn plentifully nevertheless hath it a more naturall aptness for grasse the which in most places it produceth very good and plentifull of it self or with little help the which also hath been wel observed by Giraldus who of this matter writeth thus Pascuis tamen quam frugibus gramine guam grano foecundior est insula This Iland is fruitfuller in grasse and pastures than in corn anâ— graines And Buchanan in the second book of his History of Scotland calleth the pasture-ground of Ireland pascua fere totius Europae uberrima the fruitfullest pasture ground of most all Europe Sect. 8. More of the plenty and goodness of the Irish pastures The aboundance and greatness of pastures in Ireland doth appear by the numberless number of all sorts of cattle especially of Kine and Sheep wherewith this country in time of peace doth swarm on all sides whereof in another place shall be spoken more at large and the goodness of the same is hereby sufficiently witnessed that all kind of cattle doth thrive here as well in Ireland and give as good milk butter cheese with good handling as in any other country It is true that the Irish kine sheep and horses are of a very small size but that that doth not come by reason of the nourishment and grass but through other more hidden causes may easily be demonstrated by the goodly beasts of the forenamed kind that are brought thither out of England the which not only in themselaes but in all their breed doe fully keep their first largenes and goodnes without any the least diminution in any respect so that before this last bloody rebellion the whole land in all parts where the English did dwell or had any thing to doe was filled with as goodly beasts both Cowes and Sheep as any in England Holland or other the best countries of Europe the greatest part whereof hath been destroyed by those barbarians the naturall inhabitants of Ireland who not content to have murthered or expelled their English neighbours upon whom with an unheard of and treacherous cruelty they fell in the midst of a deep Peace without any the least provocation endeavoured quite to extinguish the memory of them and of all the civility and good things by them introduced amongst that wild Nation and consequently in most places they did not only demolish the houses built by the English the Gardens and Enclosures made by them the Orchards and Hedges by them planted but destroyed whole droves and flocks at once of English Cowes and Sheep so as they were not able with all their unsatiable gluttony to devour the tenth part thereof but let the rest lye rotting and stinking in the fields The goodness of the pastures in Ireland doth further appear by this that both Beef and Mutton there as well that of the small Irish as that of the large English breed in sweetness and savouriness doth surpass the meat of England it self as all those who have tried that must confess although England in this particular doth surpass almost all the countries of the world Nevertheless the saying of Pomponius Mela That the grass here is so rank and sweet that the cattle doe burst if they be suffered to feed too Iong wherefore they be fain every day to drive them betimes out of the pastures Iuverna adeo luxuriosa herbis non laeâ—is modo sed etiam dulcibus ut se exigua parte diei pecora impleant nisi pabulo prohibeantur diuâ—ius pasta dissiliant The which also hath been repeated by Solinus Hibernia ita pabulosa ut pecua ibi nisi interdum Ã pascuis arceantur in periculum agat satias That is Ireland hath such excellent pastures that cattle there are brought into danger of their lives by over-feeding except now and then they be driven out of the fields is a meer fable no wayes agreeable to the truth For all kinds of cattle here as in other countries are continually left in the pastures day and night neither doe they through their continuall feeding ever burst or come into any danger of bursting CHAP. XI Of the severall manners of manuring and inriching the ground practised in Ireland Sect. 1. In some part of Ireland the ground never needs dunging TO amend the lean and fauâ—ty grounds to enrich both them and the good ones and to keep both the one and the other in heart in preserving them from being exhausted the dunging of the ground is usuall in Ireland as in other Countries It is true that as approved Authors assure us in the Iland of Zealand part of the Kingdom of Denmark the naturall richness of the ground is such and so lasting as it needeth not the succour of any artificial helps but is very fruitfull and aye preserveth its fertility without putting the Husbandman to the labour and costs of dunging That likewise there is some part in the Province of Munster in Ireland where very credible personâ— have assured me of their own knowledge that the land never needeth any

dunging so as the inhabitants thereof never trouble themselves to keep the dung of their beasts but from time to time fling it into a River which runneth by them But this happiness and richness of soil as it is very rare over all the world so in Ireland too being confined to very narrow bounds all the rest of the Kingdom is necessitated for the ends aforesaid to help and improve their Lands by dunging the which they do severall manner of wayes Sect. 2. Of Sheeps-dung The commonest sort of manuring the lands in Ireland is that which is done with the dung of beasts especially of Cows and Oxen and also of Horses mixed with a great quantity of straw and having lyen a long while to rot and incorporate well together Whereof as of a matter every where known and usuall it is needless to speak further Onely thus much seemeth good to us not to pass over in silence that if Sheep here as in other countries were housed and kept up in stables for any long time together their excrements would make better dung than that of any other four-footed creatures For the land on which sheep have fed for two or three yeares together or longer is so greatly enriched thereby that when it commeth to bee plowed it bringeth a much fairer and plentifuller crop than if from the beginning it had been made Arable and dunged after the ordinary manner Wherefore also great Sheep-masters may set their land where the sheep have been feeding some yeares together as dear again by the Acre than what at the first they could have got for it of any body Wherefore also it is an usuall thing in Ireland as well as in England to drive the sheep upon the Fallow and to keep them there untill all the hearbs which may minister any food unto the Sheep be by them consumed which doth the ground a great deal of good and giveth it heart to bring afterwards the better increase And the same also helpeth greatly for to make good grass grow upon the Arable when the same is turned into Pasture and Meddow a thing ordinarily used in sundry parts of Ireland and many times necessary for to keep the lands in heart For ground being plowed and the Sheep driven thither as soon as any herbs grow upon it they do not only consume the Thistles and other useless herbs but cause good grass to grow up in lieu thereof and that speedily For in all places where their dung lighteth of the best and sweetest sorts of grass do grow and that within the first year which otherwise would not have come in much longer time and that nothing near so good generally Sect. 3. An usefull observation about Cows-dung There is a notable difference betwixt Sheeps-dung and that of other cattle as in the goodness and richness it self so in the particular last mentioned by them For that of Oxen and Cows is no wayes fit for dunging untill it is grown old and hath lyen a soaking with straw a great while Dayly experience shewing in Ireland as in England and other countryes that in those places of the pastures where the fresh Cow-dung falleth and remaineth the grass the next year doth grow ranker and higher than in the rest of the same fields but so sowre and unpleasing that the beasts will not offer to touch it so as ordinarily you shall see these tufts of grass standing whole and undiminished in the midst of pastures that every where else are eaten bare and to the very ground The which as in part it may bee imputed to the quantity of the dung the which being greater than the earth can well digest and conveniently unite with it self cannot be turned into so good and sweet nourishment so doth it also without doubt come in part through the very nature of the dung the which of it self and without a long preparation and alteration is not so fit to nourish the ground as that of sheep Sect. 4. Of Pigeons-dung Pigeons-dung also is very convenient for the improvement of the ground and I know some in Ireland who having tryed that have found a wonderfull deal of good in it incomparably more than in that of any four-footed beasts and of Sheep themselves But the Pigeon-houses no where in Ireland being so big as to afford any considerable quantity and never having heard of any body there who could dung more than an Acre or two with all the Pigeons-dung which had been gathering the space of a whole twelve-moneth it cannot well be reckoned among the common sorts Sect. 5. Of Ashes and Mud. Besides the dung of Beasts there are usuall in Ireland or were before this Rebellion five or six other sorts for to Manure and Improve the ground whereof some are as good as the dung consisting of the excrements of beasts and others do far surpass it One of these sorts is Ashes and Mud another As for the first I have understood of Englishmen who had lived many years in Ireland and all that while had exercised Husbandry that they had used to gather all their Ashes of their hearths bake-houses and brew-houses being Wood-ashes and to lay them of a heap somewhere in the open air from whence at convenient times they would carry them upon their grounds and there spread them in the same manner as other dung but nothing near in so great a quantity wherein they affirmed to have found as much and more good than in any dung of beasts And I know several other English who living in Ireland did use to take the scouring of their ditches together with other Mud digged out of the Bogs and having let it lye a good while a rotting in great heaps did afterwards carry it upon their lands in lieu of dung the which they found very good and usefull for that purpose These two sorts were never yet brought into common use but onely practised by some few persons especially that of the Ashes although in other Countries they have been known long since so as Pliny who lived about fifteen hundred years ago writeth in the ninth Chapter of the seventeenth Book of his Natural History that in his time in that part of Italy which is situated between the Alpes and the River Po comprehending those Countries which now are known by the names of Piemont and Lombardy Ashes were more used and commended for the manuring of the grounds than the dung of beasts As concerning the burning of the Heath and other dry herbs standing upon the ground for to manure the land with the ashes thereof that not properly belonging to this place shall be spoke of more at large in some of the ensuing Chapters Sect. 6. Of Lime The English living in Queens-county in Leinster having seen that in sundry parts of England and Wales especially in Pembrookshire Lime was used by the inhabitants for the manuring and inriching of their grounds begun some years since to practise the same and found themselves so well thereby that in a

East-side and the North-side of the coast There be also divers Rocks that alwayes stand above water the which as they are dangerous in the dark night and in misty weather so at other times they are rather profitable than hurtful forasmuch as they serve the Sea-faring men for Sea-marks and help them to discern the situation and distances of the coasts wherefore also the most part of them have received peculiar and proper names The principall of this whole number is the Tuskar a great black smooth Rock of fashion like unto a ship turned the upside downwards but as big again lying South-Eastwards from the point of Greenore the space of three miles To the South West of the Tuskar a great way and about a mile and a half from the bigger of the Saltees is the Rock Kinbeg To the North-East of the Saltees stand two Rocks not far the one from the other of which the one of its situation is called North-Rock the Southermost The Tuns To the East of these two and about three miles from the point of Carnarord lyeth Black-Rock being clean of all sides so as ships may freely sail round about it without any fear or danger A mile or two to the North of Lambry lyeth a great Rock called Rock Abill about which ships may sail of all sides Two miles beyond the North-point of the Haven of Strangford are two great Rocks the one called North-Rock and the other distant two miles from it to the South South-Rock The North-Rock is a number of Rocks lying close together divers whereof are covered at high-water From the end of these two shoot out riffes of foul and rocky-ground but betwixt them goeth a broad clean and deep chanel through which all manner of ships even the biggest may pass Six or seven miles to the North of the Bay of Knockfergus and three miles from the land are the Nine Mayds being great Rocks that lye but a little above the water or low Rocky-Iles with a great number of blind Rocks about the same so as ships may come no nearer to them than within five or six mile Of the same kind of low Rocks or little Rocky-Ilands are also those who are called Enesteâ—hull-Ilands being situated before the most Northerly-point of Ireland betwixt Lough-Foile and Lough-Suillie Sect. 6. Rocks in the Irish-sea upon the Western and the Southern-coast Near the Ilands of Aran upon the North-West-coast of Ireland lye severall high Rocks called the Stags of Aran and such other Rocks called the Stags of Broad-haven lye three or four miles from the Northern-point of Broad-haven Three miles to the North-west of Akill-head lyeth Black-rock a great high and black Rock with severall other Rocks near unto it On the North-side and West-side of the Ilands Blaskes lying over against the most Westerly-point of Ireland are severall great Rocks some whereof are called the Horses and others the Bucks Seven or eight Leagues to the South of Blaskes lye three great Rocks called the Skellighs the Easterliest about three miles and the Westerliest six or seven miles from the Land the which to those that come from the South when first they begin to see them resemble the Sails of Ships Without the Head of Dorses lye three other great Rocks whereof the uttermost or the most Westerly is called the Bull the middlemost the Cow and the third the Calf being clean round about so as without any danger one may sail between them Five or six miles West and by South of the Head of Clare lyeth a high steep Rock alone in the sea called Fastney the which at the first appearing looketh like the sayl of a ship Two or three miles to the East of Baltimore and a mile or two from the land lye five or six high steep Rocks called the Stags as those of Aran and Broad-haven to those that come from the East along the land when first they begin to have them in sight they resemble some Spires or Pointed-steeples standing together Two miles Eastwards from the mouth of the Haven of Kinsale lye two great black Rocks the one somwhat farther from the land than the other There lie also severall Rocks neer the little Ilands of Dalkee and Irelands-Eye the one situated before the North-point and the other before the South-point of the Bay of Dublin as heretofore we have shewed Likewise on both ends of the I le of Lambey half way betwixt the same Iland and Tredagh-haven close by the Land near the Iland Ranghlins near Skires Portrush and in severall other places but the principal and most considerable are those whereof we have spoken CHAP. VI. Of the nature of the Irish-sea and of the Tides which go in the same Sect. 1. The Irish-sea not so tempestuous as it is bruited to be THat part of the Irish-sea which divideth Ireland from Great-Britain is very much defamed both by Antient and Modern Writers in regard of its boysterousness and tempestuousness as if it were more subject to storms and raging weather than any other and consequently not to be passed without very great danger Mare quod Hiberniam Britanniam interluit undosum inquietumque toto in anno non nisi paucis diebus est navigabile That is The Sea which passeth betwixt Ireland and Britain is boysterous and restless so as but few dayes in the year ships can go upon it saith Solinus With whom Giraldus who several times went to and fro betwixt England and Ireland fully agreeth writing in this manner Hibernicum Mare concurrentibus fluctibus undosissimum fere semper est inquietum it a ut vix etiam aestivo tempore paucis diebus se navigantibus tranquillum praebeat That is The Irish-sea being very boysterous through the concourse of the waves is almost alwayes restless so as even in the summer-time it is hardly for a few dayes quiet enough to be sayled upon Likewise also Camden and Speed give unto this sea the surnames of Boysterous and Tempestuous Yea it is a common Proverb in England As unquiet as the Irish-sea Nevertheless it is nothing so bad as they make it and the words of Stanyhurst in his Annotations upon Giraldus Mare Hibernicum satis tranquillum est nisi ventorum vi agitâ—tur non solum aestate sed etiam summa hyemâ— vectores ultro citroque navigant The Irish-sea is quiet enough except when by high windes it is stirred so as not only in the summer but even in the midst of winter people do pass it to fro are altogether true confirmed by dayly experience True it is that some ships do perish upon this but the same happeneth as well upon other seas who are all subject to the disaster of tempests and shipwracks Sect. 2. Causes of the loss of such ships as perish upon this sea The common cause of the casting away of ships upon this sea and upon the East-coast of Ireland is this that in the long dark Winter-nights when this disaster is more frequent than at

other times of the year some furious storm arising the ships are dashed against the Rocks against the rocky Shoares or against those Grounds which extend themselves betwixt the Tuskar and the Bay of Dublin whilst the Steer-men and Pilots by reason of the darkness not being able to discern the land or any of their wonted marks do not know which way to steer to shun those dangerous places and to keep themselves in the open sea Sect. 3. Nature of the ground of the Irish-sea The ground of the Irish-sea as well in the midst as under the land is almost every where clear sand but in some places black and muddy or oasiâ—-earth In very few places rough and sharp and scarce any where else but in the Bay of Wickloe so hard and stifly compacted that the Anchors can take no hold of it Sect. 4. Of the Tides in the Irish-sea What concerneth the Ebbing and Flowing in this sea which invironeth Ireland upon all the West-side it floweth against the land and the Ebbe falleth back from it into the sea the Flood from and the Ebbe towards the West for which reason very great Tides as well of Ebbe as Flood go upon all this coast not onely the open shoares but in the bayes and inlets even those which go a great way into the land as the Haven of Limmerick so as those who have been at Galloway do assure us that it doth so mightily ebbe and flow there that at high-water great vessels may sayl over those Rocks the which with the Ebbe come above water Upon the other side of Ireland it ebbeth and floweth along the land for upon the North-side of Ireland the Ebbe and Flood falleth in the same manner as upon the West-side flowing from and ebbing towards the West But upon the East-side from Fair-Foreland unto Carlingford the Flood commeth from and the Ebbe falleth to the North As upon the rest of this East-side to wit from Carlingford to Carnarord it floweth from the South and ebbeth from the North. For although upon all this side the Flood runneth along the land yet doth it not take its beginning from one and the same but two contrary points the which two floods comming the one out of the Main-sea in the North and the other out of the Main-sea in the South do meet and stop one another before the Haven of Carlingford From Tuskar and Carnarord as far as to the Head of Clare being the whole South-Eastcoast of Munster the Flood falleth along the coast East-North-East and the Ebbe West-South-West But upon the rest of the coast of Munster beyond the Head of Clare Westward which coast lyeth West and by South the Flood falleth East-ward and the Ebbe to the West Sect. 5. Strong Tides in the Sounds Strange proprietie of the Bay of Wexford in the matter of Tides That which the Sea-faring men do witness that in the Sound of Blaskes of Dalkee and in that of Lambey as also in some other narrow chanels of this sea there goeth a very strong Tide as well of the Ebbe as Flood is no other than may be observed almost every where else in places of the like nature But it is much to be wondered what the same do relate of the chanel or entrance of the Haven of Wexford to wit that it ebbeth and floweth there three houres sooner than without in the open sea so as when it is high water in the chanel of that Haven and upon the bar of the same the Flood doth still for half a Tide or three hours after strongly run by it to the North whereby it cometh to pass that the end of Hanemans-path a great Sand lying just before the Haven of VVexford is cast up more and more to the North and that the chanel which passeth by the North-side of that Sand being the entrance of the Haven is now more to the North than it hath been formerly And as it floweth three houres longer in the open sea than upon the Bar and in the chanel of this Haven in the like manner also the Ebbe in the sea falleth to the South three houres after that it is low water in the same place but not so strongly as the Flood Sect. 6. Some other strange particulars about the Tides in the Iâ—ish-sea related by Giraldus but found not to be true More strange it is what Giraldus writeth of the Havens of Wickloe and Arckloe to wit that in VVickloe-haven it ever floweth when in the sea it ebbeth and that it ebbeth there when it floweth in the sea And that in the same River this Haven being nothing else but the mouth of a little River the water is salt as well when the ebbe is at the lowest as at the flowing and high-water And that to the contrary in that Riveler which at Arcklo dischargeth it self into the sea the water keepeth its sweetness at all times never receiving the mixture of any saltness as well with the flood and high-water as with the ebbe But experience sheweth these things to be repugnant to the truth as also what he writeth of a Rock not far from Arcklo at the one side wherof he saith that it alwayes ebbeth when it doth flow on the other and to the contrary Also that in Milford-haven situated in the Southernmost part of Wales in a manner over against Waterford and upon the next coasts it ebbeth and floweth at quite contrary times to what it doth at Dublin and the coast thereabouts so that it should begin to ebbe in Milford-haven when in the Bay of Dublin it beginneth to flow and to flow in Milford-haven when it beginneth to ebbe at Dublin Which how untrue it is all those can witnes who having bin in both places have had the curiosity to observe the times and houres at what age of the Moon soever wherein it doth begin to ebbe and to flow there CHAP. VII Of the Springs and Fountains item of the Brooks and Rivelets of Ireland Sect. 1. Of the Springs and Fountains HAving sufficiently spoke of the Sea wherin Ireland lyeth and of whatsoever belongeth thereunto we shall now before we come to treat of the Land it self speak of the Waters within the Land first of the Springs and Brooks afterwards of the Rivers and lastly of the Loughs or Lakes As for the first to wit Fountains and Springs Ireland is very full of them every where not only in the mountainous and hilly parts but even in the flat and Champain countries Which Springs for the most part are all of one and the same fashion being like unto a small pit full of water up to the brim at the lower â—ide whereof the water doth run forth without making any noise or bubling For that kind of Fountains which forcibly burst out of the side of a Rock or spout their water on high are very rarely to be found in this Kingdom The water of these Well-springs is for the most part cool clear and pure free from all strange smell and

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