place those Boughes or Members right soone againe then shall ye comfort the roots with good new earth and bind fast those broken boughes or members both above and beneath and so let them remaine unto another yeare untill they may close and put forth new Cions When a Member or Bough is broken how to proyne them VVHereas ye shall see under or above superfluous boughs ye may cut or proine off as ye shall see cause all such boughes hard by the Tree at a due time in the winter following But leave all the principall branches and whereas any are broken let them be cut off beneath or else by the ground and cast them away thus must ye doe yeerely or as ye shall see cause if ye will keepe your Trees well and faire How one ought to enlarge the hole about the Tree rootes IN proyning your Trees if there be many rootes ye must enlarge them in the hole and so to wreath them as it is aforesaid and to use them without breaking then cover them againe with good fat earth which ye shall mingle in the said hole and it shall be best to be digged all over a little before and see that no branch or roote be left uncovered and when you have thus dressed your Trees if any roote shall put forth or spring hereafter out of the said holes in growing ye may so proine them as ye shall see cause in letting them so remaine two or three yeares after unto such time as the said Graffes be sprung up and well branched How to set small Staves by to strengthen your Cions TO avoid danger ye shall set or sticke small staves about your Cions for feare of breaking and then after three or foure yeares when they be well branched ye may then set or plant them in good earth at the beginning of Winter but see that ye cut off all their small branches hard by the stocke then ye may plant them where ye thinke good so as they may remaine In taking vp Trees note YE may well leave the maister roote in the hole when ye digge him up if the removed place be good for him cut of the master rootes by the stub but pare not off all the small rootes and so plant him and he shall profite more thus then others with all their maister rootes When as Trees be great they must be disbranched or boughes cut off before they be set againe or else they will hardly prosper If the Trees be great having great branches or boughes when ye shall digge them up ye must disbranch them afore ye set them againe for when Trees shall be thus proined they shall bring great Cions from their Rootes which shall be franke and good to replant or set in other places and shall have also good branches and rootes so that after it shall not need to graffe them any more but shall continue one after another to be free and good How to couch the Rootes when they are proyned IN setting your Trees againe if ye will dresse the rootes of such as ye have proined or cut off the branches before ye shall leave all such small rootes which grow on the great roote and ye shall so place those rootes in replanting againe not deepe in the earth so that they may soone grow and put forth Cions which being well used ye may have fruit so good as the other afore-mentioned being of three or foure yeares growth as before is declared What Trees to proyne THis way of proyning is more harder for the great Chery called Healmier then for the Plum-tree Also it is very requisite and meet for those Cions or Trees which be graft on the wild sowre Cherry-tree to be proined also for divers and sundry causes Why the sower Chery dureth not so long as the Healmier or great Cherry THe wild and sower Cherry of his owne nature will not so long time indure as the great Healme Cherry neither can have sufficient sappe to nourish the Graffes as the great Healme Chery is graft therefore when ye have proined the branches beneath and the rootes also so that ye leave rootes sufficient to nourish the Tree then set him If ye cut not off the under rootes the Tree will profite more easier and also lighter to be knowne when they put forth Cions from the roote of the same the which ye may take hereafter To graffe one great Cherry upon another YE must have respect unto the Healme Cherrie which is Graft on the wild Gomire which is another kind of great Cherrie and whether you doe proine them or not it is not materiall for they dure a long time But ye must see to take away the Cions that doe grow from the root of the wild Gomire or wild Plum-tree because they are of nature wild and doe draw the sappe from the said Tree Of deepe Setting or shallow TO set your Stocks or Trees somewhat deeper on the high grounds then in the Vallies because the Sunne in Summer shall not dry the roote and in the low ground more shallow because the water in Winter shall not drowne or annoy the Rootes Some doe marke the stocke in taking it up and to set him againe the same way because he will not alter his nature so likewise the Graffes in Graffing CHAP. IV. This Chapter doth shew how to set other Trees which come of wild Cions pricked in the earth without rootes and also of proining the meaner Cions Trees take roote prickt of Branches THere be certaine which take roote being pricked of Branches proined of other Trees which be the Mulberrie the Fig-Tree the Quince-Tree the Seruice-tree the Pomgranad-tree the Apple-tree the Damson-tree and divers sorts of other Plumtrees as the Plum-tree of Paradice c. How one ought to set them FOr to set these sorts of Trees ye must cut off the Cions twigges or boughes betwixt Alhallontide and Christmas not lightly after Ye shall choose them which be as great as a little staffe or more and looke whereas ye can find them faire smooth and straight and full of sappe withall growing of young trees as of the age of three or foure yeares growth or thereabouts and looke that ye take them so from the Tree with a broad Chizell that ye breake not or loose any part of the barke thereof more then halfe a foote beneath neither of one side or other then proine or cut off the branches and pricke them one foote deepe in the earth well digged and ordered before How to bind them that be Weake THâ—se Plants which be slender ye must proyne or cut off the branches then bind them to some stake or such like to be set in good earth and well mingled with good dung and also to be well and deepely digged and to be set in a moyst place or else to be well watred in Summer How one ought to digge the Earth for to set them in ANd when that ye would set them in the earth ye must first prepare
passe through your Garden which by this meanes may yearely be ploughed betwixt the Hills whereas otherwise it must be digged which is a more tedious and costly businesse If your Garden be very little you may set the hills somewhat nearer together namely seaven foote asunder A Description of the Line YOur line being laid levell you must digge underneath every thred or pinne placed upon the same a hole like a Pitfall one foote square and one foote deepe When you have made twenty or thirty holes take up so many rootes from where you bestowed them as ought to be set therein and goe to work on this wise alwayes watching a time if you may that the wind be in some part pf the South or West but be not so scrupulous herein that you overslip the moneth of Aprill least Salomons saying be spoken of you He that regardeth the Wind shall not sow and he that hath respect to the Clouds shall not reape For he that neglecteth the Moneth of Aprill shall have a bad season to cut or plant Hops Take two or three of your rootes which by this time will yeeld forth greene sciences or white buds and will also have small rootes or beards growing out of them the which must be all saving the smaller sort of white buds pared away by the old roote joyne them close together so as in any wise they may be even in the tops set them also together bolt upright directly under the foresaid thred or pinne holding them hard together with one hand while you fill the hole with the other with fine mould prepared and made ready before hand regarding that the tops of the rootes be levell with the face or uppermost part of the ground Take good heed also that you set not that end downeward that grew before upward which you shall know by the buds that appeare in the knots of each roote and let no part of the dead remaine upon the uppermost part of the joynt thereof And when you have thus done presse downe the earth with your foote hard to the rootes not treading upon them but driving the loose earth close to the corner where the rootes are set And here is to be noted that the readiest and evenest way is alwayes to set your rootes at one certaine corner of the hole which corner should alwayes be right underneath the said pinne or thred as is afore shewed At this time you must make no hill at all but onely cover the tops of your rootes about two inches thicke with the finest mould you can get When you are driven to set your rootes late if there be any greene springs upon them you may take the advantage thereof leaving the same spring uncovered otherwise you both destroy the spring and endanger the roote Abuses and Disorders in Setting SOme use to set at every corner of the hole one roote but this is a naughty and a tedious trade because a man shall be longer in dressing one of these then about foure other To be short you shall this way so cumber both your selfe and your Garden that you will soone be weary with working and your Garden as soone weary of bearing Some wind them and set both ends upward and herein both the cunning of the workman and the goodnesse of the rootes are together very lively expressed for if the roots were good they could not be so wound or if the workeman were skilfull he would not be so fond to set them in that order Some use to lay them thwart or flat but I say flatly that the same is an overthwart and preposterous way for they can neither prosper well as being set contrary to their nature and kind of growing nor be kept as they ought to be Some use to make hills and then set their rootes therein but these conclude themselves from ministring succor unto them at any time after besides many incoÌ„veniences hereby ensuing Some set their rootes and then bury them with a great hill made upon them and this is all one with the other saving that the hill so choketh these as most commonly they grow not at all Finally there be as many evill wayes to set as there be ignorant men to devise Provision against annoyance and spoyle of your Garden IF your Garden be small and very nigh to your house you may arme every hill with a few thornes to defend them from the annoyance of Poultry which many times will scope and bath among the hills and so discover hurt the springs but a Goose is the most noysome vermine that can enter into this Garden for besides the Allegory that may be applyed in this case a Goose will knabble upon every young science or Hop bud that appeareth out of the ground which never will grow afterwards and therefore as well to avoid the Goose as other noysome cattell let your closure be made strong and kept tight Of Poles IT remaineth that I speake now of Poles because Poaling is the next worke now to be done If your hills be distant three yards asunder provide for every hill foure Poles if you will make your hills nearer together three Poles shall suffice And note that in the first yeare you may occupy as many Poles as in any yeare after the reason whereof I will delare in the title of Hills Alder Poles are best for this purpose as whereunto the Hops seeme most willingly and naturally to encline because both the fashion of these Poles being as a Taper small above and great below and also the roughnesse of the Alder-ryne stayeth the Hop stalke more firmely from sliding downe than either Ash or Oke which for continuance be somewhat better howbeit these with the order that I shall prescribe will endure sixe or seaven yeares These are also best cheape and easiest to be gotten in most places and soonest growne ready for this purpose There is in the Springs of these least danger in growing or in being destroyed or biâ—ten by cattell Finally by the expence of these there ensueth the least annoyance to the Common-wealth as well for the causes aforesaid as also because they grow not in so great quantity to so good tymber nor for so many purposes as either Oke or Ashe The best time to out your Poles is betweene Alhallontide and Christmas but you must pile them up immediately after they are cut sharped reformed in length and smoothed least they rot before you occupy them You may not leave any scrags upon them the reason whereof you shall conceive in the title of gathering Hops Your Poles may not be above xv or xvi foote long at the most except your ground be very rich or that you added thereunto great labour in raising up your hills or else except your hills stand too neare together if any of these chance to be or if all these three things meet in one Garden the best way of reformation is to set the fewer Poles to a hill or to let them remaine the longer
thereof their fruit shall not hâ—ve so good savour although it be all of one fruit and likewise so it is with all other fruit and Trees for the goodnesse of the earth and the faire Sunne doth preserve them much For to set the Pine-trees FOr to set the Pine-tree ye must see or plant them of Nuts in March or about the shoote of the sappe not lightly after ye must also set them where they may not be removed after in holes well digged and well Dunged not to be transplanted or removed againe for very hardly they will shoote forth Cions being removed specially if ye hurt the maister roote thereof For to set Cherry-trees FOr to set sowre Cherries which doe grow commonly in gardens ye shall understand they may well grow of stones but better it shall be to take off the small Cions which doe come from the great rootes then plant them and sooner shall they grow then the stones and those Cions must be set when they are small young and tender as of two or three yeares groweth for when they are great they profit not so well and when ye set them ye must see to cut off all the boughes Trees of bastard and wild Nuts THere be other sorts of Nuttes although they be well set in good ground and also in the Sunne yet will they not bring halfe so good fruit as the other nor commonly like unto those Nuttes they came of but to be a bastard wild sowre fruit which is the Filberd small Nuts of Plums of Cherries and he great Apricocks therefore if ye will have them good fruit ye must set them in manner and forme following How to set Filberds or Hasell-trees FOr to set Filbirds or Hasels and to have them good take the small wands that grow out from the roote of the Filbird or Hasell-tree with short hary twigs and set them and they shall bring as good fruit as the Tree they came of â—t shall not be needfull to proin or cut off the branches thereof when ye set them if they be not great but those that ye doe set let them be but of two or three yeares growth and if ye shall see those Cions which ye have planted not to be faire and good or doe grow and prosper not well then in the Spring time cut them off hard by the roote that other small Cions may grow thereof To set Damsons or Plum-trees IN setting Damsons or Plum-trees which fruit ye would have like to the Trees they came of if the said Trees be not grafted before ye shall take onely the Cions that grow from the roote of the old stocke which groweth with small twigs and plant or set them and their fruit shall be like unto the Trees they were taken of To take Plum Graffes and graffe them on other Plum-trees ANd if your Plum-trees be grafted already and have the like fruit that you desire ye may take your graffes thereof and Graffe them on your Plum-trees and the fruit that shall come thereof shall be as good as the fruit of the Cion which is taken from the roote because they are much of like effect To set all sorts of Cherries TO set all sorts of great Cherries and others ye must have the Graffes of the same Trees and graffe them on other Cherrie trees although they be of sowre fruit and when they are so graffed they will be as good as the fruit of the Tree whereof the graffe was taken for the stones are good but to set to make wild Cions or Plants to graffe on The manner how one may order both Plum-trees and Cherrie-trees FOr so much as these are two kind of Trees that is to understand the Cherry and the Plum-tree for when they be so grafted their Rootes be not so good nor so free as the Branches above wherefore the Cions that doe come from the rootes shall not make so good and franke trees of It is therefore to be vnderstood how this manner and sort is to make franke trees that may put forth good Cions in time to come which is when they be great and good then if ye will take those Cions or young springs from the rootes ye may make good trees thereof and then it shall not need to graffe them any more after but to augment one by the other as ye doe the Cions from the roote of the Nut as is aforesaid and ye shall doe as followeth How to graft Plum-trees and Cherry-trees YE may well graffe Plum-trees and great Cherry-trees in such good order as ye list to haue them and as hereafter shall be declared in the fifth Chapter following for these would be graffed while they are yong and small and also graft in the ground for thereby one may dresse and trim them the better and put but one graffe in each stock of the same Cleave not the heart but a little on the one side nor yet deep or long open How you must proine or cut your Trees FOr when your graffes be well taken on the stock and that the graffes doe put forth faire and long about one yeares growth ye must proine or cut the branch off commonly in Winter when they proine their Vines a foote lower to make them spred the better then shall ye mingle all through with good fat earth the which will draw the better to the place which ye have so proined or cut The convenientest way to cleanse and proine or dresse the rootes of Trees ANd for the better cleansing and proining Trees beneath is thus ye shall take away all the weeds and graft about the Rootes then shall ye digge them so round about as ye would seeme to plucke them up and shall make them halfe bare then shall ye enlarge the earth about the Rootes and whereas ye shall see them grow faire and long place or couch them in the said hole and earth againe then shall ye put the cut end of the Tree where it is graft somewhat more lower then his roots were whereby his Cions so grafted shall spring so much the better When the Stockes is greater then the Graffes VVHen as the tree waxeth and swelleth greater beneath the Graffing then above then shall ye cleave the roots beneath and wreath them round and so cover them againe But see ye breake no root thereof so will he come to perfection But most mâ—n doe use this way if the Stocke waxe greater then the Graffes they doe slit downe the barke of the Graffes above in two or three parts or as they shall see cause thereof and so likewise if the Graffes waxe greater above then the stocke ye shall slit downe the stock accordingly with the edge of a sharpe knife This may well be done at any time in March Aprill and May in the increase of the Moon and not lightly after The Remedy when any Bough or Member of a Tree is broken IF ye shall chance to have Boughes or Members of Trees broken the best remedy shall be to
thereon ye may graffe on them againe as ye shall see cause according as every arme shall require Of barrennesse of trees the time of cutting all branches and of uncovering the Rootes SOmetimes a man hath certaine old Trees which be almost spent as of the Peare-trees and Plum-trees and other great Trees the which beare scant of fruit but when as ye shall see some Branches well charged therewith then ye ought to cut off all the other ill Branches and Boughes to the end that those that remaine may have the more Sap to nourish their fruit and also to uncover their rootes after Alhallontide and to cleave the most greatest rootes thereof a foote from the trunke and put into the said clefts a thin state of hard stone there let it remaine to the end that the humour of the Tree may enter out thereby and at the end of Winter ye shall cover him againe with as good fat earth as ye can get and let the stone alone Trees which ye must helpe or plucke up by the Rootes ALL sorts of Trees which spring Cions from the Rootes as Plum-trees all kind of Cherry-trees and small Nut-trees ye must helpe in plucking their Cions from their roots in Winter as soone as conveniently ye can after the leafe is fallen For they doe greatly plucke downe and weaken the said trees in drawing to them the substance of the earth What doth make a good Nut. BUt chiefly to plant these Cions the best way is to let them grow and be nourished two or three years from the roote and then to transplant them or set them in the Winter as is aforesaid The Cions which be taken from the foote of the Hasell-trees make good Nuts and to be of much strength and vertue when they are not suffered to grow too long from the Roote or foote aforesaid Trees eaten with Beasts must be graffed againe VVHen certaine graffes being well in Sappe of three or foure yeares or thereabouts be broken or greatly endamaged with beasts which have broked thereof it shall little profit to leave those Graffes so but it were better to cut them and to graffe them higher or lower then they were before For the Graffes shall take as well upon the new as old Cion being graffed as on the wild stocke But it shall not so soone close as upon the wild stocke-head How your wild Stockes ought not hastily to be removed IN the beginning when ye have graffed your Graffes on the wild Stocke doe not then hastily plucke up those Cions or wild stockes so graffed untill ye shall see the graffes put forth a new sheute the which remaining still ye may graffe thereon againe so that your graffes in hasty removing may chance to dye When ye cut off the naughty Cions from the Wood. VVHen your Graffes on the stockes shall put forth of new wood or a new sheute as of two or three foot long and if they put forth also of other small superfluous Cions about the said members or branches that ye would nourish cut off all such ill Cions hard by the head in the same yeare they are graffed in but not so long as the wood is in Sappe till the Winter after How sometimes to cut the principall Members ALso it is good to cut some of the principall Members or Branches in the first Yeare if they have too many and then againe within two or three yeares after when they shall be well sprung up and the graffes well closed on the head of the stocke ye may trimme and dresse them againe in taking away the superfluous branches if any there remaine for it is sufficient enough to nourish a young Tree to leave him one principall Member on the head so that he may be one of those that hath beene grafted on the Tree before yea and the Tree shall be fairer and better in the end then if he had two or three branches or precidence at the foote But if the Tree have beene graffed with many great Cions then you must leave him more largely according as ye shall see cause or need to recover the clefts on the head of the said graffe or stocke How to guide and governe the said Trees VVHen that your Trees doe begin to spring ye must order and see to them well the space of three or foure yeares or more untill they be well and strongly grown in helping them above in cutting the small twigs and superfluous wood untill they be so high without branches as a man or more if it may be and then see to them well in placing the principall branches if need be with forkes or wands prickt right and well about them at the foot and to proine them so that one branch doe not approach too nigh the other nor yet fret the one the other when as they doe enlarge and grow and ye must also cut off certaine branches in the Tree where as they are too thicke A kind of Sicknesse in Trees LIkewise when certaine Trees are sicke of the Gall which is a kind of Sicknesse that doth eate the Barke therefore ye must cut it and take out all the same infection with a little Chizell or such like thing This must be done at the end of Winter then put on that infected place of Oxe Dung or Hogs Dung and bind it fast thereon with Cloutes and wrap it with Oziers so let it remaine a long time till it shall recover againe Trees which have Wormes in the Barke OF Trees which have Wormes within their Barkes is where as ye shall see a swelling or rising therein therefore ye must cut or cleave the said barke unto the wood to the end the humour may also distill out thereat and with a little hooke ye must plucke or draw out the said wormes withall the rotten wood ye can see then shall ye put upon the said place a Plaister made of Oxe Dung or Hogs Dung mingled and beaten with Sage and a little of unsleckt Lime then let it be all well boild together and wrap it on a cloth and bind it fast and close thereon so long as it will hold The Lees of Wine shed or powred upon the Rootes of Trees the which be somewhat sicke through the coldnesse of the Earth which Lees doth them much good Snayles Ants and Wormes doth marre Trees ALso ye must take heed of all manner of young trees and specially of those graffes the which many Wormes and Flyes doe endamage and hurt in the time of Summer those are the Snailes the Pismires or Ants the field Snaile which hurteth also all other sorts of Trees that be great principally in the time that the Cuckow doth sing and betwixt Aprill and Midsommer while they be tender There be little Beasts called Sowes which have many Legs and some of them be gray some black and some hath a long sharpe snowt which be very noysome and great hurters of young Graffes and other young Trees also for they cut them off in eating
doe it with their hands Abuses in Hilling SOme observe no time and some no measure in making their hills but having hard say that hills are necessary they make them they care not when nor how Some make hills once for all and never after plucke down the same but better it were to make no hill then so to doe for after the first yeare it doth derogate and not adde any comfort to the roote except the same be every yeare new made and dressed c. Some use to breake off the tops of the Hops when they are growne a xi or xii foote high because thereby they burnish and stocke exceedingly wherein though I cannot commend their doings yet doe they much better then such as will have their Poles as long as their Hops But if your Pole be very long and that the Hop have not attained to the top thereof before the middest of Iuly you shall doe well then to breake or cut off the top of the same Hop for so shall the residue of the growing time serve to the maintenance and encrease of the branches which otherwise would expire without doing any good in that matter because that whole time would then be imployed to the lengthening of the stalke which little prevaileth I say to the stocking or encrease of the Hoppe And here is to be noted that many covetous men thinking in hast to enlarge their lucre doe find at leisure their commodity diminished whilest they make their hills too thicke their Poles too long and suffer too many stalkes to grow upon one Pole wherein I say while they runne away flattering themselves with the imagination of double gaines they are overtaken with trebble dammage that is to say with the losse of their time their labour and their cost Of the gathering of Hoppes NOte that commonly at St. Margarets day Hops blow and at Lammas they bell but what time your Hops begin to change colour that is to say somewhat before Michaelmas for then you shall perceive the seed to change colour and waxe browne you must gather them and for the speedier dispatch thereof procure as much helpe as you can taking the advantage of faire weather and note that you were better to gather them too rath then too late To doe the same in the readiest and best order you must pull downe foure hills standing together in the middest of your Garden cut the rootes of all those hills as you shall be taught in the title of Cutting c. Then pare the plot small levell it throw water on it tread it and sweepe it so shall it be a faire floore whereon the Hoppes must lye to be picked Then beginning neare unto the same cut the stalkes asunder close by the tops of the hills and if the Hops of one Pole be growne fast unto another cut them also asunder with a sharpe hooke and with a forked staffe take them from the Poles You may make the Forke and Hooke which cutteth asunder the Hops that grow together one apt instrument to serve both these turnes Then may you with the forked end thrust up or shove off all such stalkes as remaine upon each Hop pole and carry them to the floore prepared for that purpose For the better doing hereof it is very necessary that your Poles be straight without scrags or knobs In any wise cut no more stalkes then you shall carry away within one houre or two at the most for if in the meane time the Sunne shine hote or it happen to raine the Hops remaining cut in that sort will be much impaired thereby Let all such as helpe you stand round about the floore and suffer them not to pingle in picking one by one but let them speedily strip them into Baskets prepared ready therefore It is not hurtfull greatly though the smaller leaves be mingled with the Hops for in them is retained great vertue insomuch as in Flanders they were sold Anno Domini 1566. for xxvi shillins viii pence the hundreth no one Hop being mingled with them Remember alwayes to cleare your floore twice or thrice every day and sweepe it cleane at every such time before you goe to worke againe If the weather be unlike to be faire you may carry these Hoppes into your house in Blankets or Baskets c. and there accomplish this worke Use no linnen hereabouts for the Hops will staine it so as it can never be washed out Jf your Poles be scraggie so as you cannot strip the stalkes from them in this order you must pull them up with maine force before the Hops be gathered and this is painfull to your selfe hurtfull to your Hops and a delay to your worke Then must you lay these poles upon a couple of forked stalkes driven into the ground being two or three yards distant one from another as Spits upon Ranges and so dispatch this businesse if the weather be faire if it be like to be foule you must be faine to carry the Hops together with the Pole into your Barne or house In any wise let not the Hops be wet when you cut them from the hills neither make any delay of gathering after the same time of cutting for in standing abroad they will shed their seed wherein consisteth the chiefe vertue of the Hop and hereof I cannot warne you too often nor too earnestly Now by order I should declare unto you the manner of drying your Hops but because I must therewithall describe the places meet for that purpose with many circumstances appertaining thereunto I will be bold first to finish the worke within your Hop-garden and then to lead you out of the same into the place where you must dry your Hops c. When your Hops are gathered assoone as you have leisure take up your poles and pise them that remaine good as I have shewed you in the title of Poles Then carry out your broken Poles and the Hop-straw to the fire Now may you depart out of your Garden till the March following except in the meane time you will bring in dung or good earth to the maintenance thereof towards the heightning of your hills or else will plough it c. What there is to be done in Winter hereen TO be curious in laying Dung upon the hills in Winter as to comfort or warme the rootes as some doe it shall bee needlesse rather plucke downe the hills and let the rootes lye bare all the Winter season and this is usually done where Hops are best ordered especially to restraine them from too rath springing which is the cause of Blasts and many other Inconveniences If the ground be great that you keepe you shall be driven so to doe otherwise you shall not be able to overcome your worke in due time In any case you must avoid new horse-dung as a very noysome and pernicious thing for your Hops Stall dung is the best that can be wished for to serve this turne so it be throughly rotten Rather use no dung
brusing of your fruit then dry them with a cloth and keepe them all the winters vntill St. Andrewes tide then a little after sow them in good earth as thin as ye doe Peason and then rake them over as the other How one ought to use his earth to sowe Pepins without dunging BVt in this manner of doing in the Spring it is not so great need for to raise or digge the earth so deep as that which is dunged in winter but to devide your quarters in covering your Pepins not so much with earth as those which be sowne with good dung but when ye haue sowne them a little rake all them over How ye ought to take heed of Poultrey for scraping of your beddes or quarters AS soone after as your Pepins be sowne vpon your beds or quarters let this be done one way or other that is take good heed that your Hennes doe not scrape your beds or quarters therefore sticke them all over light and thin with boughes or thornes and take good heed also to Swine and other Cattell How to weed or cleanse your Beds and quarters AND when the winter is past and gone and that yee see your Pepins rise and grow so let them increase the space of one yeere but see to cleanse weeds or other things which may hurt them as you shall see cause And in the Summer when it shall waxe dry water them well in the evenings How one ought to pluck vp the wild Cions AND when these wild Cions shall be great as of the growth of one yeere ye must then plucke them vp all in Winter following before they doe begin to spring againe Then shall yee set them and make of them a wild Orchard as followeth CHAP. II. Treateth how one shall set againe the small wild trees which come of Pepins when they be first pluckt up FOr the Bastard or little wilde Trees incontinent assoone as they be pluckt up ye must haue of other good earth wel trimmed and dunged and to be well in the Sunne and well prepared and drest as it is sayd in the other part before of the Pepins How to dung your Bastard or wild young Trees which come of Pepins ABout Advent before Christmas ye must digge and dung well the place whereas ye will set them and make your square of earth even plaine so large as ye shall think good then set your wild trees so farre one from another as yee thinke meet to be graft so that they may be set in even rankes and in good order that when need shall require ye may remoue or renue any of them or any part thereof How ye ought in replanting or setting to cut off in the middest the principall great rootes IN what part soever ye doe set any Trees ye must cut off the great maister roote within a foote of the stocke and all other bigge rootes so that ye leaue a foote long thereof and so let them be set and make your rankes crosse-wise one from another halfe a foote or thereabouts and ye must also see that there be of good dung more deepe and lower then ye doe set your Trees to comfort the sayd rootes withall How you ought to set your Trees in ranke YE shall leaue betweene your ranckes from one rancke to another one foote or thereabouts so that yee may set them with good fat earth all over the rootes How to make the space from one ranke to another YE shall leave betweene your rankes from one rancke to another one foote or thereabouts so that ye may passe betweene every ranke for to clense them if need require and also for to graffe any part or parcell thereof when time shall be meet But ye must note in making thus your rankes ye shall make as many allies as rankes And if ye thinke it not good to make as many allies then devide those into quarters of five foot broad or thereabouts and make and set foure rankes in each quarter of the same one foot from another as ye use to set great Cabbage and assoone after as ye have set them in rankes and in good order as is aforesaid then shall ye cut off all the setts even by the ground But in this doing see that ye doe not plucke up or loose the earth what is about them or if you will ye may cut them before ye doe set them in rankes If ye doe so see that ye set them in such good order and even with the earth as is aforesaid And it shall suffice also to make your rankes as ye shall see cause And looke that ye furnish the earth all over with good dung without mingling of it in the earth nor yet to cover the said Plants withall but strowed betwixt and yee must also looke well to the cleansing of weedes grasse or other such things which will be a hurt to the growth of the Plants How to water Plants when they waxe dry IT shall be good to water them when the time is dry in the first Yeare Then when they have put forth of new Cions leave no more growing but that Cion which is the principall and fairest upon every stocke one all the other cut off hard by the stocke and ever as they doe grow small twigges about the stocke ye shall in the Moneth of March and Aprill cut them all of hard by the stocke And if ye then sticke by every Plant a pretty wand and so bind them with Willow barke Bryer or Osiers it shall profit them much in their groweth Then after five or sixe yeares groweth when they be so bigge as your finger or there abouts ye may then remove any of them whereas ye will haue them grow and remaine How one ought to remove Trees and to plant them againe THe manner how ye ought to remoue trees is shewed in the sixt Chapter following then about two or three yeares after their removing ye shall graffe them for then they will be the better rooted As for the others which ye leaue still in rankes ye may also graffe them where as they stand as ye shall see cause good When ye haue plucked vp the fairest to plant in either places as is aforesayd also the manner how to Graffe them is shewd in the fift Chapter following But after they shall be so graft in what place soever it be ye shall not remoue or set them in of her places againe vnâ—ill the Graffes be well closed vpon the head of the wild stocke When the best time is to replant or remoue VVHen the head of the stocke shall be all over closed about the graffes then ye mâ—y when ye will transplant and remoue them at a due time where they shall continue For with often removing ye shall doe them great hurt in their rootes and be in danger to make them dye Of negligence and forgetfulnesse IF peradventure ye forget through negligence and haue let small Cions two or three yeares grow about the rootes of your
the upper side of each roote so cut may be longest in setting and for the small Rootes which come forth all about thereof ye may not cut them off as the great rootes How ye ought to enlarge the holes for your Trees when ye Plant them FOr when as ye set the Trees in the holes ye must then enlarge the rootes in placing them and see that they take all downe-wards without turning any rootes the end upward and ye must not plant or set them too deepe in the earth but as ye shall see cause It shall be sufficient for them to be planted or set halfe a foote or there-abouts in the earth so that the earth be above all the rootes halfe a foote or more if the place be not very burning and stony Of Dung and good Earth for your Plants and Trees ANd when as ye would replant or set ye must have of good fat Earth or Dung well mingled with a part of the same earth whereas ye tooke your plants out of with all the upper crests of the earth as thicke as ye can have it the said earth which ye shall put about the rootes must not be put too nigh the roots for doubt of the dung being laid too nigh which will put the said rootes in a heate but let it be well mingled with the other earth and well tempered in the holes and the smallest and slenderest Cions that turnes up among those Rootes ye may plant there very well If ye have wormes amongst the Earth of your Rootes IF there be wormes in the fat Earth or Dung that ye put about your roots ye must mingle it well also with the dung of Oxen or Kine or slekt Sope-ashes about the Roote which will make the wormes to dye for otherwise they will hurt greatly the Rootes To digge well the earth about the Tree Rootes ALso ye must digge well the earth principally all round over the rootes and more oftner if they be dry then if they be wet ye must not plant or set Trees when it raineth nor the earth to be very moyst about the rootes The Trees that be planted or set in Vallies commonly prosper well by Drought and when it raineth they that be on the Hills are better by watering with drops then others but if the place or ground be moist of nature ye must plant or set your Trees not so deepe thereon The nature of Places ON high and dry places ye must plant or set your Trees a little more deeper then in the Vallies and ye must not fill the holes in high places so full as the other to the end that the Raine may better moysten them Of good Earth VNderstand also that of good earth commonly commeth good fruit but in certaine places if they might be suffered to grow they would season the Tree the better Otherwise they shall not come to proofe nor yet have a good tast With what ye ought to bind your Trees VVHensoever your Trees shall be replanted or set ye must knocke by the roote a stake and bind your Trees thereto for feare of the wind and when they doe spring ye shall dresse them and bind them with bands that may not breake which bands may be of strong soft hearbes as Bulrushes or such like or of old linnen clouts if the other be not strong enough or else ye may bind them with Oziers or such like for feare of fretting or hurting your Trees CHAP. VII Of medicining and keeping the Trees when they are planted The first councell is when your Trees be but Plants in dry weather they must be watered THe young trees which be newly Planted must sometimes in Summer be watred when the time waxeth dry at the least the first yeare after they be planted or set But as for the greater trees which are well taken and rooted a good time ye must dig them all over the rootes after Alhallontide and uncover them foure or five foote compasse about the roofe of the tree and let them so lye uncovered untill the latter end of Winter And if ye doe then mingle about each tree of good fat earth or dung to heate and comfort the earth withall it shall be good With what Dung ye ought to Dung your Trees ANd principally unto Mossie trees dung them with Hogs dung mingled with other earth of the same ground and let the dung of Oxen be next about the roots and ye shall also abate the Mosse of the Trees with a great knife of wood or such like so that ye hurt not the barke thereof When ye ought to uncover your Trees in Summer IN the time of Summer when the earth is scantly halfe moist it shall be good to digge at the foote of the Trees all about on the roote such as not have beene uncovered in the Winter before and to mingle it with good fat earth and so fill it againe and they shall doe well When ye ought to cut or proyne your Trees ANd if there be in your Trees certaine Branches of superfluous wood that ye will cut off tarry untill the time of the entring in of the Sappe that is when they begin to bud as in March and Aprill Then cut off as ye shall see cause all such superfluous Branches hard by the Tree that thereby the other Branches may prosper the better for then they shall sooner close their sappe upon the cut places then in the Winter which should not doe so well to cut them as certaine doe teach which have not good experience But for so much as in this time the Trees be entring into the Sappe as is aforesaid Take heed therefore in cutting then off your great Branches hastily that through their great waight they doe not cleave or separate the Barke from the Tree in any part thereof How to cut your great Branches and when ANd for the better remedy first you shall cut the same great Branches halfe a foote from the tree and after to saw the rest cleane hard by the body of the Tree then with a broad Chizell cut all cleane and smooth upon that place then cover it with Oxe Dung Ye may also cut them well in Winter so that ye leave the trunke or branch somewhat longer so as ye may dresse and cut them againe in March and Aprill as is before mentioned How ye ought to leave these great Branches cut OTher things here are to be shewed of certaine grafts and old Trees onely which in cutting the great branches thereof truncheon-wise doe renue againe as Walnuts Mulberry-trees Plum-trees Cherry-trees with others which ye must disbranch the boughes thereof even after Alhallontide or as soone as their leaves be fallen off and likewise before they begin to enter into Sappe Of Trees having great Branches THe said great Branches when ye shall disbranch them ye shall so cut them off in such Truncheons to lengthen the Trees that the one may be longer then the other that when the Cions be growne good and long
pith or more then strike therein a pinne of Oke and so stop it againe close and let it be well waxt all about the pinne then cover him againe with good earth and he shall doe well some doe use to cleave the roote How to graffe Apples to last on the Tree till Ahallontide HOw ye may have many sorts of Apples upon your Trees untill Alhallontide that is ye shall graft your Apples upon the Mulberry-tree and upon the Cherry-tree To make Cherries and Peaches smell and tast like spice HOw to make that Cherries and Peares shall be pleasant and shall smell and tast like spice and that ye may keepe them well till the new doe come againe ye shall graffe them on the Mulberry-tree as is afore-said But first ye shall soake them in Hony and Water wherein ye shall put of the powder of Cloves Ginger and Cinamon To graffe an Apple which shall he halfe sweet and halfe sower TO graffe that your Apples shall be the one halfe sweet and the other halfe sower ye shall take two Cions the one sweet and the other â—ower some doe put the one Cion through the other and so grâ—ffes them betweene the barke and the Tree and some againe doe pâ—re both the Cions finely and so sets them joyniâ—g into the stocke inclosing Sap to Sap on both the out-sideâ— of the graffes unto the out-sides of the stock and so sets them into the head as the other and they shall bring fruit the one halfe sweet and the other halfe sower To graffe a Rose on the Holly FOr to graffe the Holly that his lâ—aves shall keepe all the yeare greene Some doe take and cleave the Holly and so graffes in a white or red Rose bud and then put clay and â—â—osse to him and lets him grow and some doe put the Rose bud into a slitte of the barke and so patteth Clay and Mosse and binds him featly therein and lets him grow and he shall cary his leafe all the yeare Of keeping of Plummes OF Plums there be many sorts as Damsons which be all blacke and counted the best All manner of other Plum a man may keepe well a yeare if they be gathered ripe and then dryed and put into Vessels of Glâ—â—â—â— If ye câ—â—not dry them well in the Sunne ye shall dry them on huâ—dels of Oziers made like Lattice Windowes in a hot Oven after Bread is drawne forth and so reserve them If a Plum-tree like not open his rootes and powre in all about the dregs of Wine mixt with Water and so cover him well againe or powre on them stale Urine or old pisse of old men mixt with two parts of water and so cover him as before Of altering of Peares or stony fruit IF a Peare doe tast hard or gravelly about the core like small stones ye shall uncover his rootes in the Winter or afore the Spring and take out all the earth thereof and pricke out all the stones as cleane from the earth as ye can about his root then sift that earth or else take of other good fat earth without stones and fill all his rootes againe therewith and he shall bring a soâ—t and gentle Peare to eate but ye must see well to the watering of him often The making of Cyder and Perrie OF Apples and Peares men doe make Cyder and Perry and because the use thereof in most places is knowne I will heere let passe to speake any furthet thereof but this in the pressing your Cyder I will counsell you to keepe cleane your vessels and the places where as your fruit doth lye and specially after it is bruised or broken for then they draw filthy ayre unto them and if it be nigh the Cyder shall be infected therewith and also beare the tast after the infection thereof therefore as soone as you can tun it into cleane and sweet vessels as into vessels of white Wine or of Sacke or of Clâ—ret and such like for these shall keepe your Cyder the better and the stronger a long time after ye may hang a small bag of linnen bâ— a threed downe into the lower part of your Vessell with Powder of Cloves Mace Cinamond and Ginger and such like which will make your Cider to have a pleasant tast To helpe frozen Apples OF Apples that be frozâ—n in the cold and extreame Winter The remedy to have the Ise out of them is this Ye shall lay them first in cold water a while and then lay them before the fire or other heat and they shall come to themselves againe To make Apples fall from the Tree IF ye put of fiery coles under an Apple-tree and then cast of the powder of Brimstone therein and the fume thereof ascend up and toâ—ch any Apple that is wet that Apple shall fall incontinent To water Trees in Summer if they waxe dry about the Roote WHereas Apple-trees be set in dry Ground and not dead in the Ground in Summer if they want moysture ye shall take of Wheat straw or other and every evening or as ye shall see cause cast thereon water all about and it will keepe the Trees moist from time to time To cherish Apple-trees IF ye use to throw in Winter all about your Apple-trees or the rootes thereof the Urine of old men or stale pisse long kept they shall bring fruit much better which is good for the Vine also or if ye doe sprinckle or annoint your Apple-tree rootes with the Gall of a Bull they shall beare the better To make an Apple grow in a Glasse TO make an Apple grow within a Glasse take a Glasse what fashion ye list and put your Apple therein when he is but small and bind him fast to the Glasse and the Glasse also to the Tree and let him grow thus ye may have Apples of divers proportions according to the fashion of your Glasse Thus may ye make of Cucumbers Gourdes or Pomecitrons the like fashion THese three branches and figure of graffing in the shield in Summer is the first branch sheweth how the barke is taken of the middle place sheweth how it is set too and the last branch sheweth how to bind him on in saving the oylet or eye from bruising To graffe many sorts of Apples on one Tree YE may graffe on one Apple-tree at once many kind of Apples as on ever branch a contrary fruit as is afore declâ—red and of Peares the like but see as nigh as you 〈◊〉 that all your Cions be of like springing for else the one will not grow and shadow the other To colour Apples TO have câ—â—oured Apples with what colour ye shall thinke good ye shall bore slope a hole with an Auger in the big-Tree part oâ— the body of the Tree unto the middest thereof or there-abouts and then look what colour ye will have them of First ye shall take water and mingle your colour therewith then stop it up gaine with a short pinne made of the same wood or tree then waxe it