Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	good_a	great_a	think_v	4,338	5	3.9369	3	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05195	A nevv orchard and garden, or, The best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard particularly in the nor[th] and generally for the whole kingdome of England, as in nature, reason, situation and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare : with the country housewifes garden for hearbes of common vse, their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models for trees, and plots for the best ordering of grounds and walkes : as also the husbandry of bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances, being the experience of 48 yeares labour ... / by William Lawson ; whereunto is newly added the art of propagating plants, with the tree ordering manner of fruits in their gathering, carring home & preseruation.	Lawson, William, fl. 1618.; Harward, Simon, fl. 1572-1614. Most profitable newe treatise from approued experience of the art of propagating plants.; Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.	1631 (1631)	STC 15331.3; ESTC S4739	72,610	138

following and foyling and the best requires supply euen for the little body of Corne. How then can we thinke that any ground how good soeuer can sustaine bodies of such greatnesse and such great feeding without great plenty of Sap arising from good earth This is one of the chiefe causes why so many of our Orchards in England are so euill thriuing when they come to growth and our fruit so bad Men are loth to bestow much ground and desire much fruit and will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse nor yet feed them with manure Therefore of necessity Orchards must be foiled The fittest time is when your trees are growne great and haue neere hand spread your earth wanting new earth to sustaine them which if they doe they will seeke abroad for better earth and shun that which is barren if they find better as cattell euill pasturing For nature hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good and to auoid hurt The best time of the yeere is at the Fall that the Frost may b●●e and make it tender and the Raine wash it i●to the roots The Summer time is perillous if ye digge because the sap 〈◊〉 amaine The best kind of Foile is such as is fat hot and tender Your earth must be but lightly opened that the d●ng may goe in and wash away and but shallow lest you hurt the roots and in the Spring closely and equally made plaine againe for f●are of Suckers I could wish that after my trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine Orchard that euery seuen yeeres at least the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke at least Puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully will not onely moisten but fatten especially in Iune and Iuly If it be thicke and fat and applied euery yeere your Orchard shall need none other foiling Your ground may lye so low at the Riuer side that the floud standing some daies and nights thereon shall saue you all this labour of foiling CHAP. 13. Of Annoyances A Chiefe helpe to make euery thing good is to auoid the euils thereof you shall neuer attaine to that good of your Orchard you looke for vnlesse you haue a Gardner that can discerne the diseases of your trees and other annoyances of your Orchard and find out the causes thereof and know apply fit remedies for the same For be your ground site plants and trees as you would wish if they be wasted with hurtfull things what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell It is with an Orchard and euery tree as with mans body The best part of physicke for preseruation of health is to foresee and cure diseases All the diseases of an Orchard are of two sorts either internall or externall I call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular trees 1 Galles 2 Canker 3 Mosse 4 Weaknes in setting 5 Barke bound 6 Barke pild 7 Worme 8 Deadly wounds Galles Canker Mosse weaknes though they be diuers diseases yet howsouer Authors thinke otherwise they rise all out of the same cause Galles we haue described with their cause and remedy in the 11. Chapter vnder the name of fretters Canker is the consumption of any part of the tree barke and wood which also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes Mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all the cause is pointed out in the same Chapter in the discourse of timber-wood and partly also the remedy but for Mosse adde this that at any time in summer the Spring is best when the cause is remoued with an Harecloth immediatly after a showre of raine rub off your Mosse or with a peece of weed if the Mosse abound formed like a great knife Weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the same Chapter and his remedy All these flow from the want of roomth in good soile wrong planting Chap. 7. and euill or no dressing Bark-bound as I thinke riseth of the same cause and the best present remedy the causes being taken away is with your sharpe knife in the Spring length-way to launch his bark throughout on 3. or 4. sides of his boale The disease called the Worme is thus discernd The barke will be hoald in diuers places like gall the wood will die dry and you shall see easily the barke swell It is verily to be thought that therin is bred some worm I haue not yet thorowly sought it out because I was neuer troubled therewithall but onely haue seene such trees in diuers places I thinke it a worme rather because I see this disease in trees bringing fruit of sweet taste and the swelling shewes as much The remedy as I con●ecture is so soone as you perceiue the wound the next Spring cut it out barke and all and apply Cowes p●●le and vineger presently and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space For I well perceiue if you suffer it any time it eates the tree or bough round and so kils Since I first wrote this Treatise I haue changed my mind concerning the disease called the worme because I read in the History of the West-Indians that their trees are not troubled wiih the disease called the worme or canker which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted humor or sap Witnesse Pliny by reason their Country is more ho● then ours whereof I thinke the best remedy is not disallowing the former considering that the worme may breed by such an humor warme standing sound lopping and good dressing Barke-pild you shall find with his remedy in the 11. Chapter Deadly wounds are when a mans Arborist wanting skill cut off armes boughes or branches an inch or as I see sometimes an handfull or halfe a foot or more from the body These so cut cannot couer in any time with sap and therefore they die and dying they perish the heart and so the tree becomes hollow and with such a deadly wound cannot liue long The remedy is if you find him before he be perished cut him close● as in the 11. Chapter if he be hoald cut him close fill his wound tho neuer so deepe with morter well tempered so close at the top his wound with a Seare cloth doubled and nailed on that no aire nor raine approach his wound If he be not very old and detaining he will recouer and the hole being closed his wound within shall not hurt him for many yeeres Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants Earewigs and Caterpillars Of Ants and Earewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there be no swarme of Pismires neere your tree-root no not in your Orchard turne them ouer in a frost and powre in water and you kill them For Caterpillars the vigilant Fruterer shall soone espy their lodging by their web or the decay of leaues eaten round about them And being seene they are easily

tree be not annoyance but an helpe to his fellowes for trees as all other things of th●●● m● k●nd should shroud and not hurt one another And assure your selfe that euery touch of trees as well vnder as aboue the earth is hurtfull Therefore this must be a generall rule in this Art● That no tree in an Orchard well ordered nor bough nor Cyon drop vpon or touch his fellowes Let no man thinke this vnpossible but looke in the eleuenth Chapter of dressing of trees If they touch the winde will cause a forcible 〈◊〉 Young twigs are tender if boughes or armes touch 〈◊〉 if they are strong they make great galls No kind of touch therefore in trees can be good Now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite and that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth that each tree by probability will take and fill And herein I am of a contrary opinion to all them which practise or teach the planting of trees that euer yet I knew read or heard of For the common space betweene tree and tree is ten foot if twenty foot it is thought very much But I suppose twenty yards distance is small enough betw●xt tree and tree or rather too too little For the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able to ouer spread● and fill so they touch not by one yard at least Now I am assured and I know one Apple-tree set of slip finger-great in the space of 20 yeares which I account a very small part of a trees age as is shewed Chapter 14. hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue yards compasse that is fiue or sixe yards on e●ery side Hence I gather that in forty or fity yeares which yet is but a small time of his age a tree in good soile well liking by good dressing for that is much auaileable to this purpose will spread double at the least viz. twelue yards on a side which being added to twelue alotted to his felllow make twenty and foure yards a●d so farre distant must euery tree stand from another And looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes aboue so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth or rather further if there be no stop nor let by walls trees rocks barren earth and such like for an huge bulk and strong armes massie boughes many branches and infinite twigs require wide spreading roots The top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in high and low this way and that way but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth they may not goe downward nor vpward ou● of he earth which is their element no more then the Fish out of the water Camelion out of the Aire nor Salamander out the fire Therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth And I dare well say if nature would giue leaue to man by Art to dresse the roots of trees to take away the tawes and tangles that lap and fi●t and grow supe●fluously and disorderly for euery thing sublunary is cursed for mans sake the tops aboue being answerably dressed we should haue trees of wouderfull greatnes and i●finite durance And I perswade my selfe that this might be done sometimes in Winter to trees standing in faire pl●ines and kindly earth with small or no danger at all So that I conclude that twenty foure yards are the least space that Art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another If you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree and tree I answer If you please to plant some tree or trees in that middle space you may and as your trees grow contigious gr●a● and thick you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees And this I take to be the chiefe cause why the most trees stand so thicke For men not knowing or not regarding this secret of needfull distance and louing fruit of trees planted to their handes thinke much to pull vpp an● though they pine one another If you or your heires or successors would take vp some great tre●s past setting where they stand too thicke be sure ●ou doe it about Miasummer and leaue no maine roo●● I destina●e this sp●ce of foure and twenty yards for trees of age sta●ure More then thi● yo● h●ue borders to be made for wal●es● with Roses● Berries c. A●d chiefly consider that your Orchard for the first twenty or thirty yeeres will serue you ●or many Gardens for Safron Licoras roots and other herb● for profi● and flowers for pleasure so that no ground need be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligen● But be sure● you come not neere with such deepe de●uing the roots of your trees who●e compas●e you may partly discerne by the compasse of the tops if your top be well spread And vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees be sure no herbes will like Let this be said for the distance of Trees CHAP. 9. Of the placing of Trees THe placing of trees in an Orchard is well worth the regard For although it must be granted that any of our foresaid trees Chap. 2. will like well in any part of your Orchard being good and well drest earth yet are not ●ll Trees alike worthy of a good place And therefore I wish that your Filbird Plummes Dimsons Bules●● and such like be vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your Orchard into your fence for there is not such fertility and easefull growth as within and there also they are more sub●ect and an abide the blasts of Aeolus The che●ries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of Summer and th● rest standing ●onger are not so soone shaken as your better fr●i● neither if they suffer losse is your losse so grea● besides that your fences and ditches w●ll de●ou●e ●ome of your fruit growing in or neere your hedges And seeing the continuance of all these except Nu●s is small the care of them ought to be the lesse And make no doubt● but the fences of a large Orchard wi●l containe a suffi●ien●●umber of such kind of Fruit-trees in the wh●le compasse It is not materiall but at your pleasure in the s●d fences you may either intermingle your seuer●l ki●ds of fruit-trees or set euery kind by himself● which order doth very well become your bet●er and greater fruit Let therefore your Appl●s P●●res an● Quinches possesse the soile of you O●chard vnlesse you be especially affected to some of your other kinds and of them let your greatest ●rees of growth stand furthest from Sunne and your Quinches at the S●u●h side or end and your● Apples in th● middle so shall none be any hinderance to his fellowes The Warden-tree and Winter-Peare will challenge the pre●emine●ce for stature Of your Apple-trees you shall finde difference in growth A good Pippin will g●ow large and a Costard-tree stead them on the North side of your other Apples thus being placed the least will