is made the worsse therby and the redier alwaies to looke for the like This said he to his sonne but let vs think it giuen in precept to vs all Wherfore this certeinlie is no doute but that same liberalitie which standeth in trauail and diligence bothe is honester and also spreddeth farder and is able to profit mo Oftentimes yet a man must giue largelie and this kinde of liberalitie is not to bee vtterlie cast of and wee must manie times giue parte of our substauÌ„ce to mete men that haue need but wee must doo it heedfullie and measurablie For diuers haue spoilde oute their liuelod by lauishing it vnaduisedlie But what is folisher than to cause that you caÌ„ no lenger doe the thing which ye loue to doe And also spoile foloweth of lauishnesse For when by giuing they begin to be needie they be driuen to lay haÌ„d on other mennes goodes so when they wolde be beneficiall for cause of goodwill getting they purchase not so greate loue of theirs to whome they gaue as of them they gette hatered from whome they tooke Wherfore neither a mannes substaunce is so to bee shutte vp that liberalitie can not open it nor so to be vnlocked that it lye abrode for euerie bodie A measure is to be kept and let it bee referred to abilitie In anie wise wee must remember that which with our men is verie ofte in vsage and now is comme into the custome of a prouerb that Lauishnesse findes no bottome For what staie can ther be when bothe they who ar wonte to it and other do desire one thing In all ther be two sortes of largegiuers of which the one be called foolelarge the other liberall Foolelarge we call them who with open feastes and fleshgiftes and fenseshowes and furniture of sightes and hontinges power oute their money on those thinges wherof they shall leaue a memorie either shorte or none at all But liberall they be named who with their riches do raunsome men taken by preyeseekers or for their frendes sake do become sureties for dette or do ayde them in their daughters preferment of mariage orels do help them either in getting or encreasing their goodes And therfore I maruail what camme in Theophrastus minde in that boke which he wrote of riches wherin he spake manie thinges notablie but this oute of course For he is much in praising greate sumptuousnesse and furnishment of peoplepleasing showes and he deemeth the ablenesse of such charges to bee the frute of riches But methinketh that frute of liberalitie wherof I haue putte a fewe examples is bothe greater and more certain How much more grauelie trulie dothe Aristotle reproue vs who ar not in a wondermet at these lasshinges oute of money which bee done to clawe the multitude but in case they who ar besieged of enemies should bee driuen to bye a quarte of water for teÌ„ne crownes that this at first hearing seemeth to vs vncredible and all make a maruail at it but wheÌ„ we haue giuen good heede therto we holde w t necessitie yet wee make no greate maruail at these exceeding losses and endlesse charges when speciallie neither necessitie is relieued nor worship encreased that self-same clawing of y â— multitude shall endure for a short a small while yea and that w t euerie of the lightest mindes yet in the verie same euen togither with the fulnesse the remembraunce also of the pleasure dieth It is also well gathered that these showes be wellliked of Childern and women and slaues and freemeÌ„ moste like vnto slaues but y t no wayes they caÌ„ be allowed of a sage man and one y t with a grounded iudgement weyeth those thinges that be done Neuerthelesse I perceiue in our citie it hath growne into vse now in this good worlde that the gay showes of the Ediles office is loked for â—…uen of the best men Therfore Publius Crassus bothe by surname riche and also in substauÌ„ce kept his Edileoffice marueloê° suÌ„ptuously And soone after Lucius Crassus with Quintus Mutius the greatest meanekeper of all meÌ„ kept the time of their Edileoffice most royally Then caÌ„me Caius Claudius Appius sonne Afterwarde succeded manie as Lucullus Hortensius Silanus But Publius Lentulus when I was Consul passed all his predecessours Scaurus folowed him But our Pompeius showes in his second Consulship wer y â— costliest of all in eueriedeale wherof you see what liketh me We must yet auoide suspicion of couetousnesse For the refusall of the Edileship brought to Mamercê° a verie riche man a fall for the Consulship Wherfore the thing is to be done bothe if it be called for of the people good men though they do not require it do yet allow it so it be according to ones abilitie as we ourself haue done and also if anie greater and more profitable thing is wonne at anie time by peoplepleasing largesse as of late a greate honour to Orestes wer the dynings in opeÌ„ waies in name of his tenthes No nor it was not couÌ„ted a reproche to Marcus Seiê° that in a derth of corne he gaue to the people for foure peÌ„ce a busshell For froÌ„ a greate a loÌ„gefestred enuie he deliuerd himself neither by a dishonest losse seeig he was Edile nor yet verie greate But alate it was pauÌ„iÌ„g hie honour to our Milo bicause for the coÌ„monweales sake which in our safetie consisted with hired feÌ„smen he suppressed all Publius Clodius atteÌ„ptes and rages Ther is therfore cause of largesse if either it be necessarie or ê“fitable And yet in thesesame the rule of meankeeping is best Certesse Lucius Philippus Quintus sonne a manne of great witte and moste famous was wonte to glorie that he withoute anie gift giuing had atteined al maner dignities which were counted moste honorable The like said Cotta Curio We also in this may glorie after a certein sorte For doutlesse small was the cost of our Edileship in respect of such large honours as by all-mennes voices we atteined eueÌ„ in our yere which hathe befallne to none of them whome I named â—…while And also these expenses be better which ar bestowed vpon citiewalles shippedockes hauens conduites and all that appertein to the vse of the coÌ„monweale Although y â— is more pleasaunt which presentlie is giuen as it were in hande yet for time to coÌ„me these be more acceptable Sightcourts galereywalkes and new churches the more reuerentlie I fynde faulte with for Pompeius sake but the best lerned men do not alow them as bothe this same Panetiê° whoÌ„e I haue folowed much in these bokes yet not translated him also Phalereus Demetrius who dispraised Pericles the prince of Greece bicause he layed so much money vpon those goodlie porches But of this kinde vniuersallie it is diligeÌ„tlie disputed in
fame 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caius 〈◊〉 Eloquence Talke 〈◊〉 speeche Eloquence Genile 〈◊〉 Letters of Philippus Antipater Antigonus Admiration for 〈◊〉 Grauitie Sobernesse Iudiciall cau ses Accusation Defence L. Crassus M. Anton. P. 〈◊〉 Luculli Ciceroes accusation of Uerres Julius Cesar L. Fusius M. Brutus a â—…ore accuser Panetius Defence Ciceroes oration at 27. yea res of his age for 〈◊〉 Roscius Liberalitie Trauail Money Lauishing â—…ing Philiphus to Alexander Giftes giuiÌ„g wastefulnes Extortion Couetise Prodigalitie Lauishnesse Large giuers Foolelarge Liberallâ—… Theophrastus praiseth sumptuousnesse Aristotles iudgement of sumptuousnesse The â—…lles office Publius Crassus the riche Lucius Crassus the oratour Q. Mutius Sceuola C. Claudius Lucullus Hortensiusâ—… Silanus P. Lentulus Scaurus Pompeius Mamercuâ—… Large giftes with measure and for honest causes Orestes feasted the people M. Seius liberall to the people Milo suppressed Clodius atteÌ„ptes Necessitie Profit L. Philippus who without any large giftes came to great digniâ—…ies Cotta Curio Ciceroes Edileship In what thinges such cost is better bestowed Panetius Demetrius Phalereus discoÌ„mended Pericles Tullies bokes of a commonweale now lost Liberalitie Relefe to the miserable Worthinesse Enniusâ—… 〈◊〉 nesse Crassus oration Iustice. Gentlenesse Sâ—…mewhat to remitt of a manns owne right Hospitalitie Theoprhastâ—… Cimonâ—… Liberall endeuour Aduise Counselâ—… Ciull lawe had in price with aunciâ—…t rulers Ceâ—…ar Eloquence a grace moste coÌ„mendable Discontinuaunce of eloquence Of smaller trauail also how fauour is wonne Justice Oâ—…ence Offence must either be â—…uoided or â—…uaged Trauail for the poore rather than the riche Maners Estate To paâ—…e money To render thankes The riche The poore Set the good before the riche Themistocles Loue of riches Discerne meÌ„ by their vertue not by their fortune In a shamefull cause no trauail is to be spent Benefiteâ—… vpoÌ„ the commonweale The holâ—…e Euerâ—…eone Caius Gracchus to large a giuer Marcus â—…ctauius in large gifts measurable Philippus a people-pleaser Making of goodes common Countries Cities Exacting of tributes is to be auoided Store of necessarie thinges Couetousnesse Caius Pontius Bribes A lawe for pillage Luciê° Pisoâ—… Tribune of the people when Censorinus and Manilius wer CoÌ„suls Panetius Africanus praysed for â—… refrayning hand Paulus Emilius Scipio Emylianus who was called Africanus minor L. Mummiê° Achaicus Coriâ—…thus Couetousnesse a verie fowle vice Apolloes answer that Spartaes fall should coÌ„me by couetise A refraining hand Stayednesse The lawe for laying out of landes Concorde Equitie Fauour The Lacedemonians Lysander expulsed Agis slayne Gracchi lost by laÌ„dstrifes Aratus the â—…icyonian a right good coÌ„mâ—… eaithman Equitie Unlawfull paâ—…ting of landes The neew tables for releaâ—…ing of det Faithfulnesse Cicero Consul Caesar. Conclusion Waie prepared to the resâ—… Antipater Panetius defended â—…fhelth Priuate goodes Xenophons boke oâ—… ordering an housholde Of two profitable things wâ—…ether is the more profitable 〈◊〉 tâ—…lde whâ—…t is the Usurie Referring of the mater to 〈◊〉 A place in Rome so called bicause Ianus images wer there to bee sene The preface 1. part why he spâ—…ds his vacant time in philophie A â—…eate sayeng of Scipio touching leasure and solitarinesse His own vacatioÌ„ compared with Scipioes Leasure Solitarinessâ—… Good oute of euill 〈◊〉 Writing ExhortatioÌ„ to his sonne Philosophie Duties His sonnes scholemaister His 〈◊〉 His bringing vp The treatise He remoueth 〈◊〉 supplâ—…eng the perceil â—…hat his auâ—…hour did not prosecute How ' 〈◊〉 wrote of duties Possidonius Panetius scholar P. Rutilius Ruâ—…us Paneâ—â€¦ê° scholar The notable image of Uenus whose hedde onelie Apelles finished and left her bodie nomore but shadowed The Stoiks appoint one thing onelie good the Peripatâ—…tiks make an order of good thigs Profit â—…onestie Good Honest. To liâ—…e agreably to nature The true vertue is onelie in perfite wisemen The meane duties The perfite dutie Of arts none can 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 iudge but the craftâ—…master and of vertue none but the wiâ—…e â—…ecii the father and the sonne Scipioes bre theâ—… Fab. a despiâ—…er of golde 〈◊〉 of a thens deier â—…ed this surnâ—…me â—…ust Cato Lelius surname â—… the wiâ—…e The. vii wise masters of Greece Epicureans Panetius To be wont To do of necessirie what to determin â—…here profite seems to striue with honestie why he folowes chieflie the Sâ—…oikes Honest. Profitable The Academian schole A precept of iustice Profit by an other maÌ„s dis commoditie The felowship of men Comparison betwene maÌ„s societie the partes of his bodie Lawes The lawe of nature Great corage Common 〈◊〉 wrong doing is against nature CommoÌ„ safetie Hercules for his worthie deedes was takeÌ„ as a god Doing of iniurie The law and right of maÌ„s felowship The lawe of nature The right of mans societie muâ—… be kept not onli with 〈◊〉 but also with all men vniuersallie The bond of mans felowship Iustice. Questions 〈◊〉 Selflyking Selfloue 〈◊〉 He excuseth Panetius He requireth one principle to be graunted him Ponessie for itself either oneâ—…y or chief lie to â—…e desired Panetius defended RepugnauÌ„ce in seeming not in deede bitweene honestie profit Profit from 〈◊〉 is not tâ—… be seâ—…ered Dishonestie A â—…owe of profit Honestie â—…inhonest profit mother of all iuischief The 〈◊〉 of shame In a shamefull mater shamefull is the verie deliberation A golden pre cept The tale of the 〈◊〉 â—…oyges In plaâ—…oes second boke of a common-weale The meaning of this fable The thing that 〈◊〉 profitable Brâ—…tus did wellynough in expulsing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 did not well â—…n that he slewe Remus Romulus Quirinus we must seke our owne pro fit withoute others hurt A feate comparison made by Chrysippus Nether denie nor graunt your frend euery thing Set not your profit before frendship 〈◊〉 Othe Iudgement The olde maner of requiring the iudges fauour Amitie Conspiracie Damon and Pythias a notable couple of frendes For your fren des sake do nothing against honeslie For a commo weale howfarreforthe we must do Crueltie of Athenians to Egineâ—…es Egina an yle right ouer against Attica Porte PireuÌ„ by Athenes Straungers Crassus and Sceuola Consuls Profit Honestie The Romanes stoutnâ—…e in the second Punik warre Athenians assaulted of the Persians Cyrsilus 〈◊〉 a notable harbrow for ship pes with the Lacedemonians The Athenians refused Themistocles counsell in a generall summe 〈◊〉 by Aristides A conclusion that no vnhonest thing is profitable In bargains what is honest or profitable A question of a cornmerchaunt Byeng Selling. A pleasaunt disputation bit wene Diogenes and Antipater Antipaters opinion Diogenes Ciuil lawe Antipater Lawe of nature Common profit Diogenes To hyde To hoide ones peas Antipateâ—… Common Diogenes Priuatâ—… A question of selliÌ„g a house Antipater Diogenes 〈◊〉 opinioÌ„ touching these questions One thing it is to hyde an other to kepe silence Shame to hide a thing that is more â—…ame to lye in a thing that is not A merie tale how a greeke 〈◊〉 a Romane C. Canius Pythius Aquilius definuion of couine False pretâ—… Dâ—…mulatioÌ„ Couine ponnishable Termes of lawe wherin couine staÌ„deth Lyeng in bargaining Sceuolaes conscience in
into these destructions we ar fallne for wee must return to our purpose while we had rather to be feared than to be deare and welbeloued If all this coulde befall to the people of Rome ruling vnrightfullie what ought euerie sere man to think Which thing sithe it is euident that the power of good will is greate of feare 〈◊〉 it folowes that wee make discourse by what meanes we may soonest with honour and vprightnesse attein that loue which we desire But all wee doo not alike stand in neede of y â— same For to the trading of echemans life it must be applied whether it be needefull of many or sufficieÌ„t of fewe to be beloued Let this therfore be certein as y t thing which is bothe principall and most necessarie to haue faithfull familiarities of frendes louing vs and hyelie esreeming our vertues For this is the onelie meane in deede that ther be not much difference bitwene greate and meane men and it must be procured in a maner of them bothe Not all parchaunce do stande in like neede of honour glorie and citiezens good will but yet whoso hathe them they â—…urder sommewhat bothe to other things and also to the purchasing of frendshippes But of frendship wee haue spoken in the booke which is entitled Lelius now let vs speake of glorie though of that mater also ther be twoo bookes of oures yet let vs touche it bicause thesame auaileth much in executing of greater maters The hyest therfore and perfite glorie standeth of these three if the multitude fauour vs if they haue a trust in vs if with a certein admiration they count vs worthie of honour And if we must speake it plailie and brieflie as these be gotteÌ„ at the handes of euerie sere maÌ„ by thesame meancs in a maner they be obteined of the multitude But ther is also a certein other enterauÌ„ce into y t multitude y t we may as ye wolde say flowe into y â— hertes of the holle And first let vs see touching those three which before I called the preceptes of good will y â— which nodout is caught moste of all by benefites And secondarilie good will is allured by a welwillig minde although perhappes abilitie suffiseth not But wonderoustie the loue of the multitude is alltosrirred with the fame opinion of liberalitie bounteousnesse iustice faithfulness of al those vertues which appertein to the myldenesse of maners gentlenesse For that veriesame which we name comelie honest bicause ofit self it liketh vs and with his owne nature and beautie mooueth all our mindes principallie shineth as it wer out of those vertues which I haue reherced therfore by verie nature wee are enforced to fauour them in whom we think those vertues to be And these verilie be the weightiest causes of fauoring for othermo lighter ther maie be beside But that a trust may be had in vs by two thinges it may be brought to passe if we shall be thought to haue atteined prudence ioined with iustice For bothe to them we haue a trust whom we suppose to vnderstand more than ourselues and also to them who we beleeue be able bothe to foresee thinges tocomme also to dispatche the bysinesse and forth with to take counsail wheÌ„ the mater is in hand and staÌ„des in hasard For all men do iudge this the profitable and true prudence But in such wise credit is giuen to iust and trustie meÌ„ that is to good meÌ„ that in them ther is no suspicion of deceite and iniurie Therfore to these our life to these our goodes to these our childern we suppose verie well to be coÌ„mitted Of these twoo then iustice is of more power to wi a credit bicause it without prudeÌ„ce hathe sufficient authoritie prudeÌ„ce withoute iustice is nothing worthe to get credit For the sutteler and the craftier that a man is so much the more he is hated and suspected when the opinion of his honestie is pulled awaie Wherfore iustice ioyned with vnderstanding shall haue as much power as it list to purchase credit iustice w toute prudeÌ„ce shal be of much power prudeÌ„ce w tout iustice shall be nothiÌ„g worth But leste soÌ„me man haue maruail seeing amongst all philosophers it is plaine and by miself disputed often him that should haue one vertue to haue all the vertues why I do now sonder them so as though ther may anie man be iust which same is not prudent of one sorte is y t suttlenesse when verie trouth is leueled in disputation of an other sorte is y t talk wheÌ„ it is all applied to the coÌ„mon opinioÌ„ Wherfore we speake so in this place as the coÌ„moÌ„ sorte doo that we call soÌ„me one sort manlie soÌ„me other good men soÌ„me other prudent For with the peoples wordes and vsuall termes we must treate when we speake of the â—…onron peoples opinion that did Panetius after thesame sorte But to the purpose let vs returne Of y â— three therfore which should appertein to glorie this was the third that with admiration of meÌ„ we might by them be thought worthie of honour Generallie theÌ„ they haue in admiration doutelesse all things which they haue noted to be greate and beyonde their wening and seuerallie in euerie sere man if they perfitlie see good thinges vnlooked for Therfore they honour those men and with highest praises set them alofte in whom they think themselues to beholde certein passing singular vertues But those they despise set at nought in whoÌ„ no vertue no corage no strength they iudge For all men do not despise them of whoÌ„ they think euill For whome they deeme dishonest misreporters gylefull and redieframed to do wrong those they despise not certesse but of them they think euill Wherfore as I said afore they be despised who neither to theÌ„selues nor to other do good as they saie in whoÌ„ ther is no painfulness no diligence no caring but they be reuereÌ„ced with a certein admiratioÌ„ who ar thought to go before others in vertue to be w tout bothe all vnseemlinesse and also those vices which other can not easilie w tstand For bothe pleasures full flatering â—…ames do oftentimes wrest the greater parte of the minde from vertue and also wheÌ„ the brondes of paines be laid vnto theÌ„ most meÌ„ beyonde measure be alltofrayed Life death riches pouertie moste mightilie mooue all men Which things whoso on either side with a loftie great corage do despise and wheÌ„ before theÌ„ is offered any goodlie honest thing it turneth haleth them holle to it self then who doth not maruail at the brightness beautie of vertue Therfore bothe this despisig minde causeth a great wondering and speciallie iustice of which vertue alone good men be named seemeth to the multitude a wonderfull thing not withoute cause For none can
MARCVS Tullius Ciceroes thre bokes of duties to Marcus his sonne turned oute of latine into english by Nicolas Grimalde ¶ Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum ¶ Anno domini 1556. TO THE RIGHT REuerend father in god his singular good lorde Thomas Bisshop of Elie one of the King Quenes Maiesties moste honorable priuie Counsell HAuyng recourse of late right reuerend father to y â— olde studies y t I once applied in y e vniuersitie and getting soÌ„me frute of quiet life to the perusing and recording of those things wherwith in time past I felt myself greatly both delited and furdered I gaue my minde chiefly to such kinde of lerning as wold serue best bothe to the order of my studie also to the gouernauÌ„ce of my life so that comparing my experience and reading togither I might make my priuate diligence in studieng do serâ—… to the opeÌ„ vse ofliuing In folowing of which intent what by incre ase of iudgement for yeres what by trauatliÌ„g abrode in y â— world I fouÌ„de euer more and more so new profits commodities y â— wheras methought I had seene but y â— shadow of thinges now I begin more to see as it wer the holle bodie therof And moste of all this proofe I haue in y â— greatest and moste profitable parte of philosophie which is coÌ„cerning maners and namely in the bokes that of duties be written by Marcus Tullius Cicero a mater conteining the holle trade how to liue among men discreetly and honestly and so rightly pointing oute the pathwaye to all vertue as none can be righter onely Scripture excepted Insomuch that when I had well considerd alltogither I saide with miself concerning this as did a certein lerned maÌ„ not long ago by Homer This is the fift time I haue redde ouer this author and as oft as I reade him so oft somwhat I finde that I marked not before and that hath neede to be deeply pondered so y t I fansied at the first he was easie but now methinks he requires a verie heedfull a musing reader Wherfore not without maruailous greate pleasure espyeng y â— either in priuate life to attein quietnesse and contentation or in office-bearing to winne fame honour or in euerie estate bothe to auoyde disorder and enormitie and also to keepe a right rule commeÌ„dable behauiour this boke playnly is y â— myrrour of wisdom y â— fortres of iustice the master of manlinesse the schoole of temperance the iewell of coÌ„melinesse I wisshed many mo to be parteners of such sweetnesse as I had partly felt myself to declare that I meÌ„t nolesse thaÌ„ I wisshed I laied to my helping hand endeuouring by translation to do likewise for my contriemeÌ„ne as ItaliaÌ„s FreÌ„chmeÌ„ Spaniardes DutchmeÌ„ other foreins haue liberally done for theyrs So chiefly for our vnlatined people I haue made this latine writer english haue now brought into light y â— from them so longe was hidden haue caused an auncieÌ„t wryting to beecoÌ„me in a maner newe agayne and a boke vsed but of fewe to war coÌ„mon to a great meany so that our meÌ„ vnderstaÌ„ding what atreasure is amonge them for the fashioning of their life and beeing by nature most of all other nations giueÌ„ to ciuilitie humanitie wheÌ„ thei shall be aided directed by these perfite precepts may in all pointes of good demeanour becoÌ„me people perelesse Yet iudge I all this labour litleworthe smally or nothing able to preuaile withoute your honorable lordship were patrone herof to whoÌ„ I do dedicate bothe my good hert my worke also I call it mine as Plautus and Terence called the comedies theyrs which they made oute of Greeke not as to teache your lordshipp ought that you haue not allredy but by your authoritie to gett it the more estimacion w t other For as Tullies treatise beeing so full of lerning asketh alerned mans iudgement which whoso refuse thei showe themselues to be vnwise eueÌ„ so such a noble CouÌ„seler of EnglaÌ„d seemeth most meete to receiue so noble a Senatour of Rome into a straunge region Doutlesse among so many honorable deedes of your lordships it shall not be the leste honorable if ye do Marcus Tullius this honour to welcoÌ„me him hither and to be the verie cause that so famous a Romane may becomme familiar with our English men So shall a worthy pere be worthylie entreated as very curtesie requireth so your lordshipps iudgement must needes be well lyked which is woÌ„te to alow louely knowledge goodnesse so wyll the coÌ„mon people more hyely esteeme the thing as it is expedient for them to do and the soner also will they folow these hollsome lessons which is full necessarie in a well ordered state to be short your lordship for a chosen patrone my translation for a welcome worke Tullie shall be takeÌ„ for such a Tullie as he is And like as Marcê° Cicero w t the authoritie of a father commended these bokes to his yonge Cicero so wheÌ„ our English youth shall beholde them once authorised by so reuerend a father in god nodoute they will be the rather in loue with them and will counte it pleasaunt paines taking here to enriche themselues with enformations of vertue ensaumples oute of stories morall doctrine politike prudeÌ„ce antiquitie varietie of maruailous maters so conningly oratorially treated and endited as hee was able to declare expresse who was the first and the chief that euer cladde ladie Philosophie in Romane attire Thus verie lothe to let your lordship from your weighty affaires I make an end praye god longe to preserue your honorable lordship in helth with increase of honour Your humble oratour Nicolas Grimalde N. G. to the reader ALl thinges in the world good reader be made for soÌ„me vse end which end is more worthe than all that dothe seruice therunto and where bothe the end is good whatso serues therto there y â— holle doing is likewise good In vs the best ende is to vse ourselues well and worthyly who in the order of naturall thinges ar of the best and worthyest kinde For what is ther that can vse itself onlesse it bee enfourmed with reason and vnderstanding DuÌ„me creatures and liuelesse of other bee vsed but themselues can they neuer vse Beastes endewed with life and sense maye seeme to haue soÌ„me seÌ„blauÌ„t herof in y t they vse theyr feediÌ„g lodging other necessaries yet therbi they obtein neither praise nor dispraise seeing they do it not of any free choyse but onely by the motion of kinde as theyr appetite draweth them But we who haue the greate gift of witt reason must not most of all sticke still in y â— appetite to gett nothing els but pleasure profit but ensewing the heuenly guyde of our nature must be ledde to the desire of trouth honour seemlinesse wherw t the more that we bee decked adourned beautified y t â—…rder we bee from the
the enemie was showed by our aunceters When a runawaye traytour from Pyrrhus had promised the Senate that he wolde giue the king poysoÌ„ and kill him the Senate and Caius Fabritius did deliuer the ruÌ„awâ—… traytour to Pyrrhus In such sorte with trecherie they alowed not the deth of their enemie such a one as was bothe mightie and mooued warre vnprouoked Thus of warrefaring duties ther is inough spoken Let vs remember also that euen toward the basest sorte ther is a iustice to be kept The basest degree and state is of slaues whome they that will ye so to vse as hyred men in requiring their worke giuing them their due doo teache you not amisse But whereas iniuries may bee doone twoo waies that is to saiâ—… other by force or by gyle gyle seemes as of the for force as of the lioÌ„ bothe introuthe ar verie vnfitte for man yet gyle deserueth the greater hatered But of all iniustice none is more pestilent thaÌ„ theirs which when they begyle a man moste yet so handle the mater that they will seeme to be wellmeaning men Of iustice here is said inough Let vs now speake as we purposed of bountiefulnesse and liberalitie for nothing without doute is to the nature of man more agreeable NotwithstaÌ„ding it hath diuers exceptions For first we must see y t our bountiefulnesse hurt not bothe those to whome bouÌ„tiefullie it shal seeme to be doone also othermo next y â— our liberalitie be not more thaÌ„ our abilitie thirdlie that to euerieniaÌ„ be giuen according to his worthinesse For that is the fouÌ„datioÌ„ of iustice wherto all these must be applied j. For bothe they y t pleasure anie bodie with that which may hurt him whome they wolde seeme willing to profit ought to be deemed not bouÌ„teous nor liberall but pestileÌ„t flaterers and they likewise who doo hurt soÌ„me that they may be liberall to other doo fall into thesame iniustice as if they should turn other mennes goodes into their owne But ther bee manie and namelie the desirous of honour glorie who doo catche from soÌ„me that they maie lauish to an other these suppose that they shall seeme bountiefull to their â—…endes if they may enriche them anie maner waie But that is so farre of from dutie that nothing may be more contâ—…arious to dutie We must see therfore that wee vse such liberalitie as may profit our freÌ„des and hinder nobodie Wherfore Lucius Syllaes and Caius Cesars conueyeng of gâ—…odes from the iust owners to strauÌ„gers must not be thought liberalitie For nothing is liberall which same is not iust The secoÌ„d pointe of exceptioÌ„ was that our liberalitie should not be more thaÌ„ our abilitie bicause whoso will be lauisher thaÌ„ their goods will beare they chiefly offend in this that they be iniurious vnto their next akinne For they conuey thosesame riches to freâ—…ne folke which it wer more reason bothâ—… to be delt and left to their kinsfolke And ther is in such liberalitie a greedinesse oftentimes of catchiÌ„g and pulling awaâ—…e with iniurie that ther may be stoâ—…e to lash oute A maÌ„ may see some also doo much not by nature so liberall as led w t a certein glorie y â— they may seeme bountieful which thinges may be thought to come rather of a bragge thaÌ„ of a free hert Such a faâ—…sse fainig is a nearer neibour to vanitie than either to liberalitie or to honestie The third restraint we sâ—…ake of is y t in liberalitie there be a choice of worthinesse Wherin ar to be coÌ„sidered bothe his maners vpon whoÌ„e y â— benefite shall be bestowed also his good will toward vs and the enterpartening felouship of life frendlie turns doone before to our commodities all which be 〈◊〉 to meete togither if not the mo causes and the greater shal haue in them the more weight Howbeit bicause wee leade not our life with perfite men and thoroulie wise but with such as in whome it is a goodly mater if ther be resemblaunces of vertue I 〈◊〉 this also meete to be coÌ„sidered that we despise no maner man in whome anie signe of vertue dothe appeare and speciallie that eueryman so be regarded as echeman chieflie shall be garnished w t these gentler kindes of vertues sobermoode temperauÌ„ce and this same iustice wherof allredie much hath been spoken For a manlie corage and a greate is commonlie soÌ„mewhat to feruent in a man that waÌ„tes of perfectioÌ„ and wisdome but those other vertues seeme rather to pertein to a good maÌ„ Thus much in maners may be considered But concerning loue that anie man beareth toward vs this is the chiefe poiÌ„cte of dutie that we giue moste to him of whome wee ar moste beloued But we must measure good will not after the gyse of yongmen by a certein heate of loue but rather by assurâ—…nesse and stedfastnesse But in case a maÌ„nes derseruing be such that we haue not to seeke to creepe in fauour but to requite his kindenesse a certein greater care is then to be vsed For ther is no dutie more necessarie than requiting of kyndnesse And if Hâ—…siodus willes ye with larger measure if ye may to restore such thinges as ye haue borowed to occupie what then ought we to doo prouoked by benefites Must we not doo like the frutefull feeldes that yeelde much more than they receiued For if we sticke not to bestowe pleasures vpoÌ„ them who we hope will profit vs hereafter what maner men ought wee to be toward them that haue doon vs good allredie For whereas ther be twoo kindes of liberalitie one of dooing a benefite an other of requiting whether we will doo it or no is in our owne choise but to leaue ought vnrequited is not law full for a good man so he may doo it withoute iniurie But ther be respectes to be hadde of benefites receiued and there is nodoute but moste is due to the greatest Wherin specially yet is to be wesed of what minde affection and good will a man hathe done it For manie meÌ„ doo manie thinges of a certeiÌ„ heddinesse w toute discretion or measure toward euerimaÌ„ orâ—…ls with a certein soden braide of minde caried as with the wynde which benefites ar not to be counted alike great as those that be offered with iudgement aduisedlie constantlie But in placing of benefites and requiting kindenesse if all other thinges be correspoÌ„deÌ„t this is a priÌ„cipall poincte of dutie that as euerieman moste needeth help so him moste of all we ayde Which contrariewise is done of a greate meanie for of whome they hope moste although he hath no neede of them yet to him they ar moste seruisable But the felouship and neibourhod of men shal best be mainteined if as eueriemaÌ„ shal be nerest vs so on him we bestow most liberalitic But what be natures principles of neibourhod and the
into hatred or enuie but allwaies will so cleue to iustice honestie y â— while he maie maintein it allthough he sore offeÌ„d other he wold desire death rather than forsake those things that I haue spoken of AmbicioÌ„ nodoute and striuing for promotioÌ„ is a verie miserable thiÌ„g wherof it is notablie said in thesame Placo y e semblablie fare thei who woulde striue together whether of them should rather rule the coÌ„moÌ„weale as if the mariners should be at variauÌ„ce which of theÌ„ should thiestie gouern the helm And thesame man hath taught vs that those we take as enemies which would beare armour against vs not those who by their discretion meane to preserue the commonweale as the dissension bitwene Publius Africanus and Quintus Metellus was without all bitternesse of malice Neither ar thei worthie to be herd which holde opinion y â— we shoulde be throughlie angrie with our enemies and do think it is the propertie of a stoutherted and a mannelie man For ther is nothing more coÌ„meÌ„dable nothing more semelie for a great and noble man than pleasablenesse and mercie But in free cities and where ther is an equalitie of lawe ther must be vsed also a myldnesse noble corage as they call it leste if we bee angrie either with commers out of time or crauers without shame we fall into a testifenesse of minde bothe vnprofitable and hatefull And yet meeknes and mercie is so to be alowed that for the commonweales sake a seueritie be vsed without which a citie can not bee gouerned But all ponnishment chastisement must bee voide of malice and not be applied to serue his tnrn who ponnisheth or rebuketh anie man but to the commonweales behoofe We must also bee ware that the ponnishment bee not greater than the faulte and lest all for one mater some bee corrected somme not once spoken vnto And in ponnishing we must chieflie refrain from anger For the angrie man that gothe about ponnishment shall neuer keepe that measure that is bitwene to mickle to litle y â— which measure liketh the Peripatetikes and of good cause it liketh them were it so they would not coÌ„mende angrinesse and say that it is profitablie giuen of nature But in all cases that affeccion is to bee refused and it is to be wished that such as gouern the commonweale bee like the lawes which bee moued to ponnish offenders not vpon anie wrath but vpon equitie Moreouer in prosperitie when things flowe euen at our will let vs ernestly flee pride disdeiÌ„fulness and arrogaÌ„cie For as it is a point of lightnes vnmeasurablie to bear aduersitie so it is no lesse vnmeasurablie to vse prosperitie a continuall euenesse in all a maÌ„nes life and one chere euermore one maner of face is commendable as wee haue herd of Socrates and also of Caius Lelius Certesse I see how Philip king of the Macedonians was excelled of his sonne in prowesse and glorie yet in myldnesse gentlenes he was farre aboue him Wherfore y â— one was allwaies noble the other oftentimes full beastlie so y â— they seeme rightlie to teach which warne vs that howmuch the hyer wee bee in degree somuch the lowlyer we beare ourselues Panetius reporteth how Africanus his scholar familiar frend was wont to saie like as horses by reason of y â— diuers fights of warres waxing ouerhotte and coragious men vse to putte to ryders that they maie haue them the readyer euen so men vnbridled with prosperitie and ouertrusting to themselues should bee brought as it wer within the commepasse of reason and learning that they might thorousee the trailnesse of y â— worlde and the wauering of fortune Moreouer in our hyest prosperitie we must most of all take the aduise of our frendes and we must giue them also a greater authoritie thaÌ„ we did before and in those seasons we must take hede that we open not our eares to flaterers nor suffer ourselues to bee clawed with flaterie wherin it is an easie thing to bee begyled For we think ourselues such that of right we maie bee praised Wherof doo springe innumerable faultes when men puft vp with opinioÌ„ be shamefullie scorned and bee wrapte in foolish errours But of these maters thus farre we treate This then is to be taken thus y â— the greatest dedes and of the greatest corage be done by them which gouerne the commoÌ„weale bicause their ministratioÌ„ reacheth fardest and to most men apperteineth And that ther bee and haue bene manie euen in the quiet life of great corage which either would trie out or take in hand certein great enterprises and would kepe themselues within the boundes of their owne maters orels placed bitwene philosophers and those that rule the commonweale would bee delited with their homegoodes not heapiÌ„g vp y â— same by all maner of meanes nor barring theirs froÌ„ the vse therof but rather emparting theÌ„ bothe to their frendes to the common-weale if at anie time ther should be neede Which good first let it bee wellgotten and with no dishonest or hatefull gayne next let it be redie to doo good to manie so they be worthie lastlie let it bee encreased with discretion diligence thrift and not lye open rather to lust and ryot than to liberalitie and bountifulnesse These foresaid lessoÌ„s whoso obserueth maie liue bothe honourablie grauelie stoutelie also plainly faithfullie and frendlie for y â— trade of mannes life It folowes that we speake of the other parte of honestie which remaineth wherin shamefastnesse temperaunce as it were the certein ornament of mannes life and sober moode and all appeasment of passions of the minde and the measure of thinges is seene In this place also comelinesse is conteined the which maie bee named Decorum in latine for in Greeke it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The nature herof is such that from honestie it can not be soÌ„dred For bothe what becommeth is honest and also what is honest becommeth But what difference ther is bitwene honestie and comelinesse it maie sooner be conceiued than expressed For whatsoeuer it is that becommeth it then appeareth when honestie is gone before And therfore not onelie in this â—…rte of honestie wherof in this place we haue to dispute but also in the three former partes it doth appere what becoÌ„meth For as it becoÌ„meth one to vse reason speeche discreetlie to doo y â— he should doo aduisedlie to espie and maintein whatsoeuer is in euerie thing the trouth so contrariewise to bee be gyled to erre to fall to be deceued as much it misbecommeth as to dote and bee distraught in minde Therto all iust thinges bee coÌ„melie all vniust thinges again as they bee dishonest so ar they vncoÌ„melie Like is the nature of manlinesse For
must by all meanes take heede that we be thought to haue done it vpon good aduisement But forasmuch as a litle before it is said y â— we must folow our aunceters first be this excepted y â— their â—…ices ar not to be folowed next y â— we folow theÌ„ not in some thinges y â— our nature will not beare as the elder Africanus sonne who adopted this our Paulus soÌ„ne could not be so like his father bicause of sicklye weaknesse as y â— other was like his 〈◊〉 case therfore one be not able either to pleade causes or to retein y â— people with orations or to folowe the warres those thinges yet he ought to perfourme which shal lye in his power as iustice faithfulnesse liberalitie sobermoode teÌ„perauÌ„ce to thinteÌ„t the thing which he lacks may be the lesse missed in him Trulie the best inheritauÌ„ce y â— fathers leaue to their childern and more worthe thaÌ„ all liuelod is the glorie of vertue worthie deedes wherunto to be a staine it is to bee accounted bothe vice and shame And bicause not alike duties ar assigned to vnlike ages and somme ther be for yongmen and soÌ„me for the elder sorte sommewhat also we haue to saie of this diuersitie It is therfore a yoÌ„gmaÌ„s part to reuereÌ„ce his elders of these to choose oute the best and most coÌ„mended whose counsell authoritie he may leane vnto For the vnskilfulnesse of tender yeres must by oldemens experience be ordered and gouerned And this age speciallie from lustes is to be wayned and to be brought vp in labour paines taking bothe of minde bodie that both in martiall and ciuil duties their diligeÌ„ce may appeare Also when they will refresh their wittes and giue themselues to pastime let them beware of intemperaunce and remember shamefastnesse which shall be done y â— easlier if at such thingê also their elders will be in presence But for olde men labours of the bodie ar to be diminished and exercises of the minde seeme meete to be encreased and they must giue their diligence that much they ayde their frendes youth speciallie the coÌ„moÌ„weale with couÌ„sell wisdome But nothing more of age is to be taken heede of than that it giue not itself to lithernesse and idlenesse As for riotte to euerie age it is reprochefull and for olde age moste shamefull But if the inteÌ„peraucâ—… of lust be ioyned with it â—…er is a dubble inconuenieÌ„ce bicause bothe age self taketh shame by it and it causeth yongmeÌ„nes inteÌ„peraunce to be more shamelesse And this trulie is not oute of the mater to speake somwhat touchiÌ„g the duties of magistrates of pâ—…uate meÌ„ of citiezens and of strauÌ„gers It is therfore the proper office of a magistrate to consider he representes the persone of the citie that he ought to maintein the honour and reputatioÌ„ therof and to keepe the orders of thesame and to serte oute lawes fit therfore and to remember they be câ—…mitted to his charge A pâ—…uate man it behoues to liue in an equalitie and likenesse of lawe with the citiezeÌ„s neither as an vnderling and abiâ—… nor bearing himself to hye and also in the commonweale to seeke those thinges that be quiet and honest For such a one we ar woÌ„te bothe to call and counte a good citiezen But it is the dutie of a straunger alien inhabitaunt to meddle nothing beside his owne bysinesse nor to enquire anie thing touching an other maÌ„ nowhit in a strauÌ„ge coÌ„monweale to be curious Thus for the moste parte duties shall be founde oute when it shall be sought what becoÌ„meth what is agreable for persones times ages And ther is nothing that becommes a man so much as in euerie doing and taking of aduise to keepe a stedfastnesse But bicause y â— same coÌ„linesse appeareth in all deeds wordes in the mouing stayeng of the bodie thesame consisteth in three thinges wellfauourdnesse order furniture meete for ones doings somwhat hard it is to expresse but it shall suffise so it be conceiued in these three conteined is that care also that we be alowed of those with whome and amoÌ„g whome we liue of these maters likewise a fewe wordes let vs saye First verie nature seemeth to haue had a great respect of our bodie which hath sette moste in sight our physnomie and the rest of our shape wherin ther is an honest showe but she hath couered and kept close the partes of the bodie giuen for natures necessitie which els should haue an euilfauourd and fowle sight Mennes shamefastnesse hath folowed this so conning a frame of nature For whatso nature hath hydden thesame all men who be well in their wittes do keepe froÌ„ the yie they doo their endeuour to serue verie necessitie as closely as they may and of what partes of the bodie the vse is seruile neither those partes nor their seruice by their names they doe call and so that which to doe it is no shame if it be secretlie to tell it is vnclenly And therfore neither the opeÌ„ doing of those thinges is voyde of vnshamefastnesse nor the talk withoute filthynesse Neither truly ar y â— Cynikes worthy to be herd nor any of y â— Stoiks which ar almoste Cynikes who do reproue vs mock at vs bicause we call those thinges in wordes shamefull to be spoken vpoÌ„ which bee indeede not dishonest and yet those thinges that be vnhonest we terme by their names As to go a theeuing to begyle one to commit aduouterie is a thing indeede dishonest but it is tolde withoute dishonestie likewise to gette childern indeede is honest but to be vttered in talke it wer vnclenly And mo thinges for that purpose be reasoned by y t said philosophers against shamefastnesse But let vs folow nature and shonne all thinges y t abhorre the verie pleasing of our yie and eare Let our standing going sitting lyeng chere yies and mouing of handes keepe that same comlynesse In which thiÌ„ges two faultes we must speciallie take heede of that nothing womannishly or deyntily and nothing blockishly or cartarly we doo Neither must we agree that these thinges should be seemly in players and oratours and left loosely in our selues The custome of the stageplayers euen of an olde order hathe so greate regarde to shamefastnesse that noman commeth on the stage withoute britches For they ar aferd leste if it chaunce by anie mishappe that soÌ„me partes of the body be discouered they should be seene vncomlye And as the fashion is w t vs childern growing to mannes state be not bathed with their pareÌ„ts nor soÌ„nes in lawe with their fathers in lawe Therfore this kinde of shamefastnesse is meete to be obserued namely when nature
ought misbecoÌ„meth an other we shoÌ„ne it also in ourselues For it coÌ„mes to passe I wot not how y â— we see more in other thaÌ„ in ourselues if ought be done amisse And therfore veriesoone those scholars bee corrected whose faultes their maisters doo couÌ„terfett for to make theÌ„ameÌ„ded Nor trulie oute of the waye it is in chosing of thinges which bring a doutefulnesse to take lerned meÌ„ns aduise or skilfull by experience so to serche what liketh them concerning euery kinde of dutie For the greater parte is coÌ„monlie woÌ„te thither to bee caried whither of verie nature they be ledd In which we must see not onely what echemaÌ„ sayeth but also what eche maÌ„ thinketh and for what cause eche man so thinketh For as painters they that graue images y â— right poetes also bee willing to haue their workes seene of all sortes of meÌ„ that incase ought be reproued of many it may bee corrected therin both w t theÌ„selues with other they examin what is done amisse so after the iudgement of other many thinges of vs bothe must be done and left vndone and also chaunged and amended As for thinges which ar done after custome and ciuil ordinauÌ„ces ther is no precept to be giuen of them For they bee preceptes of themselues neither it behoueth any man to bee ledde with this errour if Socrates or Aristippus haue done or spoken any thing againâ—… ciuil order custome that he shoulda think thesame lawfull for him to do They obteined such a large libertie of faultefynding by their greate heauenlie giftes But the holle fashion of the Cynikes is vtterly to be refused For it is enemie to shamefastnesse withoute which ther can be nothig vpright nor nothing honest But those we ought to reuereÌ„ce giue attendaunce vpon theÌ„ whose life hath been tryed in honest and worthy maters who doo meane well to y â— coÌ„monweale haue well-deserued or do deserue wel therof to anyhonour or rule be aduauÌ„ced also we must haue olde age in great estimacion and must giue place to those y â— beare office and make difference bytwene a citizen a straunger in the verie strauÌ„ger also we ought to consider whether he caÌ„me of priuate bysinesse or for the commonweales affaires In a summe that I treate not of euery particular we ar bouÌ„de to loue mayntein and preserue the coÌ„mon atonemeÌ„t and felouship of all mainkinde Now concerning occupations and gainfull sciences which ar to be counted honest and which ar of base reputacion thus coÌ„monlie we haue lerned First those gaynyngs be disalowed that runne in hatered with all men as the gaine of tollfarmers and vsurers Oute of estimation also and base be the gaines that men in wages doo take whose labour is bought not their conning For in theÌ„ the very hyre is as it wer y â— obligatioÌ„ of theyr boÌ„dage They moreouer ar to be couÌ„ted of y â— baser sorte who bye of marchants that oute of haÌ„d they retaile again For nothing they profit onlesse they lie apace trulie dishonâ—…ster thing is ther none thaÌ„ a vaine toÌ„ge And all kinde of handycraftsmen serue in meane occupations Neither can the workshoppe truly haue in it any gentlemanly doing and nodeal to be praised ar these occupatioÌ„s which be seruers of pleasure as Trinkermen butchers cookes puddingmakers fisshermen which Terence speaketh of Putt to these if ye list perfumers dauÌ„cers and all hazarders But those scieÌ„ces wherin is greater wisdome and no meane profit fought as physik casting of buyldinges lerning of worthie knowledge be honest for theÌ„ with whose estate thei agree And merchauÌ„dise if it be small is to be couÌ„ted of litle estimation but if it be greate and well stored conueyeng many commodities rounde aboute and disparsing those same into many mennes haÌ„des withoute vaine wordes it is not much to be dispraised and fardermore if being satisfied w t gaine or contented rather as it hathe often coÌ„me from the sea to the hauen so it chaunge from the hauen into landes and possessions it seemeth of verie good right it may be commended For of all thinges whereoute anie gayne is sought nothing is better than grouÌ„dtilth aud trimmyng nothing yeeldinger nothing sweeter nothing meeter for a freeborne man Wherof bicause in Cato the elder we haue spokeÌ„ inough thence shall you take whatso to this place shall appertein But how duties doe proceede from those partes which belonge to honestie I think it sufficientiie declared Now in thosesame thiÌ„ges which bee honest ther may befall oftentimes a question and comparison of twoo honest thinges whether is y â— honester which pointe is passed ouer of Panetius For whereas all honestie springeth oute of four braunches wherof one is of knowledge an other of common feloushippe the third of great corage the fourt of measurekeeping it must needes bee that in choosing of dutie these bee often compared togither We think therfore those duties be more agreeable with nature which bee borowed from common felouship than those which be fetched from knowledge and that may bee proued by this argument bicause if a wisemanne happen on such a life that he bee enryched with a flowing plentie of all maner substaunce though with verie great leasure he coÌ„sider and alltobeholde with himself those thinges which ar worthie of knowledge yet if his solitarinesse be so greate that he caÌ„ not haue the sight of a man he would wish to be oute of y â— worlde And y â— wisdome which the Greeks doo terme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the princesse of all vertues For prudeÌ„ce which the Greekes doo call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we take to bee of an other nature which is the knowledge of thinges to be desired and thinges meete to be eschewed But that wisdowe which I named the princesse is the science of heuenly and worldly thinges wherin is conteined the coÌ„moÌ„nesse of godds and men their societie togither Which vertue in case it be the greatest as it is in deede it must needes folowe that the dutie which is borowed of commonnesse also is the greatest For the knowledge and consideratioÌ„ of naturall causes should after a certein sorte bee maimed and vnperfite if no performaunce of deedes should folowe And deedes must appeare in defending of meÌ„nes commodities They belonge therfore to the felouship of men and for that cause ar to be preferred before knowledge And this euery bestdisposed man whan it commes to the pointe doth showe and declare For who is so desirefull of thorowseeing lerniÌ„g the nature of thinges but in case while he were treating viewing of maters moste woorthy of knowledge in the meane seasoÌ„ he should sodenly heare tyding of the hazard and daunger of his countrie which he is able to
preseruation of helth nor sailing nor ground tilth and trimming nor the inning and sauing of corne and other frutes without labour of men could haue bene anie at all Now moreouer bothe cariage oute of those things wherwith we wer stored and conueiauÌ„ce iÌ„ of those which we should neede ther could be doutlesse none eâ—…cept men should doe these offices And in like maner nother stones should bee hewed out of quarreis necessarie to our vse nother yron golde brasse siluer deepe hidden could bee digged vp without the labour hande of maÌ„ Howses also wherby bothe y â— sharpenesse of colde might be defâ—…nded the noiauÌ„ce of heate might be assuaged froÌ„ wheÌ„ce either at y â— beginning mought they haue been giueÌ„ to maÌ„kiÌ„de or after doo ease if either by violence of teÌ„pest or by earthquake or oldeness they had gone to wracke excepte common life had learned of men to aske the ayde for these thinges Adde herunto conduits of water turning of riuers letting in water ouer groundes wharts made against streames hauens cast by hande which without mennes worke we might not haue By all which and manie other thinges it is euident that by no meanes without mannes hande and trauail wee could haue receiued the fruites and profites which bee gotten of those things that be liuelesse What frutes also of beastes or what commoditie could ther bee taken but if men should help therto For euen they doutlesse were men who were the chiefe in deuising what vse wee might haue of eche beast nor at this season without mennes seruice might wee either keepe horses or breake them or saue them or of them take seasonable commodities and by men also bothe those beastes bee killed which doo hurt and those bee taken which may doo seruice What should I noumber vp a heape of arts without which mannes life could haue bene none at all For who should ease the sicke What delite should ther bee amonge the healthfull what diet what apparaile onlesse so manie arts shoulde serue vs. With which things maÌ„s life beeing furnished is becomme so farre different from the feeding and cote of beastes Cities also without the assemble of men could neither bee builded nor peopled Wherupon ordinaunces and customes were made also an indifferent setting oute of lawe and a sure rule to liue after by which the life is ledde well and wealfullie Which thinges bothe the myldnesse of mindes and shamefastnesse hath folowed and it is brought to passe that our life shoulde bee the more safegarded and that by giuing and taking and enterchaÌ„unging of goodes pleasures we should waÌ„t nothing We bee longer in this place than neede requires For who is he to whom those things ar not manifest which in mo woordes bee recited of Panetius that neither anie captein in warre nor prince at home could haue atchieued greate feates auailable without meÌ„nes endeuour Kehersed of him is Themistocles Pericles Cyrus Agesilaus Alexander whom he denieth to haue bene able to commepasse so great thirgs without the ayde of men In a mater nowhit doutfull he vseth witnesses nowhit necessarie And as we obtein great commodities by the like minde and consente of men so ther is none so lothesomme a pestilence which dothe not growe to man by man Ther is a booke of Dicearchus vpon the death of men who was a greate Peripatetik and plentifull and after the other causes gathered togither as of waterbreakes of pestilence of destruction yea and of the sodain flocking togither of beasts by whose violeÌ„ce he showeth how certein kindes of men wer consumed afterward he makes comparison how manie mo men haue bene destroyed by mennes violence that is by warre or rebellion than by all other miserie Seeing then this place hath no maner of doute but that men both profit and hurte menne veriemuch I pointe this to bee a propertie of vertue to winne mennes heartes to her and binde them to her vse Therfore whatso in things liuelesse and whatso in the vse and occupyeng of beastes is done profitablie to mannes life it is all appointed to the laboursomme trades But mennes good wills that bee preste and readie to the aduauncement of our estate bee stirred vp by the wisdome and vertue of excellente menne For all vertue in a maner consisteth in three poinctes Wherof one is in thorowseeing what in euerie thing is true and perfit what agreable to eche thig what is the sequele wherof all things growe what is the cause of euerie thing The other to kepe in the troublesomme moodes of the minde which the greeks name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and to make the appetites which thei call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 obedieÌ„t vnto reasoÌ„ The third to vse them soberlie and skilfullie with whom we be conuersaunt by whose good wills we may haue those things at fill and heaped which nature desires yea by them if any harm be brought vpoÌ„ vs we may it auoide maie be wreaked of those which haue gone about to hurt vs and maie paye them with so much ponnishment as equitie and mannes gentlenesse dothe beare But by what meanes wee maie attein this power that wee maie commepasse mennes good wills and retein the same we shall saie and that not long hereafter But a fewe words ar to bee saide before That a greate power ther is in fortune on eyther side either for welfare or euillfare who is ignoraunt For bothe when wee enioye her prosperous blast we ar caried to our desired ends and when her winde is turned wee ar afflicted This same fortune then hath other chaunces which be seldomer first that comme from things liuelesse as seastormes teÌ„pests shipwracks dounfalls burnings then from beasts as stripes bytinges ouerruÌ„nings These therfore as I said bee seldomer But the destruccion of armies as alate of three ofteÌ„ of manie slaughter of capteins as latelie of a noble and singular maÌ„ the enuâ—…engs moreouer of the multitude and by reason of thesame oftentimes the banishments the miseries the fleeinges awaie of the welldeseruing citiezeÌ„s and again prosperitie honour empire victorie although they bee in fortunes haÌ„de â—…et without meÌ„nes trauails and studies on neither side they can bee brought to passe This then knowne wee muste declare by what meanes we maye allure and styrre vp mennes good wills to our profits The which processe if it bee sommewhat long lette it bee compared with the greatnesse of the profit so perhaps euen soÌ„mewhat to shorte it shall seme What soeuer then men giue to a man to enriche and aduaunce him either they doe it for good will when for soÌ„me cause they beare affection to anie orels for honours sake if they reuerence anie mannes vertue think him woorthie of moste fortunate estate or in whom they haue a trust and doe suppose theÌ„ to prouide well for their maters orels whose power they
be iust who dreedeth death paine banishment or pouertie nor any y t before equitie preferreth the contraries And moste of all they wonder at him who is not tempted with money â—… in what man that is well tried him think they worthie to be regarded Therfore iustice dothe worke all those three which be pointed oute for glorie and gettes good will also bicause it meanes to profit verie manie and for the same cause it worketh credit likewise and admiratioÌ„ bicause it despiseth noughâ—… regardeth those thinges wherunto moste men enkindled with greedinesse be haled And surelie after my iudgement euerie trade and order of life requireth the aydes of men â—… chieflie that ye haue somme with whom you may debate in familiar talk which is hard onlesse ye beare vpoÌ„ you the showe of an honest maÌ„ Therfore opinion of iustice is necessarie euen to the aloneliuer and one that leades his life in y t feeldes yea and so much the more bicause if they haue it not vniust they shall be counted and beeing garded with no defeÌ„ce shall be vexed with manie iniuries And to these also who do sell bye hyre lette and be entaÌ„gled in bargaining bysinesse iustice to go thorow wich their maters is necessarie Whose power is so greate y â— euen they who be fedde with euill doing and mischief caÌ„ not possible liue withoute somme percell of iustice For who stealeth or priuielie pyketh anie thing from anie of theÌ„ with whom he goeth a theeuing he leaueth not himself a place no not in robberie And onlesse he who is named the archpirate deuide the prise egallie either he shall be slaine of his mates or els forsaken Yea and it is said ther ar lawes amonge theeues wherto they obey and doo obserue them And so by reason of the euen portioning of the prise bothe Bargulus the Illyrian robber of whom mention is made in Theopompus had greate riches and much greater had Uiriatus the Lusitane to whome of trouth euen our armies â—…aptains gaue place whom Caius Lelius he that was commonlie called the wise being Pretor didde discomfite and abate so alayed his fersnesse that he left an easie warre to other Seeing then the streÌ„gth of iustice is so great y t it also stablisheth encrcaseth robbers richesse how great suppose we y t power therof to be among lawes iudgemeÌ„ts and ordinauÌ„ces of a coÌ„mon weale Certesse methink not onelie amonge y t Medes as telleth Herodotê° but also among our auÌ„ceters in old time wellcoÌ„ditioned kings haue bene ordeined for y t end of enioyeÌ„g iustice For at the beginning when y â— multitude was oppressed by them who had y â— greater power for refuge they fled to soÌ„me one excelling in vertue who when he saued the weaker froÌ„ iniurie by pâ—…inting out an equitie kept the hyest w t the lowest in indifference of lawe And the like cause ther was of making lawes as of kings for euermore an egall right hathe beene sought for otherwise it wer not a right If they obteined y tsame at the haÌ„des of one iust good man w t him they wer coÌ„tented wheÌ„ y t chaunced not lawes wer deuised which w t all men alwaies in one alike voice shoulde speake Wherfore this is doutlesse a cleare case y â— they wer wonte to be chosen to gouern of whose iustice the opinioÌ„ of the multitude was great And this therto adioined y t they also might be couÌ„ted wise ther was nothing y â— men vnder those guides shoulde wene theÌ„selues vnable to attein Iustice therfore is by all maner meanes to be regarded mainteined bothe it for itselfsake for els it wer not iustice also for y â— enlargement of honour glorie But as ther is a waie not onelie of getting money but also of bestowing it which may suffise for continuall charges not onelie such as be necessarie but also liberall so glorie must be both gotten ordered by a meane Notw tst aÌ„ding notablie Socrates did saie this to be the nerest and as it wer the gaine waie to glo rie if a man wold endeuour this to be in dede such as he wolde be counted And if anie doo deeme theÌ„selues able to attein stedfast glory by false pretence vaine outshow both w t fained spech couÌ„ tenauÌ„ce they be farre out of y â— waie The true glorie taketh deepe roote and also shootes abrode all counterfet thinges do soone shed as do the litle flowers neither can ther anie forged thing be durable Witnesses verie manie ther be on bothe sides but for shortnesse sake we will be contented with one familie For Tyberius Gracchus Publiê° sonne so longe shall be praised as remembrauÌ„ce of the Romane state shall stand But his sonnes neither tiuing wer liked of good men and dedde go in the noumber of menne rightfullie puâ—…e to death Let them then whoso the true glorie will atteine perfourme the duties of iustice What those wer it was tolde in y â— former booke But to y â— ende y â— soone we may seem such maner meÌ„ as we be although the greatest effect is euen in this pointe that wee be such as we wolde be counted yet certein preceptes ar to be giueÌ„ For if anie from his first entered age hathe cause of name and fame either receiued of his father which to you my Cicero I suppose to haue happened or by anie chaunce and fortune on him al meÌ„s yies ar cast and of him ther is serching what he dothe and how he liueth and so as though he should leade his life in moâ—…e open light nother worde nor 〈◊〉 of his can be vnknowne But whose first age is passed withoute mennes knowledge by reason of basenesse vnknowne name these as soâ—…ne as they begin to be yongemen ought to looke after greate thinges and to prease vnto thesame with direct studies Which they shall doe with so much the better corage bicause that age is not onelie not 〈◊〉 but also fauored The chief setting forth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—… yongman to glorie is it anâ—… 〈◊〉 may be gotten by seates of 〈◊〉 wherin manie haue showed themselues among our aunceters for warres wer almoste 〈◊〉 kept But your age chaunced vpon that warre where the one side had tomuch mischief the other litle good fortune In which warre yet wheÌ„ Pompeius had made you captein of the one wing bothe of a mâ—… most noble and of the armie you gotte great prayse with riding with throwing the darte and susteining all thinges with a souldiourlike painfulnesse And verilie that your praise and the common-weale fell togither But of me this treatise is not taken in hand touching you but touching the holle generaltie Wherfore let vs go forward to such thinges as do remaine As then in other maters the workes of â—…he minde be much more thaÌ„ of the
bodie so those thinges which with witte and reason wee go thorow be of more grace than those which we do with strength The first commendation then procedeth of sobermoode the next of naturall dutie toward pareÌ„tes the third of good will toward theirs But to the best coÌ„meÌ„dation yongmen be knowne soonest of all who haue bestowed themselues with noble and wise men well counseling the coÌ„monweale on whome if they be attendaunt they bring the people in beleefe that they will proue like them whome they haue chosen themselues to folowe Publius Mutius house did set out Publius 〈◊〉 ê° youthstate for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of harmlesse life of knowledge in the law For as for Lucius Crassus when he was a verie yongman he 〈◊〉 not from anie other place but wanne himself a verie greate praise by that noble and glorious accusation And in which age they who haue exercises ar 〈◊〉 to bee 〈◊〉 with praise as wee haue heard by 〈◊〉 in thesame age Lucius Crassus did showe himself in open courte to do that veriewell hauing forestudied which 〈◊〉 then at home with praise he might haue exercised But wheras ther bee two â—…ortes of speeche wherof in the one is familiar talk in the other 〈◊〉 it is no doute but the 〈◊〉 of spâ—…he may do mosâ—…e and hathe the greater furderaunce to glorie For y t is y â— thing which we do call eloqueÌ„ce but yet it is hard to tell how much a geÌ„tlenes â—… familiarnes of speeche winneth ménes mindes Ther be letters abrode of Philippus to Alexander and of Antipater to CassaÌ„der and of Antigonus to Philippus three very wysemen for so we haue heard in which thei giue rules that with gentle speche they allure the hertes of the multitude to owe theyr good will that they please their souldiours by speaking to them with faire wordes But y e oration which is made amonge the multitude with vehemence oftentimes raiseth an vniuersall glorie For great is the woÌ„derment at him that plentiefullie wiselie speaketh whome the hearers doe iudge also to vnderstande more and to be wiser than other And if in the oratioÌ„ ther be a grauenesse mingled with sobermoode nothing ther can be done more woÌ„derfull somuch the more if those be in a yongeman But wheras ther be verie manie kindes of causes which doe require eloquence and manie yongmen in our commoÌ„weale bothe before the iudges before the Senate haue atteined praise by speakiÌ„g in maters y â— grea test admiration is in iudiciall causes y â— nature wherof is in two partes For it staÌ„deth in accusation defence of which albeit defence is the more commendable yet also accusation is oftentimes alowed I spake of Crassus a litle before the like did Marcus Antonius being a yongman an accusation also brought Publius Sulpitius eloquence to light when into iudgement he called the seditious vnprofitable citiezen Caius Norbanus But this sothelie is not often to be done nor at anie time onlesse either for the commoÌ„weales cause as did the twoo Luculli or for protection sake as we did for the Sicilians and for y t Sardines Iulius Cesar for Marcus Albutius did y t like Also Lucius Fusius diligeÌ„ce was knowne in the accusing of Marcus Aquilius Once then it may be done not ofteÌ„ certesse But in case a man must needes do it often let him ascribe this office to the commonweale whose enemies to reueÌ„ge often is not to be reproued yet let ther be a measure present For of a hardherted man or rather scace a man it seemes vpon manie to bring the dauÌ„ger of life for that bothe is dauÌ„gerous to himself and also a shameful blotte in his name to giue cause that he be named a promotour Which chaunced to Marcus Brutus borne of a noble stocke his sonne who was verie well skilled in the ciuil lawe And therto this rule of dutie must bee diligeÌ„tlie kept that ye bring no innocent at anie time in iudgement vpon life for that can in no wise be done withoute haynous wickednesse For what is ther so vnnaturall as to turne eloquence being giuen of nature for the safegarde and preseruation of men to the harme and destructioÌ„ of good meÌ„ And yet as thiâ—… is to bee â—…schewed so is it not to be counted contrarie to godlinesse to defend the giltie otherwhile and mischeuous and wicked This the multitude desireth custome beareth humanitie also worketh The iudges parte is euermore in causes to folow the trouth the counselers parte manie times to defend the trouthlike though it be not so true which to write I wolde not be bolde namelie seeing I treate of philosophie but that thesame liked Panetius the grauest of the Stoikes But moste of all by defending bothe glorie and fauour is gotten and so much the more if euer it befall that he bee defended who dothe seeme to be besette and pressed with the richesse of anie man of power as ourself did bothe often at other times and also being yong for Sextus 〈◊〉 the Amerine against the might of Lucius Sylla bearing swey which oration as ye wotte is abrode But now we haue sette forthe yong mennes duties which auaile to the atteining of glorie hereafter we must speake of bountiefulnesse and liberalitie Wherof two maner waies ther ber For liberall dealing is showed to such as neede either by trauail or with money This latter is the easier speciallie to the possessioner but that other is the goodlier and more glorious meeter for a manlie and a noble man For though ther is a liberall will of pleasuring in bothe yet the one oute of the coffer the other oute of vertue is takeÌ„ and the lauishing which is made of a mannes housegoodes draweth drye the verie fountane of liberalitie so liberalitie is by liberalitie wasted and toward y â— mo that you do vse it the lesse ye can be able to vse it toward manie But whoso shall be bountiefull and liberall of trauail that is of vertue and diligence first the mo they haue profited the mo furderers they shall haue toward dealing liberallie afterwarde by customable vsing of bouÌ„teousnesse the redier they shall be and as it were the more practised to deserue well of manie Princelie dothe Philippus in a certein epistle accuse Alexander his sonne that by lauishnesse he hunteth after the good will of the Macedonians VVhat reason in a mischiefe quoth he hath brought you into this hope that ye should think those wolde be to you faithfull whome you had corrupted with money VVhy go ye aboute this that the Macedonians may think you not their king but their seruaunt and briber Well he sayd seruauÌ„t and briber bicause it is vile for a king Better also he sayd in that he called largegiuing corruption For he that receiueth
their estate An honest sayeng it is but who is ther at all which in bestowing his trauaile dothe not preferre the fauour of a richeman one of power before y â— poores a right good maÌ„nes cause For froÌ„ whoÌ„ we think a speedier and redier recoÌ„pence will coÌ„me to him warde commonlie our good will is the more enclined But we must marke more diligentlie what is the nature of thinges For verily though y t pooreman can not render due thanks yet if he bee a good maÌ„ owe them for soothe he may This surely was in place whosoeuer said it Money who haueth in hand hath not payde who hath paide haueth in minde but thaÌ„kes both who hath paide haueth in miÌ„de who haueth in minde hath rendered But these who counte theÌ„selues riche honorable wealfull will not bee once bouÌ„d to a maÌ„ for a pleasure but thei think rather y t thei haue done a pleasure when yea although they haue taken soÌ„me great thing thei suspect somwhat likewise of theÌ„ either to be craued or looked for but thei recheÌ„ it eueÌ„ like a death y t thei should seme to haue vsed ones furderaunce or should be called hangers on But y â— other poremaÌ„ thiÌ„king hiÌ„self regarded not his state wheÌ„ any thing is done vnto him desires y t he may be thought thaÌ„kfull not onelie to him who haue deserued it but also to theÌ„ for he standes in neede of manie of whome he lookes for ought Nor yet w t wordes he setts oute his seruice if perhappes he doe anie but also abaceth it And thissame pointe is to bee considerd that if you defeÌ„d a riche and a welthie man y â— thank remaines in him alone or perchauÌ„ce in his children but if you do it for him that is poore and yet honest discrete all the meane degree being not dishonest which is a greate multitude amonge the people do se succour prepared for them Wherfore I think a benefite better to bee bestowed vpon good men than vpoÌ„ riche Yet allwaies we must giue our endeuour that we may content all maner of men but if the mater shall coÌ„me into comparison verilie Themistocles is to be taken for an author who when he was asked couÌ„sel whether one should bestowe his daughter vpon a good pooremaÌ„ or a riche manne not so honest I quoth he do rather like a man who lacketh money than money which wanteth a man But maners bee corrupted and marred by ouerregarding riches What do the the great store therof pertein to euerie one of vs Perauenture it helpeth him that hath it and that iwis not allwaies But graunte it helps indeede he may be the mightier but which waie may he bee the honester man And if the richeman bee also a good man let not his riches hinder him cause him to finde thelesse helpe so they furder him not let a maÌ„nes holle iudgement bee not how riche but what maner man echone is And in bestowing benefites and trauail the last lesson is that you labour nothing against equitie nothing with wronge For iustice is the grounde of a continuall commendacion and fame withoute which nothing can bee praisable But seing we haue spoken of such kinde of benefites as beloÌ„ge to eche seuerall manne hereafter we must treate of those which pertein to all men and to a commonweale And some of thosesame bee of such sorte that they pertein to the holle nonmbre of citizens soÌ„me that they concern euerie sere man which bee also more fauourfull A diligence doutlesse ther must bee giuen if it may that it be prouided for bothe nolesse also for euerieone but so as the thing either maye furder or at leste not hinder the commonweale Caius Gracchus cornedole was greate he wasted therfore the treasurie Marcus Detauiê° made such a one as was measurable and as the commonweale might beare necessarie for the people therfore wealfull bothe to the citizens and also to y t state But speciallie it must be sene to of him who shall gouern the commonweale that euerieman keepe his owne and that ther be no impayring of priuate meÌ„ns goods for coÌ„mon charges For Philippus did daungerouslie in his Tribuneâ—… ship wheÌ„ he made the lawe concerning laÌ„des which yet he soone sufferd to be repealed therin maruailouslie hee showed himself a sober man but as hee did euill in setting for the manie thinges people pleasinglie so this he spake euill y â— ther wer not in the citie twoo thousand men who had anie substaunce It is surelie a mischieuous sayeng sounding to y â— making of goodes coÌ„mon what greater pestileÌ„ce caÌ„ ther be thaÌ„ that For coÌ„moÌ„welths countries ar ordeined to this ende speciallie that men may kepe their owne For although meÌ„ assembled togither nature beeing guide yet they sought the defenses of cities for hope of safekeeping of their goodes Ther must also good heede be giueÌ„ that as often it happened amonge our aunceters for the poorenesse of the treasurie and continuaunce of y â— warres a tribute be not nedefull to be paid And longe before it must be prouided that it may not befall But if anie necessitie of this dutie shall happen vpoÌ„ any coÌ„monweale for I had rather prophecie to soÌ„me others than to owres yet I reasoÌ„ not of owres but of euerie coÌ„monweale ther must bee giuen a diligence that all men may vnderstaÌ„d that if they will bee in safetie they must obey necessitie And moreouer all such as shall rule the commonweale ought to prouide that ther bee store of those thinges which ar necessarie Of which it is not needefull to dispute what a prouision is wonte ought to be made for y â— mater is manifest this place was nomore but to bee touched But the chief poincte is in all administration of maters and commonweale offices that euen y â— leste suspitioÌ„ of couetousnesse bee auoided Would god quoth Caius Pontius thâ—… Samnite fortune had reserued me to those daies and I had then been borne when the Romanes begoÌ„ne once to take bribes I woulde not suffer them anie lenger to rule Hee needed not iwis to haue taried for manie worldes For of late this mischiefe entered into this commonweale Therfore I am well content that Pontius rather liued then if ther was in him somuch manhod indeede Not yet a hundred and tenne yeres be past sins the lawe of pillage was made by Lucius Piso wheras none before had been But afterward folowed so many lawes and euerie of the later the harder so manie accused so manie condeÌ„ned so greate an Italian warre raised for feare of iudgements wheÌ„ lawes and iudgementes wertaken awaie so greate polling robbing of leagfrendes y â— by the weaknesse of other not by our prowesse we do preuaile Panetius praiseth Africanus bicause
he was no taker Why should he not be praised But other greater thinges ther were in him For the praise of restraining from taking is not onlie the mans but also that times Paulus got all the Macedonians treasure which was exceeding greate he brought somuch riches into the treasurie y t one capteins bootie made an end of tributes but he bore nothing into his house saue an euerlasting memorie of his name Africanus folowed his father nowhit the more enriched by Cartage razed What of Luciê° Mummius who was his officefelow in the Censorship was hee aniedeale the richer when by the ground he had ouerthrowne the moste riche citie Hee was willing rather to bewtifie Italie than his owne house allthough Italie beeing beautified his verie house seemeth to mee the beautifuller No vice then is ther fowler that thither my talke may return froÌ„ whence it is strayed than couetousnesse speciallie in princes commonweale rulers For it is not onelie dishonest but wicked also shamefull to make a gaine of the coÌ„moÌ„welth Therfore wheras Apollo Pythius gaue oute by oracle that Sparta no other waie but by couetousnesse should coÌ„me to destructioÌ„ the same hee seemeth to haue prophecied not onelie to the Lacedemonians but also to all welthie peoples For they who rule ouer the common-weale maye by no meanes sooner winne the good will of the multitude than by a refraining hand stayednesse But woso will be peoplepleasers and for that cause do either attempt the mater of landes that the owners may be driueÌ„ from their holdes orels do think meete that loned money bee remitted to the detters they shake the foundations of the commonweale first they take awaie coÌ„corde which can not bee when money is pulled froÌ„ soÌ„me forgiueÌ„ to other soÌ„me next they baÌ„nish equitie which is hollie rooted oute if it bee not lawfull for euerie man to haue his owne For that is the proper ende as I said before of a citie and borough that ther bee a free and no troublesome keping of euerie mannes owne good And in this mischief of the commonweale they do not attein such fauour as they suppose thei do For he from whome goods be taken is becoÌ„me an enemie hee also to whome thei ar giueÌ„ makes as though he is not willing to take them and moste of all hee hydes his ioye in loned money forgiuen leste hee maye seeme to haue been vnable to paye it But surelie hee that receiueth the wronge bothe beareth his greefe in remembraunce and showeth it in sight neither if they bee mo to whom wickedlie it hath been giueÌ„ than they from whome vniustlie it hath been taken it foloweth that therfore thei be also more in power For these thinges be iudged not by noumber but by weight And what equitie is in this y t he shoulde haue land who hathe had none and hee shoulde forgo land who hathe had it manie yeres yea or hunderds of yeres before continued in possessioÌ„ But for this kinde of iniurie the Lacedemonians draue out Lysander the Ephorean and they sleew Agis y â— king which had neuer happened among them before Wherof folowed at that time so great dissensions y â— there arose tyrauntes and their noble men wer exiled a verie well ordered commonweale weÌ„t to ruine Nor trulie their state onelie had a fall but also it ouerthreew the rest of Greece with the infections of mischiefes which springing from y â— LacedemoniaÌ„s did flowe farder abrode What of our Gracchi Tiberius Gracchus the noble mannes sonnes Africanê° childerns childern did not landstriues bring them to destruction But in dede Aratus the Sicyonian is rightfullie coÌ„mended who wheÌ„ his câ—…tie was fiftie yeres witholden by tyraunts being departed frâ—…m Argos to Sicyon with a pâ—…stoâ—… entrie gâ—…tte possession of the citie and when 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he had ouerâ—…â—…n the tyraunt Nicocles he 〈◊〉 hâ—…me again six hundred baâ—…sht men who had been the greatest possessioners of y t citie and by his comming sette the â—…ommoÌ„weale at libertie But wheÌ„ he perceiued the greate inconuenience in the goodes and possessions bicause bothe he thought it verie vnreasonable y t they should â—…acke whoÌ„ he himself had restored whâ—…se goodes other had possessed again to remoue fiftie yeres possession he iudged it not verie indifferent bicause that in sâ—… lâ—…ng a space much by inheritauÌ„ce much by sale much by dower was holden w t out wroÌ„g he thought it was necessarie neither the goodes to bee taken from them nor those to bee vnsatisfied whose they had bene before When he had then determined y t he should neede money for the ordering of y â— mater he saide he would make a viage to Alexandria and commauÌ„ded the mater to remaine vntouched vntill his return And he w t speâ—…e went to Ptolemeus who had bene his entertainer which then reigned the seconde after the building of Alexandria to whom when he had declared y â— he was minded to set his countrie at libertie and had enfourmed him of the case the noble man soone obteined of the riche king to bee ayded with a masse of money Which wheÌ„ he had brought into Sicyon he toke to him in couÌ„sell fiftâ—… one of his nobles with whoÌ„ he examined the cases bothe of them who did withholde othermennes of theirs who had lost their owne did putte these fifteene in commissioÌ„ for the valewing of possessions and to perswade somme that they would be willinger to take money and â—…ease their possession and other somme to think that to haue as much payed them in valeew it were more profit than to recouer their owne So it camme to passe that they all departed withoute complainte by a wellordered concorde O manne of much honour and woorthie to haue bene borne in our commonweale Thus it is meete to deale with citiezens and not as twise allreadie wee haue seene to pitche a salestaffe in the marketplace to put the goodes of the citiezens in y â— cryers mouthe But that Greeke thought meete to prouide for all which was the part of a wise and a woorthie manne And that is the greatest discretion and wisdome of an honourable citiezen to defende not to pull awaie the citiezens commodities and to contein them all within one maner of equitie But soÌ„me will saie men maye dwell rentfree in an others house Why so That when I haue bought it haue builded it doo repaire it do laie charges vpoÌ„ it thou shouldest haue y â— vse of mine agaiÌ„st my will What is this els but from somme to take their owne to soÌ„me to giue other 〈◊〉 And as for the neew tables what reason haue they but that you may bye land with my money and possesse it yourself and yet I may not haue my money Wherfore it must bee prouided y â— ther bee no dett which may hinder the coÌ„moÌ„weale which thing may bee
haue taught y t ther is no profit which is contrarie to honestie so wee saye all voluptuousnesse is contrarie to 〈◊〉 And so much the more I take Callipho and Dinomachus worthie to be reproued who thought they should ende the coÌ„trouersie if they made a ioyning of voluptuousnesse with honestie 〈◊〉 of beast with manne Honestieadmitts not this knot but doth abhorre reiect it Nor truly the end of good euill which ought to bee after one sort may be mingled and tempered with things disagreable But hereof hitherto for it is a weightie mater in an other place discoursed more at large Now to the purpose After what sort then the mater is to be resolued if at any tyme profit in apparaunce dothe striue with honestie it is before sufficiently debated But if voluptuousnesse also be counted to haue a showe of profit it can haue no felowship w t honestie For be it so we soÌ„mewhat esteeme pleasure somme sawce perhapps it shall haue in it but surely no profit at all You haue froÌ„ your father a present sonne Mark in my opinioÌ„ verily muchworth but it shall be eueÌ„ so as ye take it Notwithstanding these three bokes ar as strauÌ„gers to be enterteined of you amoÌ„g Cratippê° notes But as ye should once haue herd me also if I had coÌ„me to Athenes which had bene done in dede but that my countrie called me backe with open mouth in the mydst of my iourney so seeyng in these volumes my voice is conueied vnto you ye shall bestowe as much time vpoÌ„ them as you may and so much you may as you wyll But when I shall vnderstande that you take pleasure in this 〈◊〉 of knowledge then I bothe present there shortly as I trust and in your absence absent will speake with you Fare you well therfore my Cicero assure yourself that you ar to me doutlesse right dere and yet farre derer shall bee if in such bookes and lessons you will sette your delite The end of Tullies bokes of duties The Table A. Academians schole 116. b. Accius verses 142. a. Accusation 82 a. 〈◊〉 74. b. Admiration for despising of money 77. b. AdmiratioÌ„ for 〈◊〉 81. b AdmiratioÌ„ for iustice 77. a. Admiration for 〈◊〉 77. a. Admiration for stayednesse 77. a. Aduise 〈◊〉 a. 〈◊〉 doing 63. a. Affection toward 〈◊〉 19. b. Affections which rulers ought to resist 33. b. Africanus 30. b. Africanus praised for a refraining hand 104. a. Africanus sayeng 35. b. Against Cesar 71. a. 〈◊〉 who offered vp his daughter 146. b. 〈◊〉 105. b. Agreeablenesse 56. b. Atax 44. b. 14. 7 b. Alexander ouer irefull his father of more humanitie 35. b. AlexaÌ„der the 〈◊〉 72. a Ambition 10. b. 34. a. 〈◊〉 156 a Amitie 126. a. Anger 34. b. 35. a. 54. a Angrinesse 35. a. 〈◊〉 108. b. Apolloes 〈◊〉 that Spartaes fall shoulde come by 〈◊〉 104. b. Apparell 51. b. Appetite 52. a. Appetite and reason in the minde 40. a. Appetites how to bee framed 40. a Appetites outragious 40. a Applieng talke to the mater 53. a Appointing vpon the kinde of life 46. a. 〈◊〉 definitioÌ„ of couine 132. a. Aratus the Sycionian a right good coÌ„monwelth man 106. a. Areopage 30. a. 〈◊〉 of Athenes 〈◊〉 this surname Just. 115. a Aristippus 3. a 156. a. Aristotcles 2. b. Aristotles iudgemente of sumptuousnesse 85. b. 〈◊〉 35. b. Artes. 68. a. Artes none can 〈◊〉 iudge of but the craftelmaster c. 115. a. Assayling of aucÌ„tures 32. b. Athenians 30. a Athenians assaulted of the Persians 127. a. Athenians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 counsell c. 127. b Attikes 41. a. Augurs 134. a. B. Baines 51. a. Bargulus 78. a. Beast 5. b. 141. a. Bellieseruers 59. a. Benefites 75. a. Benefites vpon the coÌ„mon weale 102. a. Blockishnesse 50. b. BoÌ„d of maÌ„s felowship 119. b Bragging 79. a. Braules 54. a. Bribes 103. b. Brondes of paines 77. a. Brutishnesse 25. a. Brutus did well inough in expulsing Collatinus 124. b. Building 54. b. 59. b. Byeng 128. a. C. Caius Canius 131. a. Caius Claudius 86. a. Caius Gracch a large 〈◊〉 102. b. Caiê° Cesar. 11. a. 52. b. 82. a. 89. b. 〈◊〉 a. 142. a. Caius Julius Cesar 〈◊〉 to reherse certein verses of Euripides 141. a. Caius Lelius 78. a. C. Marius 30. a. Caius Pontius 103. b. Callicratidas 33. a. Calphurmus draue Claudius to arbitre meÌ„t for concealement 134. a. Care 55. b. Care of other mennes maters 12. a. Carneades 3. a. Cato 134. a. Cato and Lelius surnamed the wise 115. a. Cato of Utica 44. a. Cato ouerstiffe 143. b. Catoes iudgement 134. b. Catoes shorte and feate saienges 41. a. Cato told what is the most profitable thing in nusbandrie 19. a. Catuli the father and the sonne 52. b. Catulus vncle 52. b. Cause of manlinesse 31. a. Causes mouing mens good Willes 70. b. Causes of good will and feare 71. a. Causes of obedience 71. a. Causes why somme breake dutie in not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 11. a. Cesar. 11. a. 52. b. 72. b. 89. b. 107. a. 〈◊〉 crueler than Sylla 73. a. Celar noted for a tiraÌ„t 44. b Cesars monarchie 64. b. 〈◊〉 side 80. a. Chaunge of life 47. b. Chaungeable course in talk 53. a. Chiualrie 80. a. 〈◊〉 53. b. Childern 23. b. 〈◊〉 in re quiting 20. a. Crysippus feate comparison 〈◊〉 a Cicero Consul 107. b. Ciceroes accusatioÌ„ of Uer res 82. a. Ciceroes Edileship 〈◊〉 a. Ciceroes Oration at 27. yeres of age c. 83. a. Ciceroes sonne 80. a. Ciceroes 〈◊〉 compared with Scipioes 110. a. Cimon 89. a. Circumstaunces 56. b. Citiematers aboue 〈◊〉 seates 29. b. Cities 69. a. 103. a. Citizen 49. a. 58. b. Citiezens 22. a. Ciuil law had in prlce with auncient rulers 89. b. Ciuil maners 58. a Claudius Centimalus coÌ„maunded to pull downe certaine houses 134 a. Clenlinesse 51. b. Cleombrotus 33 a. Cleomenes a 〈◊〉 13. b. Clerenesse 60. b. Cn. Octauius 54. b. Cn. Pompeius 30. b. Cn. Pompeius triumphed thrise c. 31. a. Colour 51. b. Commelie for 〈◊〉 49. a. Comelie for olde men 48. b Comelie manlinesse 37. b Comelienesse 37. a. 55. b. Commelinesse according to age 48. a. Comelienesse according to eche mans nature 43. b. Comelienesse a waiter vpoÌ„ honestie 37. a. Comelienesse comming by fortune 45. b. Comelienesse defined 38. a. Comelinesse deuided 〈◊〉 a. Comlienesse generall 38. a. 42 a. Commelienesse in all honestie 37. b. Comelienâ—…sse in motions of the minde 51. b. Comelieness in speche 52. a. Comelienesse in 3. pointes 49. b. Comeliness naturall 38. b Comeliness of iustice 37. b. Comeliness of teÌ„peraÌ„ce 37. b Comeliness of wisdome 37 b Comeliness particular 38. a. Comelinesse poeticall 38. b. CoÌ„melienesse taken of sette purpose 45. b. Commendation of his mater 2. b. Common 129. a. Common daungers 32. b. Common felowshippe 9. b. 62. a. 118. a. Common felowsâ—…ip to be preferred before knoweledge 60. a. CoÌ„mon iudgemeÌ„t of meÌ„ 61. a Common people 〈◊〉 a. Common profit 128. b. Common
A precepte of dutie Against them that more eâ—…eme their own glorie than commoÌ„-welth Callicratides Cleombrotus Q. Fabius Ennius Manlie corage in citiematers Affections which rulers ought to resist Mynding of priuate profite Iniustice Discorde False accusâ—…tion Ambition Dissension Angeâ—… Frowardnes Malice Rigorousnes Partialitie Anger Angrinesse Prosperitie Pride Disoein Arrogancie Unmeasurablenesse Socrates and Leiâ—…us kept euer one countenauce Alexander ouer â—…refull his father of more humanitie PanetiusAfricanes sayeng Counsell of frends Flaterers Selfloue Rehersall of things afore Magistrates The quiet liuers Priuate hous holders Priuate substaunce Conclusion Of 〈◊〉 CoÌ„melinesse CoÌ„meâ—… a watter vpon 〈◊〉 â—…nesse of â—…erauÌ„ce Comelinesse in wisdom CoÌ„melinesse of iustice A coÌ„melie â—…sse CoÌ„melinesse in al honestie Honestie 〈◊〉 helth of bodie coÌ„melinesse like beautie Diuision Definition Generall coÌ„melinesse Particular coÌ„melinesse Comelinesse â—…call The persone Naturall comelinesse 〈◊〉 Shamefastnesse Duties out of coÌ„melinesse Motions of bodie and minde In the 〈◊〉 is appetite and reason 〈◊〉 Necligence Dutifull â—…ing â—…ow appetites must be framed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Uncomely hauior of the bodie by reason of troublesome affections Our doings Pleasantnes Grauitie Iesâ—…ing Kindes of iâ—…stinâ—… Plautuâ—… The Attiks Socratians Catoes short and feate saâ—…engs Pastime â—…he excelâ—…ce of mans nature Pleasure of the bodie we must feed to liue not â—…ue to feede A generall coÌ„melinesâ—… A commune personage A persone proper to echâ—… man Difference of natures Romanes PleasauÌ„tnes Grauitie Mirtâ—… Henourseeking Greekes Merie conceites Dry moches Ernestnesse Craftienesse Plainnesse A farre fetche to coÌ„mepasse maters A suttle sufferaunce Plain dealiÌ„g Familiarness in talk Sadnesse CoÌ„melinesse according to eche man nes nature Nature A continuaâ—… euennesie of life Going to death Cato of Utica Deintie life â—…de maners Cesar noted for a tyraunt Ulysses for a tune suffered euerie thing Faire speeche Aiax Knowe yoâ—… self Plaiers A rule Persones CoÌ„melinesse comming by fortune CoÌ„melinesse taken of sette purpose Examples of the former The fourte Folowers of their auÌ„cetâ—…rs Men newly coÌ„ming vp Appointing vpoÌ„ the kindâ—… of life Hercules had a diuine gift aboue na ture Folowing of parents Folowing of the multitude The right trade Fewe take the best 〈◊〉 Nature Nature and fortune Stedfasâ—…ness Misgoing Chaunge of life The â—…ertues not the vices of elders must be folowed Nothing â—…gainst nature 〈◊〉 Comlinesse according to age Yongmenneâ—… ouâ—…es Reuerence oâ—… elders Stayednes Labour Pacience Endeuour TemperauÌ„ce Shamefastnesse what is com ly for old mâ—… Exercise of â—…nde Profiting of other Counsell wisdome Slouthe 〈◊〉 what becommes a magistrate The honâ—… of the 〈◊〉 A priuate man Egall lawe Quietnesse A citiezen A straunger Conclusion Stedfastnesse Comlinesse in thre pointes wellfauourd nesse Order Furniture Of wellfauourdnesse Shamefastnes natures scholar vnshamefastnesse Fylthynes Cynikes Thinges wordes Nature Gesture Deintynesse Blockishnes Players Baines Of fairnesse Louelinesse Portelynesse Gesture Uisage Colour Exercise Clenlynesse Apparail Goyng CoÌ„melinesse in motions of the minde Intelligence Appetite CoÌ„mlynes in speeche Uehement speeche CoÌ„mon talk Speeche Uoice Clerenesse Sweetnesse Catuli the father and the sonne Lucius Crassus Cesar. Catulus vnkle Talk Gentle Not obsâ—…inate Pleasaunt Chaungeable courâ—…e Applieng to the mater Sagenesse 〈◊〉 Sclaundeâ—…ig The mater of talke Delectation Measure 〈◊〉 of the minde Chyding Anger Rebuking Braules Grauitie 〈◊〉 Of furniture A princes house The vse The buyldig Cneus Octauius 〈◊〉 Large 〈◊〉 Costlynesse Ensample Lucius Lucullus Three rules â—…n mennes do â—…nges Reason Care Comelynes Of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Placing Order Place Opportunitie Occasion Discretioâ—… Prudence CircumstauÌ„ces Agreablenesse Pericles Sophocles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Deedes musâ—… be like tunes CouÌ„tenauÌ„ce Speaking Others life our glasse Others liâ—…e The iudgement of the â—…kilfull The commoâ—… people Ciuil maners Philosophers Men of desertes Olde age Officers The citezen The strauÌ„ger Felouâ—…ip Of occupacions â—… 〈◊〉 Gainings Tolfarmers Ufurers Hirelinges Retailers Handycraftesmen Belliseruers Pleasurefeeders Physiâ—… Building Lerning Marchaundise â—…ulbandrie Comparison of honest thinges Common felouship â—…ust be preferred before knowledge The. â—… argument The. 2 arg Prudence Sapience Knowledge Dooing The. 3. arg The common iugement oâ—… menne The. 4. arg The ende oâ—… conteÌ„plation The â—…udeÌ„tes life profitable to the coÌ„monweale Lâ—…s scholemaiâ—…er to Epaminonvas Plato to Dion Lorlled men profitable euen after their death CoÌ„ceiuing of maters Eloquence Common felouship 〈◊〉 Prudence Conclusion 〈◊〉 sometime is aboue the particular 〈◊〉 Juâ—…ice geâ—…rallie aboue all Aduiseâ—… doing Degrees of duties loÌ„ging to iustice The order of his treating The preface 1. part The coÌ„tentâ—… of this boke Profit 2. part why he gaue hâ—…self to â—…udie philosophie Caesars monarchiâ—… â—…ullies orations The euerâ—…irring soule Time borowed for â—…udie Praise of pâ—…losophie wisdom Tullies boke called Hortensius now loâ—… Of his sect his libertie in writing As the Pyrrhonians Tullies Academicall disputations Exhortation to his sonne The treatise Account of his order in the holle woorke The presente purpose The nature of profit A diuision of things profitable and vnprofitable Liuelesse Liuing Uoide of reason Hauing reasoÌ„ God Man to man dothe most hurt or profit Things liuelesse Helth. Nauigation Husbandrie MerchauÌ„dise Stones Metalls Houses Water Hauens LiuiÌ„g things The vse of 〈◊〉 Arts. Physiâ—… CoÌ„mâ—… gouernment Cities Lawes Customes The eruelnes of men one against another Dicearchus booke of the death of meÌ„ By vertue must men bee wonne to our vse Uertue släds in three points Wisdow Tempâ—…uÌ„ce 〈◊〉 The stroke of forâ—…ne Causes moouing mennes good wills Causes of Obedience Of good will and feare Against Caesar The endes of â—…aunts Feare Dionysius the tyraunt a moÌ„g the Syracusians AlexaÌ„der the Pheraian Thebe this 〈◊〉 wife Phalaris Cesar. Demetrius Lacedemonians The Romanes state Sylla the vic tors cruâ—…ltie against the â—…arians Cesar crueller than Sylla Mastilia a goodlie citie of Gallia NarboneÌ„sis by Cesar borne aboute in triumph Syllaes and Cesars salestaffe Certein exceptions Frendship Tullies boke of frendship His bookes of glorie be â—…ost Thinges per teâ—…ing to glorie Good will Credit Admitation Of getting good will Benefites Good hert EstimatioÌ„ for honestie How to get a credit Prudence with iustice Prudence withoute iustice is suspected why he seuereth vertues coupled by nature That wee may be reckened worthie of honour 〈◊〉 things DespisemeÌ„t DespisemeÌ„t Admiracion for â—…tayedness Pleasures â—…terâ—…g dames Brondes of paines Admiration for 〈◊〉 Admiration for iustice Admiration for despysing of money Iustice a worker of â—…oue glorie Mans ayde How necessarie it is to be takeÌ„ for iust Robberie Laweâ—… oâ—… theeues amonge themselues Bargulus Uiriatus Caius 〈◊〉 The Mebes Kinges Lawes Right Socrates The hye way to glorie Faining Bragging Tyberius Gracchus Tyberius Caius Gracchâ—… bothe siayne for sedition Preceptes of purchasing glorie Youth Nobilitie Noble men musâ—… not stain their sâ—…ocke with reâ—…rochefull life New commers vp need great vertueâ—… Great câ—…rage Rules of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sonne Cesars side 〈◊〉 side workes of the minde Sobernesse 〈◊〉 loue Good will Iinitation of worthie men Butâ—…s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 youthe goâ—… a greate