THE ANSVVERE OF MASTER ISAAC CASAVBON to the Epistle OF THE MOST ILLVSTRIOVS and most reuerend Cardinall PERON Translated out of Latin into English May 18. 1612. LONDON Printed by FELIX KYNGSTON for VVilliam Aspley 1612. TO SIR THOMAS EDMONDS HIS MAIESTIES Legier in France ISAAC CASAVBON wisheth Health HOnourable Sir the importunate curiositie of men hath at length ouercome my purpose which would not suffer neither this answere nor the Epistle that gaue the occasion of it to keepe priuate with other scroles in the desks of the owners As for me how vnwilling I haue been from the beginning and euer since to haue it published both you well know and others of worth can witnesse who haue earnestly requested that of me yet did not preuaile But now seeing so great a man forced to yeeld vnto other mens desire let none marueile that I also haue done the same And although this Answere was not written to the end that it should be published yet if they into whose hands it shall come be equall and moderatly minded not seruile to affections there will proue no cause I trust that I should repent of publishing it or they of reading it It shall be knowne to honest men and such as be desirous of publike agreement amongst Christian people as I haue obserued the most to be on both sides that are good men and intelligent in matters Diuine that they haue his excellent Maiestie of GREAT BRITAINE ioyning with them in their most holie wish yea with most earnest desire Who although he haue iust cause to be perswaded that his words his writings his actions heretofore haue made manifest to the whole Christian world the excellencie of his minde in this behalfe yet he thought good not to despise this occasion happened also of declaring the same Who is there so void of al sense of piety which doth not embrace and admire this affection in so mightie a Prince Who so sauage and barbarous as otherwaies to interpret it or to make doubt whether this answere of the King did proceed from a vehement desire of concord Religious and wise men shall further vnderstand what manner of peace and concord in the Church this most pious Prince wisheth and vpon what termes and conditions his Maiestie is readie to make couenant For this answere is tempered with such moderation that the zealous endeuour by all good meanes to make vp peace appeareth not to be inferiour to the Zealous endeuour of defending the truth And this surely is the Kings opinion this his firme sentence that it is but vaine for such men to thinke or talke of the peace of the Church which are not afraid to separate and disioyne this celestiall chariot which ought in no wise to be discoupled That in vaine therefore doe they vaunt of the truth of their opinion who maliciously interpreting all the sayings of other men and deducting thence such absurd consequences as they list giuing bad example of such peruerse industrie doe proue themselues destitute of charitie which is the mother of vnitie That in vaine also doe they vsurpe the golden names of Charitie and Vnitie which are not willing to admit of Truth which is the foundation of pietie that is sincere It was of old excellently spoken by S. Hilarie Beautifull is the name of peace saith he and faire is the opinion of vnitie but who may doubt that that only is the peace of the Church which is the peace of Christ The peace of Christ which alone is taught by this most holy father to bee approued off in the Church it is that by which the doctrine of Christ which he taught his Apostles and his Apostles taught the primitiue Church doth remaine safe defenced and vnshaken Let those to whom it belongeth who challenge the principall places in the Church offer vnto his Maiestie such a peace and straightway the discord is ended Let them ingeniously and faithfully separate humane matters from diuine things superstitious from things religious nouelties and late-borne deuices from such matters as be truly ancient lastly the nothing or lesse necessarie from the necessary and I say againe and I crie aloud that all may heare on his Maiesties part and for the Church of England the discord is at an end Now to come vnto so great a benefit there lieth but one Kings streete as it were which from the entrance of the Church hath been beaten by our ancestors namely the free celebration of a Generall Councell wherein the complaints of all Nations may be heard wherein controuersies may be determined and peace for the time ensuing by Gods mercie bee established For the rooting of bad opinions out of mens mindes and for the reconciliation of nations diuided by dissention the Church in all ages knew no other course but this nor vsed other but this they vsed not violence nor armes But seeing by reason of the generall sinnes of vs all there appeares no hope of a Generall Councell yet it would be some ease of this euill if the great libertie or rather vnbridled licence of daily writing and publishing bookes of Diuinitie were by seuere lawes on both sides restrained For now what hope can remaine when throughout all Europe euery where euer now and then new writers come abroad such as be readie to powre oyle into the fire rather then by casting on water to extinguish the flame Gregorie Nazianzen that admirable Diuine could not endure in the men of his time the curiositie in disputing of diuine matters and in diuers places of his writings hee affirmes that the only cause almost of the euils which that age suffered not vnlike to ours now adaies was this because men void of Gods spirit commonly and promiscuously did dispute of spirituall things and conuert Theologie into technology that is make no other vse of Diuinity but as a matter of learned or artificiall discourse as they talke of other arts and sciences out of humane reason From this licence which now almost euery where beareth sway rise so many new tearmes and such diuersitie of formes of speech and sentences which daily more and more breed dissention in the Church of God Away then with this libertie of prophecying which is so pleasing vnto some of these times if they vnderstand thereby a licence of broaching new deuices and departing from the doctrine which hath been receiued by consent of all men in the ages of the primitiue Church What should I tell here of those vnsauourie and vnlettered writers which are scarcely perfit in the first elements of Christian religion which daily come foorth of those places especially where without any difference made of good or euill demeanours without respect of knowledge or ignorance to the hurt of the common good rewards are propounded vnto any one that being growne impudent can set out a booke against the aduerse part though it be full of rage and emptie of all learning But what good can be hoped for from such as make
readie at al times as our Sauiour teacheth to scatter tares amongst the good seede And considering in these times wee see with our eyes that this is come to passe and it is so grosse that wee may almost grope it with our hands it is ridiculous and most absurd to dispute whether this thing could heretofore happen or hath now happened Therefore the Church of Rome the Greek Church the Church of Antioch and of Aegypt the Abyssine the Moschouite and many others are members much excelling each other in sinceritie of doctrine and faith yet all members of the Catholike Church whose ioynture in regard of the outward forme was long since broken For which cause his Maiestie doth much wonder when hee considers how some Churches which heretofore were but members of the bodie once entire doe now ingrosse all the right of the whole and appropriate to themselues the name of Catholike excluding from their communion and affirming boldly that they belong not to the Catholike Church whosoeuer doe dissent from them in anything or refuse the yoke of their bondage Neither do you only challenge to your selues this right there are others that do the same For his Maiestie speakes it with griefe there are at this day many priuate Churches which beleeue that they onely are the people peculiar which they call the Church Giue them that strength which the Church of Rome hath and they shall doe the same with her and pronounce of all others as hardly as she doth What shall wee say are there not sundrie sects now adaies which are certainly perswaded that they only haue insight into the Scriptures and as the Poet saith that they only are wise that all others walke like shadowes It is true indeed that in euery age there were conuenticles of sectaries and dissemblies which did boast themselues of the Catholike Church and by this prouocation did allure many vnto them but it is the peculiar and famous calamitie of these latter times that the Catholike Church vnto which of necessitie a man must adhere either really and actually or at the least in will and vow is become lesse manifest then it was of old lesse exposed to the eyes of men more questionable and doubtfull For which cause his excellent Maiestie thinketh that he ought more carefully in such a deluge of variable opinions to betake himselfe to the mountaines of the sacred Scripture and as S. Augustine gaue counsell to the Donatists to seeke the Church of Christ in the words of Christ And so S. Chrysostome both elsewhere and of purpose in his 33. Homilie vpon the Acts of the Apostles handling the question How the true Church might be discerned amongst many Societies which challenge to themselues that name teacheth that there be two meanes of deciding that question first the word of God and secondly antiquitie of doctrine not inuented by any new author but alwaies knowne from the birth and beginning of the Church These two trials the King and Church of England embracing doe auouch that they acknowledge that doctrine onely for true and necessarie to saluation which flowing from the fountaine of sacred Scripture through the consent of the ancient Church as it were a conduit hath been deriued vnto these times Wherefore to make an end of this obseruation his Maiestie answeres that it is faultie many waies and cannot stand with the hypothesis propounded Because saith he the Church of England is so farre from forsaking the ancient Catholike Church which she doth reuerence and admire that she departeth not from the faith of the Church of Rome in any point wherein that Church agreeth with the ancient Catholike If you question the succession of persons behold the names of our Bishops and their continuance from the first without any interruption if the succession of doctrine come make triall let vs haue a free Councell which may not depend vpon the will of one The Church of England is readie to render an account of her faith and by demonstration to euince that the authors of the reformation here had no purpose to erect any new Church as the ignorant and malicious doe cauill but to repaire the ruines of the old according to the best forme and in their iudgement that is best which was deliuered by the Apostles to the Primitiue Church and hath continued in the ages next ensuing His Maiestie grants that his Church hath departed from many points of that doctrine and discipline which the Pope of Rome now stifly defendeth but they doe not thinke this to be a reuolting from the Catholike Church but rather a returning to the ancient Catholike faith which in the Romane Church by new deuices hath been manifoldly and strangely deformed and so a conuersion to Christ the sole Master of his Church Wherefore if any man grounding vpon the doctrine of this obseruation will inferre from it that the Church of England because it reiects some ordinances of the Romane hath therefore departed from the ancient Catholike Church his Maiestie will not grant him this vntill he prooue by sound reasons that all things taught by them of Rome especially those which they will haue to be beleeued as necessarie to saluation were allowed of from the beginning and established by the ancient Catholike Church Now that no man can euer doe this at least neuer yet hath done it his Maiestie and the reuerend Bishops of the English Church doe hold it to be as cleere as when the Sunne shineth at mid-day Lastly his Maiestie thinketh it a great offence to forsake the Church but hee vtterly denieth that hee or his Church are guiltie of this crime For saith his Maiestie we depart not voluntarily but we are driuen away And your Honour well knoweth how many and how excellently learned and godly men for these fiue hundred yeeres at the least haue wished the reformation of the Church both in the head and members What grieuous complaints haue been often heard of worthie Kings and Princes lamenting the estate of the Church in their times But what auailed it for vnto this day we see not any one thing amended of all those which were thought most needfull of reformation Wherefore the Church of England in this separation feareth not any fellowship with the Donatists if the matter be debated by ingenuous men They willingly and without cause left the Catholike Church which at that time the consent of all nations did approue whose doctrine or discipline they could not blame but England being enforced by great necessitie separated her selfe from that Church which innumerable Christian people did not grant to be the true Catholike and vniuersall Church nay more which many of your owne writers haue heretofore ingenuously confessed to haue varied much from the ancient Church in matters of faith and discipline to haue patched many new things to the old and euill to the good which indeed is now better knowne to the vniuersall world then that any man can denie or be ignorant
such chiefe points as are necessarie to saluation For there is but one sauing doctrine there is but one way to heauen They are vnited in coniunction of mindes in true charitie and the duties of charitie especially of mutuall prayers Lastly they are vnited in the communion of one hope and expectation of promised inheritance knowing that before the foundations of the world they were predestinate I speake of the elect to be fellow heires and of the same bodie and partakers of the promise of God in Christ through the Gospell as saith the diuine Apostle Yet his Maiestie addes further that the same Church notwithstanding if any member thereof depart from the rule of faith will more esteeme of the loue of truth then the loue of vnitie He knowes that the supreme lawe in the house of God is the sinceritie of celestiall doctrine which if any man forsake he forsakes Christ which is Truth it selfe hee forsakes the Church which is the pillar and establishment of truth and by this meanes ceaseth to appertaine vnto the body of Christ With such Apostates a true Catholike neither will nor can communicate for what concent betwixt Christ and Belial Wherefore the Church will flie from communion with these and wil say with Greg Nazianzen that disagreement for godlinesse is better then ill affected concord Neither will he doubt if need be to say with the same blessed father that there is a holy contention Now that such a necessarie separation should sometimes be in the Church both wee are taught in other places of holie Scripture and that admonition also of the holie Ghost not without cause giuen to the Church doth openly declare saying Goe out of Babylon my people lest you communicate with her sinnes What that Babylon is whereout the people of God are commanded to depart the King disputes not in this place nor affirmes hee any thing concerning it yet thus much the matter it selfe doth plainly shew that whether some priuate Church be vnderstood in that place by the name of Babylon or the greater part of the whole it was before this a true Church with which the religious might religiously communicate but after it was more depraued the religious are commanded to goe out and to breake off communion Whereby it may be easilie vnderstood that not all communion with those that be called Christians is to bee desired of the faithfull but that only which may stand with the integritie of doctrine reuealed from heauen Now to come neerer to the purpose his Maiestie denies those places of S. Augustine to belong at all to him For he affirmes that all those testimonies doe euince this only that there remaines no token of saluation for them which depart from the faith of the Catholike Church or from communion with the same Church Which thing as I said before the King willingly grants But here his Maiestie desires of you most illustrious Cardinall that you would call to minde and perpend what great difference there is betwixt the times of S. Augustine and these of ours How much the Church now called Catholike differs from the ancient how the face of the Church is changed and the outward forme to say nothing of the inward For then the Church Catholike was like a citie seated vpon an hill which as Christ saith cannot be hid knowne to all conspicuous and certaine whereof no sound minde could make question Which was not as the foolish Donatists prated lying I know not where in the South driuen into some corner of the world but diffused farre and wide thorow the whole earth flourishing vnder the Emperours whose dominion extended from the East to the West and from North to South You might see the Bishops of the East and West daily communicating and when need required assisting one another For that which is written in the Constitutions of Clement that the Catholike Church is the charge of all the Bishops and by that meanes that euery one is an Oecumenicall Bishop we wonder now when we reade it neither can wee beleeue it which then daily practise did shew to be most true and may easily be demonstrated out of historie by infinit examples There were then also in frequent vse literae formate that is demissatie or testimoniall letters by commerce whereof and as it were by tokens communion was held amongst the members of the Church although farre remoued by distance of place Furthermore when it stood in neede they had Councels truly Occumenicall not as since we haue seene Occumenicall in name only but indeed assembled out of some Prouinces of Europe And in those ancient times this was the fastest bond whereby all the members of the Catholike Church were knit together in the ioynture of one bodie which bodie was for that cause very eminent conspicuous and in the faire view of all which no man could chuse but know There was one faith one state one body Catholike frequent mutuall visitation wonderfull consent of all the members a wonderfull sympathie Was any man lapsed by heresie or schisme from the communion of any one Church I speake not of any one of the chiefe which were the seates of the foure Patriarchs but of any one much smaller that man as soone as it was knowne was held to be excluded from the communion of the whole Catholike Church For whereas wee meete with some examples obserued to the contrarie that was not right but vsurpation Was any man bold to corrupt the truth a little by being of another opinion it was easie euen for a child to deprehend him Wherefore such a steale-truth being once discouered all the shepheards of the whole world if need was were raised and were neuer quiet vntill they had rooted out this euill and prouided for the securitie of Christs sheepe By these signes and markes the Church at that time was conspicuous but this happinesse continued not many ages For after that the Empire was ouerturned and the forme of the Common-wealth altered there sprung vp many new states differing as well in manners and language as in ordinances and lawes Then vpon the distraction of the Empire followed the distraction of the Catholike Church and by little and little all those things ceased which had been before of singular vse for the preseruation of vnion and communion in the outward Catholike bodie of the Church From that time the Catholike Church hath not ceased to be for it shall continue euer neither shall the gates of hell at any time preuaile against it seeing it is founded vpon Christ the true rock and vpon the faith of Peter and the rest of the Apostles but it began to be lesse manifest being diuided into many parts which as touching externall communion were quite separated from one another Then which is chiefly to be lamented it came to passe by this dissipation that there was lesse strength in the parts then before in the whole bodie to resist the enemie of mankind who is
reckon it amongst the mysteries and indeed the Eucharist is a mysterie the remainders whereof should be consumed with fire That is as the fathers doe elegantly vnderstand it which should be adored by faith not debated by reason This is the saith of the King this is the faith of the Church of England Who that I may summarily comprise the whole matter doe beleeue that in the Supper of the Lord they are made really partakers of the bodie and blood of Christ as the Greeke Fathers speake and as Bellarmine himselfe confesseth spiritually For by faith they apprehend and eate Christ and they belecue that there is no other kind of eating profitable to saluation which all your men also haue confessed To the second Instance concerning the sacrifice in the Christian Church HIs Maiestie is not ignorant neither doth he denie that in place of the manifold sacrifices of the Mosaicall law the ancient Fathers did acknowledge one sacrifice in the Christian religion But this he auoucheth to be nothing else but the commemoration of that sacrifice which Christ did once offer to his Father vpon the crosse Therefore S. Chrysostome which maketh mention of this sacrifice as oft as any vpon the ninth chapter of the Epistle to the Hebrewes after he hath called it a sacrifice straightwaies adioyneth by way of explication or correction or rather commemoration of that sacrifice That tearme or rather what force it hath you know very well And often hath the Church of England protested that they would not contend about the word so they might obtaine of you to haue the ancient saith restored And that these things which you practise contrarie to the custome of the ancient Church might be abolished For it is certaine that the celebration of the Eucharist without any communicants and all that merchandise of priuate Masses condemned by many of your owne Diuines tooke their originall from the peruerse doctrine concerning this sacrifice And whereas for the deliuering of the soules of the deceased from the flames of Purgatorie the necessitie of many Masses is vrged his Maiestie doubteth not but that this is a dotage of idle braines and such as for their owne gaine doe wickedly abuse the simplicitie of the people Remoue those and the like grosse and soule abuses which raigne amongst you the Church of England which in her Liturgie maketh expresse mention of a sacrifice can be well content to rest in the custome of the ancient Church Wherefore his excellent Maiestie being lately informed that not long agoe at a famous assemblie of Dominican Friers you disputed learnedly concerning a double sacrifice of Expiation and of Commemoration or religion hath affirmed in the hearing of many that he approued that distinction and commandeth me now to signifie so much vnto you To the third Instance of prayer for the dead THat it was a very ancient custome in the publike prayers of the Church to make commemoration of the deceased and to desire of God rest for their soules which died in the peace of the Church few are ignorant much lesse is it vnknowne vnto his Maiestie Neither is there any doubt but that this custome sprung from a vehement affection of charitie Likewise the ancient Church hereby gaue testimonie of the resurrection to come This custome although the Church of England condemneth not in the first ages yet she thinketh not good to retaine it now for diuers and weightie causes some whereof I will touch heere First because she is verely perswaded that without any precept of Christ the supreme Lawgiuer of his Church this custome was introducted neither could the contrarie hitherto bee demonstrated by any of your Doctors Wherfore although his Maiesty doth not take vpon him as he hath protested in his Monitorie epistle to condemne an ordinance which is approued by the practise of the ancient Church yet he is vndoubtedly perswaded that his Church is not bound by any necessitie to obserue it For whatsoeuer the ancient Christian Fathers haue done on this part all that his Maiestie reserreth vnto the head of things profitable or lawfull of which wee haue spoken in the second obseruation neither can it be prooued that this custome is to be referred vnto those things which are of absolute necessitie For whence should this necessitie spring not from the law of God for he neuer commanded it and if it flow not from that fountaine it is no necessitie For wee haue alreadie laid this ground that nothing ought to be accounted necessarie to saluation which is not either expressely contained in Gods word or thence by necessarie consequence deducted And wee haue declared that such things as the ancient Church beleeued or practised without necessitie the same ought now also to be left with libertie vnto vs. A second reason is that although his Maiestie acknowledgeth the authors of this custome to haue been very ancient yet no man hitherto could proue that such was the vse in the beginning and in the Apostolike times which is the fountaine of all antiquitie in the Church Besides that the prayers then vsed doe much differ both in their end and manner from these which are now practised and taught A third reason is added by his Maiestie that when once prayer for the dead tooke place amongst Church rites not long after a rout of shamefull errours and doting superstitions did band together and breake into the Church Now let indifferent arbitratours iudge to whom the name of Catholike should be denied whether to the King and his subiects which by reason of errours ensuing haue left off or thinke it not lawfull to vse a custome grounded vpon no necessitie or to your men which by sophisticall cauillations and incredible obstinacie had rather maintaine then reforme all the errors of former ages though neuer so grosse and pernicious To the fourth Instance concerning the inuocation of Saints COncerning the inuocation of Saints his Maiesties answere is the same with his former touching prayers for the dead From a small beginning as all men know it grew to such greatnesse that in former ages and I wish it were not so now in many places Christian people haue put more confidence and hope of present aide in Saints then ô horrible impietie in our Sauiour himselfe who being in the forme of God that he might bring saluation vnto vs which were his enemies did emptie himselfe by taking the forme of a seruant and humbled himselfe being obedient vnto death euen the death of the crosse And when this blessed Sauiour according to his neuer enough admired goodnesse and clemencie doth inuite miserable sinners with these sweete words of his Gospell Come vnto me all you that are wearie and heauie laden and I will refresh you yet some haue endeuoured by the peruersnes of their wit to frustrate this gracious inuitation and painting Christ who is our onely Aduocate to God the Father alwaies terrible and vnmercifull they would perswade poore soules that there is no way