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A45229
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The husbandman's jewel directing how to improve land from 10 l. per annum to 50 l. with small charge by planting ...
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Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.
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1695
(1695)
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Wing H3806; ESTC T36873
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39,874
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54
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SAffron is a great Improver of Land and will grow in indifferent good Ground where it is not Stony nor two wet and in this case having Ploughed your Ground into Ridge Lands as for Corn or Pease take your Roots a Bushell of which will set an Acre and having drawn a Drill with a large Hoe place them therein with the spurns downwards about three Inches assunder then draw another Drill so that the Mold of it may coverup the former and in that place others in the same manner and so successively till you have set the Roots and when they Spring up draw Earth about them and these set in the beginning of July and if the weather be exceeding dry you may sometimes Water the Top Ranges and in September the Blew Flowers appears and in it upon opening three or four Blades of Saffron which you must observe to gather out Morning and Evening for a Month together the Flowers Continually encreasing The Saffron being gathered made a Kiln about half the bigness of a Bee Hive of Clay and Sticks and so puting a Gentle Fire of Charcoal under it tend it by often turning till you have reduced three Pound of wet Saffron to one dry an Acre may yeild 40 or 50 Pound the two Crops for the Root will yeild no more without being renewed or Transplanted Read more at large of these things in Blith's Husbandry Of FLAX FLax will yield 30 or 40 Pound an Acre Baren Sandy and Heath Ground is best for it and after Flax Turnips one Acre of good Flax is Accounted worth 3 or 4 Acre of the best Wheat and the Liquor hath much advanced the goodness thereof The best time to Sow it is about the beginning of April presently after a Shower of Rain some Sow it to the End of May and some after A Gentleman Planted 100 Ashes and Lived to see them Sold for 500 Pound at 50 Years growth Blith Husbandman page 163. If you cover Cherry Plums or other Fruit Trees with a rough Canvas or other Cloth in Summer and wetting of the Cloth often it will keep the Fruit back a long time that you may have it when others are gone If you put a Branch of a Cherry Vine Apricock c. in at a Window and nail it to the Seeling of the House Fruit will grow within Doors A hot Bed of Horse-dung laid a Foot high and supported on the sides and Mould laid thereon 3 Fingers deep If you Sow Cucumber-Seed Turnip-Seed Wheat or Pease it will come up half an Inch above the Ground in two Days this is a Notable Experiment Try also Cherries Strawberris and other Fruit that are dear when they are Early Strawberries water'd once in three Days with Water wherein Sheep Dung is steeped or Pigeons Dung will come early a good and Profitable Experiment Canker'd Fruit Trees CAuse the Earth to be taken away round it about four Feet from the Stem and about 5 or 6 Inches deep and in room thereof cause Stones to be set close and near together in dirt taken out of the High-way instead of Gravel after the manner that Streets are pav'd and it will Prosper and bear to admiration do the same to other Trees with a proportionable quantity of Chalk and ramm it fast about the Trees and it will have the like Effect as the Paving tho' it will not last so long as Paving To make Trees grow much WHen any Young Trees as Ash Elm Birch Oak but Ash especially are in their Bodies about two Inches Diameter which they are at three or four Years growth then take a piece of a Coat of mail or some such like Net of small Wier or Hair Cloth and putting it in the Palm of your Hand rub it pretty hard but not to tare off the Bark twice in a Year and you will find such Trees will out grow the rest very much Mr. Wolridge says That if our Waste and common Down Grounds were inclosed it would Feed more Sheep and Cattle by half than they do lying open and that in case ten Acre were Sown with Clover-Grass Turnips Cole-Seed Parsely or the like they would feed as many Cattle or Sheep as 100 Acres of the same Land would do that is laid waste To make Butter better than ordinary without seting the Milk for Cream AS soon as the Milk comes from the Cow and is strained then Charn it as usually Cream is done also the Cheese made of the Butter Milk will be better than the best two Meal Cheeses that you ever did eat and one Pound of this Butter shall be better than a Pound and half of the best Butter made of Cream Probatum Hartlib's Legacy Urine In Holland they preserve the Cows Urin as carefully as the Dung for their Land old Urine is very Excellent for the Roots of Trees Columella says That a good Husband may make 10 Load of Dung for every great Beast in his Yard and as much for every one in his House and one Load for small Cattle as Hogs this is strang to us and I believe there are many ill Husbands by this Account I know a Woman near Canterbury who saveth in a Pail all the droppings of Urine and when the Pail is full sprinkleth it on her Meadow which causeth the Grass to grow much at first it looks Yellowish but after a little time it grow'd so wonderfully that her Neighbours were like to have accused her of Witchcraft Hartlib St. Foin or Holy Hay commonly called Cinquefoin IT S a mighty improver of dry and barren Ground and excellent for feeding Cattle in France they sow these Seeds and Oats a like quantity on Ground out of Heart and Mow their Oats only the first Year that it may root well yet they may Mow it the first Year but it s not so well but the Year following you may and so for seaven Years it commonly bears four Loads or more on an Acre after seven Years break it up and Sow it with Corn till it be out of Heart and then Sow it with St. Foin as before for it does not impoverish Land as other Annual Plants do but enriches it when the Roots is turn'd up by the Plow I have seen it thrive well in England on Chalky Banks where nothing else would grow and such dry barren Ground is fittest for it as moist Rich Land is fit for Clover-Grass and great Trefoil tho' St. Foin will grow pretty well on all Lands and will Flourish it Rooting deep when other Grass is Parched by heat but wet Lands soon corrupts its Root For the right managing of it observe these Rules or it will come to little 1. Make your Ground fine and Kill all other Grass or Plants for they will choke it 2. Be not too sparing of Seed for the more you Sow the thicker it will grow 3. Expect but seven Years Crop and then Plow it up or Sow it again with the same Seed or other Grain 4. Let not Sheep or other Cattle bite
another with a gentle Hand shake the Bough they hang on that they may fall into the Hive them immediately set it on a large Cloth and take Boughs that are Green and put just under the place you take the Bees from and cover them with some more Boughs and the Corner of The Cloth they stand on and let it rest till all the Bees are gaue 〈◊〉 If in a hard Winter Honey fail then replenish their more with Brown Sugar mixed with Anniseed-Water till its just Liquid and by fiting long pieces of 〈◊〉 Cans with it and then put the Cane gently into the Mouth of the Hive You may give them also Honey and Raisins after the same manner Be sure you cover them with warm Housings of Staw and feed them with Care and they 'l reward your Pains Bountifully Thus I have given you the Opinion of several of the best Authors for the improving of this Noble Insect and that with as much Brevity as possible It s said Bees will not Fly away if you smear the Holes of their Hives with the Dung of a Calf newly Killed Wicker Bees will not Fly away if you bruise the Leaves of the Wild and Garden Olive-Tree together and about the Evenings anoint their Hives with the Juice or else with Water and Honey both the Walls and the Hives To know if Honey is mixed or falsified throw some into the Fire and that that is false will not burn clear Diophans The best Water for Bees is That that runs through Stones and Pebbles and is very clear This makes them Healthful and makes good Honey and you must lay in great Stones and pieces of Wood for them to pitch upon when they drink If you have no Running Water bring it to them from a Well or Fountain in Pipes least they fall Sick with carrying Water In taking Honey you ought to leave them a Tenth part both in Summer and Winter but in Winter you must take but one third part Dodymus How to Order Silk-Worms the right way THe Silk Worms feed chiefly on Mulberry-Leaves the scarsity thereof is the cause of their fewness some say they will feed on Lettice Dandelion poplar-Poplar-Trees Plum Trees and Apple Trees but I leave the certainty of it to be tryed by Experience In the beginning of May the Mulberry Trees begin to spread their Leaves and the Silk-worms Eggs are at it were adapted for a release from their Imprisonment that if you lay them in a Window in the Sun or keep them in a warm place about you but keep them warm in the Night and they will quickly appear in a new form cut them some Paper full of little holes and lay over them and some of your young Mulberry Leaves over that these Worms will Easily find the way to the Food and as fast as Hatched apply themselves to the Leave after they betake themselves to the Leaves place them on Shelves or Tables at a distant convenient according to the Number of Worms and Proportion of place you have for them in their feeding thy are four times sick about twelve or thirteen Days after they are Hatched and from that time Successively every Eight Days and their sickness lasteth two or three days then feed them but little which is but to Relieve such as are past their sickness before the rest and those that do not fall sick so soon the time of feeding them is Nine Weeks and then feed them twice a Day laying Leaves over them and they 'l soon make way through them and as they grow in bigness and strength feed them more Plentifully and oft Observe the Leaves be clear of Rain or Dew before you give them in case they be wet spread them on a Table you may gather them and keep them two or three days in case you live Remote from Mulberry Trees or the Weather prove bad rid their Shells often off their Dung and Remainder of their Leaves by removing the Worms when they are fast on new Leaves laid on for then Easily you may remove the Worms with the Leaves A Principal means to preserve them is keeping clean the Shelves of the Room also give them some Air in warm Weather and keep the Room warm in cold Weather keep them not in a cold moist Room nor too near the Tiles or Top of the House They will look clear of an Amber Colour when they are feed as long as able and are then ready to go to Work therefore with Heath made very clean make Arches betwixt their Shelves or with Lavender Rosemary-stalks and upon those the Worms fasten themselves and make their bottom which is finished in fifteen days but the best way is to make small Cones of Paper and with their sharp ends downward place them in Rows in each of which put a Worm as they appear to you to be just going to work and then they 'l Finish their bottom most Compleat When their bottoms are Finished take as many as you intend for Breeders then lay them by themselves and in Four or Five days time the Worms within will Eat their wayout then put them together on some Piece of old Say or the backside of old Velvet or the like made fast at the Hangings or Wall of the House or on a Tables these Flies will then Engender and the Male having spent himself dyes and the Female doth the like when she hath Lain her Eggs then with the point of a Knife put them on a piece of Say or old Velvets keep them in a Box among Woolen Cloaths till next Spring the Female will lay abundance of Eggs but a few kept for Increase is Sufficient the Residue put into an Oven after Baking of Bread that it be only hot enough to kill the Worms for their gnawing their way out prejudices the bottom then take the Bagg having obtained the bottoms and having found the end put twelve or more in a Bason of Water where a little Gum Traganth is mixed and then you will Easily wring them if you feed them not well the Silk is small and Easily breaks Prognosticks of the Weather HOw to know when it will be fair for four or five days together which seldoms fails When the Wind hath been in the North or North-East two days without Rain and sits there the third Day then go your Journey if the Air be clear How to know when it is like to Thunder WHen the Wind hath been South two or three days and it grow very Hot or when you see Clouds rise with great high Tops like Towers as if one Cloud were upon the Top of another and joyn'd together with black on the nether side then it is like to be Thunder and Rain suddenly in many places How to know when it is like to be a wet Spring and Summer and Danger of Rotting Sheep If the Eighteen last Days of February and the Ten first Days of March prove for the most part Rainy then the Spring Quarter and the Summer Quarter