mâ—uld if to the better is also very advantagious to fâ—uiâ—-â—rees in case the soyle be barren but if it be very fat as some is especially some paâ—ticular places by accâ—dent then mould that is more sterill and hungâ—y will do better foâ—overmuch reâ—lâ—tion and fertility may hinder fruitfulnesse and cause the â—ap to runne most into long shoots and broad leaves The shâ—fting of ground is a meanes to better the Tree and fruit and all things do prosper bâ—st when they are advanced to the better And a Nuâ—sery ought to be in a more barren ground then the places whither they are transplanted It is true change of soyles sometimes is very good if to the better but its true also that if trees grow in over ranke soyle then worse will be better that is will help more towards fruitfulnesse as a course and meane fare is better for a fat man then the more delicious Without controversy young trees out of barren Nurseries come on faster when transplanted then out of fat soyles but in case the Nursery be fat soyle then some other as good must be laid to their Roots when set againe Hacking of Trees doth great good to Trees After eight or tenne yeares growth cutting or scoring oâ— hacking the barke of trees with a knife is profitable but while they aâ—e young the Barke is but thin and tender and enlargeth well enough without this cutting unlesse some that through barrennesse of soyle or other cause are barkâ— bound Shade to some plants conduceth to make them large and prosperous more then Sunne As in strawberries and Baies c. It is true Baies and Lawrell prospereth better in the Shade then in the Sunne being Hot Plants but Strawberries do better partly in the shade and partly in the sunne then in shade only as â—mong Bushes and other plants I have observed those in the shade to beare little or nothing when others of the same kind and growth somewhat in the sunne bore very much Pulling off many blossomes from a fruit-tree doth make the fruit fairer and if some blossomes be not pulled off the fiâ—st time a tree bloometh it will blossome it selfe to death Commonly the fewer blossoms upon a tree the fairer will the fruit be because as the Authour saies of the plenty of sap And indeed in case a tree newly planted blossome very much and the Roote be but weake which may be perceived by the weaknesse of the buds then its best to pull off most if not all the blossomes but many I have knowne the first yeares planting take Roote so strongly being in good moâ—ld as that they blossome and shoot forth and beare faire fruits the same yeare It wâ—re good to try what would be the â—ffâ—ct if all the blossomes were pulled from a Fruit-tree for two yeares together Fruit-trees that beare but every other yeare they for the most pâ—rt beare that yeare very plentifully and the excâ—ssive expence of sap â—hat yeare its like makes the tree more feeble the next but if blossomes be pulled â—ff a yeare or two together I suppose the sap would go moâ—e into the shoots and maâ—e them larger then if it bore fruits and the issue aâ— to bearing more or better fâ—uits would be nothing worth There is no doubt but that Grafting for the most part doth mâ—liorate fruit The cause is manifest for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke then in the crude earth Grafting doth not at all meliorate the fruit simply in it sâ—lfe for a â—ice will not be the better for Grafting unlesse the grafts be taken from a good tree If the tree from which grafts are cut be no better then the tree which is grafted then grafting will not a jot mend the fruit which it would if grafting were any thing towards the bettering of the fruit The cause why Grafted trees beare better fruits then wild ungrafâ—ed trees is not because they are grafted but because the grafâ—s are good the tree from which the grafts are cut is of a good kind and nature and every â—wig graft and bud hath the nature of the whole tree in it perfectly the properties of the tree are in all and every part as the soule in the body which is tota in toto tota in qualibet paâ—te and the grafts retaine the nature and properties being grafted upon wild stocks and bring forth fruits accordingly and that 's the cause that grafting doth meliorate the fruit and not because the nourishment is better prepared in the stock then in the crude earth for the branches of an ungrafted tree do no more receive nourishment from the crude earth then the branches of a grafted tree but the sâ—p and nourishment passeth up a body or stock to the branches in the one as well as in the other And as iâ— iâ— true that the Peach and Melocotâ—ne do beare good frâ—its comming up of stoneâ— which is not alwaies so neither only here and there one so it is true also that they beare as good fruits of the bud being Inoculated It hath beene received that a smaller Peare grafted upon a stock that beareth a greater Peare will become great c. It is true as the Authour thinks that this will not succeed because the Grafts do governe they alwaies bring forth fruit answerable to their owne natures and kinds else it were to little purpose to get Grafts from such or such a good Tree to have more of the kind Yet it is true also that the stock hath some influence upon the Graft so as to make the fruit better or worse according to the nature of the stock in some small degree As if we graft upon a stock that naturally beares a sower harsh fruit the fruit of the graft will not be altogether so pleasant as if it were grafted upon a stock that beares naturally a sweet and pleasant fruit and hence it is that Peares grafted upon Quince-stocks will be more delicate then upon Peare-stocks The Quince-stock gives an excellent tast to it but these trees upon Quinces will never attaine to any great bignesse for all Quince-trees are but small in comparison of Peare-trees and where the stock can be but small the graft cannot be great yet as I have seene it somewhat bigger then the stock As for a Peare upon a Thorne which this Authour speakes of it cannot be good it makes it a harsh hard Peare at the core if it thrive and beare but most commonly they dye in two or three yeares we know its naturall fruit Hawes have stones in them But for the Apple upon the Crab that 's naturall the Crab being a wild apple and very proper to graft all sorts of Apples upon in regard of the soundnesse of the stock its long lasting and aptnesse to take with grafts and also when set in the ground although its true it makes the fruit somewhat more tart then
the same fruit upon sweet apple-stocks As concerning grafting Apples on Coleworts the kernells of which if set will be a Colewort if the thing be true then it confirmes what hath beene asserted that the seede of fruits when sowen bring forth a bastard fruit which pertakes as well of the stock as of the graft Although it be true that the seeds of some Apples and Peares may bring forth very good fruit and the stones of some Peaches may bring forth the same fruits or neere as good the cause of this I suppose is for that the stocks whereon these fruits were grafted or Inoculated were good kinds of themselves and if so no marvell though the seeds bring forth good fruits without Grafting or Inoculating and I verily believe that Pâ—aches of which it is taken for granted by some that these come the same againe of stones if they were Inoculated on harsh sower stocks and the stones of the fruit set they would not bring forth the â—ame but it would manifestly tast of the stock as well as of the bud Inoculated as we see generally other kinds of stones and seedes do yea and upon the Experience of some others Peach-stones have brought forth a paltry naughty fruit many of them though some good As concerning the grafting of an Apple Cions upon a Sallow Poplar Alder Elme or Horse plum it is in vaine to try for tryall hath beene made upon stocâ—s neerer in kind then these and it would not come to perfection it will grow a yeare or two it may be and then decay and dye Flowers Râ—moved wax greater because the nourishment is more easily come by in the loose earth It may be that often regrafting of the same Cions may likâ—wise make fruit greater To râ—move Flowers small young Roots into good fresh earth wâ—ll improve them in growth and bignesse especially if withall some of the side-slips and also of the buds which the Roote shoots up for â—lowers be cut offâ— and some halfe a dozen or halfe a score of the buds or shoots be left to grow upon the Root the Roote then will be able to give plentifull nourishment to them whereby they will become much larger then if all the spindle buds were suâ—lered to grow But as for often regrafting the same graft in order to make a larg fruit this will not do it for we see it is constantly done from yeare to yeare for what else is the cutting of gâ—â—fâ—s from young trees it may be of two or three or but of one yeares growth and grafting them againe upon their stoâ—ks and repeating this â—or many yeaâ—es together and yet we know the grafts hold theiâ— owne naturall properties from one yeare to another And though there be as has beene said some small alteratioâ— according to the kind of the stock while it growes upon it yet that alteration is lost and falls off when the graft is eâ—grafted â—pon another stock and the graft retaines its owne naturall properties only with some small addition of the nature of the stock on which it at present growes It maketh figs betterâ— if a fig-tree when it beginneth to put forth leaves have his top cut off If the fig-tree be very old cutting off the top may be profitable for that such cutting as in all other trees maketh the sap shoot forth into branches more vigorously then otherwise it would by which lively rising of sap the whole tree and the fruit upon it fares the better but if the tops of young-trees be cut off fig-trees or other there will shoot forth in the roome thereof such huge strong shoots that the maine streame of sap will runne that way which great shoots will be for a yeare or two it may be unfruitfull It is reported that Mulberries will be fairer and the Trees more fruitfull if you boâ—e the Trunke of the tree thorow in severall places and put in wedges of hâ—t Trees as Mastick Iuniper c. As for the black Mulberry-tree I suppose it needs not these things to make it fruitfull for I never knew any of them faile of store of fruits every yeare buâ—white Mulberry-trees with us have need enough of all helps that may be It is reported that trees will grow greater and beare better fruit if you put salt or Lees of wine or blood to the Rooâ—e Concerning Lees of wine washings of strong beare or Ale Vessells blood flâ—sh or the like it is certaine these are helpfull to Fruit-treeâ— both as to their growth and bearing if seasonablyâ— and moderately used especially to old Trees I account it best to be applyed to the Roots of trees in the beginning of winter that the vâ—rtue may soke into the Roots and earth about them before the spring Terebration of trees as it makes them prosper better so also it is found that it maketh fruit sweeterâ— and better by causing the coursest juice to sweat out and the rest is better digested Terebration or boring holes into the bodies â—nd great Roots of fruitâ—trees with a wimble or Awger is most neâ—dfull as I judge for great trees which grow upon fat land and have too ranke nourishment and may be unfruitfull and beare over watâ—ish fruit for that cause that may help to let out some of the raw supersâ—â—ous sapâ— and juice as an â—ssue in a mans body but scoring or cutting the barke of yoâ—â—ger trees under Twenty yeares may be better for them and this to be done chiefly in the spring time As terebration doth meliorate fruit so doth letting of Plants blood as Pricking Viâ—es or other Trees after they be of some growth It is reported that by this Artifice bitter Almonds have beene tuâ—ned into sweete This must needs have the like eâ—â—ect in some proportion as those particulars before mentioned of boring with wimbles or the like and scoring the barke with a kniâ—e in the spâ—â—ng time The Antients for the Dulcorating of fruit do câ—mmend swines duâ—g above all other dung which may bâ— for the moisture of that bâ—â—st I have sâ—ene divers faire Fruit-trees qâ—ite spâ—yldâ— and deadedâ— by oveâ—much swines dung the swine lying amongst them and continually leaving their exâ—rements by degrees the Trees withered and died but I doubt not buâ— that a moderate quantiâ—y of â—wines dung mixed with mould and laâ—d to the Roots of trees will be good for themâ— and it may be in order to the sweetning of the fruit As Grafting doth generally advance and meliorate fâ—uits so no doubt even in grafting the choice of the stock doth much they commend much the grafting of Peares or Apples upon a Quince Grafting simply as grafting doth not advance or meliorate fruits as iâ— shew'd elsewhere at large But grafted trees beare better fruits and sooner then ungrafted trees because grafts are usually taken from good bearing trees and of the best kinds and grafts retaining the Nature of the trees
from which they are cut do bring â—orth the same fruits so also do Buds though they be much smaller then grafts when Inoculated upon wild stocks As concerning the choice of stocks in grafting in order to the advancement of fruits it is certaine the goodnesse of the stocks in respect of nature and kind is very considerable The sweeter and better the stock is the better will the fruit be that is engrafted thereon Though it be true that grafts governe and bring forth the same fruits according to their owne kinds yet the stock hath some considerable influence upon the fruit of the graft and thence it is that Peares upon a Quince as the Authour speaks of are better then the â—ame kind upon a wild Peare stock as Experience shewes because a Quince is a more excellent fruit then a wild Peare so the nourishment of the stockâ— is answerable It is set downe as try'd that a mixture of Brane and Swines dung or Chaffe and Swines-dung rotten is a great nourisher and comforter to a Fruit-tree There is no doubt but Swines dung or any other dung with other Composts laid together till they be rotten will nourish and comfort fruit-trees and better when they are throughly rotten turned to mould then before because new dung may be too hot It is delivered by some that if one take the bough of a low tree newly budded and draw it gently into an earthen Pot perforated at the bottome to let in the Plant and then cover the Pot with earth it will yeild a very large fruit within ground the like will be effected by an empty pot with some few pertusions made in the Pot hang'd in the Tree Concerning the first of these waies I suppose the fruit growing upon the bough so bowed downe into a Pot will not be so large as the fruit upon the other boughes because we see by Experience it is against the nature of sap to runne vigorously or in any great plenty into bougheâ— bended downewards so neere the earth as this must needs be for sap presseth upwards in greatest plenty and consequently those fruits will be greatest which have most sap I meane such as are of one kind upon one tree And concerning the second mâ—anes by the perforated Pot hang'd in the tree that is more likely to worke the effect as to the greatnesse of fruit not so much I suppose because of the pertusions or holes in the Pot as by the shade that the fruit has by the Pot for although fruit that growes in the sunnâ— be much better and more pleasant then that which growes in the shade as being better coâ—cocted yet that in the shade of the same kind is commonly the gâ—eater but more flat dull and inconcoct as we see in Aprâ—cots Cherries c. undeâ—â—he leaves All trees in high and sandy grounds are to be sâ—t dâ—ep and in watry groundâ— more shâ—llow And all trâ—es when thâ—y be removâ—d â—specially Fruit-trâ—â—s care ought to be taken that the sides of the Trees be coasted North and South as they stood before It is true that trees on higher grounds are to be set somewhat dâ—â—per then in moist grounds yet bewaâ—e of setting below the good scylâ— in any groundâ— As for coasting of trees that is setiâ—g the same side to the South when tranâ—planted as was before the Rule is good but not necessary for many thousands are transplanâ—ed wâ—â—h gâ—od successe not observing which side grew Noâ—th or South howsoever some reasons migh be shew'd why t is best to observe it if it may conveniently be done Fâ—uit-trees set upon a wall against the sunne betweene â—lbâ—wes or Butâ—eressâ—s of stone ripen mâ—re then upon a plaine wall Fruit-trees soset have their fruits ripe sooner then thoâ—e upon a plaine wall no so much because they are dâ—fended better from winds but chiâ—â—lâ— because theâ— have a double or â—reble dâ—gree of heate to wâ—at those upon a plaine wall have the heâ—te being pent in by the Eâ—bâ—wes or Buâ—terâ—sses of the wall and so râ—â—lâ—cts the stronger upon the fruits and trees there is a double reflection of heate upon such Grafting Elms or other unfruitfull trees will make their Leaves largâ—r as in Fruit-trees the Graft maketh the greater fruit Grafting barely considered as Grafting will not do this it will neither make Leaves nor Fruits fairer but as stocks are chosen for the purpose for though it be true as hath been elsewhere said that Grafts governe and overrule the stocks bringing forth the same leaves and fruits when grafted as before according to their owne Natures yet it is true also that the stocks have some small influence upon them in making the fruits better or worse in tast and bignâ—sse and so of the leaves in fairenesse according to the goodnesse or badnesse of the stocks yet notwithstanding Grafâ—s and Buds inoculated may be said to rule and bring forth the same fruits else it were in vaine to Graft Barrâ—nnesse of trees commeth of their overgrowing with Mosse or their being Hide bound or planting too dâ—â—pe or by issuing of the sap too much into the Leaves There are severall Causes of the barrennâ—sse of trees I conceive Mossinesse as Mossinesse is not the cause of barrennâ—ssâ— but the Causes of Mossinesse are the Cauâ—es of barrennesse which are Coldnesse overmoistnesse and barrennesse of the soyle where the trees grow Therefore such soyles must be amended See how Treatise of Fruit-trees pag. 114. Also barrennesse is often by reason of the excessive sap and moisture of trees which is mâ—nifest by their strong and vigorouâ— shoots branches and broad greene leaves as in many young full-fed trees for while nature is vigorous and active spending it selfe that wâ—y in the excessive growth of the Tree it is then weake and feeble in bearing of fruits Now as to some kinds of trees it is not best for some time to go about to remove the Cause that is as to standard Apple-trees Peare-trees and other kinds which gâ—ow in the Oâ—chards and fields at large but let them alone let them go on in â—heir large and vigorous growthes for certaine yeares though they beare bâ—t little provided that we know they aâ—e naturally of good bearing kinds otherwise it is in vaine to waiâ—e for store of fruits from such trees After that such trees have growen exceedingly some yeares and attained a faire large growth they will then by degrees grow lesse in the branches and fall to bearing of fruits But in case the trees are Wall-trees and shooâ—e excessively and beare not then it will be best to take away the Cause as much as we can that is First abate their overfull and rank nouâ—ishment by putting in sand gravell Buck-ashes or any thing that is barren insteed of the â—at soyle Secondly also cut off and part one or two of the biggest Roots from the body that so it may have lesse
acquainted with them and know their good properties and virtues in reference to Health and Longâ—life they will be more diligent in planting Fruit-trees such as are best and fittest for this purpose As the Pearâ—-maine Pippin Gâ—nnet-Moyle Redstreake and such like whiâ—h make Cider better then French-winds Concerning the manner of making Cider and Perry with the kâ—eping and oâ—dering of it I have spoken at large in my Treatiâ—e â—f Fruit-trees See the use of Fruits pag. 77. Aâ— for Plums it is affirmed that there may be made an excellent wine out of them and also Aquavitae of those that are sweete fat Plumâ— as Musle plums Damsonâ— c. And though the juyce be too thiâ—k of it selfe for that purpose yet water Cider or some other Liquor may be mixed therewiâ—h which being put up into the Vesâ—ell some Honey Yest or the like must be mixed to cause it to woâ—ke It hath beene noted that mâ—st Trees and specially those that beare Mast are â—â—uiâ—full but once in two yeaâ—es The Cause no doubt is the expence of sâ—p For many Orchard Trees well culâ—ured will beâ—re divers yâ—ares together Some Fruit-trees beare store of fruits but once in two yeares and I conceive it to be as naturall so to do as to beare such or such a kâ—â—d of Fruit And others are observed to beare store of Fâ—uits eâ—â—â—y yeare constantly unlesse perhaps in some extreame blastâ—â—g spring which spoyles in a manner all But for many yeâ—â—es tâ—gether eveâ—y yeaâ—e sâ—me are knowne to beare Fruiâ—s exceeding full in the same ground and with the same culture as those that beare but each other yeare so that we see the expence of saâ— in the â—â—aring yeare is not the only Cause that Trees beaâ—e not the next yeare â—â—ter foâ— some that expend as much sap do yet beare the next yeare after as full as before So then let care be taken to â—hâ—se Grafâ—s from those trees that we see by Experience are the best and mâ—st constâ—nâ— bâ—arers and bâ—st fruits The gâ—â—atâ—r part of Tâ—ees beare most and best on the lower Boughes but some beare bâ—st on the tâ—p bâ—ughes Those that beare bâ—st below are â—uâ—h as shade doth more good to then hurt for gâ—nâ—rally all fruits beaâ—e bâ—st lâ—west bâ—cauâ—e the sap tireth not having but a short way and theâ—efore in Fâ—uits spread upon walls the lowâ—st are the greatest To my Observation Apple-trees Peare trees Cherry-trees c. that are good bearers they beare all over alike And generally all Fruitâ—tâ—ees in these parâ—s hâ—ve need enough of the sunne and beare better in the â—unne then in the shâ—dâ— But indeed as to Wall-tâ—ees most commonly we see most fruits upon the lower boughes and * sideâ—boughes And the reason I apprehend to be this Not the tiring of the sap in its going to the top branches for the sap is too vigorous and too plentifull in the top boughes and thence it is we alwaies see the fairest and greatest shoots towards the top of all wâ—ll-trees and commonly of all other trees But the cause why the lower boughes and side branches have usually more fruit then the top branches I conceive to be for that the sap naturally presseth upwards in greatest plenty and runneth forth into shoots and branches Nâ—w natâ—re being so intent and vigorously active in one work viz. increase of the tree in those branches it doth not put forth it selfe at the same time in that other effect of bearing fruit upon the same branches But now as to the lower boughes and side-branches there naâ—ure is at work but in a râ—misse and weaker dâ—gree as to the increase of the branches such grow but little because the sap is somewhat obstructed and curbed by bowing the branches downewards and so does attend to the other work also viz. the bearing of Fruits And the truth of this is made more evident if we consider the same thing in all young trees We know young Apple-trees Peare-trees and the like when and while they grow and increase exceedingly in all the parts shooting forth great large strong shoots and branches they beare but littlâ— fruit or none at all But afâ—er certaine yeares when they grow not so much when they shoute lâ—ssâ— then they fall to bearing fruits more abundantly There be Trees that bearâ— best when thâ—y begin to be old As Almonds Peares Vines and all trees that give Mast. The Cause is for that all trees that beare Mast have an oylie Fruit and young trees have a more watry juyce and lesse concocted But the most part of Trees Amongst which are Apples Plums c. bearâ— best when they are young Pearâ—-trees Apple-trees Plumâ— and Cherry trees if they be good â—earing kinds naturally after they are three or foure yeares growâ—h and some sooner do all beare store of fruits untill they be extreame old and in a decaying dying condiâ—ion And thereâ—ore in planting of Fruit-trees be sure to procure those kinds that are knowne by Experience to be good bearers and good fruits and such will beare well both when they are young and when they are old untill extreame age Were I to plant an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees and might have Trees at hand freely for nothing of indifferent common kinds aâ—d but indâ—fferent beareâ—s I would raâ—her châ—â—e to fetch â—hose thaâ— are choice kinds and speciall bearers one hundred or two hundred miles if they could not be had neerer and there pay deare for them too besides all other Charges then take those at hand for when men plant Fruit-â—râ—es It is not for a fâ—w yeâ—â—es but foâ—sevâ—rall generations therefore take speciall care to have the bâ—st kinds for bearing and for Râ—lish or tast that is the foundation of the work the principall thing in planting Now when fruit-trees are growen to extreame old age and therefore beâ—re but little this mâ—y be done which will make them as it were young againe for certaine yeares and to beare excâ—eding much fruit yearâ—ly That is Cut off their Headâ— or big boughâ—s not straight over but a slope that so Raine and moisture may not rest â—pon the top to rot it These great Boughes will the next sommer put forth many young shoots which may be Inoculated the same sommer or Grafted the spring after with speciall bearing kinds And these old Bodies hâ—ving young heads which draw sap vigorously will be much refreshed thereby and such trees will beare store of fruits many yeares after the Roâ—ts of Trees do some of them put downâ—-wards deep into the ground As the Oake Pine Fiâ—re câ— some spread more towards the surface of the earth As the Ash Cypresse-tree Olive c. The Caâ—se of this lâ—â—â—r may be for that such Trees as lovâ— the sunne do not williâ—gly dâ—scend farre into the Earth It is true The Roots of Oakâ— Trees and some other kinds shoot dâ—wne deeper into the Earth then Ash-trees and some other â—â—ees May
a Fathome of the water Wine and Beere in these Bottles have kept better then in a Cellâ—r but those above water were apparently the best The Cause why Beere wine Cider or the like will keepe better thus and in Earth sand c. as before then in Vâ—ssells or Bottles above ground I apprehenâ— as was said for that the Aire is excluded and the spirits shut in also the Aire above ground is subject to variationâ— someâ—imes more hot and sometimes more cold which somâ—what stirrs and affects the spirits of the Liquor in the Vessâ—ll wheâ—â—by they become weaker I have heard iâ— reporâ—ed for a truth That Bottles of Wine or some other Liquor were found in a deepe draw-well which had been many yeares fâ—â—d up and afterwards opened and cleâ—sed againe for use and the Liquor was found to be very fresh and good notwithstanding it had lâ—en there many yeare whereby it is manifest thâ—t this way of keeping Liquors will preserve it good a long time The IX CENTURY WE have partly touched before the meanes of producing fruits without Cores or stones And this we adde further that the Cause must be abundance of moisture for that the Core and stone are made of a dry sapâ— And we see that it is possible to makâ— a Trâ—e put forth oâ—ly in Blossome without fruit as in Cherries with double flowers much more in fruit without stone or Cores This hath beene spoken to sufficiently before See Experiment 514. It is neither the taking out of the Piâ—h as is there prescribed nor the abundance of moisture as here that will work this effect some Trees have a greate deale too much moisture and yet the fruits of such have neverthelesse cores or stones As for the Cherry-tree that puts forth Blossâ—ms without Fruits that is not made to do so by any mans Art or Skill but it is naturall I know the kind well it is as naturall for it to beare double blossoms without Fruit as for any other Tree to beare such or such a kind of fruit Trees set upon the backâ— of Chimneys do ripen fruits sooner Vines that have been drawen in at the window of a Kitchen have sent forth Grapes ripe a moâ—th at lâ—ast before others Thiâ— is certaine as the Author saieâ—â— such a kind of heate as is upon the back of Chimneys where fire is continually or most commonly kept will much hasten the ripening of fruits I have seene a thin Brick wall wheâ—e fire hath been kept on the one side and Fruit-trees have been planâ—â—d on the other side which have brought forth ripe fâ—uits very early much sooner then the same â—inds without such artificiall heate But as I remember such trees dye soone after bearing they last but one yeare being so much forced with heate it destroyes nature And Branches of Vines being drawen in at the window of a Kitchen or room where fire is kept the fruits will be ripe sooner then those without dores but let it not be too neere the fire lest it wither or over much dry the branch THE END I desire the Reader to amend these faults escaped in Printing PAg. 2. line 1â—â— for formingâ— reade forcing of nature p. 30. l. 6. put a full poynt afâ—er the wâ—â—d Flower p. 30. â— 7. for is read with p. 32. l. the last for variâ—ty â—ead 〈◊〉 p. 40. l. the firâ—t for winds read wines A Table shewing the Principall things contained in the ensuing Experiments and Observations ACceleration of Germination by sâ—wing seede upon a hot-bed pag. 1. Steeping of seeds kernells stones c. in Liquors before sowing to make them spring up the sooner p. 2. Watring of Strawberries to hasten their ripening pâ— 3. Blood and other things applyed to the Roots of trees helps towards thâ—iving of the Trees and bearing of Fruits moderately and seasonably observed p. 3. Fruits upon the south and East sun ripen soonest p. 3. Digging about the Roots of some Trees is profitable p. 4. Rose-trees bud forth in the house p. 4. Flowers with bulbous Roots grow a time in water p. 4. Pease Radish c. Early p 4. Water necâ—ssary to fruit-trees but not overmuch p. 5. Plants housed seasâ—â—ably bud soonest p. 5. To make Roses come late severall meanes p. 5 6 7. Stones weeds muck c. laid about the Roots of new set trees makes them prosper bâ—tter p. 7. Keepe Trees stâ—dy at first seâ—ting p 8. Cut away suckers and side branches as need is p. 8. Branches of some Trees laid in the ground take Roote pâ— 8. How to take â—ff the Boughes of some trees with Roots p. 8. No descention of sap in Trees divers Arguments against it p. 9. How to make barren Trees fruitfull p. 9 10. Trees against a South-wall beare fruits ripe soonest 10. Pull not off leaves too soâ—ne p. 10. Fruits on low boughes ripe soonâ—st p. 11. Graft trees that beare not or beare not good fruits with Grafts of good bearing kinds p. 11. Digging â—bout the Roots of trees profitable to some p. 12. Opening the Roots of old trees and putting in good mould is necâ—ssary in barren ground p. 12. Traâ—splant trees from bad ground to better p. 12. Cuâ—ting or scoring the bark of treesâ— sometimes profitable p. 13. Shade good for some trees p 13. Pull off Blossoms in some Cases p. 13 14. Grafting helpeth not trees excâ—pt the Grafts are of good kinds p. 14. Gâ—afts do governe yet partake somewhat of the stock p. 14 15. Fruit-trees of some kernells beare good fruits p. 15 16. Remove Flowers into fresh â—arth p. 16. Regrafting the same Graft makâ—s not fruits greater p 16. Cut not off the â—ops of young fig-trees p. 17. Blacke Mulberry-trees great bearers p. 17. Lees of Wineâ— Blood c. good especially to old trees p. 17. Terebration of trees good for some trees 17. Pricking or scoring some trees profitable p. 18. Swines dung good for trees if moderately used p. 18. Simply grafting doth not melioratâ— fruits p. 18. Chuse the bâ—st Grafts and Stocks p. 18. Rotâ—en dung bâ—st for trees p. 19. Fruit growing in Pots p. 19. Set not any Trees below the soyle p. 20. Fruits upon warme walles ripen soonest p. 20. Graft upon the bâ—st stoâ—kâ— p. 20. The Causes of Barrennâ—sse of Trees 21 Of Compounding fruits making of sâ—veâ—all kinds one nâ—w kind 22. Symâ—athyâ— and Antipathy of Plant 23. Severall kinds drawing â—he â—â—me â—uyce or sap convert it into their ownâ— Natures p. 24 Of making herbs and Fruits Medicinable p. 25. Curiosities about Fâ—uits and Plants p. 26. Fruits of severall shapes 26. Fruits and trees wiâ—h inscâ—iptionsâ— or ingravings upon them p. 26. Set Letters on Fruit-trees to know the kinds p. 27. Trees appaâ—elled with Flowâ—rs p. â—7 Râ—move Flowers into frâ—sh mould p. 27 28. Lay Flâ—wers to multiply them see how pâ— 28. Clâ—ve-Gillyâ— Flowers the most uâ—â—full p. 29. White colours more inodorate p 29â— White fruits câ—mmonly bâ—st p. 30.
and fruits it is turned into that body and substance which we see above ground and none at all descends at any time for there is no Cause and therefore no such effect sap is continually asscending all the yeare long more or lesse either for the growth of the tree or for the conservation of it in life and in all its dimensionâ— for there is a continuall extraction of sap out of the body boughes and branches by the sunne and aire as this Auâ—hour elsewhere asserts and which Experience proves Now if there were at any time a descention also what then would become of the tree it would qâ—ickly wither be contâ—acted and shrinke apparently whosoever is unsatisfied with what is here said against descention of sap in trees may see hereof more largely many Arguments against it in my Treatise of Fruit-treesâ— pag. 100.101.102 c. If Trees beare not bore a hole through the heart of the tree and it will beare Perhaps this course may do some good in letting out superfluous sap if too much repletion be the cause But there are divers other Causes of barrennesse of fruit-Fruit-trees As too deepe setting the Roots running downe into gravell Clay water c. which must have answerable remedies And sometimes it is in the nature of the trees that all the culture in the world used to the Roots and body will not help without engrafting the branches with Grafts of some good bearing kinds which is the best way I know to have store of good fruits and speedily too from barren trees To make Trees beare cleave the chiefe Roots and put in a small pebble This may be profitable not only for that the Roote may be bark-bound as well as the body and branches which must be scored downe and cut to the wood but also it will cause the Roots to shoote forth many young small Roots at the place opened which will afford more vigour life and sap to the branches and so make the tree stronger and more in heart and able to bring forth more and fairer fruits Trees against a south-wall have more of the heate of the sunne then when they grow round Aprecots Peaches and such like cold fruits will scarce ripen but against a south-wall they have need both of the direct and reflex beames of the sunne And if it were more practised to set some other choice kinds of fruits upon a south-wall as the great Burgaimâ—t sommer Boncriteu Greene-field Peare and other speciall kinds this would advantage them greatly not only in bignesse but also in their early ripening and goodnesse of tast thus one or a few would be worth many ordinary ones Some pull off the leaves from wall-trees that the sunne may come the better upon the boughs and fruit This may hasten ripening but I conceive it hinders the bignesse of the fruits the sunne ripening them before they have attained their naturall greatnesse in case it prove then very hot weather so that if leaves be pulled off it should not be till fruits are at biggest The lownesse of the bough maketh the fruit greater and to ripen bâ—tter c. Graft a tree low and maintaine only the lower boughâ— Low trees and the lower boughs of high trees have their fruit ripe somewhat sooner then the higher because they have some benefit by the reflection of the sunne from the Earth as well as from the wall if they grow against a wall but that the fruits are greater on lower then on higher boughs I perceive not I am sure I have seene sometimes faire fruit on the higher boughes and but small on the lower in case the branches of a wall-tree have beene permitted to grow straight upwards without bowing downe along the wall as most commonly they be and the reason is plaine because the most and greatest quantity of sap presseth upwards and leaveth the side branches indigent of sap whereby they grow poorely and some even dye for want of sap now according to the quantity of sap in branches so are the fruits smaller or greater It is true indeed many little and low trees if they be vigorous and shoote well beare very large fruits it may be larger then high trees of the same kinds but this is not because low but because they are more lively and vigorous then the other And if we should graft a Tree low and maintaine only the lowâ—r branches by continually cutting off the higher this would much enfeeble the tree by degâ—ees by obstructing of the sâ—p and the fruit would be accordingly But the bâ—st way to order a wall-tree that shoots upwards strongly is to bow those strong branches along the wall both waies and then there will be as large fruits on the lower as on the higher boughes and sooner ripe To have fruit in greater plenty the way is to graft not only upon young stâ—cks but upon divers boughs of an old tree c. It is an excellent Experiment to graft the boughes of an old tree that is a bad bearer or bears bad fruits with grafts of some speciall good bearing kinds for this will have large branches and beare fruits even in a yeare or two so that it is a very unwise course of many who when some of their trees beare not as they would have them cut them downe and set young ones in their Roome which cannot possibly attaine the bignesse of the former in many yeares Digging yearely about the Roots of Trees is a great meanes both to the accâ—leration and melioration of fruits c. Old trees that grow in stiffe cold clay grounds have most neede to be dug about yearely that thereby the gound may be more open and mellow but for young trees of few yeares standing especially if in sandyâ— mellâ—w grounds these have little or no neede at all of digging about To dig about Roses and such like which gâ—ow neeâ—e the top of the groundâ— I conceive it is needlesse for this wâ—rk is chiâ—fly to open the earth about old fruit-trees whose Rooâ—s are growne great and deepe that the Rainâ— Snow and Sunne in winâ—er may reach the bottome Roots A Fruit-tree almost blowne up by the Roots and set up againe the nâ—xt yeare bore exceedingly loosing the earth comforteth any Tree I was not long since at the raising up of a couple of faire Appâ—e-trees blowne downe the one Rooted and bore well afterwards the other died Though digging about the Roots sometimes be good yet overmuch digging and loosening the earth about the Roots of trees will cause many to be blowne downe by great winds which will not fasten againe to abide a strong wind in many yeares if ever To revive an old tree the digging of it about the Roots and applying new mould to the Roots is the way and change of mould to the better is prâ—fitable Dâ—ggâ—ng as hath beene said with caution is good and change of
Dâ—ffâ—â—â—nt coâ—ours frâ—m one kind of seedâ— p. 30. Gaâ—her sâ—â—dâ— frâ—m the best Fâ—owers p. 31. How to have flowers faire and double p. 31. Roses multiplyed by Inoculating p. 32. Fruits without Core or stâ—ne p. 32. Grafts upon the sweetest stocks beare the sweetâ—st fruits p. 33. Degenerating of Plaâ—ts p. 34. Some Flâ—wers degenerate and change through barrennesse of the soyle 34. Seede of some fruits dâ—generate see the Cause p. 34. Pâ—aches come not better of stones then Grafting p. 35. Dwarfe trees beare great fruits and many p. 35 36. Help barren sâ—yles and such as are too most lay them dryer p. 36 37. Some trees beare twice a yâ—are p. 37. Cutting fruit-trees conduceth to their lasting in some cases p. 37. How to keepe fruits long p. 38. Wine of Châ—rriâ—s and other fruits p. 39. Cider and Perry conduce to health and long life p. 39 An excellent drink made of Plums p. 40. Plant the best beâ—ring trâ—es p. 40. Most fruits commonly on the lowâ—st boughâ—s the Causâ—p 40. Coâ—d bâ—aring kinds beare betime and continue long p. 41. Get the best kinds upon any rates p. 41. Graft againe oâ—d trees if bad fruits or bad bearers p. 41. Some trees grow deâ—per then oâ—hâ—rs the Cause p 42. Some trees take Root of slips p 42. Vines take not with Grafâ—ing Lay the branches in the Earth p 43. Hâ—â—te hastneth Maturation of Fâ—uits p. 43. How to keep Cidâ—r and other Liquors long p. 44. Bottles of Liquor in sand earth c. p. 44. Fruits cannot be made wiâ—hout Cores or stones p. 45. Artificiall heate may hâ—lp to ripen fruits â—ooner p. 46. * Directions for walking with God pag. 49. * In his Epistle to his Naturall â—istory Experiment 401. Obseâ—vation Expeâ—iment 402. Observation Experiment 403. Observation Experiment 404. Observation Experiment 405. Observation Experiment 406. Observation Experiment 407. Observation Experiment 408. Observation Experiment 409. Observatâ—on Experiment 411. Observation Experiment 412. Observation Experiment 413. Observation Experiment 414. Obâ—ervation Experiment 415. Observation Experiment 416. Observation Experimâ—nt 417. Observation Experiment 4â—8 Observation Experiment 419. Observation Experiment 420. Observation Experiment 421. Observation Experiment 423. Observation Experiment 4â—4 Obsâ—â—vation Experiment 4â—â— Observation Experiment 4â—7 Observation Experiment 428. Observation Experiment 429. Observation Experiment 430. Observation Experiment 431. Observation Experiment â—32 Observation Experiment 433. Observation Experimâ—nt 434. Observation Expâ—â—imâ—nt 435. Obseâ—vation Expeâ—iment 436. Observation Experiment 439. Observation Experiment 440. Observation Experiment 441. Observation Experiment 427. Observation Experiment 450. Observation Experiment 452. Obseâ—vation Experiment 453. Observation Experiment 452. Observation Experiment 455. Observation Experiment 456. Observation Experiment 457. Observation Experiment 463. Observation Experiment 464. Observation Expeâ—iment 4â—5 Observation Experiment 467. Obâ—ervation See pag. 18. Treaâ—â—â—e of Fruit-trees pag. 98. Experiment 468. Observation Experiment 470. Observation Experiment 471. Observation See hâ—reâ—f Treatise of Fruit-tâ—ees pag. 63.64 Experiment 472. Obâ—ervation Expâ—â—imâ—nt 475. Obâ—eâ—vation Sâ—e pag. 18. Experiment 476. Barrennesse of Trees Observation Experiments 477 478 479. Compoundâ—ng of Fruits Observation (a) Nâ—t Hist. pâ—g 16â— (b) Advanâ— Lâ—aâ— â— 1. p. 32. Experiments 480 481 c Sympathy Antipathy of Plants Observation Experiment 499. Making Herbs and Fruits Medicinable Observations Experiments 501. c. Cuâ—iosiâ—â—â—s about 〈◊〉 and Pâ—ants Observation Experiment 502. Experiment 503. Observation Experiment 504. Observation Experiment 506. Observation Experiment 570. Obâ—ervation Experiments 5â—8 5â—9 Observation Exâ—erâ—ment 510. Observation See Exper. 481. Experiment 513. Observation Experiment 541. Observation * Some old fruit trees are hollâ—w all along their bodies having no Pith at all which bring forth fruits with no lesse Core or Stone for that Experiment 515. Experiment 516. Experiment 517. Observation Of this See Exper. 514. Experiment 518. Degenerating of Plants Observation (a) Exper. 506. Experiment 519. Observation Experiment 534. Procerity and Lownesse of trees Observation Experiment 535. Observation Experiment 544. Observation Experiment 578. Observation Experiment 579. Observation Experiment 586. Observation Experiment 624. Observation Experiment 627. Observation Experiment 633. Observation Seâ—Mr Hâ—rtlibs Legâ—cy of â—â—â—bandry pag. â—â— Exâ—eriment 634. Observation Exâ—erimâ—nt â—37 Obâ—ervation * Theâ—â—fâ—re oâ—serve the â—irâ—câ—ions given in the Trâ—aâ—ise â—f Fruit trees p. 70. in causing the bâ—aÌ„ches to spread along the wall both waies which causeth fâ—uit bearing Experiment 638. Observation Experiment â—53 Observation Experiment 654. Observation Experiment 668. Observation See the Observation upon the 477. Experimâ— Experiment 316. Observation Experiment 343. Observation Experiment 378. Observation Experimentâ— 385. Observation Experiment 854. Observation Expâ—riment 856. Observation
TO make Roses come late First cut them after bearing This may be a meanes as to some Rose-trees that is such as are old I have knowne some of long standing perhaps a dozen sixteene or twenty yeares of age and some of seaven or eight yeaâ—es cut newly after bearing have borne Roses againe a secâ—nd time late in the yeare being cut the next full moone after they have done bearing but there is a kind I have amongst many other kâ—nds which naturally beares a second time although the tree be but small and young besides the Rose called the Monthly Rose Secondly Pulling off the buds of the Roses that first spring forth I have try'd this second way which succeeded not it may be because the trees were young but one affirmed he pluckt off some Buds in the spring and the tree bore Roses in November Thirdly Cutting top Boughes in the spring This hath bâ—en tryed also but was ineffectuall but the tryall was upon young trees as for the Report that followes in this Experimâ—nt of Cyons perishing if the old top boughes be cut offâ— it is otherwâ—se for it is a common Experiment to cut off all the boughs of a tree and to graft them and the Grafts will not only not perish but grow the better therefore as having all the sâ—p to themselves which naturally riseth the sunne also drawing it up without the help of any top bough left as continuall Experience shâ—wes Fourthly Laying the Roots bare about the end of December Mâ—ny hundredâ— of trees are thus bared yet I find no difference at all in the late budding or bearing of such trees from others Fifthly Removing the tree some Months before it buddeth This hath been done but the Trees being removed so unseasonably too late they grew poorely so the end was not attained Sixthly Grafting Roses in May I know an ingenious Geâ—tleman that tryed this Experimentâ— Inoculating Buds in the spring which budded for Roses at the same time that others of the same kind did which buds being cut off they bore Roses afterwards the same yeare when others were gone Seaventhly Girding the body of the tree with some Packthread This will not do it neither we see commonly that grafts tyed straight with strong flaggs and some branches of wall-trees nailed straight to the wall so that I have seene the bark dinted in with the straitnesse of the Lether yet for all that sap riseth plentifully through the place so girded up into the branch Eightly Planting them in the shade I have knowne Rose-trees in a shady place which have not bore at all it s a tree that loves the sunne So that I suppose this Experiment will not hold I have try'd it in one or too and it succeeds not Experiments touching the Melioration of Fruits Trees and Plants AN heape of Flint or stone laid about the bottome of a Tree upon the fiâ—st Planting makâ—s it prosper much Stones laid to the Roots of Fruit-trees when newly set is a good Experiment in some grounds but not in all its true stones so laid keep the Roote of the Tree somewhat more moist and warme and stedy that winds shake it not and so are profitable but there is danger in some grounds leâ—t they harborâ—Ants or Pismires about the Tree Root under the stones which I have seen to the hurt and destruction of divers young trees But it is a sâ—fer and better way to lay a good quantity of rotten dung or litter straw c. round about the Roots of new set Trees upon the top of the mould this keeps them warme in winter and coole and moist in sommer and Stedy and the moisture and fatnesse of the muck sokes downe to the Roots and refreshes the tree very much or for want thereof lay a heap of weeds round about the new set tâ—ee Rootâ— and so all the next sommer afâ—er these things are speciall advantages to new set tâ—ees A Trâ—e at fiâ—st setting should not be shaken but aâ—ter a yeares roâ—tiâ—g thâ—n sâ—aking is good When yâ—ung Trees are first planted it s very convenient to set a stâ—ke to each of them and tye them together with a hay band or some â—oâ—t band that winds shake them not and this not for a yeare only but divers yeares untill the young trees be weâ—l rooted in the earth and also be growne strong that the winds â—ow not their bodieâ— and cause them to grow crooked which fault I have seene in very many trees Cutting away suckers and side boughes make trees grow high All suâ—kâ—rs must be cut away from the Roots of Trees And as for side branches those may be cut as men are minded to have their Trees to spread neerer or highâ—r from the ground but cuâ— not the side branches too soone bâ—fore the body be growne stroâ—g enough to beare the head else it will be top heavy and gâ—ow crooked To have many new Roots of Fruit-trees lay the Branches in the gâ—ound c. The branchâ—s of all kinds of trees will not take Roote thus Thiâ— way of Pâ—opagation is only for some kinds As Mulberries Figâ— Vineâ— Qâ—oâ—liâ—gs Nurs-gardens and some other kinds of Tâ—eeâ— whose brancâ—â—s are sofâ— and porous As for Aprecots Pâ—aches and such like they will not take Roote thus I have try'd but not one Roote could be got neither will they take wâ—â—h graftâ—ng I have try'd many The way to propagate these kindâ— is by Inoculaâ—ing buâ—s upon young stocks full of â—ap From May to Iuly you may take off the barke of any bough c. and set it and it will grow to be a faire tree in one yeare the cause may be for that the baring from the barke keepeth the sap from descending towards winter It is true that the Boughes of some kinds of trees will take Roote in this manner as is here exprest that is such kinds as will take roote with laying downe in the ground mentioned in the last Experiment which being cut off and set may grow to be a fâ—ire tree in certaine yeares not in one yeare as is said for the Roots got in this manner are but small and very disproportionable to the bough so that it can come on but very poorely and slowly for divers yeares As for the baring from the barke which is supposed to keepe sap from descending towards Winter I say the sap is as farre from descending when the barke is on as when t is off there 's no such thing in nature as descention of sap in any trees whatsoever This worthy Authour took this upon trust according to the generall opinion of men for had he but stayed a little to consider it he would have found it groundlesse and a meere conceit For all the sap that asscends into the body and branâ—hes of a tree is changed into wood barke buds blossomes leaves
the mouâ—d be chaâ—ged more or lesse lay about all their Roots some good fresh blaâ—k mouldâ— And that we may have every yeâ—re new young Roots and tâ—at the best kinds maâ— be iâ—creased the slips must be laid in sâ—mmer as I shall here shew how though it be a coâ—mon thing and well knowne amongst many yet â—or the sake of those thaâ—â—now it not and desire it I shall brieâ—ly speak of it About the beginning of Iuly and for six or seaven weeâ—es afterwards sâ—ips may be laid thus Observe the fairest and biggâ—st slips upon the Roots and with a sharp Kniâ—e cut halfe way through the slâ—p on the out side neere to the bottome just from a joynt and cut the slâ—p upwards through the middle of it about halfe an inch or little more in lengâ—h then with a small hook stick fâ—sten the cut part downe into the mould yet so as that the slip be not broâ—en or parted from the Rooâ—e wherein it growes so do to the rest of the slâ—ps upon the same Roote or to as many as you please having so done then mould them all up with fâ—esh mould that is cover all the câ—t parts on every side with mould then water them and presse the mould close about them and so let them rest Afterwards in a Month or five weekes tâ—ese slips so laid will have taken Roote especially if their mould have beene watred now and then then they may be câ—t off from the old Root and â—aken up and so set againe in frâ—sh good mould prepared in the Garden plat for that purpose Or else they may be let alone untill the spring after and then set these young vigorous Roots set in good mould and watred now and then with â—at water will have large â—lowers especially if in Iune we break off most of their buds and suffer only some few six or eight or ten flowers upon a Root these the Root will easily maintaine and each of them will have the more nourishment then when they are suffered to spindle up as many as natâ—re will such must needs be smaller flowers the Root being overburdened The Clove-Gilly-Flower is of all other the best for use it is well knowne how usefull they are to make Syrups which aâ—e very Cordiall they are good for Sallets prepared with sugar to use all the yeare long and have the best smell of any other therefore increase these as much as may be not only of slips for slâ—ps of these will grow without layingâ— better then oâ— other kind of â—lowers but lay many of them also for more certainâ—y And among these preferre those which are largest and of the deepest colour and those that are without Hornes as they call them they also are increased of seede as other kindsâ— I have been the larger upon this particular and somewhat digressed from the Experiment which chiefly concerned câ—lour because hereupon mainly depends the goodnâ—sse and flourishing of a Garden as to these kâ—nds of flowers for if we know not the best way to propagate flowers nor to plant and order them being prepaâ—ed the Garden will be but poore Whites are more inodorate for the most part then Flowâ—rs of the same kind Coloured we find also that Blossomes of trees that are white are commoâ—ly inodorate As Cherries Peares Plumâ— Whereas those of Apples Crabs Almonds and Peaches are blushâ— and smell sweete I conceive this Experiment was not throughly weâ—ghed and try'd for to my Observation white Flowers have generally as much smell as those Coloured to iâ—stance in the white Rose the ordinary kâ—â—d and the White Musk Rose I suppose they have as much smell especially the Musk Roâ—e as Red Roses or Provosts or Velvet or Maâ—ble and some other coloured kinds yea and more too And as for some white flowers as the white Lilly and some other kinds their smell is more fullâ— and ranck then many Red or other coloâ—red flowers And for blossomes of Trees some that are white smell as much as some that are Red or coloured for what smell hath the double blossome Peach-fllower or the Nectrin or any kind of Peach Blossomes which are all coloured excellentlâ— more then the Blossomes of Peare-tree Châ—rry or Plum-tree which aâ—e said to be inodorate So that I conceive there â—ust be â—ome otheâ—Cause found out why some Flowers and Bâ—â—â—sâ—mâ—s â—mâ—ll nâ—t or smell not so much as some others then thâ—t whicâ— is assigned viz the thinnâ—sse or scâ—ntnâ—sse of that substancâ— wâ—ich mâ—keth the Flower is not the Cause whâ— some Flowers and blosâ—â—mâ—s â—mâ—ll not so much as others the same is the Cause why some Flowers and fruits are bigger then others and of a better tast then oâ—hers which proceeds undoâ—bâ—edly from the speciâ—ique or dâ—stinct intrinsecall Forme of each particular Plant which the God of natâ—re hath fixed in it as a Law which nature never violates but keeps in all kinds of Creatures Contrariwise in Berries the White is commonly more delicate and sweete in tast then the Coloured as we see in white-grapes white-Raâ—ps white strawberries Currants c. the Cause is for that the Câ—loured are more juyced and courser juyced and therefore not so well and â—qually concocted But in Fruits the White commonly is meaner as in Plums The white haâ—vest Plum is a base Plum the Musle Damazeâ—ne and other black Plums are of the best c. This proves what was last said to be true viz. that it is the speciâ—icall Forme of every Plant that causeth the difference of tasts in Fruits and smell in Flowers For we see by experieâ—ce that â—ome white kinds of Flowers Fruits Berries c. are sweeter and better in smell and tast then some others of Coloured kinds and that likewise some oâ—her coloured kinds of Flowers Fruits and Berries aâ—â—swâ—etâ—r and better then some white kâ—nds so that it is a hard matter to find out the particular Cause and give a distinct reaâ—â—n of the differences of particuâ—ars though men may venture aâ— it Gilly-â—lâ—wer seede of one kind being sewen will câ—me up of severall Colours The Cauâ—e is no doubt that in earth though it be contiguous and in one bed there are severall juyces and â—s the seede doth casually meete with them so it cometh forth It is true that Gilly-flowerseede of one kind sowen will bring up severall kinds some double and some single but I much doubt whether it be for that the seede meâ—ts with severall juyces in one bed of earth for can it be imagined that two or three very small seeds that lye as close together as can be in the earth should draw severall juyces from the very selfe same mould so as to cause them to vary in the colour of the flowers May it not rather be said it is from a Law in Nature which God of his generall bounty to us hath put into it though we stand not in absolute necessity of them yet in that he gives us
such variety and châ—iâ—e But for men to find out and shew a particular Cause in Nature of this variety will be as hard to do as to shew a Cause why severall kinds of Grafts upon one tree drawing one and the selfe same sap do yet briâ—g forth different Fruits other then to say they keepe their severall Natures and so convert the same sap into severall kinds of Fruits And why may not the same be said of severall seeds and Roots in one Bed drawing the same juyce of the Earth Concerning sowing of Gilly flower seede I advise those that sow it first to gather it from the fairest and best Clove-Gilly-flower and that iâ— be full ripe ere it be gâ—thered which is when it is turned blackâ— Also seede may be gâ—thered from other double flowers some commend especially the London white others a flower cald the old mans headâ— and say the greatest varieties câ—me from these some are for one and some for another but so it is that most will be single flâ—wers from the best seede but doubtlesse there is much in the ground in which the seede is sowen if it be poore soyle they are more like to be more single then if the ground be speciall rich mould for as was said barren ground as it makes flowerâ—small so sometimes in it they turne from double to single so it may be said as to the seede when sowen It is a Curiosity to have Flowers double which is effected by often Removing them into new earth as on the contrary part double flowers by neglecting and not removing prove single And the way to do it speedily is to sow or set seeds or slips of flowers and as soone as they câ—mâ— up to remove them into new ground that is good Enquire also whâ—ther Inoculating of Flowers as Stock-Gilly-flowers Roses Musk-Roses c. doth not make them double For the first part of â—his Experiment to make Flowers double or fairer it is a good Rule as the Authour hath set downe especially if withall we observe the directions given in the Observation to the 50â—Experimâ—nt in breaking off some of the Buds and Stâ—ms and letting some few grow to be flâ—wers Concerning Inoculating of Flowers Stock Gilly flowers or any other kind I know no such thing and believe it is but a fancy for having heard of it I have considered of the matter and cannot find nor apprehend what it is that should be Inoculated there are no buds nor any thing like a bud to be taken off for that purpose And I have spoken with divers who have had skill in Flâ—wers and they have said they have heard of such a thing but have never seene any thing thereof in Experience There are â—hree other waies sufficient for the propagation of flowers which are by Seede by Slips and by Layers but by Laying is by far the best as is shewed at large in the Observation to the 506. Experiment But as for Inoculating Roses Musk Râ—se and all other kinds that is very commoâ— and sure yet as to the intent of the Authour viz. to make them double it succeeds not and he himselfe hath given the Reason truly upon another occâ—sion That is all Buds and Grafts Rule and keepe their owne Natures and so change not neither as to the making Rosâ—s more doubleâ— or better then they were before nor as to the bettering of any Fâ—uit as hath beene shew'd heretofore The mâ—king of Fruits without Core or Stone is likewise a Curiosity If a Cions or shoote have the Pith finely taken forth and not altogâ—ther but some of it left the better to save the life it will beare a fruit with little or no Core or Stone The like is said to be of dividing a Quick tree downe to the ground and taking out the Puâ— aâ—d then binding it up againe These prescriptions for making Fâ—uits without Core or stone I cannoâ— think are from this worthy Authour but they are such as are set downe by others which I have seene And they are as weake and groundlesse conceits as many other things asserted by them about changâ—ing the species of Fruits and making them of an aromatique and pleasant tast and altering the Colour of Fruits and such like coâ—ceits the variety of which I suppose hath beene sufficiently laid open in a late Treatise of Fruit-trees see there Errors discovered pag. 91 92. c. For let this thing be a little considered and it will appeare to any man that has but halfe an eye to be vaine suppose a shoote or Graft as is here said be cloven and all or most of the pith taken out and adâ—it such a one be Grafted or any way set in the ground so as to take roote and growâ— yet we know all the Bark and Buds are as they were before the taking out of the Pith makes no alteration at all more or lesse we know in all the Buds that are Inoculated not only all the Piâ—h but also all the wood is cast away and noâ—hing made use of but only the Buds and Bark of any young shoote and yet wee see by continuall Experience what the effect iâ— that these Buds bring forâ—h the same Fruits as the trees from which they were taken And if a * young tree were divided and the Pith taken out from the top to the Roote as is said there is lesse Reason if lesse can be that that should work this effâ—ct because all the side twigs if it have any would have pith stâ—ll And if it have none or if the Pith were taken out of all yet we know the increase of the Tree must be still from the Buds which have the same nature in them as Grafts or Buds Inoculated It is very probable that any sower fruit grafted upon a stock that beareth a sweeter fruit may both make the fruit sweeter and more voyd of the harsh matter of the kernells or seeds It is Reported that not only taking out the Pith but the stopping of the juyâ—e of the Pith from rising in the midst and turning it to rise oâ— the outside will make the fruit withouâ— core or stone The Rule is Generall that whatsoever will make a wild Tree a Gardâ—n tree will make a Garden tree to have lesse Core or stone It is true that a sower fruit grafted upon a stock of a sweeter kind will make the fruit somewhat sweeter yet so as that the Graft still governs as this Authour elsewhere hath said and as Experience proves Bâ—t the fruits will have kâ—rnâ—lls and seeds as before As for taking out the Pith or stopping the juyce of the Pith it is all one as to this intention Concerning the generall Rule in the 517 Experiment I know nothing that will make a Wild tree a Garden tree but grafting it with good kinds of grafts And I am sure grafting will not make any fruit to have lesse Core or stone Plants for want
of Culture degenerate to be baser in the same kind and sometimâ—s to change into another kind 1. By standing long unremoved 2. By drought and drynesse of the Earth 3. By the Barrennesse of the earth removing Plants into worse mould or forbearing to renew and help the ground with dung or fresh mould It hath been (a) said That Violets and some other Flowers will change from double to single or change in colour when the mould wherein they grow becomes barren and hartlâ—sse through neglect which is the same in substance with all the three particulars mentioned in the Experiment Therefore there is need of some fresh mould from yeare to yeare for the preserving of Flowers in their perfection See hereof at large Experiment 506. and 510. Whatsoever Fruit useth to be set upon a Roote or slip if it be sowen will dâ—generate And most of those Fruits that use to be Grafted if thâ—y be set of kernells or stones degenerate It is true that Peaches do better upon stones set then upon Grafting And the Rule of exception should seeme to be this That whatsoever Plant requireth much moisture prospereth better upon the stone or kernell then upon the Graft For the stock though it giveth a finer nourishment yet it giveth a scanter than the Earth at large The reason why Fruits that come of Seede or stones do degenerate for the most part and become worse then the Fruits out of which the seede was taken I conceive to be this Fruits that come of seede or stones do partake both of the Graft and of the stock of that tree from which they were taken so that although the graft was of a speciall good and choice kind yet the stock whereon it was engrafted being a Crabtree or some other wild kind of Fruit-tree the seede participates of both Graft and stock and so brings forth a mungrell fruit between them both For although Grafts governe as hath beene said and may be said to bring forth the same kinds yet so as that the stock hath some influence into the Fruits according to the goodnâ—sse or badnesse of the stock But now In case the Tree from which seeds or stones are taken be an ungrafted tree one that came of seede it selfe then I doubt not but that the seede of that Tree will bring forth the very same kinds againe without any alteration As to that the Authour saies concerning Peaches that they come better of stones then grafting I suppose there is a mistake in this for although it be true that some Peaches will come good of seede yet doubtlesse not better then by Inoculating they take not with Grafting for we see by constant Experience that Peach Buds set upon good stocks will bring forth the very samâ— as the trees from which they were cut if the rest of their culture and ordering be the same or as good And as for some that have come of stones I have observ'd they have beene none of the best many that have come of stones have beene starke nought though some have beene good And why Peaches or any other kind of fruit should be thought to come better of stones or sâ—eds then by Grafting or Inoculating I apprehend not any reason as for that which is given That the stock giveth a scanter nourishment then the earth at large let it be considered The Twigs and Branches of a Peach tree or any other tree that came of seede or stones they receive sap and nourishment from a stem or body and Roote as wâ—ll as if the Tree were engrafted the twigs and branches of an ingrafted tree have as free and full nourishment without any obstruction as the branches of aâ—ungrafted tree the branches of a grafted tree have no finer nourishment noâ—scanter then the branches of an ungrafted trâ—â— for we know the Roote and Body of a Grafâ—ed tree and of an ungrafted tree are alike and the earth is as free to the one as to the other It is reportedâ— That a good strong Canvas spread over a tree grafted low soone after it putteth forth will dwarfe it and make it spread The Cause is plaine for that all things grow as they find roome It is true as is said That Cloth sometimes spread over a tree grafted low and suffered to lye on for a time will cause it to spread much And that this may be improved for our use and benifit this may be done To plant some few Cherry trees Plum trees or other kinds grafted low and caused to spread much and kept from rising up by this meanes keep the earth bare cleane from weeds grasse or any thing growing under or about them such trees if they be good kinds will beare much and fairer fruits then high trees the reflection of heate from the earth will be almost as strong as from a wall And the fruits may be kept long growing upon the Trees even till after September or October For if a Cloth be sometimes in hot weather spread over them and moistned it will keep the fruits from ripening too soone yet shade them not too much lest they come not to full ripenesse Afterwards the fruits being ripe some old Canvas haire-cloth or such like may be spread over them to preserve the fruits from Birds and may be so kept long look that snailes eate them not Or else a Net may be spread over such trees to preserve the Fruits I have knowne faire Cherries upon Trees towards the middle of October I conceive the great bearing Cherry or other late ripe tart Cherries to be the best to keepe long in this manner such are more hardy then other kinds Cherries very late are as great Rarities as those that are early Trees are generally set of Roots or kernells but if you set them of slips as the Mulberry c. they will grow and those as is reported will be dwarfe trees the Cause is for that the slip draweth nourishment more weakly then either a Roote or kernell mulberry-Mulberry-tree slips and some other kinds of trees that will grow of slips may be made dwarfe trees if we will order them accordingly that is if we suffer all the side branches to grow or such slips taking Roote may be made high trees in time if we cut off all the side branches and preserve only the middle straight shoote But indeed at first for certaine yeares they must needs be dwarfe trees untill they can rise higher which in time they will do if they take Roote well and the ground be good In Clay grounds all Fruit-trees grow full of Mosse both upon body and Boughes which is caused partly by the coldnesse of the ground whereby the Plants nourish lesse And partly by the Toughnesse of the earth whereby the sap is shut in c. We see by Experience that trees growing upon cold and moist grounds or Clay gravâ—ll barrâ—n grounds do generally breed Mossâ— which is caused as the