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cause_n faith_n grace_n justify_v 4,538 5 8.7378 4 true
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A74993 Certain select discourses on those most important subjects, requisite to be well understood by a catechist in laying the foundation of Christian knowledge in the minds of novitiates viz., First discourses on I. The doctrine of the two covenants both legal and evangelical, II. On faith and justification / by William Allen. Secondly, Discourses on I. The covenant of grace, or baptismal covenant, being chatechetical lectures on the preliminary questions and answers of the Church-Catechism : II. Three catechetical lectures on faith and justification / by Thomas Bray, D.D. Allen, William, d. 1686.; Bray, Thomas, 1658-1730. 1699 (1699) Wing A1055A; ESTC R172154 614,412 564

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those_o other_o place_n already_o open_v that_o it_o avail_v nothieg_n to_o any_o man_n acceptation_n with_o god_n or_o to_o his_o justification_n and_o salvation_n as_o the_o judaizer_n of_o those_o time_n think_v it_o do_v but_o then_o the_o keep_n of_o the_o commandment_n of_o god_n will_v avail_v to_o these_o end_n for_o that_o i_o conceive_v be_v intend_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o opposition_n that_o be_v make_v between_o circumcision_n and_o keep_v the_o commandment_n 6._o faith_n itself_o be_v a_o act_n of_o evangelical_n obedience_n this_o as_o well_o as_o love_n be_v a_o act_n of_o conformity_n to_o our_o lord_n command_n and_o therefore_o a_o man_n can_v be_v justify_v by_o faith_n but_o in_o be_v so_o he_o must_v be_v justify_v by_o evangelical_n obedience_n 1_o john_n 3.23_o this_o be_v his_o commandment_n that_o we_o shall_v believe_v in_o the_o name_n of_o his_o son_n jesus_n christ_n and_o love_v one_o another_o as_o he_o give_v we_o commandment_n 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enter_v in_o through_o the_o gate_n into_o the_o city_n this_o be_v leave_v on_o record_n as_o a_o special_a memorandum●or_a ●or_z christian_n in_o close_v up_o the_o canon_n of_o the_o new_a testament_n and_o therefore_o be_v to_o be_v take_v special_a notice_n of_o this_o right_n to_o the_o tree_n o●_n life_n and_o of_o enter_v into_o this_o bless_a city_n upon_o keep_v the_o commandment_n be_v from_o a_o new_a covenant_n or_o law_n act_n or_o grant_v from_o god_n for_o otherwise_o man_n that_o have_v transgress_v the_o first_o law_n h●●as_v put_v under_o will_v have_v be_v far_o from_o have_v any_o right_n to_o such_o happiness_n upon_o the_o term_n here_o mention_v viz._n of_o sincere_a though_o imperfect_a obedience_n but_o see_v that_o a_o right_n to_o salvation_n do_v accrue_v to_o man_n upon_o a_o sincere_a keep_n of_o god_n commandment_n notwithstanding_o their_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o first_o right_n by_o man_n first_o fall_n it_o evident_o follow_v that_o evangelical_n 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come_v short_a of_o it_o sect._n 7._o i_o come_v now_o in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o show_v what_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o promise_n to_o abraham_n be_v in_o short_a it_o be_v a_o practical_a faith_n and_o under_o this_o head_n i_o shall_v endeavour_v 1._o to_o give_v some_o account_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o abraham_n faith_n in_o general_n 2._o to_o describe_v faith_n and_o 3._o to_o show_v reason_n why_o faith_n be_v make_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o covenant_n 1._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o promise_n to_o abraham_n be_v faith_n and_o as_o i_o shall_v after_o show_v a_o practical_a faith_n for_o that_o be_v it_o upon_o which_o the_o great_a blessing_n of_o the_o covenant_n justification_n be_v confer_v upon_o he_o with_o the_o consequent_a benefit_n in_o gen._n 15.6_o it_o be_v say_v of_o abraham_n that_o he_o believe_v in_o the_o lord_n and_o he_o count_v it_o to_o he_o for_o righteousness_n but_o st._n paul_n recite_v this_o scripture_n faith_n abraham_n believe_v god_n 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promise_v how_o unlikely_a soever_o the_o thing_n in_o its_o own_o nature_n otherwise_o be_v and_o this_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o abraham_n faith_n as_o appear_v by_o st._n paul_n comment_n upon_o it_o rom._n 4.20_o 21._o he_o stagger_v not_o at_o the_o promise_n of_o god_n through_o unbelief_n but_o be_v strong_a in_o faith_n give_v glory_n to_o god_n and_o be_v full_o persuade_v that_o what_o he_o have_v promise_v he_o be_v able_a also_o to_o perform_v he_o give_v to_o god_n the_o glory_n of_o his_o nature_n and_o be_v of_o his_o truth_n and_o faithfulness_n in_o his_o promise_n and_o of_o his_o power_n and_o ability_n to_o perform_v what_o he_o have_v promise_v notwithstanding_o its_o utmost_a improbability_n in_o nature_n and_o therefore_o or_o for_o this_o reason_n his_o faith_n be_v impute_v to_o he_o for_o righteousness_n as_o we_o be_v tell_v in_o ver_fw-la 22._o of_o rom._n 4._o and_o so_o it_o shall_v seem_v it_o be_v not_o the_o believe_v of_o any_o one_o particular_a or_o 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teach_v be_v undoubted_o true_a for_o if_o it_o have_v not_o god_n will_v never_o have_v wrought_v such_o a_o miracle_n as_o to_o raise_v christ_n from_o the_o dead_a to_o confirm_v it_o the_o belief_n then_o of_o such_o single_a proposition_n include_v a_o belief_n of_o the_o whole_a doctrine_n of_o the_o gospel_n which_o be_v the_o proper_a object_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n and_o for_o that_o cause_n be_v frequent_o style_v faith_n or_o the_o faith_n in_o the_o new_a testament_n but_o if_o we_o respect_v the_o nature_n of_o faith_n in_o general_n as_o answer_v the_o different_a degree_n of_o god_n revelation_n of_o his_o will_n in_o several_a age_n of_o the_o world_n both_o under_o the_o gospel_n and_o before_o i_o
tell_v they_o the_o contrary_a that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o eye_n alone_o by_o which_o a_o man_n see_v but_o that_o it_o be_v the_o soul_n that_o see_v by_o the_o eye_n as_o its_o organ_n the_o eye_n see_v not_o when_o the_o soul_n be_v depart_v though_o it_o be_v not_o then_o alone_o i_o confess_v i_o can_v possible_o conceive_v either_o how_o the_o soul_n shall_v not_o concur_v with_o the_o eye_n in_o the_o act_n of_o see_v when_o the_o eye_n can_v see_v without_o it_o nor_o yet_o that_o repentance_n shall_v not_o concur_v with_o faith_n in_o the_o act_n of_o justification_n so_o long_o as_o man_n can_v be_v justify_v by_o faith_n itself_o without_o it_o or_o in_o the_o absence_n of_o it_o as_o they_o themselves_o grant_v 3._o this_o lie_v in_o the_o way_n of_o some_o they_o can_v conceive_v how_o justification_n by_o evangelical_n obedience_n as_o well_o as_o faith_n shall_v consist_v with_o the_o possibility_n of_o sum_n be_v justify_v by_o believe_v who_o yet_o may_v not_o live_v so_o long_o after_o as_o to_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o do_v good_a work_n how_o rare_a instance_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v i_o shall_v not_o dispute_v but_o doubtless_o whenever_o man_n so_o believe_v god_n promise_n of_o pardon_n through_o christ_n upon_o their_o repentance_n and_o the_o necessity_n of_o their_o own_o repentance_n for_o the_o obtain_n of_o it_o as_o that_o they_o in_o will_n and_o a_o fix_a and_o last_a resolution_n become_v new_a man_n than_o they_o first_o believe_v unto_o justification_n and_o it_o be_v not_o impossible_a but_o that_o some_o may_v so_o believe_v that_o may_v never_o after_o they_o do_v so_o have_v opportunity_n to_o be_v much_o active_a in_o external_n act_v of_o obedience_n but_o though_o this_o shall_v so_o fall_v out_o yet_o such_o be_v not_o justify_v without_o evangelical_n obedience_n as_o well_o as_o faith_n for_o 1._o these_o motion_n and_o act_n of_o the_o will_n be_v themselves_o act_v of_o present_a evangelical_n obedience_n 2._o they_o be_v in_o the_o root_n and_o cause_n evangelical_n obedience_n future_a and_o to_o come_v first_o they_o be_v in_o themselves_o act_v of_o present_a evangelical_n obedience_n for_o by_o these_o motion_n and_o act_n of_o the_o will_n man_n do_v whenever_o they_o take_v place_n turn_v from_o sin_n to_o god_n and_o their_o duty_n out_o of_o hatred_n to_o that_o they_o turn_v from_o and_o out_o of_o love_n to_o that_o they_o turn_v to_o and_o these_o act_n of_o the_o will_n which_o consist_v in_o affection_n and_o resolution_n be_v proper_a effect_n and_o fruit_n of_o faith_n in_o the_o understanding_n and_o act_n of_o heart-obedience_n in_o the_o sight_n of_o god_n and_o a_o conformity_n of_o soul_n to_o his_o declare_a will_n and_o commandment_n and_o they_o may_v as_o well_o and_o as_o true_o be_v call_v work_v as_o evil_a act_n of_o the_o will_n may_v such_o as_o be_v a_o love_n to_o evil_n and_o desire_n and_o resolution_n of_o perpetrate_v it_o which_o evil_a act_n of_o the_o will_n be_v yet_o in_o scripture_n call_v work_v and_o a_o work_n of_o wickedness_n psal_n 58.2_o you_o work_v wickedness_n in_o your_o heart_n micah_n 2.1_o he_o that_o look_v upon_o a_o woman_n to_o lust_n after_o she_o have_v commit_v adultery_n with_o she_o already_o in_o his_o heart_n matth._n 5.28_o and_o envy_n wrath_n and_o hatred_n which_o be_v internal_a act_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v call_v work_v of_o the_o flesh_n gal._n 5.19_o 20_o 21._o and_o if_o such_o inward_a fix_a resolution_n in_o man_n of_o obey_v god_n in_o external_a act_n if_o ever_o they_o have_v opportunity_n and_o a_o call_v to_o it_o do_v not_o pass_v in_o god_n account_n for_o obedience_n and_o be_v not_o accept_v instead_o of_o the_o deed_n when_o opportunity_n for_o the_o deed_n be_v want_v the_o best_a man_n in_o the_o world_n can_v be_v no_o disciple_n of_o christ_n who_o do_v not_o actual_o forsake_v all_o that_o he_o have_v and_o lay_v down_o his_o life_n for_o he_o whosoever_o of_o you_o forsake_v not_o all_o that_o he_o have_v can_v be_v my_o disciple_n say_v he_o luke_n 14.26_o 33._o whereas_o christ_n pronounce_v the_o poor_a in_o spirit_n bless_v many_o of_o who_o never_o become_v actual_o poor_a for_o his_o sake_n as_o not_o be_v call_v to_o it_o but_o if_o they_o be_v poor_a in_o spirit_n if_o they_o firm_o resolve_v to_o become_v poor_a in_o forsake_v all_o for_o christ_n sake_n when_o call_v to_o it_o these_o be_v capable_a of_o blessedness_n in_o christ_n account_n as_o well_o as_o those_o that_o suffer_v the_o loss_n of_o all_o for_o righteousness_n sake_n matth._n 5.3_o second_o those_o act_n of_o the_o will_n be_v in_o the_o root_n and_o cause_n evangelical_n obedience_n future_a and_o to_o come_v because_o those_o resolution_n against_o evil_n and_o for_o good_a when_o they_o be_v of_o a_o fix_a and_o last_a nature_n as_o they_o always_o be_v when_o together_o with_o faith_n they_o make_v man_n capable_a of_o justification_n will_v certain_o produce_v external_a act_n of_o sincere_a obedience_n as_o opportunity_n do_v occur_v when_o the_o tree_n be_v make_v good_a it_o will_v bring_v forth_o good_a fruit_n in_o the_o season_n of_o fruit_n if_o it_o be_v not_o cut_v down_o before_o when_o the_o heart_n be_v renew_v in_o affection_n and_o resolution_n the_o course_n of_o a_o man_n life_n will_v certain_o be_v answerable_a to_o it_o if_o ever_o it_o have_v opportunity_n of_o show_v it_o a_o good_a man_n out_o of_o the_o good_a treasure_n of_o his_o heart_n bring_v forth_o good_a thing_n mat._n 12.35_o and_o god_n who_o know_v the_o heart_n do_v judge_n of_o and_o estimate_v man_n according_a to_o what_o they_o be_v in_o the_o inward_a frame_n of_o their_o heart_n and_o prevalent_a bent_n of_o their_o wi_n if_o there_o be_v first_o a_o willing_a mind_n it_o be_v accept_v according_a to_o that_o a_o man_n have_v and_o not_o according_a to_o that_o he_o have_v not_o 2_o cor._n 8.12_o we_o judge_v of_o the_o cause_n by_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o goodness_n of_o man_n heart_n by_o the_o goodness_n of_o their_o life_n to_o we_o the_o tree_n be_v know_v by_o its_o fruit_n but_o god_n who_o be_v great_a than_o our_o heart_n and_o know_v they_o better_o than_o we_o do_v judge_n of_o the_o effect_n by_o the_o cause_n and_o know_v what_o a_o man_n life_n will_v be_v by_o what_o his_o heart_n be_v upon_o its_o first_o conversion_n to_o he_o and_o so_o confer_v on_o he_o the_o benefit_n of_o justification_n when_o the_o foundation_n of_o a_o good_a life_n be_v lay_v in_o the_o conversion_n and_o renew_n of_o the_o heart_n the_o understanding_n of_o this_o part_n of_o discourse_n will_v serve_v not_o only_o to_o satisfy_v the_o foresay_a doubt_n but_o also_o to_o inform_v we_o what_o evangelical_n obedience_n be_v necessary_a to_o justification_n in_o its_o beginning_n not_o but_o that_o actual_a obedience_n in_o life_n be_v necessary_a to_o the_o continuance_n of_o justification_n where_o life_n be_v continue_v and_o therefore_o we_o find_v that_o abraham_n be_v justify_v by_o his_o after-believing_a and_o after-obedience_n as_o well_o as_o by_o his_o first_o and_o so_o be_v noah_n before_o he_o noah_n be_v a_o righteous_a man_n and_o justify_v before_o he_o become_v heir_n of_o the_o righteousness_n which_o be_v by_o faith_n by_o his_o believe_v and_o obey_v god_n in_o prepare_v the_o ark_n gen._n 6.9_o heb._n 11.7_o it_o be_v by_o faith_n in_o god_n promise_n that_o abraham_n leave_v his_o country_n to_o obey_v god_n at_o the_o first_o and_o by_o that_o he_o be_v first_o justify_v heb._n 11.8_o and_o yet_o his_o believe_a god_n promise_n so_o shall_v thy_o seed_n be_v which_o be_v not_o make_v till_o some_o year_n after_o be_v impute_v to_o he_o also_o for_o righteousness_n gen._n 15.9_o it_o be_v many_o year_n after_o that_o again_o that_o by_o faith_n he_o offer_v his_o son_n isaac_n upon_o the_o altar_n and_o yet_o by_o that_o he_o be_v justify_v as_o well_o as_o by_o his_o first_o faith_n and_o obedience_n jam._n 2.21_o pardon_v of_o sin_n be_v our_o justification_n from_o sin_n act_v 13.39_o and_o this_o we_o be_v direct_v by_o the_o lord_n prayer_n to_o pray_v for_o daily_a all_o our_o day_n and_o the_o continuance_n of_o justification_n be_v promise_v upon_o condition_n of_o continuance_n of_o faith_n and_o obedience_n to_o the_o gospel_n col._n 1.21_o 22_o 23._o and_o a_o discontinuance_n of_o it_o threaten_v in_o case_n of_o disobedience_n according_a to_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o parable_n mat._n 18._o from_o ver_fw-la 23._o to_o ver_fw-la 35._o by_o all_o which_o we_o may_v see_v what_o need_n there_o be_v for_o all_o christian_n to_o work_v out_o to_o work_v through_o their_o own_o salvation_n with_o fear_n and_o tremble_a to_o which_o they_o be_v
lean_v and_o roll_v themselves_o upon_o the_o promise_v of_o christ_n for_o salvation_n but_o for_o any_o to_o expect_v to_o be_v justify_v and_o accept_v by_o god_n without_o forsake_v their_o evil_a way_n and_o without_o work_v out_o also_o their_o own_o salvation_n with_o fear_n and_o tremble_a that_o be_v without_o be_v extreme_o careful_a themselves_o to_o be_v obedient_a to_o god_n most_o holy_a law_n be_v gross_a hypocrisy_n and_o will_v miserable_o deceive_v we_o hypocrisy_n be_v with_o vain_a show_n and_o pretence_n to_o deceive_v ourselves_o or_o other_o and_o to_o be_v only_a hearer_n or_o believer_n of_o the_o word_n and_o not_o doer_n be_v to_o deceive_v ourselves_o st._n james_n tell_v we_o 1._o 22._o and_o a_o great_a than_o he_o even_o our_o bless_a saviour_n himself_o have_v assure_v we_o mat._n 7.21_o that_o not_o everyone_o who_o say_v unto_o he_o lord_n lord_n shall_v enter_v into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o heaven_n but_o he_o that_o do_v the_o will_n of_o his_o father_n which_o be_v in_o heaven_n and_o as_o for_o the_o pretence_n they_o have_v to_o live_v secure_o in_o unrepented_a habit_n of_o sin_n that_o the_o grace_n and_o mercy_n of_o christ_n be_v more_o magnify_v the_o great_a sinner_n they_o be_v i_o answer_v that_o the_o great_a sinner_n they_o have_v be_v the_o great_a be_v the_o mercy_n which_o forgive_v they_o when_o they_o do_v repent_v according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n rom._n 5.20_o 21._o where_o sin_n abound_v grace_n do_v much_o more_o abound_v that_o as_o sin_n have_v reign_v unto_o death_n even_o so_o may_v grace_n reign_v through_o jesus_n christ_n our_o lord_n but_o to_o make_v the_o magnify_v of_o god_n grace_n a_o reason_n for_o security_n whilst_o man_n continue_v in_o sin_n this_o indeed_o be_v a_o false_a conclusion_n that_o some_o in_o the_o first_o time_n as_o well_o as_o now_o be_v apt_a to_o draw_v from_o st._n paul_n doctrine_n of_o justification_n but_o which_o that_o great_a apostle_n reject_v with_o the_o utmost_a indignation_n and_o abhorrence_n in_o the_o next_o chapter_n v._o 1_o 2._o what_o shall_v we_o say_v then_o shall_v we_o continue_v in_o sin_n that_o grace_n may_v abound_v god_n forbid_v how_o shall_v we_o that_o be_v dead_a to_o sin_n live_v any_o long_a therein_o no_o sure_a the_o doctrine_n of_o christianity_n though_o it_o lay_v aside_o the_o original_a law_n of_o righteousness_n and_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n from_o be_v either_o of_o they_o a_o rule_n of_o righteousness_n in_o conform_v to_o which_o we_o shall_v be_v justify_v yet_o this_o doctrine_n most_o strict_o oblige_v we_o to_o a_o sincere_a reformation_n from_o all_o former_a sin_n and_o to_o a_o newness_n of_o life_n as_o the_o indispensible_a condition_n of_o be_v justify_v by_o god_n nor_n be_v there_o the_o least_o occasion_n give_v we_o by_o this_o doctrine_n to_o value_v ourselves_o upon_o our_o own_o righteous_a performance_n when_o it_o be_v only_o of_o grace_n that_o we_o be_v able_a to_o do_v any_o thing_n which_o be_v good_a and_o the_o acceptance_n of_o the_o good_a we_o do_v be_v owe_v to_o the_o mediation_n of_o christ_n who_o obtain_v such_o gracious_a term_n and_o condition_n of_o justification_n for_o we_o which_o consideration_n as_o i_o have_v already_o make_v appear_v do_v sufficient_o show_v that_o we_o be_v justify_v free_o by_o god_n grace_n in_o christ_n and_o do_v exclude_v all_o ground_n and_o occasion_n of_o boast_v faith_n a_o summary_n account_n of_o justify_v faith_n in_o a_o word_n and_o to_o conclude_v this_o whole_a point_n the_o only_a faith_n or_o belief_n that_o will_v justify_v and_o save_v we_o must_v be_v such_o a_o full_a persuasion_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o christianity_n and_o all_o its_o great_a doctrine_n those_o i_o mean_v which_o be_v in_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n call_v the_o article_n of_o our_o christian_a faith_n it_o must_v be_v such_o a_o through_o persuasion_n i_o say_v of_o those_o great_a and_o powerful_a truth_n as_o will_v purify_v we_o in_o heart_n and_o life_n and_o will_v effectual_o excite_v we_o to_o live_v up_o to_o the_o rule_n of_o christianity_n and_o make_v we_o sincere_o and_o hearty_o to_o obey_v god_n in_o all_o his_o most_o holy_a and_o righteous_a law_n and_o it_o must_v be_v such_o withal_o as_o will_v cause_v we_o to_o depend_v sole_o upon_o god_n mercy_n in_o christ_n for_o the_o acceptance_n of_o our_o imperfect_a righteousness_n to_o our_o justification_n and_o all_o those_o kind_n of_o faith_n call_v they_o what_o you_o will_v which_o be_v barren_a of_o unfruitful_a in_o good_a work_n or_o if_o they_o stir_v we_o up_o to_o encounter_v some_o difficulty_n do_v not_o bear_v we_o up_o under_o all_o temptation_n nor_o enable_v we_o to_o perform_v the_o more_o difficult_a instance_n of_o christian_a duty_n and_o obedience_n those_o which_o be_v most_o contrary_a to_o our_o lust_n and_o interest_n as_o well_o as_o the_o more_o easy_a which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o our_o profit_n or_o pleasure_n the_o faith_n that_o be_v not_o powerful_a enough_o to_o carry_v we_o through_o all_o temptation_n be_v defective_a to_o the_o great_a purpose_n of_o justify_v and_o save_v we_o faith_n the_o necessity_n of_o our_o often_o incalculate_v such_o a_o faith_n and_o moreover_o i_o must_v acquaint_v you_o that_o the_o necessity_n of_o a_o work_a faith_n to_o that_o end_n as_o it_o be_v the_o great_a doctrine_n of_o christianity_n so_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v thorough_o explain_v and_o often_o insist_v upon_o by_o we_o minister_n of_o the_o gospel_n for_o fear_v of_o people_n mistake_v in_o this_o matter_n which_o will_v be_v most_o dangerous_a to_o their_o soul_n and_o according_o st._n paul_n lay_v a_o solemn_a charge_n upon_o we_o tit._n 3.8_o that_o we_o shall_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n i_o have_v already_o do_v explain_v and_o inculcate_v the_o doctrine_n of_o faith_n unto_o you_o this_o be_v a_o faithful_a say_v and_o these_o thing_n i_o will_v that_o thou_o affirm_v constant_o that_o they_o which_o have_v believe_v in_o god_n may_v be_v careful_a to_o maintain_v good_a work_n for_o these_o thing_n or_o these_o doctrine_n be_v profitable_a unto_o men._n the_o xxxi_o lecture_n i_o believe_v in_o god_n the_o father_n almighty_a maker_n of_o heaven_n and_o earth_n i_o have_v already_o show_v you_o what_o it_o be_v to_o believe_v that_o our_o faith_n must_v be_v such_o as_o rectify_v and_o renew_v our_o corrupt_a nature_n as_o move_v we_o to_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o most_o difficult_a instance_n of_o christian_a duty_n and_o such_o as_o after_o all_o cause_n we_o to_o rely_v sole_o upon_o the_o mercy_n of_o god_n in_o christ_n for_o the_o acceptance_n of_o our_o imperfect_a obedience_n to_o our_o justification_n and_o now_o by_o the_o divine_a assistance_n i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o explain_v unto_o you_o all_o those_o sacred_a truth_n contain_v in_o your_o creed_n which_o be_v of_o such_o mighty_a importance_n and_o there_o be_v not_o a_o 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