it go from him That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder Yet there concurs a more deep sleep and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty as also custome It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed To this obscure matter I say Diabetes It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines by too great plenty of Urine which when the Reines cannot endure they suffer it to flow into the bladder This plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels liver and spleen and the veins drawing drink very powerfully and melting of the humours in the veins to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver and Spleen by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these The cause of defect of milk and belong to the generation of milk seed and courses of women milk either is wanting or corrupt it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity or through some distemper of the Paps or some disease or straitnesse of passages by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffitient quantity of blood Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pravity of the matter Vitious and fault of the blood or by some distemper of the bâests Lastly Coagulated Milk grows thick and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat or if it abound in quantity and is retained 100 long in the brests or if any vitious humour be mingled the ewith which hath a power to coagulate A Gonorliaea Gonorhaea or emission of Sperm against ones will happens without erection of the Yaâd and desire of Venery 't is occasioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty or some exrernal error the faculty is weakned through distemper principally moist rendring the spermatick vessels more loose whether it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours or too much coition or other causes But from external hurt or fault of the seed whether it be too cold watry thin or crude sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion as in such as have the falling sicknesse The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed Of nocturnal polution heat and sharpnesse stimulating the expulsiye faculty and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels and then especialiy when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed or their loyns are become hot by lying on their backs But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed A Vencreal Gouorhaeâ corrupt sharp and foul stirring up and stimalating the expulsive faculty The cause of suppression of Courses The cause of suppressions of Courses is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb and the foulnesse of the Blood as for the straitnefle of the veins they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues by reason of thick blood and dull humours sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion or compression of the same by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto or from condensation contraction and driness of the âââtance of the Womb but by default of the blond the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick viscid and unapt to move The same cause Causes of diminishing of Courses The dropling of Courses but more gently occasâoneth small evacuation of Couâses viz. They eithâ flow in lesse quantity or else more slowly The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much and is thick viscid biting and sharp and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence some way obstructs the passages and extends them and stirs up pain or else through default of the passages or veins about the Womb and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought Too much slowing of the monthly Terms Of too much flowing aâiseth when the vessels are opened either by an Anastomasis when the mouths of the veins are opened or a Diairâsis when they are divided or when the blood being hotter thinner more moveable sharp and troublesome to narure stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms Causes of encreasing vittated 't is manifest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof from what is spoken of want of nourishment But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood from too plentiful use of meat and drink full of nourishment an idle life much sleep too frequent use of baths of fair water and manly strength which converts the blood into the substance of the parts And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty so far The causes of generation hurt as they belong to the preservation of individuals Now follows the causes of Generation hurt and that either tâken away or depraved there is no generation made and bartennesle happens either in respect of the Man or of the Woman In regard of the Man In respect of the man it is hurt either through default of the seed or by vitious ejaculation of the same unfruitful seed or not sufficient is generated or the faculty is hurt through some distemper of the Stones especially cold and moist whence unripened thin and lesse spirituous is generated or else some hot whence too sharp seed proceeds or through default of matter whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed or by old age or some disease drying the body or its principal parts or by fasting are defective or when the vessels which are necessary for generating and carrying of the seed be wanting or when the nutriment turns into fat or when the blood is vitious The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard either shorter whether by nature or by a disease or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament The action is hurt by default of the Woman In respect of the Woman either when no seed or unfruitful seed is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned Secondly if she do not draw and receive the mans seed by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb or by reason of a Tumor Ulcer or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly if she cannot retain the seed received because of the moist distemper of the Womb an Ulcer opening of the mouth of the Womb a flux of Courses and other humours Fourthly if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb or being some other way affected is not rightly cherished Fifthly if the
softest and hardest next the most frequent but not swift nor great only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best yet we must diligently observe alwayes whither the change of the pulse arise from the disease or come from externall causes Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart swounding and falling downe as it were dead which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty and great danger if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe Respiration Respiration of it be naturall signifies neither the brest nor heart not midriffe to be any way affected with paine nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health when one is sick in a feaver especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration although it be not allwayes mortall yet t is alwayes evill but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes great and swift breathings signifie great store of fuliginous vapours yet the organs apt and the faculty hitherto strong a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuliginous excrements but with paine or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing a little and slow pulse shews not many vapours with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration and with other ill signes portends not a little danger little and obscure respiration is perpetually evill and signifies dissolution of strength but little and thin is the worst of all because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills it is very destructive but the worst of all and the nearest to death is when it extends is obscure and sublime wherein the brest is much dilated and sometimes the Shoulders and grisly part of the nostrills but that which is inspired is very thick and most frequent but the worst respiration of all is that which is made with ordure Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the naturall faculty Symptomes of the naturall faculty what they presage their perfection is known by their operations of which it shall be spoken hereafter but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink to have a good appetite to meat and that proceding from a naturall cause and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered is a good signe on the contrary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers wherein the tongue is filthy and black perpetually signifies mischeif and a delirium or dissolution of the desiring faculty or of them both but as it is an ill signe not to thirst so t is a good signe to thirst in hot diseases also to thirst immoderatly and over much is notgood CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions AMongst exerements urines principaly use to be observed Prognostick from vrine but although it is spoken of already what they shew above part the first See 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life namely that urine is best which is most like that of a sound person from this the rest differ in substance colour quantity and contents As to the substance the goodnesse of the substance with a good colour promiseth health thin urines with a good colour promise health yet they shew a disease which requires longer time for concoction Thin and red urins signify a crude disease 2. prog 30. but thick which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good if they were thin before much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse and paine Troubled urine not setling in the bottome because the strength of the diseased persists argues for the most part the disease to continue long if imbecility of the fick be present it denotes their death but those which grow cleare are better As for the colours of waters a pale red a light safron colour and a kind of cleer clay colour are good neither is a reddish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with but on the other side bright shinning urines and white are evill and especially if they appeare such in Phrensies 4. Agho 72. principally if they are so in the beginning of a disease and continue so long thin and red signify the disease is crude and moreover t is dangerous if they continue so long black urine in acute diseases unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day allwayes denote great danger after black the oyly are the worst yellow and green also are nought and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound with biting of the heart t is a signe they have drank poison and they are in danger of death but in feavers they are mortall signes especially if they appeare in the beginning of the discase As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity as also much urine thick not residing and no way helping and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning are disliked small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought As to the contents those urins are evill which have no sediment and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the middest of the urine nor a little cloud unlesse the sick hath fasted long or watched or laboured or because the body is exceeding full of choler thick waters also without a sediment are dangerous and a sediment representing the forme of thick brain is evill but worst of all if it reside in a manner like scales of Fish but if it be thin and white t is vitious but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all Hippo. 2. prog 28. a nubecula or little cloud which is carried in the Urine if it be white t is good if black t is nonght t is evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it Secondly Of dejection of the helly the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies first as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts As for the first kind that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health if quantity be according to what hath been eaten 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease and happen on a criticall day and ease the sick 1. Apho.
NINE BOOKS OF PHYSICK AND CHIRVRGERY Written by that Great and Learned Physitian Dr SENNERTUS The first five being his Institutions of the whole Body of Physick The other four of Fevers and Agues With their Differences Signs and Cures LONDON Printed by J. M. for Lodowick Lloyd at the Castle in Corn-hill 1658. THE INSTITUTIONS OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art both of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY Divided into five Books Plainly discovering all that is to be known in both as the Subject and end of Physick the Nature of all Diseases their Causes Signs Differences Events and Cures ALSO The Grounds of Chymistry and the way of making all sorts of Salves and preparing of Medicines according to Art nothing of the like nature in English before Written first in Latine by that Great and Learned Phycitian D. Sennertus Doctor and Professor of Physick Made English by N. D. B. P. late of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge London Printed for Lodowick Lloyd and are to be sold at his Shop next door to the Sign of the Castle in Cornhill 1656. To the Lovers of the Study of Physick especially those who desires to attain to the true knowledge thereof OF all the Arts and Sciences that the Sons of Men so much covet after there is none so pleasant and profitable as Physick Physick doth not onely teach thee to preserve thy selfe from the assaults of those manifold Enemies which Nature is liable unto but it teaches thee to restore Health when lost and to heal thy selfe though wounded by thy greatest adversary besides in the Anatomical part it entertains thy fancy with the wonderfull work of Nature where the unsearchable wisdom of the Creator is as legible as in those things we count more sublime and Celestial which if considered Physicians cannot be so Atheistical as the world reports them to be I undertook not this work out of design to prejudice the Colledge by making that English which they would have remain in Latine nor to advantage my self by any private gain but to benefit those who are unskilled in the Latine but lovers of the Study I say for the benefit of such have I put this into English Although by my Profession I am otherwise obliged it s something unsuitable to my spirit to have that Monopolized into the hands of a few which should be in common to all such is the practise of Physick yet would I not have those to Administer who are ignorant of the Institutions of Physick as too many have done of late to their own and others detriment He that can but well digest this Book his understanding will sufficiently be inriched in the very inside of the whole body of Physick and will need no other foundation to go upon being the best that ever the Doctors met with for their own informations I shall not need to acquaint thee with the Authors Method that thou wilt find by the Contents of Chapters before the Book nor of the Authors worth for that thou wilt sufficiently understand by his works which speaks aloud in their Masters praise whose fame and worth is well known to the Common-wealth of Learning throughout the world If thou meetst with any Errata 's in thy reading thou art desired to correct them the Translators absence sometimes from the Press occasioned them The Contents of the Chapters of the five following Books BOOK I. CHAP. I. OF the nature of Physick pag. 1 Of the division of Physick p 2 Of Health p 3 Of Temperaments p 6 Of innate heat p 10 Of Spirits p 12 Of the natural constitution of or ganick parts and the common unity of parts alike and not alike called simular and dissimular parts p 14 Of the faculties of the soul and of the differences of actions in Mans Body ibid Of the natural faculty and first of nutrition and augmentation p 15 Of Generation p 20 Of the vital faculty p 23 Of the animal faculty and first of the external senses p 25 Of the internal senses p 27 Of the intellective faculty p. 29 Of the desire and moving faculty ibid Book 2. Part. I. Of Diseases OF the nature of a disease p 31 Of the differences of diseases p 32 Of diseases of intemperature p 33 Of diseases of the whole substance or of the hidden qualities p 34 Of organick diseases p 35 Of diseases of confirmation p 36 Of diseases of number p 38 Of diseases of magnitude ibid Of diseases of composition p 39 Of diseases of solution of unity p 40. Of the accidental and common differences of diseases ib Of the times of diseases p 44 Book 2. Part. 2. O Of the causes of âiseases p 46 Of things which are the causes of a disease and first of non-naturals p 49 Of internal causes of diseases and first of fullnesse of blood p 52 Of flegm p 53 Of choller p 54 Of melanâholy p 55 Of the serous humor and of wind p 56 Of humors according to the opinion of later Phisicians and of Chymists p 57 Of the generation of stones and worms p 58 Of the causes of diseases of intemperature without matter ibid Of the causes of distemper with matter p 59 Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance p 60 Of the causes of organick diseases p 61 Of the causes of diseases of solution of unity p. 63 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 1. OF Symptomes Of the difference of Symptomes What a Symptome is p. 65 Of the causes and differences of Symptomes in general p 66 Of the differences in general of actions hindred p 68 Of the Symptomes of the natural faculty Ibid Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty p 71 Of the Symptomes of the external senses p 72 Of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 73 Of the Symptomes of the motive faculty p 75 Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt p 77 Of the Symptomes of the changeable qualities of the body p 78 Of the Symptomes of excressions and retensions p 79 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 2. Of the causes of Symptomes OF the cause of the Symptomes of the natural faculty p 81 Of the cause of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hinderances of respiration p 95 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses p 97 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 103 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the moving faculty p 108 Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt p 113 Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed p 116 Of the causes of Symptomes in those things which are sent forth and retained p 118 Book 3. Part 1. Sect. 1. Of signes in general of the difference and Heads of Signs OF the Necessity and benefit of the method of signs p 122 OF the differences of Signs p 123 Of the Heads of signs p 125 Sect. 2. OF knowing the temperature of mans body and of his principal parts of the signs of a
some happen to it from without Those which are in the body are humours and excrements Internal if they contein in them malignant and venomous qualities as putrified Blood Seed and other corrupt humours As for external causes External First venomous and malignant Aire Secondly Virulent and contagious Diseases Thirdly Poyson drunk or after what manner soever taken into the Body Fourthly Poysons which come by the smitings or bitings of venomous creatures or some other way communicated to the body externally Venom is either generated in the Air or else the Air receives it from some other thing Aire It receives it from some other thing by malignant exhalations and vapours from Cattel Marish grounds dead Carkasses and other such like exhalations Poyson is generated in the Aire by reason of its hot and moist constitution or the occult influences of stars Contagion is a Granary or if you please Contagion an Affect contrary to nature which is communicated to another body from a body affected likewise contrary to nature This Infection is twofold either by touch when the body which is infected toucheth that body which is next to it or at distance when a body far distant from another by that which it emits it infects the distant body Poysons taken into the body are either Plants Poysons taken Poysons from without or living Creatures or Minerals or poysonous Metals Poysons which happen externally to the body are the biting of venomous Creatures Stroakes Exhalations or venomous Unguents and Powders CHAP. XII Of the causes of Organick Diseases NOw for the causes of Organick Diseases and first the figure of Conformation is vitiated either by it selfe or by accident By it selfe it is vitiated first in the womb The causes of the figure vitiated through some error of the formative faculty Secondly out of the womb through violent motion either of those things that happen externally or those which are with us or in us or by the errors of our Midwives Nurses or Chyrurgions Thirdly by too great repletion and encrease and on the contrary by Inanition or Defect of Aliment and lesning the due magnitude or in default in number By accident the figure is hurt when any parts grow not as they ought but another way through loosening of Nerves Convulsion Inflammation or swelling a Scyrrhus or hard bunch on the Liver the cutting of a Nerve or Tendon or by some hard skin growing in them Moreover to what belongs to Diseases in the Channels of the Body Diseases in the Channel are either in excesse or defect Diseases of the passages in excesse the passages are too much dilated by something filling them contrary to nature and stretching them sometimes too much But straitness of the passages is either from our first formation when our stomachs are narrower then they ought or by repletion or when in an Empyema an Impostumation or Ulcer is generated in the brest and there broken and flowes and makes it narrower or whilest a stone groweth in some hollow part or by compressure when from what cause soever a hollow member lying under its Cavity is pressed too close or by the closing of its outsides or by constriction when by too much use of binding things the stomach is contracted Diseases of the passages since they are in excess or in defect The causes of Diseases of passages Anastomasis Diaresis An Anastomasis is caused first by the too great quantity or the quality of humours initating the expulsive faculty or the mouth of the vessels opening themselves moreover sometimes by Medicines and other things which have power to relax and loosen the mouths of the vessels A Devision is made by some gnawing or cutting cause such may be sharp humours or fretting Medicines either stretching them too much as too great store of humours Diapedesis or else breaking them as violent motion clamours heavy burthens knocking An opening the Tunicles of the vessels is by moistning and rarefying things The causes of defect and straitnesse of passages Obstruction Constipation Coalescence Compression The causes of the defect of passages or of narrownesse of them are five Obstruction Constipation Cealescence Compressure Subsidence The cause of obstruction is first that which is conteined in a passage and is not generated for such are thick or viscide humours clots of blood quitture hard dung stones worms and too great abouncance of humours The cause of Constipation is hard flesh as when there is a Tumour the flesh growes in the passage Coalescence is caused when after a wound the walls of the passages grow together Compression is made by things externally hapning which have power by weight and violence or otherwise to pâesse the passages and have strength to force them inward as divers tumours and bones out of joynt are amongst the internal causes amongst the external Bones Conâusions Stroakes and such like Subsidence Subsidence is when the outsides of the passages by too much moisture are made looser then they ought to which some adde Constriction by cooling and astringent things The causes of Diseases on the outside The causes of Diseases in the Superficies or extremities of the body are such as make it rough or smooth rugged things make it rough so does gnawing things and such as dry overmuch as sharp humours and medicines endued with such qualities sharp vapours Wind Smoak sharp Meates things endued with contrary qualities make the body smooth Moistâning things make the body soft contrary to nature drying things make it harder the mixture of black humours and such as give a tincture spoyles the clearnesse of complexion The cause of Diseases of defect Causes of Diseases in number in number are either from a mans birth namely defect of matter or imbecillity of the faculty drawing matter being not able to retain and elaborate the same or error of formation Or else after one is born by outting burning gnawing putrefying and too much cooling either natural things abound contrary to nature and that from our beginning the cause whereof is either too great plenty of profitable matter and the strength and error of the formative faculty or after our birth as is a Membrane a Tubercle the cause whereof is plenty of good matter and by it occasion is given of breeding an Ulcer or somewhat contrary to nature aboundeth as Warts Stones and such like the cause whereof is peccant matter Magnitude is encreased contrary to nature Of Magnitude encreased either according to some dimensions only or according to all First it is encreased by things contrary to nature as by wind as in a Timpany and a windy Tumour or by water as in a Dropsie or by the falling of one part into another as when one is bursten Augmentation is made according to all the dimensions by the spreading of humours over all the substance of the body which comes to passe either by reason of profitable humours which happens to fat people and
stomach doth not perceive its want of drink as it often comes to passe in Frensies and burning Fevers Again the Thirst is encreased through want Of encreased and drinesse of humours which proceed from those things which have drying faculties and such as consume the primogenial humidity of the stomach such are all drying and heating things as hot humours sharp and salt a hot and dry distemper in the mouth of the stomach proceeding either from the whole which is in Fevers or in some part neer to the stomack which either sends hot and dry vapours and humours to the stomach or by reason of the communion of the Tunicles and Membranes which cover the stomach the orifice of the stomach the Wind-pipe and the neighbouring parts communicating a hot and dây distemper to the Oâfice of the stomach external causes which are evident perform the same as those which have a power of heating drying and consuming the humidity in the Oâifice of the Ventricle Vitious thirst is caused by some vitious humour in its whole kinde contrary to nature Vitious thirst sticking in the mouth of the stomach The swal owing is hurt either when the faculty is offended Of swallowing hurt or through some external error and indeed the faculty either natural or animal may be hurt the natural is hurt whilest either the attractive faculty cannot draw meat through the strait fibres of the internal Pannicle into the parts or the expulsive through the Transuerse fibers inserted into the external Tunicle cannot thrust food which is drawn into the mouth of the stomach farther down into the stomach which is caused through the relaxation of the fibers of the Orifice of the stomach by reason of a cold and moist distemper when the matter flows from the head to the chops or by reason of their driness occasioned by some Tumour Ulcer or Excoriation The animal faculty is hindered when the Muscle which is before the gullet either is inflamed which use to be in the Quinsie or 't is contracted either by Convulsion or Palsie it is hindered also by reason of the straitness of the entrance into the stomach which proceeds from divers causes as Tumours in the Throat Relaxation of the Vertebraes of the Neck and Back external things being swallowed as when Fish-bones Pins and other things stick in the mouth of the stomach as also Wormes The swallowing is hindered by some external error when any thing hard dry sharp rough viscid or ungrateful is swallowed The retention of meat swallowed is hindered when it is abolished The causes of Retention of meat hurt diminished or depraved Retention taken away and diminished proceed from the same causes the one from the greater the other from the lesser and this comes to pass if the Retentrix be weak The Oblique fibres loosned by a cold and moist distempers or if any Tumour as an Inflammation or Ulcer be present The cause of windiness in the stomach is windy meats and a stomach not cold enough but the cause of floating with a noise is when the stomach is freed from that which might be turned into wind yet still remaining full of drink or extreamly cooled But the retentive faculty is depraved when the stomach doth not âightly infold the meat Of Palpitation and indeed a Palpitation with floating and noise happens through the weakness of retention and thick winds pen'd into the stomach Of Convulsion which arise either from the causes or crudity or from flatulent meat or yellow or black choller spread over the stomach But a constriction and a certain sighing or Hiccock happens when after emptinesse and defect of aliment the stomach too violently contracts it self having newly received meat Tâembling is caused by the imbecility of the retentive faculty from a cold distemper and the wait of the meat oppressing Of trembling Of Shaking The cause of abolishing and diminishof concoction in the stomaâh Faculty hurt External error and a certain Quavering when the Ventricle is molested by any biting thing especially choller For as much as what belongs to the concoction hurt is either abolished or diminished in the stomach they both proceed from the same causes they onely differ according to Major and Minor and the concoction is hindered either primarily and by it selfe when it cannot do its office withour the hurt of the rest of the faculties Or secondarily and by accident when it is vitiated by the retentive or expulsive faculty For unlesse meat can be retained so long as it ought The concoction cannot be rightly performed The concoction is hurt by its self either when the faculty is hindered or by some external error the faculty being hurt is hindered through some distemper of the stomach from what cause soever ariseth or other diseases of the stomach tumours ulcers and such like which hinder concoction the concoction is hindered through external errors first by reason of Excrements which if they abound in the stomach and offend with cold they are the cause of abolition and diminition thereof Secondly by meats which offend either in quantity or else divers and various kinds are taken or in quality if the meats are cold or hard and clammy and hard to be concocted Thirdly by reason of the time of taking food namely if meat raw betaken before it is boyled Fourthly after the taking of meat if a man watch the whole night or sleep very little or exercise himselfe violently or suffer the passions of the mind The corruption of meat is two-fold the one nitrous Depraved the other acide the nitrous hath its beginning from a hot distemper of the stomach the chollerick excrements being collected in the ventricle by hot aliments which are obnoxious to corruptions such as are sharp oyly pinguious things Milk Mushrooms garden Fruit and such like but crudity produceth acidity through the cold distempers abounding with cold aliments cold pituitous and melancholy humours in the stomach We have said the Symptomes of the expulsive faculty of the stomach are Hiccock Loathing Vomiting Choller Belching The immediate cause of Hiccock is something troublesome to the superiour part of the stomach Hiccock especially to the Orifice thereof which it endeavours by that motion to put away and expell but the causes which trouble the stomack on this manner are either in the Stomach it selfe or in the parts which can draw the Ventricle by consent The cause of Hiccock in the Stomach it selfe is matter either oppessing by its plenty or offending in quality as sharp meats and biting and such like humours sharp medicines malignant and foul vapours either generated in the stomach or sent thither from elsewhere Worms an immoderate cold distemper and those things which outwardly press the stomach which may happen by the pressing and bending the extremities of the ribs to the stomach But Hiccock by consent happens when the nerves of the sixth conjugation suffer together in an inflammation and percussion of the braine as also
inflammations of the Midriff the Eungs the Liver the Gutflion Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor Causes of loathing and vomiting either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak or from something contrary to nature tearing the stomach The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper or by conformation thereof or by a certain native straitnesse thereof by reason of drynesse and leannesse swelling an Ulcer whereunto belongs frequent vomiting which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vomiting as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ventricle by some tumour as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts The diseases called the Chollick and Stone by the communion of the Membranes and lastly wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to expel either loading it with its plenty or twitching it with its sharpnesse or moilifying the superior Orifice or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it whether it be meat and drink or medicines poysons worms blood quitture choller effused into the stomach which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body and the sight of loathsome things The cause of Choller is offensive Moist Choller and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty and its quality to expulsion and stimulating it to evacuate upwards and downwards Such is Choller collected about the Liver Pancreas and parts adjacent also sharp adust humours salt nitrous and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food as Mushrooms Garden-fruits and such like strong purging Medicines and Poysons do the same and stir up this matter As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this Dry Choller which we have newly explained that is dry this is moist the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow black and adust Choller spread over the stomach Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward and stimulating the stomach to expulsion Belching Concerning a loosenesse Alientary and Celiack affects the causes of a Lyentary and Coeliack affects are for the most part the same differing onely in magnitude And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts then of the Stomach although its name seems to signifie otherwise For in a Lyentary as hath been said the meat is cast forth crude In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted descends into the Guts and is cast out And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt Nor can it be that meat unconcocted can be cast forth out of the Panch unless it be sent too soon into the Guts by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines because Chyle generated in the stomach ought to remain some time in the Guts that it might there be in some manner elaborated and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines and the ordure should be throughly elaborated If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt all these things cannot be performed but the Chyle untimely and in some as measure crude is cast out of the Panch but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe or by accident of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper and that either alone or joyned with a phlegmatick humour as also by cicatrising after a disentary and the immoderate use of fat things and such as cause Lubricity By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly drives the meat presently downward by reason of the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by biting and sharp humours sometimes also by a hidden quality or from hurtful and poisonous meats or ill disposition of air A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours A Diarhaea crudity or pravity whether they proceed from corruption in the stomach and guts or flow from the wholebody or any part to the guts from what cause soever they are generated and collected The more remote causâs of Diarhae a are imbecility of concoction and distribution through the distemper of the stomach and parts adjacent ill diet untemperate air omitting exercises of the body or taking a strong purge The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines A Dysentary either by too great plenty of this blood or by crudity by reason of the concoction of the Liver or being retained too long in the Liver Veines and by a burning with a preternatural heat But as for Dysentery properly called the causes are sharp and biting humours whether they flow from the whole or from some part to the Guts or are generated in them and are peculiarly troublesome to them of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs âspeciplly violent purges sharp quitture and poysons A Tenesmus or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood A Tenesm comes for the most part from the same cause yet principally salt phlegm and a sharp humour clammy thick closely sticking to the skin of the Gut called Rectum The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the expulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt Suppression of the helly or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel or because the ordure doth not stimulate or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of pricking and stirring up the expulsive faculty doth not expel either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error or fault in the object 'T is hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed first from astringent and drying things Secondly from their inflammation or a Tumor bred in them Thirdly from growing together especially of the Fundament Fourthly from the going out and turning of them which happens in a Rupture Fifthly from obstruction by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge Worms Stones viscous Phlegm Sixthly from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned shutting the Gut Rectum The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick viscid and hard the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel either because they are
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâgs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent âace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâst by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the âungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâst place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
the Optique Spirits where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Neâves if they are deficient in the brain Diseases of the visive spirits and of the Optique Nerve being hurt through cold distemper compression obstruction and then for the most part the other senses both internal and external are affected or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their oâiginal and then the sight onely is taken away or by default of the Nerve Optique it self which is its narrowness or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves compression percussion a stroak by chance contorsion or by any violent motion whatsoever Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light Causes of glittering eyes by reason of the Object a more thick body or vapours or thick humours if they are mingled with the Christaline or vitrious humours or cover them The hearing is hindered through default of the Organ of hearing Causes of deafness or of the spirits and first of all if the external eares are wanting sounds and articulate voices seem like the warbling or purling of Waters or singing of Grashoppers Secondly if the auditory passage either wholly or in part br hindered either from an external cause as a little Stone a Kernel Water or an internal cause as a Tubercle an Ulcer and such like and so either deafnesse is occasioned or hearing diminished or depraved Thirdly if the Membrane which they call the Drum is too thick or moistened too much or is loosened whether it be from the first birth or afterwards from internal or external causes the hearing is hurt Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases or old age deafness doth arise But if it be broken either by internal force as by the violent putting in of an ear-picker or by an extream shrill sound or is eroded by an Ulcer deafness is occasioned Fourthly if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted and the air implanted be impure or deficient or the Nerve being dilated is cooled or is made thicker or affected with a Tumor or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature or are moved by some violence out of their places or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit and heat and too much agitated or lastly the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first beginning or is obstructed and compressed by a humor according to the diversity of the disease the hearing is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished or depraved Lastly the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine as in an Apoplexy or through its perturbation as in an Epilepsie or through cold distemper by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs Causes of smelling hurt or Spirits or some external error the faults of the Organs are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses and external Nostrils whether from compression or constipation or obstruction of the Scive-like bone and its Membrane as happens in such as are great or by the distemper of the chief Organ of smelling the mammillary precess but especially moist distemper or obstruction of the same from matter flowing which happens in Catarrhs and according to the variety of these diseases the smelling is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits if either they are deficient which are in those which are ready to dye or are hindered from flowing as in an Apoplexy an Epilepsie and such like diseases of the brain Lastly the smelling is depraved through some external errors whilest a vapour or some filthy and stinking matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell passes for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof to that things having no ill smell seem to the sense of smelling to stink The taste also is hurt through default of spirits Cause of taste hurt or by some disease of the Organs or some external error The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are deficient which useth to happen to such as are dying or the taste cannot flow to the Organ either through straitness of that part of the brain from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise or from obstruction compression or wounds of the said Nerves The taste is hurt through default of the tongue as of an instrument whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper or cold and moist matter is poured on it or whilest it is dryed or is troubled with Pustuls or an Ulcer and according to the magnitude of diseases the taste is either wholly abolished or diminished Lastly the taste is depraved by external error or from external causes as from something taken into the mouth whose savour is not easily taken away or from an internal cause as a humour or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued being communicated from the stomach the Lungs the Brain and other parts to the tongue Lastly Cause of fieling hurt for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch insensibility and dulness happens through defect and diminition of the animal spirits of the Oâgan touching this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat which happen to them in years or defect of matter by reason of great evacuation or whilest they are resolved or scattered or cooled or stupified by a Narcottique Medicine or when they cannot flow to it through the narrowness of the Nerves obstruction constipulation compression solution of continuity of the same The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part Cause of pain whether it be occasioned by some primary quality or secondary whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest but rather contemplable by reason but that is manifest which therefore is properly called solution of Unity Lastly Itching itching is stirred up from thiâ salt and sharp Exerements collected in the skin moving man to scratch CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses OVer much watching is occasioned by too much effusion of the animal spirits Causes of too much watching to the Organs of the senses through defect of restraint of the first sense and too much irritation of the common sense the bond of the first sense or sweet exhalations are defective either because they are not generated in the body which comes to pass by long fasting or the use of meats which do not produce such exhalations or because they are consumed scattered and called away from the brain which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper either of the whole body or of the brain and when hot
Convulsion of the Fibres and nervous parts in the Muscles by reason of something troublesome which draws the part joined to it into consent and stirs it up to this motion whereby the Fibres being contracted the Muscle is drawn back to its original Emprosthotonos Emprosthotonâs Opisthotonos is made in the Muscles which bends the body of such as are affected forwards Opisthotonos by the Muscles affected bends the body backward Tetanos is from an equal contraction of the Muscles Tâtanos Spasmus Cynious The Spasmus Cynichus or troublesome Cramp ariseth from a convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth Trismos from contraction of the Muscles of the Jaws Also the cause of convulsive motions is a humor Of grinding Teeth Of convulsive motions or a vapor an enemy to the whole generation of Nerves irritating the expulsive faculty in them and stimulating them to expulsion yet is not fixed but hath various motions through all nervous parts and so the member is agitated in various motions and for the most part it happens that the braine is affected and matter is seââ from thence into all the Nerves When the Cramp and Palsie are complicate Of the complication of the Crump and Palsie Privation of speech the ââmour is of a mixt nature which hath force partly oâ loosening Nerves partly of vellicating and twitchiââ them Privation of speech happens through default either ãâã the Spirits and Nerves which carry them or of the parâ which are necessary for the bringing forth of a word The spirits are deficient in an Apoplexy Epilepsie anââ Dumnesse properly so called Men are become duââ through the fault of the Nerves when either the Nerveââ of third pair are affected from whence the tongue also receives its Nerve which defect if it be native for the most part the hearing is abolished by reason of the communion of the Nerves of the tongue and the ear that felowship is hurt or when the Nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugations and those going back and vocâ Nerves are either cut or stretched or cooled or intercepted or hurt by what means soever The voice is hurt through organick diseases thereof if either the Membranes of the Larinx or top of the Wind-pipe are filled with some humour and grow soft or some chink thereof be shut by what means soever or if the tongue be cut about or maimed or the Muscles which move the Larinx Tongue or Throat are hurt or relaxed or knockâ or wounded or any other way affected contrary to nature or lastly through desault of the wind-pipe if that be cut exulcerated or closed The same causes are if they are lesse Of the voice and speech diminished diminution of voice and speech is occasioned yet more frequently the cause remains in the tongue namely if the ligament be too long from one birth so that it extends to the extremity of the tongue or if after a childs birth it be wounded exulcerated swoolen or be affected with a Palsie on the other side The cause of depravation of voice and speech Of stammering and first of stuttering and stammering is principally a moist distemper of the instruments of voice and speaking and sometimes a dry also an ill framing of the Tongue and its Muscles a Tumor borne under it as also the fault of a swelling at the entrance into the Throat and want of the fore teeth Hoarsenesse ariseth from over much humidity of the outsides or the instruments for speech Of hoarsenesse whether that matter flow from the head or be cast out of the brest from loosenesse and inflammation of the Columella or a fleshy substance in the entrance into the throat as also from external and evident causes first from air violently straining the voice daily which causeth inequality of the Wind-pipe All the causes of the Cough are those which hinder the instruments of breathing whether they be internal Of a cough or external causes either by Idiopathy or by Symptothy stir up the Cough by Idiopathy an unequal distemper principally cold causeth the Cough which is the greatest enemy to the brest sometimes also distempers hot and dry moreover the roughnesse of the Wind-pipe which happens either through distemper or through biting humors flowing from the head or by Medicines or sharp drinks or obstruction by a humour thick or thin a pimple gravel worms a little hard swelling clod of blood By Sympathy the Cough is raised if the other parts which can draw the Organs of respiration into consent be affected namely the Midriff Liver Spleen Stomach which by reason of the common Tunicle they have vellicate the instruments of breathing or send vapors to them or presse the Midriffe by reason of some Tumor ot obstruction But the external causes are cold air dry cold water too much desire of drink cold medicines applied to the brest dust smoak sharp vapors soure aliment sharp things and whatsoever contrary to the order of nature slide into the wind-pipe straying or wandring in the gullet if it intercept the way or stop it or exasperate the Artery or any way molest the Wind-pipe Those things cause sneezing whatsoever doth stimulate the Nostâils Of sneezing and the fore part of the Brain to excretion whether generated in the body as humours flowing from the Brain or those things which affect the Nostrils by communion with the interior skins by Sympathy which comes to passe when worms stick in the Guts or whether they happen from without as whatsoever sharp things are dâawn by the nose smells also and sharp vapours the splendor of the Sun and over much light Gaping Of yawning or Yawning is when âalitious vapours stick in the Muscles appointed for chewing and moving the lower chop which nature endeavours by this motion to cast off but some times imagination is the cause thereof Stretching ariseth from such vapors as may be emitted through the Pores Of stretching which neverthelesse are not sharp but being store of them they cause trouble in the spaces of the Muscles of the whole body stirring up the expultive faculty to expel which the nature may discusse it useth such a motion of the Muscles by constriction of them Lastly Shaking fits and trembling Horror and Trembling which are Symptomes neer alike as also are vehemency and greatnesse of motion and so is the difference of the cause they are stirred up by something that offend in the circumference of the body suddenly vellicates the sensitive parts and stimulates them to expulsion which it strives to perform by a natural concussion But the causes which bring forth that twitching are either external and evident as whatsoever befalls the body or vellicates the sensitive parts or cause the sharp humours contained in the circumference of the body to be stirred and moved as a spark of sire cast on scalding water thrown upon a biting medicine applyed to an Ulcer piercing cold and such like for internal as humors or sharp vapors either
were degenerated from their nature and are made altogether unfit to perform animal actions bring forth vapors which contain in them a stupefactive power moreover the effusion of animal spirits by deep wounds and troubling of them by a stroak and by a great fal and commotion of the Brain may take away all sense and motion from a man but that Apoplexy which ariseth from a pituitous and stupefactive power is the chief and is understood for the most part when mention is made of a perfect Apoplexy to wit which is occasioned by its sefe when the other Apoplexies by reason of the differences of causes either are occasioned by some external and violent cause as by a stroak by a fall or they follow other diseases An Epilepsie is occasioned from a vaporous and thin matter Of an Epilepsie whether by its acrimony or venomous and malignant quality vellicating and molesting the Brain and all the Nerves and together afflicting the animal spirits darkning and troubling of them and there are to help this matter forward not onely certain humours corrupted in a peculiar manner and fit for an Epileptical disposition but also parts of the body corrupted in like manner as Worms After-birth and such like An imperfect Epilepsie hath the same cause with the perfect Epilesie but mote gentle and less store of humours which otherwise could not vellicate all the Nerves yet may trouble them all but cannot trouble and darken the animal spirits in the Brain CHAP. VII Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed ANd these are the causes of the actions hurt Causes of colour changed or of the first kind of Symptomes which conâist in the actions hurt the second kind or colour of the whole body or of its parts changed contrary to nature are humors of the body such are the colours of the whole body or its parts as are the humors in them so in the yellow Jaundice by reason of yellow choller effused into the body the whole body is coloured with the yellow choller in a Dropsie by stegm it waxeth pale The teeth grow black either through default of aliment Causes of change of the colour of teeth or when any slimy matter flowing from the Stomach Brain or elsewhere or also from meat left behind sticks to the teeth and putrifying corrupts and make them black The Nailes change their colour through peccant matter nourishing them Of Nails Fifthly Of stinking smells smells and exhalations are breathed out of the whole body when hot and moist bodies produce plenty of crude humours which when they cannot be overcome by heat become putrid and send forth a stinck from the whole body A stink is sent out of the mouth Of stinking breath when either many crudities are heaped together in the Stomack which are corrupted and send forth putrid and stinking exhalations by the Pallate or when filthy vapours exhale from the putrifaction in the Lungs or when such matter cleaves to the Teeth Gums or Pallate and infects the air which is breathed out with its stink The smell of the Arm-pits which they call Goats smel Stink of the Arm-pits proceeds from excrementitious humors which are sent from the heart and internal parts in such aboundance to these places and emunctories that all of them cannot easily be discussed but corrupt and send forth filthy smells The faetid smell of the Groin comes from the same cause namely Of the Groin too great plenty of excrements which are sent out from the Liver and Veins to those emunctories The foul smell of the Nostrils is caused by excrementitious humours there collected and putrifying by a Polipus a Canker or an Ulcer in the Nostrils Of the Nostrils The ears stink by an Imposthume and Ulcer in the internal Ear or by vitious humours sent out of the Brain Of the Ears Lastly Of the Feet the Feet send forth an ill smell when the moist excrements in them which are of a hot and moist constitution and given to surfeit are collected and putrifie in the Feet being drawn thither by their motion especially when they are covered with such garments that they cannot freely expire vapours The câuses of tactil qualities changed Of tactil qualities changed appears by those things which are spoken of the Causes of Diseases when sometimes they are referred to the rank of Diseases sometimes to the number of Symptomes namely as sometimes the actions are hindered by them sometimes they hinder not the actions but onely cause trouble to the touch CHAP. VIII Of the causes of Symptomes in those things that are sent forth and retained AS for what belongs to excretion and those things which in their whole kind are contrary to nature Causes of excrements contrary to nature and may be generated in the body as stones worms since the same belongs to the causes of Diseases they are spoken of before in the second Part and the ninth Chapter but artificial things as instruments of Iron Knives and such like cannot be generated in mans body but by the inchantments of the Devil are insinuated into the body or are fitted to parts without through which they cannot come back and are there shewen as it were going back If those things which are wont to be cast forth naturally are cast out another way ââeressions through unaccustomed passages which comes to passe because the accustomed ways either are grown together or obstructed or some way or other shut for then nature by reason of plenty of matter which it was wont to evacuate through the usual ways they being shut it wearied seeks new ways either more open or otherwise to which some pricking humor leads it or which it chuseth of its own accord Thirdly the effusion of blood contrary to nature through what place soever happens because the Veins and Arteries are opened contrary to nature Of bleeding contrary to nature for those reasons which before in the Second part and thirteenth Chapter are explained and particularly sweating of Blood happens through the thinnesse of the Blood rarity and laxity of the skin and debility of the retentive faculty Small paâcels are cast out of the body when from any internal part which was wont to be evacuated that way or in that way by an Ulcer Putrifaction and eroded by a sharp humour and separated from the body As for the causes of excretions offending in quality hot ordure is cast out if choller and hot humours are mingled If the Liver and Guts are too hot if hot meats are used The siege is cold by the extinguishing of the native heat the use of cold meats and the mixture of cold humours Moist Excrements are cast out either through crudity when the meat is not concocted or by obstruction of the Meseraik Veins Causes of excretions peccant in quality Hot. Cold. Moist Hard. by reason whereof the Chyle cannot passe to the Liver and therefore being mingled with the ordure
containing each of them have two differences Proper and unseperarable pulses for the faculty is either strong or weake the use is increased or diminished the instruments are soft or hard hence some pulses do perpetually arise of one cause onely which Gallen calls the necessary consequent others call proper and unseparable and such like pulses only follow the faculty and iustruments but not the use and of necessitie a strong pulse necessary followes a strong faculty a weake pulse a weak faculty hard arteries make a hard pulse soft arteries make a soft pulse some although they are made more from one cause containing then another yet they do not arise from that only Familiar but t is necessary that others concur also which they call familiar the familiar pulses of a strong facultie are great swift thin weake small slow frequent the use increased great swift frequent diminished little slow thin a soft artery great swift thin hard artery little slow thick Compound causes make compound differences and sometimes two sometimes three causes are complicate first The saculty with the use changed what pulses it makes a strong faculty and the use increased the instruments obtaining a naturall constitution make pulses great swift frequent and moreover vrhement a strong faculty and the use lessened brings forth pulses moderate in magnitude slower thinness yet vohement from an infirme faculty and the use moderately increased comes a pulse moderate in magnitude and celerity frequent languishing but if the force be very weake the pulse is little slow very frequent weake from a faculty weakned and use dimished ariseth small pulses flow thick fainty and if there be very great debility the very least intermittent and defirent pulses arise Secondly if the use and instrument be joyned together The use changed and instrument the use increased with a soft instrument makes great pulses swift moderate in frequency or if there shall be great excess frequent and soft the use increased and instruments hard bring forth lesser pulses swifter more frequent if hardness abound but if use greater if indifferent there is excess of them both if moderate in magnitude they are swift frequent the use diminished with a soft instrument causeth moderate pulses in magnitude slow thin soft the use diminished with a hard instrument renders the pulses less slow hard and the instrument exceeding in hardness inclines the pulse to smalness rather then to slowness contrariwise it happens when refrigeration exceeds Thirdly if the faculty and instrument be complicate Faculty and influment and the faculty be strong the instrument soft the pulses are manifestly made greater somewhat duller thinner and softer a strong faculty and hatd instruments bring forth small pulses frequent and for the most part swifter namely if hardness abound but in an equall recess of them both the pulses are moderate in all yet harder a weake faculty with soft instruments makes for the most part pulses in magnitude and swiftness moderate and soft but in an immoderate recess they shall be little slow frequent And if the faculty be very infirme the pulses be come small dull and frequent Lastly if the faculty be infirme with the instrument hard pulses that are little slow thicke and hard do arise But sometimes all these three are complicate Faculties instruments and use and indeed first the faculty strong the use increased the instruments soft make great Pulses swift moderate in frequency vehement soft Secondly if these should be complicate a strong faculty the use increased and the instruments hard and that hardness be little but the use very much increased the pulses are made greater then is fit swifter and more frequent but if the hardness be not great nor the use much increased the pulses are moderate in magnitude and become more swift and frequent Thirdly if the faculty be more strong the use diminished and the instrument soft the pulses are moderate in magnitude slower thinner vehement and soft and if the use be much diminished are plainly less slow and thin Fourthly If the faculty be strong the use diminished and instruments hard the pulses are lesser In celerity and frequency moderate or also if the use be great and that there be a recess of the instrument from mediocrity the pulses are slower and thinner but the hardness of the instrument abounding there is a great recess of the use from Nature and the pulses are small slow and more frequent Fifthly If the faculty be weake the use increased and instruments soft the pulses are become moderate in magnitude and celerity yet more frequent but if the power be exceedingly weakned it makes a small pulse slow and most frequent Sixthly If the faculty be weake the use increased and the instruments hard the pulses are made little slow and frequent Seventhly If the faculty be weake the use diminished and the instrument soft the pulses are lesser moderate in frequency or rather thin Lastly if the faculty be weake the use diminished and the instruments hard pulses are made small slow frequent but yet not alwayes of the same smallness slowness and frequency but according to the excess of the causes are lesser slower or more frequent But here it is to be noted first that the force and power of causes are more to be valued then nuthe mber fince one more potent cause can do more in changing pulses then many weaker secondly the hardness of the Artery alwayes doth resist the magnitude of the pulse but not the celerity and frequency thirdly there is no more efficacious cause of small pnlses then weakness of strength and vertue CHAP. X. Of the causes of the simple differences of Pulses ALthough it may be easily collected from these things what the causes are of every pulse Concomitant causes of pulses yet because certaine familiar causes concurre which may afford some benefit to the generation of pulses namely grosness of body leanness an empty place about the artery weight of the body lying next above the artery and propriety of formation of parts let us joyne those to the rest and let us here adde some to these The causes of a great pulse containing are strong force The causes of a great pulse of a little Of a high the use increased the artery soft a little pulse is made especially by the weakness of power as also diminution of use as also diminution of use and hardness of the artery The causes of a high pulse are strong force the use increased and when an indifferent grosness of body happens and the place is straight and narrow about the artery Of a low a low pulse proceeds from a languishing faculty to which happens groseness of body as being the concomitant cause somtimes also the arterie is buried deeper by the naturall framing of the body whence the pulse is lower A broad Pulse is made from a power not altogether so weake Of a broad Accidents as being complicate causes are joyned therewith
the place wide and the bodyes next over it are heavy Of a thin the cause of a thin pulse is a weake faculty and a hard artery the concomitant causes are leanness of body and thinness and driness of the skin The cause of a swift pulse is the use increased Of a swist the vertue indifferently strong and the instrument soft the cause of a slow pulse is weake power or the use diminished Of a slow or the joyning of both these together The cause of a frequent pulse is the use increased with debility of vertue or hardness of the arterie Of a frequent Thin of a thin pulse strength of vertue with use diminished is the cause Of a vehement pulse Of a vehement weak strength of vertue is the cause of a weake pulse languishing strength proceeding from what cause soever A soft pulse proceeds from the softnesse of the Artery Soft hard a hard from the hardnesse of the same from what cause soever it come CHAP XI Of the causes of the respective differences of Pulses NOw followes what belongs to the respective differences of pulses The causes of inequallity of pulses Of a singular inequality and of an intermitting pulse and first for inequality the cause thereof is a weake faculty and an Artery either obtruded or pressed or too hard or too soft The reason of an intermitting pulse is because the use requires dilatation and the faculty is ready and prepared that it may satisfie the use but either t is loaden with plenty of humours or it is hindred by obstructions or compressure of instruments the same causes of inequality in motion of swiftnesse and slownesse are rendred but they are lighter The cause of Dicrotus or double striking pulse is an unequall distemper of the heart and Arteries Of a Dicrotus or the faculty varied by reason of an unequall distemper which striving by a contrary cause in the middle of its Journy is compelled as it were to begin a contrary motion Unequall pulses under many fingers do proceed either from weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or softnesse of Arteries Declining pulses which are called Myouroi Of Myourey proceed from weaknesse of the faculty whose action by how much the more remore it is from the heart by so much it is the weaker or from the placing of the artery part whereof is more remote from the heart and is placed more in the outside The cause of a congregation of many in equalities together are weaknesse of the faculty whither is oppressed A Sistematicall inequality or distracted or irritated and the fault of the instrument when the artery is either compressed or obstructed or filled pulses are made unequallyunequall from the faculty not weake by its selfe but rather burthened and oppressed Myourei Reciproci Of a deficient and moreover from the ill disposition of the artery and t is either pressed by some body that lyeth on it or some humour or tumour but unequal equally are made by an infirme faculty and indeed reciprocall Myouroi do proceed from a faculty not so weake as those which are deficient Intermitting and intercurrent pulses proceed from the same weakness of the faculty Of the intermittent intercurrent and the instruments compressed and obstructed yet the faculty labours more in an intermitting then an intercurrent and in it doth almost lye still Concerning the causes of unequall compound pulses Caprizantes the cause of an uneven pulses is when the faculty otherwise strong enough but now is oppressed by too great plenty of humours or is hindered by obstruction The causes of surging pulses are weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or exceeding softnesse of instruments Like waves and the faculty is so burthened and oppressed with its load that it staggers and becomes unconstant From the same causes proceeds a vermicular pulse Vermicular formicant only that in a vermicular the faculty is not oppressed but is weak of its selfe but in a formicant t is very faint and the use striving and softnesse of the instrument being joyned therewith The causes of a serrine or serrate pulse is a strong faculty and the use increased Serrate together with hardnesse of the arterie and this pulse is familiar in inflamations of the internall membrances Trembling A trembling pulse is made whilst either the pulse is not perceived by reason of the trembling of the part or it goeth out trembling or when the heart trembles and communicates that affect to the artery The cause of a hectick pulse is somewhat that is fixed and stable and sticks to the solid parts also weaknesse of strength Hectick Rhythmorum The harmony is not changed unlesse the magnitude and celerity of the dilatation and contraction be altered but these are not changed except the use be changed so all the causes of Harmony depend upon the use for if the Diastole be swifter then the systole there is a great heate present then and a great necessity of refrigeration or expulsion of fuliginous excrements but if the systole be swifter and greater then the Diastole there is more necessity of protrusion of fuliginous vapours then of cooling CHAP. XIII Of the causes of varying of Pulses ANd in like manner divers differences of Pulses proceed from causes containing Of the Temperants of a Pulse which are secundary causes and first naturall things those which are hot by nature have a hotter Pulse and that comes from the use increased those which are cold the contrary the Pulses of such as are dry and leane are greater and thinner by much and somewhat more vehement but in grosser bodyes when the Artery is covered with much flesh and cannot be freely distended the Pulse is made somewhat smaller and more frequent Men have a greater Pulse for the most part then women Sex a little duller and thinner women on the contrary have lesse Pulses swifter and more frequent but if a woman be hotter then a man she will have a greater and more vehement Pulse The Pulses of boyes are great Of age very swift frequent in vehemency moderate of youth they are very great and vehement in celerity and frequency moderate Pulses of old men are the least slowest thinest and weakest As for the times of the yeare Time of the yeare in the Spring Pulses are greater more vehement in celerity and frequency moderate in the Summer they are fainter small swift frequent in Autumne weake in magnitude unequall in celerity and frequency in Winter small and moderate slow thin and weake Meate and drink immoderatly taken cause great Meat and drink how to change the pulse swift frequent too vehement unequall and Inordinate Pulses moderate lesser and weaker and in the beginnings swifter and more frequent afterwards slow and thin the use of wine especially makes great Pulses swift frequent and vehement and mutations which proceed from wines suddenly comes and suddenly goes
Naturall rest in the beginning make the pulses lesser Sleep weaker slower and thinner afterwards greater and more vehement and the slownesse and thinnesse by little and little is increased moreover if the sleep be too long they returne againe to pravity and debility and retaine their sloath and thinnesse when a man is stirred up or awakned the Pulses begin to be greater more vehement swifter more frequent equally indeed if a man be awakned by degrees but unequally and troubled if he be suddenly awakned yet a little afterwards the pulse againe becomes moderate long watchings cause little and weake pulses yet swift and frequent at length the faculty being weakned they become dull and thin Exercise and motion moderate cause great pulses Exercise vchement swift frequent but overmuch exercise cause little faint swift frequent when the use may be increased and the faculty debilitated at length they are little slow and thin Moderate use of baths make great pulses swift frequent Baths and vehement but if they exceed measure little faint swifter and more frequent Passions of the mind As for the passions of the mind anger causeth great pulses swift frequent vehement joy makes great pulses thin and slow moderately vehement but if it be overmuch it renders them unequall and inordinate In sadnesse they are little languishing slow thin feare soone makes the swift pulse vehement Inordinate unequall but they are of as long continuance as those are in sadnesse Immoderate evacuations Evacuations because they debilltate the faculty bring forth pulses like to those caused by a weake faculty But as for those things which happen contrary to nature Preternaturall things how they alter the pulse although they are various yet they change the pulse because either they change the use or affect the instruments or faculty in the first place when the faculty is affected many changes are made of the pulses for whether the faculty be diffolved and weakned by those things which dissolve the Spirits and sollid parts such as are soule diseases great distempers vehement and diurnall greifs fastings too great Evacuations or whether they are burthened or oppressed by plenty of humours or by diseases of instruments inflamations or other tumours the pulses are made lesse in the first place and swift frequent feeble afterwards the least most slow most frequent most faint and at length the faculty being almost prostrated intermittent deficient declining vermiculant formicant all which running through the various kind of affects contrary to nature and principally out of the doctrine of feavers are made more manifest CHAP. XIII What the simple differences of Pulses signifie and presage ALthough from the causes of pulses Great pulses what they signify it easily appeares what every pulse signifies and portends yet that we may add something of each in particular a great pulse although principally its familiar use be in increasing a strong faculty and a soft instrument in those which are sick it signifies a hot disease and a great pulse unlesse it be hindered followes all feavers and it cannot be much dilated with the Artery unlesse the power be strong or at least not weake a great pulse in all feavers is good signe A small pulse argues either debility of the faculty or remisnesse of the use or hardnesse of the instruments and indeed if a small pulse shall be also faint t is a token that its weakness proceeds from a weake faculty if small and hard from the Artery if neither debility nor hardnesse be perceived in the pulse it is an argument that it comes from the diminution of the use whence little pulses with a weake faculty foretell death the rest of pulses that are small for the most part presage long and difficult diseases A swift pulse signifies that the use is increased and the vigour stronge A swift or certainly not very weake whence in those that are sound a swife pulse signifies heate stirred up by motion exercises baths and such like causes which if it be also great the strength is not yet debilitated but in those which are sick a swift pulse signifies a hot disease and is proper to those which are feaverish and if magnitude be joyned therewith itshewes that the use is increased with strength of nature but if frequency be adjoyned without magnitude it shews that the powers are weakned if hardnesse of the instrument the use being increased hinders dilatation that hardnesse is to be perceived by the touch A slow pulse shews Slow the contrary to wit little heate and the use diminished and then it is onely thin and the vigour not firme enough and withall it is feeble A frequent pulse signifies the use to be increased Frequent or the faculty weakned or the instrument hard if it proceed only from the use increased it is not faint nor hard and magnitude frequently goes before and then extraordinary great heat is discovered in those that are sick if it proceed from debility or hardness of the artery that is discerned by the pulse Thin pulses are made either through a strong faculty Thin and a soft instrument or from the use diminished in sound bodies it signifies a cold constitution but in sidk a cold disease and coldness of the heart and that which is contained therein and therefore 't is accounted an ill signe A strong and vehement pulse shews a strong faculty Vehement and if its vehemency exceed the bounds of nature it signifies also great irritation A faint pulse on the contrary Faint signifies powers to be dejected and that either by dissipation of spirits and resolution and then it is also smal and if use hinder not slow or by oppression occasioned by plenty of humours and then the pulse also is inordinate and unequal A soft pulse shews softness of the arterie Soft and moreover in a sound body signifies immoderate drinking or dyet over moistning or a bath or idleness but in a sick a moist habit of the body On the contrary hard pulses Hard. shew the hardness of the arterie and indeed either by extending in convulsions Tumours or by repletion of vessels with humours and wind or by drying as in burning Feavers Hecticks consuming Feavers Quartans and other drying causes CHAP. IV. What the other differences of Pulses signifie presage NOw for the other differences of pulses and first Equality and inequality of that of equality and inequality equality although it shew a fixed disposition of matter yet it signifies firmness of nature and therefore affords the better hope but all inequalities are worse and either signifie obstructions of vessels or compressions or aboundance of humours hindring the force and indeed a single inequality is more dangerous then systematick or mixed whence intermitting pulses in one pulse are more dangerous then intermitting in many if both of them proceed from debility of the faculty Uneven pulses Vnalike stirred up Myouri Dicroti therefore being stirred
three kinds some are those which are simply and according to preheminency called criticall wherein Judgments are made better and more frequently all which are bounded within the circuit of a septinary number and are these the 7.14.20.27.34.40 for daies are not taken whole but shorter Moreover there are some which are called indicant and contemplable from whence the Crisis to come is shewn and they are the middles or quarternaries of every seventh morning as 4.11.17.24 Others are such as come between Intervening which the Greeks call Parempiptontes others call them provocatory wherein from some accident contrary to nature or by the violence of a fit or by reason of some externall cause nature is provoked to hasten to untimely expulsion such are the 3.5.9.13.19 and according to some 15.18 Vacant or not criticall daies are those wherein no crisis happens Vacant or very seldome and unperfect and evill such are the 6.8.10.12.16.18 to which some add 22 23.25.29 30.32 33.35.38.39 which daies are also called medicinall because the Physitian on those daies may safely administer purging Medicines After the 40. day diseases languish and by a slow concoction and by Imposthumations rather then Crisis are terminated after these some diseases are judged by months others by years and especially in climactericall years when changes are made even of diseases which have been contracted from their Mothers Womb. From this doctrine neverthelesse of Hippocrates and Galen which Galen reduceth as it were in brief in the 1. of decretory diseases cap. 5. the ancients now long since have departed Asclepiades Archigenes Celsus and others which accounted the third criticall year not the twentieth but the one and twentieth the fourth not the twenty seventh but the twenty eighth The Astrologers also do not simply observe daies and numbers The opinion of Astrologers but referring all the reason of criticall daies to the motion of the Moon note those daies wherein the Moon comes to every quadrangle or fourth corner and comes to the diameter in respect of place wherein she was found when the disease began as now in the causes of criticall daies shall be shewn CHAP. XII Of the causes of Criticall daies THat we may omit the opinions of others The cause of criticall daies of the causes of criticall daies no offence to any other judgments we appoint criticall daies to depend on the Moon and the condition and disposition of peccant humours and the expulsive faculty for what mutations soever the Moon in her conjunctions oppositions and quadrangles makes in these inferior bodies is very well known and therefore that power which is attributed to quaternaries and septinaries do all depend on the motion of the Moon yet neverthelesse that this or that Crisis may be made betwixt those the motion of the Moon alone is not sufficient since not alwaies the seventh or fourteenth day is not alwaies criticall and somtimes a good and an ill Crisis is made on the same day and therfore the condition and disposition of peccant humours are to be joyned and lastly the expulsive faculty is to be added which being stimulated by the motion of the Moon and disposition of humours is the next and immediate cause of a Crisis First seeing the order of criticall daies cannot proceed only from the faculty of the body nor from morbifique matter The Moân but a coelestiall cause is to be joyned therwith and the Moon in every quarternary and septinary and according as it takes up one and another place of the Zodiack in its motions and by reason of the light from the Sun varying shews to us various lights or representations it may make great alterations in sublunary things t is not therfore without a cause determined that great mutations arise in diseases in those places which have regard to the place wherin the Moon was in the beginning of the disease with a quadrate or opposite ray and when she is come so far as that she hath a new shape and manifest mutation of light for the motion of the Moon and her progresse to the quadrate and opposite signes and the changings of the shape of the Moon are to be joyned whatsoever they are yet the crises are stronger when the Septinaries exactly fall into the quadrates of the Moone But in the computing of the criticall dayes A periodicall month in criticall dayes to be observed the month of wandring or travelling is to be observed as being naturall and according to which many changes are made in this inferior orbe which for the most part is made in twenty seven dayes and eight hours which if they are divided into foure weekes the first will be ended in six dayes and twenty hours the second in thrirteen dayes and sixteen hours the third in twenty dayes and twelve hours Therefore on what day soever any one fall sick at the first onset of the disease a conjunction as it were is made of the Moone and the disease hence when the Moone hath measured three fignes or past over ninty degrees and comes to the first quadrate the first criticall day is made when she hath past through six signes or an 180. degrees she comes to the opposite signe and the second criticall day begins when from the opposite signeshe passeth to the second quadrate the third crisis begins if the disease be prolonged till then lastly when she returns again to the place where she was at the beginning of the disease the fourth crisis begins and she shews as she did at first Prognosticall diseases The same reason is of indicatory dayes for when the Moone hath passed over two signes or 60. degrees from the signe wherein she was when any one began to fall sick and is said to come to a sextile the first indicatory is begun when she hath past over foure signes or a 120 degrees and becomes triangular the second indicatory is made and when from the opposite signe againe she comes to be triangular then is the third indicatory lastly when she hath gone from the second quadrate to the second sextile the fourth indicatory is But here the dayes are not to be numbered according to the diurnall indifferent motion of the Moone Which motion of the Moone is to be observed in critiball dayes which is thirteen degrees ten minutes 35 sec but according to the true motion of the Moone for the Moone is sometimes swift sometimes slow in motion nor doth she passe through alike number of degrees each day whence it comes to passe that she arrives sometimes sooner sometimes later to the quadrate and opposite signe and hence without all doubt it comes to passe that most admirable Physitians vary in defining of criticall dayes and Hippocrates as also Galen account the twentieth and seven and twentieth Archâgenes as also Diacles count the one and twentieth and eight and twentieth for criticall dayes neither are allwayes distinct aspects to be observed but often times plarick are sufficient Secondly besides the
it for they say that this filth being left in the body doth lie still like unto leven until stirred so that the whole blood boyls like new wine and so whatsoever is in it of impurity is seperated and sent to the out-side of the body and they therefore say so because they observed that almost all men at some time are troubled with the Pox or Measles and those which have had them once or twice for the most part are free from them ever after Others are against this opinion and say that it proceeds from some occult celestial cause whose impression children being more infirm are apter to take then those that are strong and in years neither do they think it probable that Infants are nourished in the womb with unclean blood or that this impurity can lie hidden so long in mans body since 't is known that not only Infants but youths nay such as are well in years and old men also some times fall sick of the small Pox which formerly have been sick of Fevers and troubled with scabs in whom in case any impurity had been in the blood it ought to have been then taken away But in regard both opinions contain difficulties in them and both seem to be held up with probable arguments let us joyn them together for if the Pox and Measles are epidemical and infectious 't is not to be denied but that they then arise from a certain peculiar malignant disposition of ayr Then Infants as being more tender sooner are infected although it cannot be denied that from an external cause an infirmity lying hidden within may be brought forth into action yet if the power of the malignity be greater those of ripe years may somtimes be afflicted But if the Pox or Measles come forth scattered here and there 't is probable that they proceed from the impurity of the womb whereby a vitious disposition of the body is contracted by the party in the infancy especially if there be no fault in the Ayr for although an infant in the womb be nourished with the purest blood of the mother yet when it becomes bigger and wanteth more nourishment it cannot be but that it must draw some of the depraved humours which are cumulated in the womb with it Whence it is known that Infants have been born sick of the small Pox or had them come forth presently after they come into the world Yet 't is not impossible but that from ill Diet the same vitiousness may be contracted as from the menstruous blood in the womb and that may happen to those that have had the small Pox twice or thrice although it may likewise happen by reason of the first pollution and defilement of which some reliques were left The small Pox and Measles alwaies come forth with a Fever Whether any and what Fever may be joyned with the Small Pox and Measles for they are stirred up by a certain crisis and that ebullition not only happens to the subcutanial veins but also to the greater whence heat is communicated to the heart and a Fever is kindled and that Fever is made a putred Synocha as may appear by the equal heat and the matter contained in the Pox and that which is gentle often vanisheth within a few days neither is it regarded by Infants nor the standers by but that which is more vehement if the disease be to determine with safety will abate when the Pox comes forth somtimes these Fevers become pestilential and then many Infants are extinguished And thus the small Pox and Measles are generated from internal causes yet external causes likewise do often concur as humours corrupting in this manner or lying hidden have force of moving The first is Ayr by reason of the influence of Stars or causes otherwise so disposed as that they may corrupt the humours in this manner Moreover contagion when a certain sickly effluvium or steam from bodies diseased of the small Pox or Measles is communicated to another body and causeth the same disease therein But of Poxes and pushes there is certain differences as hath been said in substance quantity and quality According to substance some consist of this some of that humour according to quantity some are big and many others small and few according to quality some are white others red yellow livid violet colour c. Some come out suddenly others slowly some are presently healed and vanish others continue long some afflict only the external parts of the body some the internal also But when the Pox or Measles are coming Diagnostick signs there is present pain in the head eyes and throat an itching of the nostrils sneezing terror in sleep fits like epileptical ones pain on the back burning and pricking in the skin difficulty of breathing a dry cough trembling of the feet yawning retching palpation of the heart which actions so hurt proceeds from the ebullition of the blood and fuliginous vapours sent from the heart and dispersed over all the body Their Urine is often like unto theirs who are in health the peccant matter being thrust out to the extremities of the body yet somtimes 't is troubled by reason of the great ebullition of humours the hemorrhodes of the Nose are frequent tears use to fall from the eyes of their own accord or the eyes shew as if they were ready to weep somtimes vomiting happens the face and eyes are red the skin rough the voice hoarse and lastly a Fever by the ebullition of humours is kindled If these signs therefore for the most part are present and are encreased on the third or fourth day and certain red spots appear in the skin 't is a sign that the Pox or Measles are at hand and this suspition is increased if the Pox reign thereabouts A little afterwards those specks are exalted like grains of Mellet and afterwards changed into pustules full of quitture and are become Pox or are extended abroad and small tubercles are made and the Measles are produced The nature of humours is principally known by the colour Signs of Causes and of the part affected for if the pox proceed from a cholerick humour mixt with blood they are more red and do itch more from Flegm they are whiter from melancholy blacker somtimes likewise they are of violet colour green lead colour and with greater corruption of humours If they possess not only the skin but also the internal parts the Fever is greater thence comes great difficulty of breathing straitness of the breast a greater cough pain in the stomack and guts most vehement Small Pox and Measles are numbred amongst acute diseases Prognosticks and are terminated within fourteen days they come forth commonly about the fourth day they increase till the seventh the height is manifest the eleventh and from thence to the fourteenth is the declination but the drying of them continueth till the twentieth day somtimes The Fever adjoyned the magnitude of symptomes the manner of the
nutrition is a coagulation of aliment but in augmentation there is a motion of Extension of the whole of every part therof it differs also in regard of the end which in Nutrition is only a restoration of that which is taken away but in Augmentation an acquiring or a getting of a greatet magnitude to exercise perfectly all the necessary actions of our life and lastly in time for Nutrition dureth the whole time of our lives Augmentation to a certain time in our life For man as other living creatures doth not alwayes grow but to the certain time of his age which comes not to passe by reason of the soul which alwayes reteins its force and strength but by reason of the body especially of the bones which in processe of tims are so hardned that they are not apt to any farther extension of growth CHAP. X. Of Generation BUT since man although he be nourished cannot live perpetually and in individuals as other living Creatures also cannot indure to perpetuity The generative power the generative power is granted and given by the Creator of all things that mankind might be preserved and the third kind of Natural actions is Generation which by ejaculation of seed begets his like For although this faculty and Action be common to plants yet in man and other more perfect Creatures it requires greater preparation and distinction of sex as male and semale concur in Generation and it is necessary that both of them do some way help and conduce to Generation and the male not in himself but in another The distinction of Sexes The instruments of generation but the foemale in her self doth generate For the male ejaculates his prolifique sperm into the female womb which mingled with hers is cherished by the same it is also nourished and reteined until it hath the shape of a perfect man For which purpose the Creator hath made necessary Instruments for both Sexes for the male Testicles Vessels preparing and conducting sperm and a yard necessaây to ejaculate it into the part most fit to receive it for the Females Stones seminary vessels and the womb There are two principles which concur to the Generation of a Child the seed of the male and female and the menstruous blood The Principles of generation Seed The seed is a body hot and moist full of that divine Spirit of the first Principles or Elements and proportionable to the Quintessence or Element whereof Stars were made fit for the propagation of the Soul and generation of a living Creature like it self and is getherated in the Stones whither the purest part of the blood Spirits and heat is sent through the Veins Arteries and Nerves from the remote parts of the body and is changed into a white frothy or slimy matter The male and female seed both confer seeing the same Instruments are appointed by nature for generating and semitting of sperm and the same cause efficient and the same âmatter in each for the forms of each alike do manifest themselves in the off-spring Blood although the power and force be greater in the male then the female But the menstruous blood is only the material principle wherefore it is ordered by the Creator that at the time when semales are apt and fit for procreation which for the most part is from the fourteenth till the five and fortieth year of their age that blood which the other parts wants not each month is sent to the womb to supply what may be wanting for a little one or if the female be not great may be by it evacuated Menstruous blood This menstruous blood of it self is not offensive nor is it expelled because it is hurtful but because it aboundeth in quantity but when it becomes pernicious 't is by reason of its remaining too long in the body by its comixture with other humours The forming of the young is caused by the Soul The formation of the young which is in the seed and there shews it self in two actions in putting life into the conception and forming of all the parts and the Soul as Scaliger writeth out of Themistius is its own architect which builds a convenient domicill for its own habitation But it receiveth this power from the Creator whose Instruments and hands as it were the Souls are and he hath given this energy to them at the Creation of them then which nothing can be more wonderful to be thought on The Generative faculty hath two others whereby it performs its Office The Alterative and Formative The Alterative The Formative The Alterative is that which changeth the generative matter into the substance of the young and all its parts the formative is that which Forms all the members and gives them their quantity figure number place and the rest The Instrument which the Soul and formative power useth is the formative or plastick heat or that Spirit proportionable to the Element of the Stars for the seeds being received into the womb are mingled together reteined cherished and the power which lyes hidden in the seed is stirred up by the innate heat of the womb and then a Conception is said to be made Conception and then begins a sending forth of the instruments of the body to be made then is it called a Conception which commonly is said to continue til the seventh day But first of all The order of frameing Firs the membrances whereof are framed two Chorion Amnios The Secondine The Spermatick parts are described together Theumbilisall vessels The Veins belonging to the Navel Two Artcries Urachus The time of formation the membranes about the Child are formed by which the seed is shut in and the Spirit and heat thereof is covered and as it were intrenched They are two in number the first is called Chorion and covers the whole Child and is fastened to the vessels belonging to the Navel by their intervening the whole cleaveth to the womb the other coare doth immediately cover the Child and is called Amnios These two coats in the birth seem to be one as it were and come forth after the Child and are therefore called the Afferbirth But the solid and Spermatick parts shall be explained in the first place and afterwards according to their nobleness and as necessity requires the rest shall be perfectly shewn The Infant in the womb doth not take that nourishment which it receiveth by the mouth but from the Mother for the receiving whereof there are appointed by nature four vessels belonging to the Navel namely a Vein which is a branch which comes from the Gate-vein which is as it were the infants nurse two Arteries branches arisen from the Iliak Vein by which the Infant breaths although later Authors who teach us that the vital Spirits by which the Child breaths proceed not from the Mother but from the Child 's own heart do assign another use to the said Iliak branches to wit that
end to pass for the Lungs are stâeâched that air may come into them as into a pair of bellows drawn widâ and are so much dilated and extended as the dilating of the Bâeast will give way to and on the other side the Breast is dilated more or lesse as there is more or lesse air to be drawn in As the Pulse consists of two motions Dilatation and Contraction A two-fold motion of respiration Inspiration Exââiration so Respiration is performed by a doubâe motion Inspiration and xspiration By inspiration the Lungs and Breast being exâended the air by the mouth and nostrils is drawn in by expiration the Lungs and Breast being contracted the hotter air and fuliginous vapours are sent forth at the mouth and nostrils CHAP. XII Of the Animal Faculty and first of the external senses THE Third sort of faculties and actions in man The Animal faculty Physitians call Animal faculties which either are resident in the brain or derived from it and takes necessary helps or the pârformance of its actions from adjacent parts They distinguiââ the Aminal faculties into the sensitive motive and Princes and under the sensitive only the external senses are comprehended under the Princes the internal and rational power is involved we will handle them in this order first we will treat of the external senses afterwards of the internal and rational faculties at last of the appetite and moving faculty The external senses are five The external senses are those by which we perceive and judge sensible external objects without the precedence of any other faculty But that a perception may be made four things ought to concur first the mind perceiving secondly the instrument which is double first the Spirit secondly the member wheâein the sense is thirdly the object or perceptible things fourthly the medium interceding betwixt the instrument and the object The external sânses are five Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting The five external senses Seeing Touching or Feeling The Sight is an external sense discerning and knowing by the benefit of the Eye the several kinds of visible things whose adaequate Instrument is the Eye the Eye consists of divers Tunicles the adnate or conjunctive the Horny the Grapy in the middle whereof is a round hole which is called the Pupil and is the inlet and window as it were of visible Species then the Tunicle in manner of a Net the Pannicle without a name the Cobweblike and the Vitreous Membranes three humors the watery Crystalline and Vitreous a nerve optick and muscles The object of sight is whatever is visible to wit colours which are visible in potentia in that they are capable of being seen but in action to be visible light is required The medium is any transparent and diaphanous body Hearing is an external sense Hearing perceiving by the benefit of the eare any sound that is audible the adaequate instrument or that without which a sound cannot be heard is the Eare but especially as Galen teacheth in his first Book and third Chapter of the causes of Symptomes the term and exrremities of the Auditory Pores where the end being dilated the Auditory Nerves receive part of the sound The Object is whatever is audible or sound the medium which it is conveyed through is water and aire Smelling is an external sense discovering smells by the benefit of the Nose Smelling or mammillary processes It s adaequate instrument are the Nostrils but principally the mammillary processes Its object odours the medium by which odours are conveyed is aire and water Tast is an external sense Tasting perceiving savours by help of the tongue It s proper Instrument is the Tongue a thin flesh soft and spungy like to no other part of the body the Object is savours the medium a spongy skin or porous cover of the Tongue and spitly moisture Touch lastly is an external sense Feeling discovering by the benefit of a membrane all Tangible bodies But though the skin be the chiefest instrument of the sense of feeling and covereth the whole body that it may descry external objects and injuries happening to the body and the skin in the hand be the chiefest rule to try all tangibles yet there is no adaequate Instrument of touch since it is more largely diffused and other parts are likewise indued with that sense But the adaequate organ that is of touch is a membrane For wheresoever a membrane is there may be a touch and wheresoever a membrane is not there cannot be a touch and the skin it self obtains that whereby it is sensible as it participates of the fibers and little membranes of the Nerves CHAP. XIII Of the Internal Senses THE Internal Senses are those The Internal Senses are three that are conversant about sensibles revealed by the external senses and they are three according to the diversity of their functions and operations which are administred by them The Common sense the Phantasie and the Memory The common sense is an internal sense The common sense perceiving all external objects by the help of the external senses discerning them asunder judging of their absense and bringing sensible Species to the Phanâasie The Phantasie is an Internal sense The Phantasie which considereth more diligently and longer retaineth the sensible Species received from the common-sense and those Species that are formed by it self The Memory is that which receiveth and retaineth the sensible Species which are known by the Phantasie The Memory and when occasion requireth exhibits and brings them forth again But there are two acts of the memory the one is called by the name of the faculty of the memory the other is Reminiscence The memory is a prompt apprehension or repetition of any thing heretofore known and perceived as it was perceived and repeated and that readily Reminiscence Reminiscence is that which out of the remembrance of one or more things spoken of by regression comes to remember that which before could not come readily into the mind The principle and immediate Instrument of all the internal senses and of all principal actions is the brain which other things shew but this especially That if that be hurt these actions are hurt and because that in curing these the remedies must be applyed to the brain Now all these action are performed in the substance of the brain nor are those faculties distinguished by their seats or places in the brain neither are their distinct operations performed in distinct places of the brain For there is not sufficient reason given why the common sense should be seated in the former part of the brain for although it be the Center where all the external senses meet and concur yet the Nerves that are subservient to the external senses take not their beginning from the fore most part of the brain So no evident reason can appear to perswade why the Memory should be separated from the Phantasie and by consequence from the reasonable
faculty and why the Phantasie in the former the Rational in the middle and the Memory in the hinder part of the brain should be placed for the Imagination and Memory are conversant about the same things though after a different manner But although oftentimes one of these faculties being offended the others remain unprejudiced as oftentimes the Memory is lost the imagination and rational faculties not hurt and on the other side the apprehension and ratiocination offended and the Memory sound and perfect yet that cometh not so much to passe through the diversaty of organs parts of the brain from whence those actions arise as by the change of their proper dispositions and of those things which are required to perform those actions The affections of those senses hitherto explained are sleep and watchfulness The affections of the senses are two Sleep Sleep is a cessation of the natural and commonsense of the external senses ordained for the health of living Creatures by detaining of the Animal Spirits in the brain hindering them from flowing to the Instruments of sense and motion The causes that bring it to passe that the Animal Spirits flying into the brain are there detained and are as it were smitten and cease are several whereof some perform it by taking them away as watching labour and other things in the like nature or by rendring them lesse moveable and benumm'd or as others conceive by penning in and stopping their way as vapours ascending after taking of meat and drink or as it were pleasingly and contentedly stopping inviting from motion to rest which sweet melodies murmuring streams gentle rocking and the like occasion The end of sleep is the refreshing and strengthning of the Spirits and external senses by taking away their motions and operations and from hence comes a recovery of their strength and vigour Watchfulness is opposed to sleep Watching and it is nothing else but the efficacy or force of sense or solution rather of the senses proceeding from the hinderance of the free flowing of the Animal Spirits into all the members of the body Man waketh or is stirred up out of his sleep after a two-fold manner Either of his own accord when concoction is performed the vapours that hindred the Spirits coming forth are discussed and separated or sharp vapours are carried to the brain and trouble the Amimal Spirits that they cannot freely flow into the instruments of the senses or by an external cause when from a more violent external cause as Clamour or touch the sensitive faculty being stirred up converts its self to perceive Nor do the organs of the senses wholly want Animal Spirits in sleep but some stilâ remain in them sufficient to discern more vehement objects CHAP. XIV Of the Intellective Faculty AT length we come to the understanding or rational faculty whereby a man is elevated above other living Creatures and is neer to and as it were like unto his maker The understanding abstracts things from their matter and without considerations of matter without quantity without figure knoweth things undersands things freed from their matter it is almost capable of infiâiteness it reflects back upon its self and knoweth it self and understandeth that it doth understand and because of that it hath an unatiable desire of the knowledge of eternity and blessedness It perâorms its functions without all corporeal instruments yet it hath âeed of the Phantasie as its object to understand and the Imagination supplies the mind with intelligible matter And therefore although it have not its seat in the brain as in its organ by it self yet because it worketh by the help of the Phantasie and it behoveth the understanding to watch the Imagination by accident and by the consequence its seat is appointed where the imagination is namely the brain The reasonable soul comprehends two faculties The Understanding The Will the Intellect whereby we apprehend things and the Will whereby we are carried to chose things which we understand under the notion of good And things as they are beings we know them and as they are good we desire them CHAP. XV. Of the desire and moving faculty BEsides the knowing faculty Appetite two-fold sensitive rational there is given to man an appetite and force of moving The Object of mans appetite is good whether it be really so or seemingly so The appetite is two-fold sensitive and rational sensitive is that which desires that which seems good to the senses rational is that which desires that good that seems so to reason and the motions of the sensitive faculty are often resisted by the motions of the rational faculty and there ariseth strife discord betwixt the sensitive rational faculty Out of the appetite as its actions arise the affections and passions of the mind as we call them Voluntary Animal motion follows the desire Voluntary motion for after that an external object is brought by the external senses and common sense to the Phantasie it is known as profitable and acceptable or as hurtfull displeasing Love or hatred followeth this knowledge or thâ desire of what is pleasing and flight of what is displeasing Motioâ presently follows the desire in brute beasts but in man there is tââ Judgment of the intellective faculty which values what is truly goâ and what hurtfull The motive faculty Then the motive faculty follows that motioâ which is commanded by the rational or sensitive faculty as the oâ or the other over-ruleth by the contraction of the muscles the adâ quate Instruments of motion which draw the tendons these tâ bones and they being moved the members and whole body is caâ ried from place to place either to accept of what is grateful or to resist and fly from what is hurtful But although a muscle be the adaequate instrument of motion yet the chiefest part of it consists of fibers or smal strings The Instrument of motion which being contracted the muscle is contracted and motion performed Although their are four different motions of the muscles whileâ they are contracted or extended or moved transverse or remaiâ streight as Galen says in his first Book of the motion of muscles anâ eighth Chapter or as others explain it contraction conservation oâ contraction or tonick motion relaxation and perseveration of relaxation yet contraction only to which tonick motion belongs is the proper action of the muscles but extension which is a passion rather then an action is not the immediate cause of motion for whilst a muscle contracted by its opposite muscle is extended it suffers it doth not act THE SECOND BOOK PART I. OF DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the nature of a Disease WHereas we have hither treated of those things that are incident to the body according to Nature Thingsprâter-natural how many and so have discoursed about health now I will speake of those things that are preter-natural or contrary to Nature for I do not intend to make any distinction betwixt these
when there are more pores oâ wayes then there ought to be according to nature Defect in number is when they are Fewer then they ought Excesse in magnitude is when any way or passage is dilated more then it ought Defect in magnitude is when t is become straiter then is fit To excesse belong those infirmities which are called Anastomasis Diapedesis and Diairesis Anastomasis is when the mouths of the vessels are opened and dilated too much Anastom Diaped Diairesis Diapedesis is when the Tunicles of the vessels are become so thin that the humours may as it were sweat through them Diairesis is when from some cause that happens by Erosion or by breaking some passage is opened which ought not That Diairesis which is made from some incident cause or by breaking is called in Greek Rexis that which happens by Erosion is called Diabrosis Defect on the other side according to the variety of causes that occasion it is five-fold Obstruction Constipation Coalescence The differences of narrowness of Vessels Obstruction Constipation Compression Descension All which in general are called straitness of passage Obstruction which the Greeks call Emphraxis is when some passage is stopped either by plenty of humours or thickness of them or clotted blood or Gravel or such like Constipation which the Greeks call Stenochoria is when a passage is stopped by some tumour in it Compressure which the Greeks call Thlipsis is when a part is pressed together by some external matter Coalescence is when after an Ulter the sides of the passage grow together Coalescence Subsidence in the Greek Sunizesis is Conjunction and Constriction when the parts of the vessels consent as it were in pressure and squeezing of themselves together to which no constriction is added when from some external causes or by reason of cold the passages are contracted Diseases of cavity are either in multitude or magnitude Diseases of Cavity in multitude it seldome happens unless from ones nativity there happen more or less passages in the body then there ought In Magnitude passages offend either in excess or defect excess of magnitude is too great dilatation of the receptacle or cavity defect in magnitude is when they are too strait which is either from our first original or afterwards from repletion compression subsidence or constriction Thirdly Diseases of the superficies Diseases of Superficies are ruggedness and smoothness for when according to nature some parts are rougher and others smoother if those which should be more rough become smoother or those that should be smoother become more rugged and so any action be thereby hindred from thence ariseth Diseases of the superficies Softnes and hardnes as we said before Softness and Hardness Rarity Density may be referred to these Diseases as when the bones which ought to be hard are become soft or the tendons are so hardned that they cannot be contracted Also Rarity and Density when a part which ought to be full of pores lose them and become thick Hitherto belongeth colour in the eye Colour in the face for although colour be not necessary for the conformation of other parts yet that the eye may become the fit instrument for sight it is necessary that it be so fashioned that it may be fit to receive for such there are visible species Therefore it is requisite that the horny coat and the watry crystal and glassy humors of the eye be not only cleer and transparent Darknesse but without colour If the eye lose this natural constitution and that those parts which ought to be perspicuous and void of colour are darkened or coloured the sight is hindred and visible species either are not received or are received in a colour differing from their own CHAP. VII Of Diseases in Number THE second sort of Diseases of Composition or Organick Diseases are Diseases in number Of Diseases in number for when there is a certain number of the parts compounding to make up the natural composition of every organ how often soever that is not observed a Disease in number doth arise A Disease in number is two-fold The difference of a Disease of number Abounding either in defect when that is wanting which should be present or in excesse when that is present which should be wanting That which aboundeth is either to nature as the sixth finger or preter-natural as stones and Worms are according to Galen which nevertheless is disputable Nor indeed are such things since they are substances as such Diseases but as some conclude causes by which an aptness and a certain disposition against nature is brought into the part whether it be in respect of number or passages about which authors disagree Deficiency in number Wanting is when there is a Disease by which either a whole part perisheth or is wasted those which are wholly wanting are cleerly according to nature nor can it be a defect against nature such a Disease may they be said to have who want their number of fingers or of teeth CHAP. VIII Of Diseases of Magnitude THirdly Diseases of magnitude amongst Organick Diseases are Diseases of Magnitude when the natural bignes of the part is so altered that for that reason it cannot perform its natural action Diseases of Magnitude are two-fold either when there is an increase or a Diminution of Magnitude according as the whole or part be increased or diminished To the increasing of magnitude belong all tumors and growth of parts contrary to nature to diminition belongs leanness and wasting of parts But because Diseases in Magnitude and in Number are sometimes complicate therefore they are thus to be distinguished If a whole part be wanting or abound it is properly called a Disease in number But if only some particles of a part be wanting or that it be bigger then it ought it is called a Disease in magnitude Secondly if with a portion of any organ many particles are taken away a Disease is deficient in number and diminished in Magnitude CHAP. IX Of Diseases of Composition THE last kind of Organick Diseases are Synthetical Diseases of Composition commonly called Diseases of Composition but although Avicen doth account all Organick Diseases Diseases of composition yet in this place we do not we only take them for a peculiar kind of Organick Diseases Since that two things are to be considered in Diseases of composition situation and connexion Twofold Diseases of composition are of two kinds the one is when the parts do change their situation Diseases in site In Connexion which is called a Disease of place The other is when they are not knit together as they ought but they are separated which ought to be joyned together and the contrary as when the eyebrowes grow together which are called Diseases of connexion or vicinity others call them Diseases of consent society colle iate The most common Disease in place is a loosing of a joynt Luxation the
the declination for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease In the same manner Particular times may be limited Particular times and every course hath its fit which course Remissness or an Intervall follows A fit hath its beginning increase state and declination which Particular times may happen during the Universall times The end of the first part of the second Book THE SECOND BOOK PART II. Of the Causes of DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd neither can the same be taken away unless the causes if they are present be first taken away We will now treat of the causes of Diseases Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes The sorts of causes the Materiall Formall Finall and Efficient yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases for the form such as accidents have is already explained Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent The Physitian treats of efficient cause The causes of diseases are fourfold The proximate The remote the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases understand the efficient cause onely But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body or absolutely and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes If causes as they are referred to a disease or its effects they are considered thus first one cause is proximate and immediate another remote The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause The proximate since nothing can come to pass without a cause is in all diseases but the ãâã is not so Secondly since that of those causes which conduce to the generation of a disease and indeed such as some matter doth exeite Containing some are neerer others more remote and oftentimes there is a long rank of them Physicians call some causes containing others antecedent others primitive A cause containing which is also named consummative Containing is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body and cherisheth it and which being put the disease is being taken away the disease is taken away so a stone is the cause containing of obstruction of the bladder A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude but a cause containing and immediate is not absolutely the same for as much as all diseases have a proximate cause since nothing can be done without a cause but they have not all the cause containing namely thesâ oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound but not the cause containing And those diseases only have a cause containing which are joyned with matter and are cherished by it as tumours obstructions putrid Feavers Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing as also of the differences of other causes are all spoken of in respect of a disease defined by Galen per dispositionem or casually as they say for in respect or this not all but some diseases only have a cause containing But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing namely some vitious dispâsition of body The antedent The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease and out of which a disease may arise For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet produce not any disease so that they may produce them Antecedent causes are defined not by the act but by the power of effecting so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body produceth not a disease as yet yet it may gonerate one The primitive How causes differ The manifest evident The manifest externall that is called the antecedent cause thereof The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis are such as move the antecedent in a body and give occasion that they may become proximate causes such are watchings cares ange too much exercise and motion and such like But primitive causes and evident are not the same for every Proâatarcktick is evident or manifest but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive as a sword is the evident cause of a wound but not the primary for an evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a manifest manner whether it be immediate or remote but the primitive can never be the proximate but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body and a neerer cause in the body which it may move Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external for externall is only in respect of the body and every thing which is without the body after what manner soever it produceth a disease it is called an externall cause but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body either within the body or out of the body whence Sleep Watchings Passions of the mind and other causes which are in the body are named primitive not externall Thirdly Evident causes Occult. some causes are evident others hidden and obscure evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses neither is there need of any other signes to know them by Occult and hidden are such as lurk in the body and require signes to be known by Fourthly Internall Externall some causes are internall others externall internall are such as are within the body externall are such as are without the body Fifthly Perse By accident some causes are by themselves others by accident Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence and not by the assistance of other causes so fire heateth water cooleth A cause by accident is when it performs ought by the intervening of another cause and not by its own force so cold water by accident is the cause of heat whilst by its binding and closing the pores of the skin the hot exhalations are detained within which otherwise would evaporate by insensible transpiration Also some causes are common Common Proper Positive as Air Meat and drink when many use them in one place others are proper which are peculiar to certain men Lastly some causes are positive others privative positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves Privative after which sort water cooleth Privative are such as by their absence produce an effect like themselves so heat returning to the internall parts and leaving the externall is the cause of
refrigeration of the outward parts CHAP. II. Of things which are the Causes of a Disease and first of Non-naturals MOreover the efficient causes of Diseases considered absolutly or as they are such all things are the causes of Diseases which can hurt the natural constitution and turn it into a preternatural and such things are either without the body or within it Things that are without our bodies are either necessary External Causes and to be suffered by all and none can avoid them or not necessary but may be avoided Of the first sort are those things called non-naturals and are in number six Air Meat and Drink Necessary Unnecessary Non-natural things Sleeping and Waking Exercise and Rest Repletion and Inanination and the Passions of the Mind whereof the four latter are rather to be called evident then external Things befalling us not necessary are those that wound us knock us or in such like manner hurt our bodies which befall us by chance which are not included within a certain number But both those as well necessary as unnecessary Four ranks of things non-natural Those which are taken Which are carried may be reduced to four heads those things which are taken in those which are carried those that are put out and retained and lastly those that befal us externally Under the notion of those things which are taken are comprehended Air by breathing Meat and Drink and Medicine inwardly taken By those things that are carried about we comprehend all the motions of the body and mind of what kind soever such as the perturbations of the minde anger griefe joy sleep waking rubbing the body navigation the course of our lives and such like By Excretion and Retention is understood whatever is thrown out of the body such are the Ordure Urine Which are retained and rejected all sorts of Humors Seed Menstruis for these as those that are emitted alter the constitution of the body belong to those which are called Excretions and the same when they are deteined are referred to Retentions Moreover those things that externally happen to us Those which happen outwardly comprehend them that encompasse us as the Air Baths and those things that are applyed to our bodies as Garments and Coverings Oyls Unctions and such like Lastly those things that by force and impulsion befal us as Wounds Contusions and such like but since there is no certain number of them we will onely speak of non-naturals as they are the causes of Diseases First from the air is made a great alteration Air. as being that wherin we continually live and without which we cannot live a moment for it alters us in a twofold manner namely as we draw it in by breathing and as it encompasseth us and by the Pores penetrates us and communicates that distemper which it hath to our bodies The effect of hot Air. for the hot Air heats our bodies dissolvâ humours melts attenuates increaseth choler and whets inflames the spirits so begets hot Diseases for by calling forth and dissipating the natural heat it weakens the concoction The cold Air Of Cold. Of moist on the contrary cooleth condenseth closeth the Pores thickens the humours The moist moistens the body hapeth up superfluous humours drives out the natural heat generates crude distillations especially joyned with cold But if joyned with heat Of dry it is the greatest cause of putrefaction Dry Air dries our bodies and being joyned with heat burns them First the constitution of the Air depends upon the season of the year The constitution of the Seasons of the year Of Wind and of Situation Pestilent Air. whereof the Spring is temperate the Summer hot and dry Autumn cold and dry Winter cold and moist and hence several Diseases happen at the several seasons of the year of which Hypocrates in the third of his Aphorismes 4 5 6.7 8 9.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 23. The winds also conduce to the alteration of Air so do Countries and Situations of which Hypocrates 3. Aphorisme 15 17. And in his Book of Air Water and Places and it doth not onely affect our bodies with primary qualities but impresseth in us a malignant and pestilent disposition if it be infected therewith and can communicate to us those effects which it hath and so excite malignant and epidemical Diseases in us of which is spoken in the doctrine of malignant and pestilent Fevers Secondly Meat and Drink It offends in quantity Meat and Drink if either it be taken in too great measure or be unwholsome or if any fault be committed in the taking of it may be the occasion of many diseases Dyet then offendeth in quantity manner of taking it and quality for if too great a quantity of meat stuff the stomach it cannot be well concocted but sendeth aboundance of vapours to the braine which offend it and is the cause of divers fluxes of Rhumes and when the error of the first concoction is not corrected in the second that Crudity is the occasion of many Diseases which arise afterwards in the whole body and as an immoderate quantity of meat and drink is the occasion of many Diseases So the want of them is hurtful for thereby the good humours of the body are wasted and the body dryed 1. Aphor. 14. In an impure body it stirs up ill humours Manner of using whence divers parts are ill affected for it is hurtful to eat meat whilest any is unconcocted in the stomach variety of meats is also hurtful As for the qualities of meats Quality those which have in them certain qualities by which they can alter our bodies are called medicamental and they are changed into humours of a like qualities with them and in a sound body cause a like distemper and in a sick body may introduce an unlike and contrary distemper to wit if they are contrary to the preternatural distemper but if they agree with it they encrease it Meats differ not onely in the first qualities but also in others nay in the whole substance some thick others thin some much others little some cause good Asiment some bad of which Galen in his books of the faculties of the Aliments and in his book of good and evil Juice treateth and we shall speak more in our fourth Book Thirdly sleeping and waking moderately preserve health Sleeping and waking immoderately destroy it 2. Aphor. 3. For too much sleep hindreth the natural evacuations and excrements and dulls the heat of the body and so is the occasion of cold diseases and principally of Distillations On the other side too much waking dissipates the Spirits dryes the body and whilest the humours are kindled and become adust they are of themselves the causes of hot distempers and whilest they dissipate the Spirits the native heat is weakned and the radical moisture is consumed and by accident are the causes of cold diseases Fourthly there is the same reason of exercise
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one âs called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
the bladder of the Gall. Excrementious Choller is twofold Natural and Contrary to Nature Natural is yellow Yellow Choller and is generated by Nature and that onely is properly called Choller it is an Excrement of the second concoction and generated in the Liver and collected into the Bladder of the Gall it is generated out of the hotter and dryer parts of nutriment Preternatural is that which is not generated in our bodies according to the law of Nature Preternatural whereof for the most part we account four kinds Vitelline Leekeblade colour Verdegrease colour and Woad colour or a blewish green The Vitelline is so called from the yolk of an Egge Vitelline it is yellow hotter and thicker it is generated of yellow and burnt Choller whence it is sometimes called rosted Choller And there is another kind of Vitelline Choller but not so properly so called which is neither so hot nor so yellow which is compounded of Phlegm and yellow Choller Leekgreen Choller so called Leekgreen because it represents their greennesse which is often voided with the Excrements of children by the panch and is often generated in the stomach by corrupt nutriment and sometimes also in the Veins and about the Liver out of the Vitelline from the great heat of the Liver and 't is of a venemous nature and it is hot and very biting the likest to Verdegrease The Aeruginous which comes neer to the colour of rusty greenish Brasse is generated out of corrupt aliment Aeruginous when the heat is more vehement in the Stomach in the Liver and Veins from the inflamation of the Liver and the too great heat of the Veins Lastly Woad colour Blewish green or a blewish green Choller is more deep in sense then the Leek colour and is caused by more adust Aeruginous Choller Aliment hot and dry Causes of Choller affords matter fit for all the kinds of Choller and especially sweet and fat things A constitution hot and dry hath regard to the Efficient cause and those things that adde to it are youth full age Ait that is hot and dry watching anger too much exercise of the body CHAP. VI. Of Melancholly THe third is the Melancholly humour Melancholly which commonly is distinguished into Alimentary and Excrementitious but Alimentary is nothing else then the colder and dryer part of the Masse of Blood The Excrementious is twofold Natural and Preternatural Twofold Natural Natural is that thick and feculent Excrement which in sanguification which is made in the Spleen as is abovesaid is collected and separated for the generation whereof much meat conduceth 'T is of a terrestrious and thick juyce of every sort especially being hardned with salt and fuliginous vapours old Cheese Cabbage all sorts of pulse as Pease c. a cold and dry constitution of air cares fear sorrow The black Melancholly which is generated contrary to nature Preternatural although it be sometimes also called by the name of melancholly yet Physitians for the most part call that Excrement which is naturally generated black Juyce not black Melancholly but that which proceeds from adustion is called black Melancholly and that Excrement is naturally cold and dry but this Preternatural hot and dry the worst of all humours But adust Melancholly is commonly accounted threefold Its kinds One is that which is occasioned by adust blood and is counted the least the second is that which is generated of Melancholly humours if they are burnt The third is that which proceeds from adust colour which is of all the worst Hence it is manifest that although all which can generate Melancholly humours or yellow Choller conduce to the generation of black Choller yet the generation of black Choller principally depends upon the too great heat burning the humours CHAP. VII Of the Serous Humour and of Wind. AMongst the humours that are the causes of diseases Serous what we are not to slight Serous Humours and Wind by Serous Humours we sometimes understand all thin humours and watery sometimes peculiarly we mean not those onely which are watery but have a saltnesse joyned therewith which Galen calls A salt serous moisture the greatest part of this serous humour turns to Urine and is ejected by it yet some part thereof is mingled with the Blood to clarifie it and make it more easie to be distributed and lastly through the Pores of the skin or insensible transpiration or sweat is emitted Of this serous humour there is found but small quantity in the Veins in sound bodies yet sometimes for some causes Preternatural there is found greater quantity The matter that breeds it are Meats that contein much Whey in and watery juyce in them It s cause much Drink Obstructions and Distempers of the Bowels by reason whereof this serous matteris not rightly separated it is deteined and gathered together because the reins do not draw enough and by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the suppression of its passages by Sweat and Urine Of humours oftentimes are generated Vapours and Wind Wind. which are the causes of many evils windy meats afford matter for wind so doth much drink especially when yellow and black Choller is spread over the stomach Also wind is generated from debility of heat which rusheth out of the abundance of matter that it cannot overcome it all and that is such either simply and in its own nature or in respect of the matter from the plenty whereof although it be otherwise strong enough it breaks out CHAP. VIII Of humours according to the opinion of latter Physitians and of Chymists ALthough some Chymists plainly reject these things that have hitherto been said The opinion of Chymists about humours according to the opinion of the Galenists and having rejected them they have in their stead and place put the names of Salt Sulpher and Mercury yet they have no reason for it for as Galen in his first Book of Places affected and second Chapter writeth That that which put we are diseased and which taken away we are freed 'T is taken for granted by all to be the cause of a disease but we see the humours being present we are diseased and being taken away we are freed therefore humours are the causes of diseases Yet this we grant that humours are not confined to the first qualities but that they have in them secondary qualities such are bitter acide salt sharp which may offend and hurt the body no lesse then the primary as Hypocrates of ancient Physick teacheth which he calleth the Powers and Efficacies also the force and strength of humours Whence Galen also and other Physitians call them Salt Nitrous Aluminent Humors which plainly manifest themselves in many diseases as the Gout Scurvy Cankers and others Venemous humours And so such humours are not to be rejected but to be explained by the principles of Chymists and such things as have affinity with themselves
it is mixed temperatenesse and innate heat but spirits and influent heat which being deficient the faculty cannot rightly perform its actions as most plainly appears in the senses But they then say the faculty is hindered when the next instrument of the faculty is well yet the faculty is hindered in its action by some Organick Disease as when the expulsive faculty in the Blaâder will not send forth Urine though it be well by reason of obstructions of the Uriters occasioned by the Stone On the other side if the agent and instrument are in all respects sound and they be well constituted Through some external error yet neverthelesse for some other cause which is without the constitution of the part the faculty is frustrated in acting and is hindred that it cannot perform its action The action is said to be hindered by some external error To external error first belongs the patient or object betwixt which and the agent there ought to be a proportion for if the patient be not fit to receive the operation of the agent a perfect action is not brought forth Hitherto belong all these things by which actions are performed or without which they cannot be performed as time place and order in some and moreover the use and necessity of actions The other two kinds of Symptomes The cause of excretions and retentions and of qualities changed to wit the fault of excretion and retention and the qualities changed by hurting of the natural actions depends on them and the humours proceeding from them for from evil concoction proceeds ill excrements and hence also the qualities of the body are changed for such as the humours are in the body such colours smells tasts and such like qualities the body sends forth CHAP. III. Of the differences in general of actions hindered MOreover of actions hindered The differences of actions Abolished Diminished Depraved there are accounted commonly three differences namely actions abolished diminished and depraved an action is said to be Abolished when it ceaseth to be lessened when nature acts weakly and imperfectly and performes its actions either in longer time then is fit or else never acquires that perfection which it ought or if there be any other manner whereby it may deviate from its perfection but an action is said to be depraved as often as it is performed otherwise then it ought to be and erroneously But not undeservedly ought we to adde to these Increased Action encreased which is performed more strongly and violently then ought to be in its kind such are too much watchings strong breathings and pulsations much hunger and thirst and other such like which exceed mediocrity CHAP. IV. Of the Symptomes of the Natural faculty BUt that we may handle the kinds of Symptomes severally The differences of Symptomes of natural faculty first the Symptomes of the natural faculty respect nutrition augmentation or generation which again have their servants attraction retention concoction and evacuation and indeed every action is abolished or weakned or made worse or encreased Whence arise great variety of the Symptomes of the natural faculty First Nutrition taken away for what belongs to the action abolished which they call the third nutrition is taken away to our senses or rather it is diminished in an A trophy when it will not nourish well Depraved and in leanness either of the whole body or some parts thereof but the nutriment is depraved in a Cachexy or ill habit of the body Itch Scabs Leprosie and such like affects thereof Symptomes of concoction of the Stomach The appetite encreased and depraved Thirst Symptomes of swallowing Symptomes of retention Those Symptomes which happen in the first publike concoction which is in the Stomach are first appetite and truely first when the appetite is dejected when a man desires not meat whereunto belongs also daily abstinence from meat Secondly appetite is lessened Thirdly encreased as in a Boulomia or insatiable desire to meat Fourthly Depraved as in a Malalachia As the desire of Meat so desire of Drink is either encreased diminished depraved or abolished Secondly the Symptomes of swallowing are when it is taken away as when a man can swallow nothing or 't is lessened when one swalloweth with difficulty or depraved when we swallow with panting trembling twitching Thirdly the fault of the retentive faculty is when the Stomach cannot retain meat as it ought or cannot retain it at all or not long enough when occasion requires or offends in all these the Stomach doth not rightly retain meat when it embraceth it with panting or with twitching or with trembling or shaking If meat be not retained or not long enough retarned it turneth into corruption or is distributed with unconcocted meat or ejected by ordure as in a Lyentary If the embracing of the meat be weak swimmings or flatulencies are occasioned Fourthly the errors of concoction in the Stomach The errors of concoction Symptomes of expulsion The Hiccock Loathing or the errors of the Chyle are Crudity slow or dull concoction or corruption of the meat Lastly the Symptomes of expulsion are Hiccock mutation in the uppermost parts of the Stomach whereby it strives to put and cast out that which is offensive and sticks in the orifice thereof Disposition to vomit or loathing or abhorring of meates is a depraved mutation in the Stomach when it is streightned in the lower part of it and dilated in the upper and stirs to cast forth upwards what offends it but cannot cast it forth Vomiting is a depraved motion in the Stomach Vomiting whereby the things which are contained in the Ventricle of the Stomach are cast out at the mouth of it Choller is a depraved motion in the Stomack Choller whereby the peccant matter is evacuated by both Orifices Belching is an excression of Wind from the Stomach out of the Mouth Belching with noise To the expulsion which is made by this concoction those vitious Symptomes belong which happen to the guts Alientary Alientary which is a flux of the panch contrary to nature whereby meat and drink is cast out unchanged A Caeliack affect A Caeliak affect A Diarhaea which also is a Flux of the Belly is when Crude and unconcocted Chyle is ejected A Diarhaea is a plentiful and often emission of excrementiticus humours by the panch A Dysentary is an avoiding of the excrements of the Belly contrary to nature A Dysentary wherein the biting matter is cast forth with blood twitching and pinching of the Guts A Tenesme A Tenesmus which is an immoderate and continual desire yet in vain of going to stool where nothing is ejected from the body but a little slimy matter and blood The contrary fault is the suppression of the panch when it is dull A slow panch and shut An Illiak and putteth forth nothing in a long time To these belong the Illiak which is when the dung which ought
generated in the parts themselves or drawn or sent from elsewhere CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain Of a vertigo but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal or external internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit moving the animal spirits circularly and exhibiting a false representation of the moving of external things and of its own body but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion either from its selfe seeing that every spirit by nature is moveable and fluid especially if it be hotter and more fervent then ordinary or moved by somewhat else whereas hereafter shall be shewen which the straitness of the vessels or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth for if both the flatulent spirits and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed they return back and move circularly they are generated either in the brain whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth or are sent from elsewhere upward either from the whole body as in some Fevers or from some part as the Stomach Spleen Womb whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours or stir up an inordinate and circular motion with winds and spirits such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered immoderate and untimely exercise emptinesse baths anger turning round of the body the beholding of bodies swiftly turning round or otherwise moving with violence looking down from a high place shaking of the head a fall and such like The cause of an Incubus or riding of the Mare Of an Incubus is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest whence respiration is hindered which when a man perceives in his sleep considering various causes he faineth and adviseth with himselfe and even from this or that he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffocated in his dream This vapor is elevated from thick flegm or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocondries or proceeds from surfetting or swelling by lying supine or flat on the back in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain Of a Lethargy and so the matter of its selfe is cold yet by accident it happens to be hot but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified both a fever and a deep sleep should arise for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction especially in the head neither if it should admit of it can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body and kindle a Fever and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain or its vessels in its bosomes and turnings but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous vapors rendring the animal spirits dull and are the Symptomes of a Fever which are called companions namely of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian and Semitertian or if it be a primary disease of the Brain it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse and hurt of memory by reason of stupifactive and pituitous vapors but a delirium by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression Of a Carus or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors or a moistning cooling and repletion of the Brain from a câld and pituitous humor and an alteration of the spirits by the same or a stupefactive power rendring the animal spirits unfit for the actions of the senses and motions wherewith not ânly stupefactive medicines are endued but also some poysons humors in certain Fevers Smoaks and Vapors of Coals new Wine and new strong Beer c. A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry vapour A Caroche endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal spirits rushing into the brain and in some sort stopping the spirits rendring them immovable and as it were congealing them which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor such also is the force in a Thunderbolt and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake and breaking out of their cells but the spirits serving for imagination and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body which is apparent from hence that although those that are Cataleptick move no member yet if they are moved by another the power of moving exerciseth its selfe and being struck they fall down and moreover spreading their eye-lids they keep their eyes open The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body Of an Apoplexy hindering sense and motion but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves or by too great a quantity or perturbation of the same The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external senses are intercepted a few onely resisting which flow from the Cerebellum which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction or compression which the Antients took for the principal nay some for the only cause of an Apoplexy Secondly blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain and pressing the beginning of the Nerves Thirdly placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine their being plenty of blood are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed and the Pores and passages being made narrower a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered Fourthly a blow or fall violently pressing the Brain it self and so the beginning of the Nerves rendring the animal spirits slow as it
sends it out moist or by taking of meats that loosen the belly or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts or by the effusion of Choller and other thin humours to the Guts But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity whether it be that internal heat of the Liver or of other parts neer thereunto or of the whole body either natural or preter-natural moreover from the drinesse of the Guts or of the whole body Thirdly if there be too much Urine or if there be a continued sweat Fourthly by thickning and astringent meats Fifthly by long stay in the Guts by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out Sixthly through want of aliment in the parts Of sharp Faetid and too much attraction of the members The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours use of sower meats 'T is become faetid through the use of stinking meats and ill concoction especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats as also by the humidity and heat of the body which disposeth it to putrifaction Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently breaking forth It becomes white White when choller is not mingled therewith as in the yellow Jaundice through the use of meats that are whitening being mixt with plenty of flegm also Yellow It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller It becomes green through aeruginous choller It grows black by reason of a black humor by the use of Cassia and such like Red. Black Frothy It becomes red by the mixture of blood or adust yellow choller It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head and mixture of wind The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following bâok Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot Causes of sweat preter ãâã or especially when the matter is overcome is attenuated and concocted cold are caused through plenty of cold matter which cannot be so easily overcome as heat or by the resolution of spirits and extinction of the native heat or through the malignancy of the matter âhe sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller Green by mixture of leek-coloured choller red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood loosenesse of the skin and weaknesse of the retentive faculty yet there are administred Wines which being drunk in some discolour their sweat They are salt for the most part which consist of a salt and serous excrement Bitter by the mixture of Choller sharp by the mixture of sharp humours The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white Of vitious Courses yellow black or has any ill colour moreover whilest it smells foul and is too watry which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body or about the womb and goes out through it with the menstruous blood The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth Of the spittle changed and its thinner parts consumed or if thick matter distil from the head or be mingled with it or if it be thickned by heat which happens in Fevers It becomes frothy through the mixture of spirit and much air Spittle borrows its tastes from salt bitter sower humours especially cleaving to the Stomach It receives its colour from humours in the bowels and the vapours going out of them 'T is become white from flegm Yellow from Choller Red from Blood Black from Melancholy or thick dryed Blood Green from aeruginous Choller it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs At length the excressions erre in quantity Causes of excrements changed the excrements of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient First by reason of moist food especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken Secondly by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice but much excrementitious Thirdly through the ill distribution of Chyle Fourthly by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts But fewer then is convenient are ejected for contrary reasons namely if the meat be hard and principally if little drink be taken after it if the meat be of good juice and nourishment and be taken in small quantity if the Chyle be greedily snatched from the Meseraik Veines and if Choller which is as it were the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs come not much into the Guts The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity the causes whereof shall be shewed in the following Book The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body Cause of store of sweat strength of the expulsive faculty aboundancy and tenuity of Excrements and therefore in the Crysis of a disease great sweats arise whilest all the excrementitious matter together and at once is put forth Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes namely by the smalnesse or thicknesse of Excrements straitnesse of passages weaknesse of expulsion by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully Of Courses sometimes more sparingly then is convenient above in the Third Part Second Section and First Chapter where we have spoken of suppression diminution and flowing of Months The end of all the Second Book Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF SIGNES In General Of the Difference and Heads of Signs CHAP. I. Of the necessity and benefit of the Method of Signs SInce we have hitherto explained what health is Necessity of the Semiotick Method and wherein it consists and what is the difference of things contrary to nature we now rightly come to the Method of healing and preserving health and are to teach by what means health may be preserved and diseases taken away The benefit of it but neverthelesse since arts are conversant about individuals and a Physitian doth not cure in general man but Peter and Paul c. The Method and way is first to be explained whereby the present constitution of every man both sick and well may be known which now lies hid in individuals they may be found out by the signs of a disease and what may be known and hoped for of the event and end of diseases and the Method of signs are to go before Moreover there is that benefit of this Method that whilest the sick see those things that may happen to them being known to the Physitian they may trust the more to him and obey him for the Physitian when he foresees those things which shall happen to the sick may have time to prevent them and avoid the reproaches of the vulgar whilest he foretells those things which
shall come to passs and that they may not rail against the best Medicines being given to those that are desperately sick By the name of Signs we do understand all those things which signifie any thing A Sign what ' t is or all evident things which lay open a hidden matter or as the Author of Physical definitions speaks A sign is a manifestation of somewhat hidden or every thing that shews any of those things which are in the Method of healing and can demonstrate them and make them manifest CHAP. II. Of the differences of Signs OF Signs of this kind there are certain differences Differences of signs wholesome and unwholesome first according to varieties of Bodies some Signes are counted wholesome which shew soundnesse and health others unwholesome which shew unsoundnesse others are neutral which shew a disposition to neither Secondly certain Signs are called Diagnosticks and Deloticks demonstrating and demonstrative Diagnostick which demonstrate those things which shew the present constitution of the body whether it be according to nature or contrary to nature certain are Prognosticks Prognostick which foreshew what shall come to passe Anamnestick certain are Anamnesticks which call to memory the state of the body which is newly past Thirdly Proper Common some signs are proper others common proper are such as agree to one disease onely Common are such as are found in many diseases Galen in the first of the differences of Fevers appoints three kinds of proper Signs and the one he calls unfeparable another proper in its kind a third proper and inseparable also he calls those unseparable which cannot be separated from the effect which they shew and agrees to every such effect but not onely proper are such as agree to those alone but not to all Proper and inseparable are such as agree to such an effect alone and to all Out of this division there ariseth other differences of Signs they are called by the Greeks Pathognomonick Synedruors Epiginomens Epephanomens in English ââseparable sociable concomitant subservient and such as appear afterwards Pathognomonicks are such as follow the disease also and necessary inhere in it Pathognomonicks and therefore prefently in the beginning of a disease is present and cannot be separated from it and agrees to every such disease and alwayes where they are they shew the disease that must necessarily be there present yet it seldom happens that there is one Pathognomonick sign but for the most part the Pathognomonick signs are constituted of more joyned together which if they are taken severally are not Pathognomonicks Synedruons Synedruons that is sociable ones are such as are not inseparable from a disease nor do they necessarily cohere to the essence of a disease nor are alwayes present but besides the Pathognomonicks sometimes they appear presently at the beginning sometimes they follow afterwards and sometimes they are not present at any time of the disease and therefore they do not shew the disease it selfe or its kind but signifie some condition thereof Epiphanomenaes and Epiginomenaes are such as neither shew the kind of a disease Epiphanomenaes and Epiginomenaes nor the condition thereof but shew onely its mutation and they are threefold some signs are of concoction and crudity others signifie health and death others are Critick or decretory which foretell the termination of a disease CHAP III. Of the heads of Signs OF the heads of Signes although there are many Fountains of signs 1 Essentially inhering yet they seem to be reduced to theee the first are taken from the nature and essence its selfe of the thing or as Galen speaks from things essentially enhering in the substance whether it be a disease or a cause of a disease or a Symptome namely when a thing in its own nature is so manifest to the senses that there needs no other signes Secondly signs are sought from diseases that is From the effects from all things which follow health a disease and the causes of diseases accidents and Symptomes whether they be actions or excrements and retentions or qualities of the body Thirdly from causes whether they be external From the cause or internal by themselves or by accident or what other soever Whereunto belongs ability and disposition of body and from hence t is easie or difficult to fall into this or that disease for this shewes alike temper that a contrary such as helpe also and such as hinder as those which encrease a disease are an argument that the disease hath an agreement with the thing which increases it but that which delights and profits is a token that there is in nature something contrary to the disease To these heads of signes some adde such as are alike and disalike understanding by those things Things alike and unlike either a body which is compared to another body or a part which is compared with another part or with it selfe yet others think that similitude and dissimilitude is not a peculiar head of signes but rather a reason of fitly câmparing other signes among themselves but the comparison may be right the manners properly and nature of the sick should be known wandring diseases commonly belong to these when if many happen to be sick of one common infirmity and he which is sick begins to be so as the rest were it is to be suspected that he hath the same disease Sect. 2. Of knowing the Temperature of Mans Body and of his Principal Parts CHAP. I. Of the Signs of a wholesome Body AFter we have spoken of the Signs in general we come now to handle the several kinds and because bodies are two-fold Sound and Sick and there is a certain difference and latitude of a sound body which embraces neither of these first we are to speak in what manner the various constitutions of a sound Body and of its parts are to be known and going back from thence even from a natural state may be understood how a diseased and 't is not difficult to discern a sound from a sick and all those that are to be accounted for sound who can perform all those actions which belong to a man Yet how such counterfeit diseases are to be found out Galen teaches in a peculiar Book but since there is a great latitude of health first of all the signs are to be proposed of the best constitution of body which is as it were a rule for the rest and to which as to the statue of Polycletus the natures of men of all of Ages Sexes Countries and Conditions are to be compared The signs of such a Constitution as also of others differing from it Galen in his art of Healing and fifth Chapter draws from two heads first from those which essentially inhere and which according to the nature of the essence are in them Secondly from those which necessarily follow those in their operations and accidents First Signs of a sound body therefore it is
necessary that a sound body may obtain the most convenient temperature and constitution of the simular parts fittest for all actions Secondly a convenient number it ought to have of organick parts and likewise magnitude figure scituation connexion with others and all things in all respects which are required to the constitution of a part as it is organick Thirdly all the parts in order ought to be united and joined but in respect of actions a man that is very sound doth very well perform all the actions convenient for a man natural vital and animal So that there is no defect in them and observes moderation in them all and is very little subject to diseases and withstands all the causes of diseases violent excepted the excrements observe their natural substance quality quantity time and convenient part on 't which to be ejected the qualities which follow the best constitution of a Body are a rosie colour of the face nay and of the whole body calidity frigidity softnesse and hardnesse smoothnesss and roughnesse a sound body well constituted observes mediocrity the body is neither bald nor too rough but the hairs themselves keep mediocrity and in youthfull age tend to yellownesse in manly to blacknesse the habit of the body is the middle betwixt too corpulent and too slender good flesh and good stature out of all which the handsomenesse of the body proceeds yet all these most evidently appear in the middle and flourishing age CHAP. II. Of the Signs of Bodies differing from the best constitution BUt Bodies which differ from the best constitutions either are sick which are dâscerned from sound Bodies by the hurting of the actions and the sign which distinguishes betwixt a sound and sick body is sensible hurt of the actions Or they are hitherto sound which have not their actions hitherto sensibly hurt whereof there is a great latitude and some in the temperature of the simular parts some in the composition of the organick parts some of them both deviating from the best constitution And first those bodies which are too hot Signs of a hot body yet moderate in drinesse and humidity such discover themselves to the touch hair abounds in the whole body and is yellow and thick They are thinner as to matter of fat they are swift and strong for motion prone to anger the colour of the face is redder then of a temperate body they are easily hurt by hot causes If drynesse be joined to the heat Of a hoâ and dry which they call cholleâick the body shall be hot hard thin and lean hairy and the hairs are black cuâled the Puise of the Arteries are great and the Veins great they are angry persons which are endued with such a temperature obstinate levers of brawlings they desire few things they are fit for the generation of Males If moisture be joyned to the heat Of hot and moist which temperament they call Sanguine the bodies shall be hot and soft abounding with much blood fleshy endued with large Veins and those which are so in their youth often have the Hemorrhoides of the Nose and if the humidity somewhat abound they are apt from their youth to discases of putrifaction If the body be too cold Of a cold such a body is perceived by the touch 't is white at slow soft and baid 't is easily hurt by cold things it hath a narrow brest and without hair and narrow veins scarcely appearing the hairs are thin and of small increase for the most part they are fearfull that are of that temperament If moisture be joined to the cold Of a cold and moist not much nor that coldnesse great the body shall be white in colour fat thick soft red hair inclining to palenesse but if the frigidity with the humidity be more intense the body shall be thick coloured yellow exceeding bald the hair smooth the veins lying hid such temperaments are dull and slow of apprehension and for the most part altogether idle no wayes ready simple and not prone to anger If frigidity is joined to drinesse Of a cold dry such a body is discerned by the touch those shall be lean bald pale which are of such a constitution they are slow in going on dejected in countenance with their eyes fixed And for what belongs to Melancholians in particular Of Melancholians not onely whom the vulgar but whom Aristotle in the thirtieth Section and first Probleme accounts ingenious wherein the said Aristotle writes that much and cold choller is black these are foolish and idle wherein there is much and hot choller those are quick-sighted and ingenious apt to love propense to anger and lust and some greater bablers but those whose heat is more remiss more temperate and as it were reduced to mediocrity those are much more prudent and although they less exceed in some matters yet in others they are far better then the others some in the study of Literature others in Arts others in Common-wealths namely those Melancholians are ingenious who by nature abound with good and plenty of blood wherewith some part thicker and dryer is mingled which adds as it were strength to the blood and when attenuated and as it were poured it is spiritual And whereas the differences of bodies are constituted according to Astrologers Saturnines and according to the number of Planets Those that are born under Saturn have a dry skin black hair and are delighted with those black things they have little eyes small pulse a slow and dull gate they are fearful sad love solitude they are busie-bodies covetous slow of endeavouring silent laborious they have terrible and obscure dreams Those under Jupiter are fair Jovials and have rosie countenances with a pleasant and venerable aspect they have black eyes are of a fit stature and handsome composure of all the parts their habit of body is good flesh blood and spirits pure and in great plenty hence they are milde joyful ingenious bountiful moderate lovers of friends just and all their manners composed with comeliness and their gate is moderate Those under Mars abound with choller Martial have a lean body rather then a fat have red faces and shadowed burning and threatning eyes a broad brest an upright neck they are propense to anger contentious bold and often precipitate contemners of danger seditious Those under Sol are of a yellowish Solares or a Saffron colour tending to red they have yellow hair golden and curled black eyes swelling full faces moderate garbs and have hotter blood and spirits hence they are courteous wise open hearted honest strong magnificent and aspiring to high things and sometimes proud Those under Venus are faire Venereus coming nigh to the feminine beauty and softness delicate colour is red or of white inclining to red their eyes shining sparkling and casting lacivious looks the brows and lips thin they are quiet joyful pleasant in conversation delighted with jests company singing delighted
accustomed to much and profound sleep they have store of excrements thin hair soft whitish and durable and they are seldome or never bald they are comforted by dry things and offended by moiât Those who have a hot and dry braine Of a hot and dry are ingenious and industrious in taking in hand and performing of business the force of apprehension is most exquisite in them and they are fit for motion yet more active for the most part then behooves them to be they are also most vigilant and sleep very little and have few excrements of the brain to those that touch them their head appears hot their face until they come to full ripeness of years is red afterwards the heat decaying more pale they are offended with air and other hot and dry things Those which have a hot and moist brain Of a hot moist if either quality a little exceed the excrements of their heads are many the colour of the head is white mingled with red the veins in the eyes great the hair strait and yellowish and do not easily fall away they are easily hurt by heating things and are pained in the head and many excrements are collected to the other especially if they are moist but if both qualities abound the senses are not so sharp they cannot watch long yet their sleep is not pleasing and continued they have divers dreams and strange ones their heads are obnoxious to many diseases since it collects more excrements then it can discusse they are easily hurt by heating and moistning things and principally by the South Wind but if one quality overcome the other there shall be more evident signs of the one and more obscure of the other which is to be taken notice of in the other temperaments also Those which have a cold and dry brain are too ripe witted but in process of time Of a cold and dry sharpness of the wit and senses abateth and they grow old and dye before their time especially if a distemper of the Heart and Liver concur with that of the Brain the same are unhealthy and are easily offended by external causes by cold aire and error in their dyet the head to the touch is cold nor have they good complexions unless they have the better colour from the hot distemper of the Heart and Liver the Veins of the Eyes do not appear their hair grows slow and is thin and reddish and if the dryness overcome the cold they are well Lastly whosoever have cold and moist brains Of a cold and moist are slow and dull of apprehension and their senses not so sharp they collect many excrements they sleep much and sound they are easily offended with the coldness and moisture of the air and are apt to cold distillations they have long and soft hair and whitish from their childhood they are never bald CHAP. IV. Of the signs of the constitution of the heart IF the heatt be temperate Signs of a temperate heart mediocrity is observed in its motion the Pulse of the Arteries and respiration and those who have such a heart they are endued with good manners not effeminate nor mad headed or angry but humane not covetous nor prodigal but liberal not dissemblers nor proud but candid without haughtiness of mind benigne temperate not precipitate nor medlers nor busie-bodies but mature in counsels not envious but desirous of others good Those who have a hot heart Of a hot their whole body is hot the motion of the heart the pulse respiration through urgent use exceeds all mediocrity in magnitude celerity and frequency they are couragious and swift and unweary of undertaking enterprises and bold in undergoing dangers they are rough and full of brisilely hairs in their brest and the brest in comparison of the head is great The signs of a cold heart Of a cold are contrary to those which are of a hot the whole body is less hot unless the liver be hotter the motion of the heart puise and respiration when custome doth not so require it is not so great and sometimes small and slow if there be a greater recesse to frigidity and such a heart argues slowness to anger fear distrust slothfulness and lingering whence such are effeminare contemners of glory and honour their brests are without hairs and in comparison of their heads little Whose heart soever is dry Of a dry their pulse is hard they are not prompt to anger but being stin'd up to anger are implacable and mad and they can dissemble their anger they are obstinate and covetous the whole body for the most part is too dry unlesse the moisture of the liver correct it Moreover be whose heart is too moist Of a moist his pulse is soft they are apt to anâe but easily pleased the habit of the body is dryer except the dryness of the liver resist it The signs of a hot and dry heart are a hard pulse Of a hot and dry great swift frequent great respiration swift and frequent those who have such a heart are fit to take in hand and perform actions couragious and bold apt to anger and unplacable envious proud and if there be excess of heat and drouth are mad cruel unmerciful and sparing none the same are hairy especially in the Brests and Hypocondries the whole body is hot and dry unlesse the constitution of the Liver hinder it the Brest broad and wide The signs of a hot and moist heart are soft pulses Of a hot and moist great swift and frequent and the respiration answers to the pulse so that the brest answers to the heat of the heart and those who have such a constitution of the heart are industrious and prompt to actions and not wild they are apt to be angry yet it is not sharp and durable but placable and this temperature so that humidity do not too much exceed most fit to prolong life but if the humidity doth much overcome the heat putrifaction is easily caused and putted fevers are generated Those who are cold and moist in the heart Of a cold and moist bring forth a soft pulse little slow thin those which have such a temperament are not bold but fearfull and distrustfull effeminate slow and not apt to anger and if they are stirred up to anger it is not violent but easily appeased they are also gentle shame-faced desperate in adversity and altogether endued with a soft and effeminate mind their brests are bare and the whole body and the brest answers to simple constitutions in amplitude Moreover in those who have a cold and dry heart there is found in the pulse hardness smallness thinness Of a cold and dry and slowness and such is their breathing if their breasts be ample they are no ways propense to anger but being stirr'd up and as it were forced to anger retaine it very long they are also covetous and of all others most naked in the brest Yet
hurt by breathing in of cold air Of cold the respiration in those who have cold Lungs is little hot that is less cold and is a friend to breathing also in cold Lungs many excrements are gathered together which are sometimes cast out by coughing sometimes by spitting only Dry Lungs-collect not many excrements Dry. and therefore hath no need to cast up any by cough or spittle Moist Lungs on the contrary gather many excrements and therefore between whiles in speaking Moist 't is necessary to spit often The woice also is shewen by the constitution of the Lungs and Wind-pipe Signs by the voice a great voice and vehemency of efflation shews a wide Wind-pipe and heat of the Lungs a small voice shews the contrary the Wind-pipe rightly constituted causeth a smooth even voice a sharp voice but joined with clearnesse signifies driness of the Wind-pipe a sharp voice with hoarsness and obscurity proceeds from a plentiful humor moistning the Arteries and rather belongs to a preter-natural constitution then a natural a sharp voice shewes narrowness of the throat and consequently coldness of the Wind pipe on the contrary a great voice shewes wideness of the top of the Wind-pipe and therefore signifies heat strong from their infancy Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF URINES CHAP. I. Of the abuse of inspection of Vrines AFter we have spoken of those things which are to be known about the constitution of a sound body The vulgar opinion of Inspection of Urine now we are to speak of the knowledge of things contrary to nature but because amongst signes Urine and Pulse do arise from the fountain we will speak of them in the first place and first for what belongs to Urine although a false opinion is deeply seated in the minds of many that by the inspection of Urine alone and wholly the state and condition of the sick and what ill he suffers either within or without from what cause soever may be known and whether the sick be a man or woman whether a woman be great with child or not yet such like are beyond the power of the Art of Physick by the Urine to divine In the mean time the Inspection of Urine is profitable but as Hypocrates also 1. Aphor. 12. teacheth that Urine may teach many things of the condition of a disease but that there may be a right judgment of Urine the differences and causes of the differences are to be known CHAP. II. Of the differences of Urine and first of the substance of Urine FIrst in Urine too things are to be considered The substance af Vrine in regard of the substance thereof the liquor and that which is contained in the liquor In the liquor again two things the Consistence and the Choller First for the Consistence some are thick Consistence of Vrine Thin Vrine some are thin others indifferent That Urine is thin which for the most part consists of watry and potulent matter but of serous and salt matter that which is separated in the Veins and Liver or of another humor which hath little or no mixture with it On the contrary Thick a thick Urine is that which contains much mixture of serous and salt humidity or also of other humors Indifferent The middle is that which hath so much of that serous excrement and aqueous humidity mixt with it as for the most part is wont to be in a natural constitution of the body Moreover some Urines are clear others troubled Troubled and thick Vrine no the same Troubled or foul those are troubled through which the sight cannot passe but 't is not the same thing for Urine to be thick and troubled when as other liquors so Urines also are accounted thick which neverthelesle are cleare and perspicuous but a clear Urine is either made clear and so remains or else 't is made clear and afterwards is troubled which is properly called troubled Urine but troubled Urine properly so called is that which is made so and either remains such which Urine commonly is called subjugal which is like the contents of the Urine or is made foul or troubled and afterwards become cleare and becomes so afterwards as is spoken Moreover in respect of the colour there are accounted several differences but the principal colours according to which the Urines differ are six First white secondly pale thirdly flame colour fourthly yellow fifthly red sixthly black First to the white Urines belong the aqueous White Urine which bare the colour of pure water then those which represent thin wine or fair water into which is cast a little Oker or Choller as also snowy Urine which represents the whiteness of snow as also milkey and light gray or such as represents the colour of clear horn The second is pale like the colour of Oker Pale or subpallid which is seen in water tinckted with Oker but some call these Urines spicious or the colour of ears of corn Straw colour Flame colour and subspicious and compare this colour to the colour which is seen in chaff that is old or in straw The third colour is flame colour such as is that of a Citron and in fire burning clear which if it be more remiss 't is called subfulgent Actuarius calls these golden Urines and subaureous because they are like gold Fourthly Yellow the next and neerest to this fulgent is yellow yet so differing from it that this inclines more to white Brighter yellow that is more shining and splendid or neer to the colour and splendor of the Stars that which is not so deep but clearer then yellow is called subflavous Actuarius calls these colours croceous or saffron colours or subcroceous such as are in waters wherein saffron or whilde saffron flowers are mixed The fifth colour or red whereof Galen makes three sorts Red. and places red in the middle extream red the highest and reddish the lowest and those he places in Bole-Almonack and Vermilion and red in Cherries and Apples others make four differences and first they place the colour that is a mixt red such as is the hair of those who are said to be red hair'd which again is distinguished into red and reddish the second is Rosie the third purpurious the forth sanguineous To these Actuarius joines a vine coloured Urine Vine colour which represents the colour of a red Urine inclinable to black to this be addes the colour of dry grapes like new Wine out of doubt of red Wine boiled to the third part Blakish or which is prest out of dried Grapes or of Cherries inclining to a black colour Moreover there is a black Urine Black Urine under which some-Physitians comprehend more colours green yellow black and such like although there be innumerable differences of green plants yet two here are the chiefe Leek-colour which is seen in the blades of Leeks Eruginous and Eruginous which is like Verdy-grease and yellow which
to be so exact and happening by some occasion from the external air or the heat vanishing of its own accord the vitious matter is separated from the other humors But if Vrine be made thick Troubled which grows clear and afterwards become thin that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter and to stir it and mingle it which notwithstanding since it is not exactly mingled the heat afterwards ceasing the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord and the thicker reside in the bottome The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage but since it is not exactly mingled with it but only confused afterward of its own accord it settles in the bottom Lastly Troubled which remains so if the Vrine be made thick and remain so it signifies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors but not rightly concocting them nor is there good concoction made which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat it is a token that 't is caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick but clear and afterwards becomes turbulent it is a sign that the disease grows worse and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine and hence it is to be collected whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors or by the encrease of the preter-natural heat and putrifaction or debility of strength CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine The causes of a golden colour in Vrine a golden colour which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller or rather from a serous and salt excrement yet that also something tinctured with choller which is mixt with the Vrine A white Water is made Of a whit either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it which is properly called aqueous or because some white body is mixed therewith The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat by reason whereof this excrement is left Of an aqueous as it were imperfect Secondly obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine Thirdly if choller and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place as happens for the most part in acute Fevers and Phrensies with them Fourthly much drink Fifthly heat of the Reins and Liver which plentifully draw drink to them but do not concoct it Sixthly Gravel in the Reins or Bladder too much of that which is salt and thick adheres but the aqueous flows out Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance whether it be flegm or quitture or seed Of milky and these Vrines we call milky yet for the most part they are made thick and afterwards become clear and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is may be easily discerned A Vrine is somewhat pale Of palish Of pale when pale choller in a sufficient quantity or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine but if much pale choller or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth If yellow be mixed in greater quantity Of yellow the Vrine becomes yellow yet some times other causes besides internal external may give a tincture to the Vrine as Rhubarb Saffron the leaves of Senna and such like A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood Of blood red and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood and has a colour like water wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves or because nature at set times evacuates the blood abounding in the whole body with Vrine but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine is either thin and the Vrine is made red or reddish or thick which if much be mingled the Vrine is made exceeding red but if little either simply red or of a pale red but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller the choller colouring it and and making it redder it shineth and is as it were like flame sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller like wine of a blackish or deep red Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller Of Vine colour Of grape colour or representing the colour of Woad as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous Of green and Leck-like colour Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things Of yellow and black as for what belongs to the internal causes the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen or black choller is mixed with the Urine or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins the blood is corrupted and becomes black CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine and of other differences O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies Of oyly Vrines or represent Oyl in substance and colour the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour and yet is nor truly fat hath its beginning from the mixture of excrementitious humours especially of pale and black Choller as also of Flegm from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl Black Vrine always thick but when the difference in substance and colour are joined a black Urine cannot be thin but if the black humor makes it black it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine that the Vrine must become thick A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith A light red thin but if it be made of a pale red 't is by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great
ulcer lyeth hid in the Reins Bladder or otherwise through which the Vrine passeth or when from the superiour parts as the Brests or Lungs nature evacutates matter through the Vrinary passages Small pustles of flesh called Caruncles in the Vrine of exulcerated Reins are aprts of the substance Of Caruncles Of slimy Ecrements Slimy thick and tough flegm like the snot of the nose if it be made with the Urine and be voided with pain for the most part it is a token of the Stone in the Bladder but that which is made without pain Fernelius saith doth proceed from a crude ulcer of the Reins or parts thereabout or from an imposthume and truely for the most part such matter being present in the bladder as it is the beginning so it is a sign of the Stone of the Bladder and moreover being sent out it coagulates into a lapidious hardness but sometimes flegm which is cast forth in great plenty is the off-spring of crude matter and ill digestion in the parts beyond the Reins Worms if they appear in the Urine proceed from corrupt and sordid matter Of worms as in other parts Small strings and little bodies like hairs Of fibres and hairs and cobwebs if they are put forth with the Urine have their original from a thick humour either in the veins or in the reins or dryed in the ureters and reduced into this form by the longitude of the vessel Bubbles and froth are generated from wind included in viscous matter Of bubbles and froth which when it cannot exhale extends the matter into a tumor and those bubbles may be of divers colours according to the nature of the humour in which the inclosed wind stirs them up A Crown shews what kind of humors are contained in the greater vessels Of a crown and according to the diversity of humors hath divers colours and is seated in the upper part of the Urine and in that circle many things are obvious to our eyes which cannot be discerned in the rest of the humors because the light in the superficies of the liquor is otherwise divided and received then in the middle Lastly Of fat if fat swim upon the top of the Vrine it proceeds from melting of the grease but this proceeds from heat therefore if the fat continually swim in Urine like cobwebs it shews consumption and melting of the body yet Fernelius writes that he would advise you of Oyl taken inwardly least any small bodies of Oyl swim in the Urine by that means CHAP. X. Of the causes of changes in Vrines BUt Urines vary also in those that are sound Causes of changing of Vrines in regard of temperaments sex age time of the year sleep watching exercises passions of the mind and such like which are called the causes of variations of Urines As for the temperaments Vrine of those that are hot and cold hot temperaments have higher coloured Urines and thinner and less sediment or in stead of a sediment a cloud or Nubecula but colder have Urines paler coloured and few Contents also unless raw juice which proceeds from weaker concoction be mingled with the Urine In respect of age Of Boyes Youths Old men Of middle age Boyes have white Urines thicker with a plentiful sediment youths thinner with few Contents but higher coloured old men have white Urines but thin and without Contents unless many excrements meet together which if they are mingled with the Urines it happens that the Urine is made thick and full of Contents those that are of a middle age have indifferet Urines In regard of the Sex the Urines of men are far higher Of men or deeper coloured then the Urines of women thinner and have fewer Contents but the Urines of women are paler and by reason of crude humors thicker with more plentiful sediment yet nevertheless the Urines of men and women do not so vary that they can be known by certain signs whether it be a mans or womans water Of women great for reasons may be given also in men which produce such Urines as otherwise are familiar to women although as in such as are great with child there may be some change of Urine when the Menstruous blood is retained in them and from thence no small change is made in the body yet that change doth not afford a certain sign whether a woman be great when the same causes of change may be shewen in other women which are not great but in some which are more lively there is little change of Urine As for the time of the year Change of Vrine according to the time of the year the Urines of every kind in the middle of the spring are moderate as also in the middle of autumn but by how much the more the year goes on towards Summer by so much the more the colour of Vrine is encreased and the thickness and Contents are diminuished in the Summer also the Vrines are higher coloured thinner and have less sediments in autumn the colour of Vrines and tenuity are lessened the Urines in the Winter come neerest the best state In hot Regions According to the Region and degrees of Heaven To exercise and rest and under the hotter degrees of Heaven Urines are made deeper coloured thinner and of little sediment In colder Climates they are neerer to the best state Those which exercise and labour moderately make well concocted Urines and in colour substance and contents moderate but those that exercise and labour immoderately in those first the colour is encreased and the thickness and contents diminuished but if the exercise continue long the colour and tenuity is lessened when the streng this weakned but those that live idly make Vrines not much coloured and moreover thick and with many sediments In immoderate watchings first the colour is encreased According to sleeping and waking but if they continue long 't is abated sleep if it be moderate causeth Vrine to be good in all but if it be immoderate it encreaseth the colour of the Vrine but abateth the contents and substance but if it be protracted longer it becomes crude The passions of the mind since some encrease the heat Passions of the mind some diminish it according to the calidity and frigidity which they bring upon the body they alter the Vrines Lastly Meat Drink and Medicines Meats Drinks and Medicines change the Vrine and Meat taken moderately causeth a moderate sediment more plentifully a more plentiful thin causeth none Meats also Drinks and Medicines have a power of changing colour and smel lof Vrines CHAP. XI VVhat is to be observed in the Inspection of Vrines SInce all these things are spoken of Vrines for that end that from thence diseases the causes of diseases maybe known and the events foretold that this may be rightly done we are to admonish you what things are to be observed in the Inspection of Vrine First the time in
up and Myouri and such as striking double are very evil yet in an uneven pulse that is quickned is less evil then an intermitting because although it signifie the faculty declining yet it shews not it to be extreamly weak A Sistematick inequality Systematical inequality or complication of inequalities unequally made is less dangerous then an equality equally made because that for the most part is caused by default of the instrument but this happens by the imbecility of the faculty Intermitting pulses with imbecility Intermitting fince they proceed from the debility of the faculty are altogether dangerous and indeed the longer they are quiet and the more stroaks they intermit by so much they are the more dangerous yet old men and boyes are in lesse danger in this pulse then young men in whom the faculty is weak and offended by a smal occasion but where the faculty is strong not without a great cause A deficient Pulse is yet more dangerous Deficient because it shews great imbecility An intercurrent pulse is the most secure of all unequal pulses Intercurrent which indeed signifies the strength to be loaden yet hitherto strong and whole and promiseth victory Deficient reciprocal pulses shew great imbecillity of the saculty Reciprocal deficient yet with striving against the preter-natural causes Adescending or a declining pulse Miourus vernâiouâar formicant a vermicular shew the faculty to be much weakned but the formicant pulse is a token that the faculty is yet more dejected and if it be perceived in Feavers and quotidian diseases it is a certain token of death A surging pulse signifies that the faculty is burthened Surging and weakned and t is an ill signe if it be changed into a vermicular yet sometimes it signifies that the strength is great and the arteries moistned with the humour and moreover with decretory sweat A serrate pulse is ill token Serrate and signifies an internal great and dangerous inflamation But as for Order since it signifies a fixed Order of pulse what it shews a perpetual cause the perturbation of order being troubled if the pulse be otherwise profitable order signifies firmness of power but inordinate shew that the faculty is oppressed by fuliginous excrements but if the order of the pulse be together unprofitable with the inequality it signifies the highest weakness and is a very ill signe Lastly change of harmony signifies variation of the use Rhythmes CHAP. XV. What Pulses presage health or death ALthough it easily appears from hence what pulses signifie safety or death yet that we may handle them singly What pulses shew a strong faculty great pulses swift vehement double striking surging signifie that the faculty is strong and indeed amongst those the vehement is in the first place afterwards the great hence the swift and surging Lastly the double striking But smal pulses languishing intermitting declining Languishing vermicular formicant and all pulses which descend from mediocrity to the extrcame in defect except the most vehement signifie that the strength is failing and weak and these pulses of themselves do shew that the faculty is weak if they are equal but if they proceed from the faculty burthened they are unequal hence the vermicular formicant intermitting and declining are deficient evils by how much the pulse is fainter and lesser by so much it argues the greater debility of strength Hence it plainly appears that the pulses which promise health Health are those which little decline from the pulses of sound men and are equal ordinate great vehement but amongst the fainting ones little eunqual inordinate those which are least these so that malignity be absent are least dangerous On the contrary seeble pulses little slow and such like Death indicating the faculty weak portend danger or death if together other ill signes also do appear also all those pulses are evil which come to extremity except the most vehement and amongst those the least most faint most slow and most thin are the worst of all but of the unequal those are less dangerous wherein are many great and vehement stroakes the dangerous are the declining intermitting intercurrent vermicular and formicant as is said before Lastly Manner of event pulses conduce to the knowledg of the manner of the event for pulses which are weaker duller and thinner to the Judgement signifie that the disease will not give off but rather by solution wear away by little and little but unequal pulses vehement great swift and frequent informe the Judgement that the disease will soon be at an end and in a critical day or day when there is a conflict of nature and a disease and a change expected the pulses are inordinate and unequal and if they become strong from weak and become great from little it shews the next Crisis or judgement and they presage good if in unequal pulses there are more great then little swift then slow moderate then frequent vehement then faint CHAP. XVI Of signes to be observed from the Tongue BVt besides the urines The tongue a figne of diseases and pulses the Physitian also shal consider sweats excrements of the paunch spittle the Tongue other things but since we have spoken before of the former and hereafter I shall speak again here we will only add something of the tongue which shew certain signes especially in Feavers and as often as any change happens of its own accord either of colour or taste in the tongue it is certain that so often there is some change made in the body But why the tongue should change its natural constitution Causes of the changeing the tongue there are two principal causes humors exhaling out of the veins and arteries of the tongue and principally affecting the coat of the tongue moreover vapours and humors ascending from the inferior parts to which notwithstanding sometimes humours flowing from the head are added The colour of the tongue is changed and is become white with the spittle wherewith it is moistned The colour of the tongue changed and it is dried by heat which often comes to pass in Feavers a white colour is often changed into a yellow mud colour or black whilst other humors are communicated to the tongue and that external skin is changed by the fùliginous feaverish vapours Whence the colour of the tongue may shew both the nature and the time of the Feaver for as Hiprocrate saith in the beginning the tongue is white or yellow in his Third Book of diseases in progress of time it grows black and if it grow black in the beginning of a disease the disease wil the sooner be over but if in the latter end 't wil endure the longer nay oftentimes the tunicle of the tongue is so polluted with fuliginous vapours ascending that sometimes it rots away but when the Feaver declines the colour of the tongue returns to its natural condition and the humour which is spread
about the Tongue is taken away and that which was corrupted is separated and that change first appears in the top of the tongue hence that other paât towards the chops also by little and little becomes pure Lastly the root and if any one daily do diligently observe the tongue of the sick the declination of these may be known no less from thence then by the urine The taste of the Tongâe being changed Savour signifies abundance of humours from choler the taste is bitter from sweet flegme sweete from a salt salt from an acid humor sour or sharp The tongue is made rough and dry by defect of the humidity which was consumed by the feaverish heat yet in roughness there is a greater defect of humidity then in driness only THE THIRD BOOK THE SECOND PART Of the Diagnostick Signes CHAP. I. Of the Signes of Causes in generall BUt now that we may come to the Kinds Antecedent Signes and that we may explaine the Anamnestick Diagnostick and Prognostick signes concerning the Anamnestick signes we only admonish you of this that the causes which have gone before are known either by the effects which are left or they are known by some profitable or hurtful thing which they occasioned As for the Diagnosticks Diagnostick signes of a disease at hand they are either of a disease neer at hand or present Of the signes of diseases neer at hand this is a general rule that every mutation in actions accidents and excrements after what manner soever hapning contrary to custome and without any externall cause Of a present threatens a disease for when all these things are right according to the natural constitution they are signes of health as soon as any thing in them begins to change from its natural state it signifies a falling from health into a disease and the same signes if they are gathered together and increased indicate a disease to be now present But since it doth not satissie a man to know that a disease is imminent or that it is present but it is necessary to know what the disease is the signes are to be propounded severally both of Morbifique causes and places affected of diseases as also of symptomes and that we may begin from the signes of causes which lead us unto the knowledg of diseases concerning the necessary signes of causes and by which any thing may be known certainly some are proper others common but collected together by a race or current and are limited within their proper subject Proper signes of humours from the tastâ The proper signes are savour colour and motion of humors as to tast blood is sweet flegme watrish and unsavory choller bitter salt flegme causeth a salt taste flegme and melancholy an acid a sharp adust melancholy causeth a brackish taste The blood is red as also choler is red From the colour flegme that is white hath a white colour pale choler a pale yellow a yellow Leek colour a greene an Aeruginous is like Verdegrease melancholy hath a black hew troubled black choler black splendid and when one savour or colour agrees with two humors we may know the humour from the taste and collour joyned together so that when acid flegme and melancholy are joyned 't is acid by the white colour acid flegme is known by the black melancholy Moreover the humors have their determinate motions several daies the flegme is moved the day between each From the motion choler Melancholy is moved the fourth day if such a motion be wanting the blood offends choler also for the most part is moved about noon-day melancholy in the evening flegme in the night the swiftnesse also and slowness of motion indicate the humours of a disease for a swift disease depends on a thin humor hot and cholerick a slow on a dull and thick But because those signes lie hid in the innermost parts of the body so that the humours cannot be known Of the common signes Current a current of common signes then ought to suffice the causes and affects or the antecedents and consequences supply us with such signes antecedents are supplied by two fountains namely external and evident causes or things not natural and the disposition of the body but the consequences are all symptomes and whatsoever help or hurt Non-natural things dispose the body and bowels to the generation of this or that humour Antecedents according as they either heat the body or cool it or make other changes in it of which is spoken before Lib 1 Part 2. Chap 2. Moreover the dispositions of the body have great power in generating humors without which those evident causes can do little in producing them Now these dispositions may be reduced to four heads First there is an hereditary disposition of the body 2ly age 3ly Constitution of the body 4ly Intermission of some accustomed evacuations fit to generate this or that humour The consequences are symptomes Consequence namely actions hurt excretions and retentions and the qualities of the body changed also diseases arising from humours Lastly all things helping and hurting CHAP. II. Of the Signes of Causes and of Humours in particular AS for what belongs to the signes of every humour in particular gone before Signes of Plethory signifies that blood doth abound and a plethory as to the vessels is present as is expressed before in the Lib 2. Part 2. chap 3. The habit of the body is fleshly and firm overspread with an habituous vapour the veins are fuller and especially after exercise and heat swel the muscles are extended the strength of Nature is increased with a certain proportion of blood and if the blood fil the veins so ful that they cannot be cooled or fanned enough it grows thick and seeks to weigh down the inferior parts hence the muscles of the leggs being filled with blood are moved with paine and wearisomness ariseth Respiration is more difficult after labour in their behaviour they are merry and pleasant and their discourse and memory duller their sleep is profound and more durable and pleasing with flattering dreams and of red things and blood the pulse is great and strong all natural actions are excellently performed the urine is more plentiful and moderate in substance and colour and the contents therein are plentiful the colour of the whole body and especially of the face is red and rosie the reins of the cies are red the skin being touched is hot yet that heat is gentle they easily tolerate evacuations of blood by what means soever made sparing diet takes away the wearisomness and quencheth thirst but they are offended by hot and moist things and all things which increase heat idleness and food increasing blood hurts them but a plethorick constitution is known as to its strength by gravity of body an unequal pulse signes of crudity and oftentimes by signes of putrifaction begin Sweet flegme abounding is known from the causes which conduce to the
that a greater this a lesser but depraved actions signifie for the most part a hot distemper and since an alteration cannot be made suddenly nor doth the distemper suddenly cease when the alteration is introduced if the action be suddenly taken away and suddenly restored it doth not indicate a disease of intemperature Excretion and retentions but an organnick but if the actions are presently taken away and remain absent long either obstructions occasioned by thick matter or a cold intemperature is signified the excrements too much coloured signifies a hot disease as also doth dry ordure but clammy thick and white dreggs shew a cold distemper Qualities changed qualities also changed indicate diseases softness signifies a moist distemper a pale colour of the body signifies a cold distemper but a red colour a hot As for the magnitude of a disease Signes of a great disease if a great cause and that which hath great force of acting hath gone before in what kind of disease soever without doubt 't wil generate a great disease the proper nature of a disease wil easily betray it self for by how much the more the pathognomick signes or the signes that discover a disease shal be greater or lesser by so much it shews a greater or lesser disease hither to belongs also the worthiness of the part affected for by how much the part affected is more noble or can draw more noble parts into consent by so much the disease is counted the greater moreover the symptomes by how much the more and greater they shal be to which this happens that if the disease do not give way to exquisite and great remedies by so much the greater the disease shal be it is deservedly accounted great A malignant disease is likewise known by malignant venemous causes preceding Of a Malignant Moreover 't is the nature of certain diseases that in the same manner is they are known they indicate malignity such are the Morbus Gallicus Leaprosie and such like Thirdly malignity discovers it self by the effects for when no dangerous or vehement symptome is present which might trouble the sick nevertheless is unquiet and weak and the disease after smal remisness is swiftly and vehemently exasperated by sweats and other excrements and the sick perceives no manner of ease especially if frigidity of the extream parts or watchings should happen if in the beginning of sleep sleep seemetroublesome if the sick without a cause be afraid waxeth exceeding hot drops blood and the other ill signes be present which are spoken of amongst malignant feavers it argues amalignant disease Acute diseases are known from hence Of Acute diseases that they are suddenly moved and immediatly after the beginning afford grievous symptomes CHAP. IIII. How to know the parts affected The fountains of the signes whereby the parts affected are known Signes of places affected Galen in his first Book of the places affected Chap the 5th accounts five the actions hurt excrerions scituation proper accidents and propriety of paine which notwithstnding are comprehended under those foundations before proposed Amongst the causes the first are those things which are taken in whereof some have power of hurting this Causes others of offending that part moreover to those things which are carried about us belong arts and course of life from whence it happens that sometimes this sometimes that part is more hurt as sleeping and watchings which principally offend the braine anger which principally hurts the heart as also other passions of the mind Thirdly those things which are retained they more offend that part wherein they are detained 4ly Those things which happen and befal us externally they also shew the part affected if any one use mercuriall vunctions it is probable that the nervous parts are hurt that evil which commonly overspreads signifies that part to be hurt which is manifest doth labour in other sick persons By things essentially inhearing here are understood both the proprieties of the parts and the diseases themselves inhearing for although diseases are not of the essence of a part as it is a part yet as it is an effect centrary to nature diseases themselves seem to be in a part essentially inherent diseases therefore indicate parts affected a tumour appearing any where signfies either that part is affected or the part which is placed above it and the scituation and figure of the Tumour and the motions hurt will shew it in its kinde a falling of the guts into the codds signifies a rupture of the peritoneum or rim of the belly gibbosity signifies hurt of the spine or marrow the propriety of parts shews places affected as they are proper to those parts so if we see stones come forth with Urine without doubt we conjecture the veines or bladder to be affected As for the effect Effects actions hurt first an action hurt shews that member by which it is offended unless it be hurt by some external error so ratiocination being hurt imagination memory they signifie the brain to be affected as likewise by sleep watchfulness exercise of the whole body The visive faculty is hurt by an affect of the eye the hearing of the ear the smelling of the nose the taste spoiled is a token of a disease of the tongue if the urine be suppressed the cause is to be sought in the reines uriters bladder or urinary passages if yellow choller be not purged from the blood blood it is a token that the bladder of the gall is distempered Paine Hitherto belongs paines which shews that some sensible part is affected yet a differing paine may be a signe of divers parts a pricking paine is proper to inflamations of membranes a striking paine is caused by parts sensible which are inflamed containing arteries a burthensome paine agrees to the whole substance of the bowels lungs liver spleen reines inward deep and profound paines as it were breaking the part signifies the membrances of the bones to be affected a broad paine spreading it self every way about is a token that the membrances are affected streightness shews somewhat belonging to the extending of the nerves The vital actions being hurt shews that the heart labours Lastly natural actions hurt in what part soever shew a signe of that part which is affected but more manifestly in publick parts more obscurely in private parts Excretions Secondly in excrements which also afford signes more things are to be considered namely the kinds qualities manner of casting them out quantity order the kinds of excrements are two-fold for either something is cast out of the substance of some part signifies that part to be affected as if a little skin orflake or little peece of flesh should be cast out of the mouth it shews the lungs the wind-pipe the Epiglotis the gullet or ventricle to be corroded and if it be cast out by a cough it is a signe that it comes from the brest but if it be cast out by vomit it
is a signe it comes from the stomack or that it is not the substance it self but that which it contained in it and is familiar to it that is so ejected so meat drink or chile cast out by reason of a wound shews that the stomack is proforated or that the guts are too thin and if the stomack be hurt the sick wil belch much if the guts the wind goes out by the seat urine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound shews that the bladder uriters or reins are hurt but which of these parts are affected the scituation of the wound discovers The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound shews that the guts especially the thick are hurt So also of other parts But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts the quality of the excrement and manner of its coming out shews which is the part affected if the blood be thinner hotter more florid and comes out leaping it shews that the arterie is cut but if it be thicker and comes out without leaping or dauncing it shews that the veins are hurt blood that comes from the paunch shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed shews that the liver is affected if any come forth only by spitting it shews that the mouth or parts next to it are affected unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth if by spittle the chaps or larynx are affected if by cough the wind-pipe or lungs so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head if by vomit the throat and stomack so that it come not into the stomack from the liver or spleene or other parts adjacent The quantity also of excrements afford signes if much blood is cast out it is a Token of an affect of the lungs if little of the wind pipe That blood which flows from the reins is more from the bladder less Moreover order in excrements is a token of the place affected if first blood and afterwards dreggs are cast out it signifies that the fundament or some gut is affected within if first dreggs come forth afterwards blood it shews the guts are thin or the parts above them are affected so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before it shews there is an ulcer in the gut colon if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated Thirdly Qualities changed qualities changed also affords signes of places affected red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs the colour of the body but principally of the face pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right the flesh and skin being yellow in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted a filthy smel exhaling from the nostrils shews that the parts within the nostrils are affected if from the mouth it shews that the teeth chops lungs or stomack are affected if from a wound of the paunch it signifies that the guts are wounded hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected of the left that the spleen is affected Lastly certain diseases pertain to effects following other diseases of the place affected which are therefore called symptomatick or familiar and are discoverers of the primary disease Signes of parts affected by consent But least that we should erre in knowing the place affected by the actions hurt and should take the part which is hurt by consent for the primary affects First the anatomy and functions of mans body and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves arteries and veins and from what parts it can send any thing to them and receive any thing through them therefore if in a member sense or motion be hindred and the part suffer no ill we must observe what nerves are inserted therein what muscles move it and whence those muscles take the nerves and t is to be enquired whether those parts have suffered any evil so a nerve being hurt t is easily communicated to the braine the evils of the arteries to the heart the hurts of the veins to the liver and again the braine being affected sence and motion is hurt the heart the vital actions are hurt nutrition is weakned through default of the liver Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt or by consent of other parts that is known first from âhe precedent causes Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause but a part with which it hath consent hath suffered some evil t is probable that that part is affected by consent Secondly if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member that by increasing of the one the other increased and by the decrease thereof it be diminished and that ceasing it caseth it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent but from that part where the disease first declined it shews that to be the part affected by consent but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect but for the most part by intervals fourthly if two parts are together affected and by applying things that are helpfull to the one or hurtfull the other be helpt or hurt t is an argument that t is an affect by consent Signe that the head is affected But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected yet that for example sake we may add some in particular first Animall actions hurt afford signes of diseases of the head and braine whither they are diminished or depraved yet this is to be noted of the externall senses and motion hurt since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions but only supplyes animall Spirits t is to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain or in the proper Organ the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected The signes of diseases of the heart Of the heart for the most part are taken from vitall actions and the qualities changed of the body Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth palpitation of the heart the pulses much changed for according as the heart is so is the heate and colour in the whole body The signes of the liver affected Of the liver are first when its action is hurt which is Sanguification a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford moreover when the habit of the body is changed and their is an ill colour of the the whole body and penury of blood is in the veins sometimes also by default of the spleen or by reason of excrements regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins the colour of the whole body is changed thirdly distribution of blood
dyet generates pituitous humours and so more lasting Diseases great strength of nature in a Disease that is not mortall Strength of nature shewes that the Disease is short but weaknesse shewes it will continue longer but strength in a disease that is mortall shewes that it will continue longer but weakness signifies that it will be shorter Thirdly From the course of fits in the fits the houre is to be considered in which the Paroxysme returnes the time of duration and the vehemency of Symptomes for if the fits returne sooner and the latter be longer then the former and more vehement it is a token the disease is increased on the contrary if the latter fits return slower and endure a shorter time and are not so violent it is a signe the disease abates but sometimes Paroxysmes enveigh equally and all of them return at the same houre which most commonly is a sign of a long disease but sometimes they come not equally but at severall houres which shewes that the disease will be shorter and is neerer to the state Moreover if the fits come sooner and that equally the signs of concoction not appearing it is the beginning but if they anticipate more hours then before it is in the increase when they observe equality again a good while it is the state when lastly the omitting or abating of the fits happens to be various it is the declination If the order of the fits so that sometimes they come too soon sometimes too late and sometimes equally and at certain times When the fits do equally invade without the signes of concoction t is the beginning but when they anticipate not t is the augmentation when they observe equality it is the estate And lastly when the coming late happens again t is the declination but if the order of fits be various so that sometimes the Paroxysmes invade equally sometimes anticipate and sometimes come later when the fits equally invade without signes of concoction the beginning is when they come too soon no more the state is but when they come too late the declination is As for the longitude and magnitude of fits In longitude if the time of intermission or declination be short and they are neither plainly intollerable nor altogether free from Symptomes it is a signe of the increase On the other side if the abating or the intermission be long easie to be indured and free from all Symptomes absent declination is shewn But the most certain signes of the times of diseases are digestion and crudity for whensoever a sign of concoction appears suddenly it shews the disease will be short and terminate in health but a signe of crudity shews the disease will continue long or even prove deadly and if grievous Symptomes grow upon the sick so that they come with signes of concoction they need to trouble no man but if they happen without signes of concoction and with crudity they portend danger CHAP. III Of the signes of times of Diseases in particular ANd that we may speak something peculiarly of knowing of the times of Diseases the beginning of a disease is as long as the disease is crude Signes of the beginning of a disease of augmentation of the height An evident and manifest concoction is a most certain signe that the beginning is finished And in the beginning the Symptomes are hitherto more mild but in the augmentation all of them increase and in the state when the greatest contention is betwixt the matter and the disease all of them are most vehement but this comes to passe sometimes soon sometimes late for in very acute diseases immediatly they have extream pains 1. Apho. 7 but in Chronick the times are extended longer CHAP IV. Of the signes by which we may foretell the event of a disease ANd these things are spoken of Prognosticks in generall now we are to speak of those three The event of a disease fourefold which use to be presaged namely the event of a disease the time of the end and the manner but the event of a disease is fourfold for some diseases kill the diseased others plainly leave them off so that the sick returne to their perfect health others neither kill the sick nor leave them off but accompany them even to deaths doore others are changed into other diseases and somtimes into worse somtimes into milder The event of a disease is known by comparing the strength of nature with the disease and by the longitude of a disease When it may be known or the state with the time to come for if the sick passe over the state there is no need that he should any more feare the danger of death by that disease because after the state no man dyeth in the declination by the power of that disease The signes of strength and weaknesse of nature are sought principally from causes and effects Signes of strength and debility of nature the proximate cause of the strength of nature is a natural constitution of the parts And this by how much the neerer it is to the naturall temperature constitution and naturalll unity by so much it signifies the firmerstrength by how much the more remote by so much the weaker For strength of nature principally depends upon a naturall temperament whereunto belongs age also and sex for in men and youths the strength is firmer in women old men and boyes weaker Remote causes are all those things which by whose intervening the strength of a naturall constitution is increased or preserved or diminished such are those things that are taken in which are carried about which happen externally and that are evacuated and retained for if all these things have been moderate heretofore and are moderate it shewes strength of nature if immoderate imbecility Amongst the effects are first actions which by how much the more they are observed according to nature by so much the more they signifie health on the contrary by how much the more or more noble they are or by how much the more they are hurt by so much the more they shew the strength to be weakned Secondly Excrements signifie nature to be powerfull when in their substance quantity and quality they are most like to naturall but they signifie the contrary if they are contrary Lastly qualities changed by how much the neerer they shall be to the qualities of sound men by so much they shew the greater strength in the diseased by how much they differ from them by so much the more imbecillity The strength of a Disease is known from things essentiall Signs of a strong discase inhering causes and effects or consequent Symptomes As for what belongs to a constitution contrary to nature the difference which follows the form of a Disease or the causes or the subject afford signes of the event if the Difease be great it indicates danger and death if little health and by how much the fewer and more gentle those Symptomes
are that shew what the disease is by so much the lesse the strength of the disease is shewn but by how much the more or greater they are by so much the more vehement is the Disease but principally malignity ought to be suspected alwaies a disease also by how much the more it resides in a noble part or may draw in a noble part by consent by so much the more dangerous but that which is in an ignoble part is out of danger The causes are such as either bring forth a disease or dispositions which have gone before it or such as are helpers and supporters of a Disease The efficients are either Internall or Externall internall are either solid bodies or fluid Diseases therefore which proceed from solid matter as from stones gravell especially such as is great for the most part are incurable Diseases which arise from humours are dangerous if they offend in the whole substance and are malignant if they are very purred if plentifull endued with mischievous qualities and inhere in a noble part and are crude those which are contrary indicate the Disease to be less dangerous Diseases which arise from blood for the most part are wholsome from yellow and pale choller not very dangerous from leek coloured choller and the colour of the Yolk of an Egge for the most part deadly The Aeruginous for the most part all are mortall as those from black A Disease also from an humour perversly thin is more dangerous then if it be mingled with some other more mild Diseases also which proceed from many vitious humours mixed together are more dangerous then those that arise from a single humour regard neverthelesse being had to the nature of the peccant humour Diseases also are more dangerous which proceed from a humour causing a tumour then from a quiet so that it doth not adhere quietly to a noble part As for the externall and evident causes this is to be noted of them in generall if they trouble the body long and violently and are withall malignant and continue long in the body they signifie a dangerous Disease those which are contrary tend more to health and are lesse dangerous Of the dispositions of bodies Hippocrates 2. Apho. 34. writes thus Those are lesse dangerously sick whose disease is sutable to nature or age or custome or time of the year then they whose diseases are agreeable to none of these Moreover if Adjuvants Effects and Symptomes whether they are externall or internall or from nature or from art help they signifie a healthy Disease and not a dangerous but hurtfull things if they hurt not shew that nature is well On the contrary if those things which ought to help do not help they shew that the Disease is dangerous and deadly Thirdly for what belongs to effects and Symptomes by how much the Symptomes are lighter by so much the Disease is more gentle by how much they are greater by so much the Disease is more violent The plurality of Signes are not only to be handled here Dignity of signes but the gravity and dignity of good and evill signes are to be considered and compared amongst themselves and with the strength of the Sick for the dignity of signes is principally to be valued in respect of life and alwaies those are counted most worthy which indicate the force or imbecility of the vitall faculty CHAP. V. How to presage of life and death from the error and faults of actions AFter that we have spoken those things in generall of knowing the event we will speak something in particular of what may be foretold by Symptomes whereof this is the summe Those things which are most like or agreeable to nature are healthy those which are most unlike or different The third Book and part of the fourth Animall actions hurt what they presage are deadly And first for actions hurt and what belongs to the animall faculty in what disease whatsoever to have the right use of ones reason and to be well in respect of those things which are taken in is a good signe but the contrary is an ill signe Hypocrates 2. Apho. 33. and to do any thing contrary to custome and to will something formerly not accustomed or the contrary that is either to speak little or much or madly or absurdly or obsceencly to move the hands untowardly to read wanton things to uncover the body and denudate the privy parts not to be sensible of pain untoward and next to being frantick Delirium 2. Coac Sect. 1. Apho. 10. But principally to continue well in understanding is good in those diseases wherein the brain is affected or is drawn into consent But although to be well in mind in diseases of other parts be a good signe yet it is not sufficient to signifie health for many dye that are perfect in their understandings Although no ravening be safe yet that which is with laughter and good signes and is light and not continuall is more safe but that which is with violence continuall and vehement is more dangerous but that which is with boldness and rashness is the worst of all yet other things which are joyned therewith are to be considered first the Pulse respiration and appetite which if they remain safe it is a good signe as also if sleep follow but on the contrary if ill signes are joyned with ravening or madness they threaten death for deadly signes denote certaine destruction Ignorance with shaking fit is evill The meââry hurt t is hurtfull also with oblivion 1. Prorrh Com. 2. Apho. 30. yet that oblivion which comes with a Delirium is less dangerous so that the Delirium wherwith it appears be not dangerous Sleeping and waking if they are customary Sleeping and waking and from a naturall course t is good but sleep and watchings if they are eccessive evill 2 Apho. 3. but yet if watching happen before a Crisis the matter being concocted it denotes no hurt a Coma or Disease that causes long sleep in the beginning of a Disease signifies the Disease to be dangerous as also that which happens in the height of a Disease and by so much the more dangerous is the Coma by how much the more grievous Symptomes are joyned with it As for the mischiefs of the externall Senses if the sight Hurt in of the externall senses Of sight the time of judicature being instant be hurt with the signes of concoction it indicates no evill but that sight which is hurt without the signes of concoction and after an ill Crisis wants no danger Cal. 4. Aphorisme 49. The hinderance of hearing also if it happen during a good Crisis is not evill but if without a Crisis it is evill and in acute Diseases for the most part it denotes the braine to be affected And in the first place that is mortall which is made by reason of decaying of the strength and extinguishing the faculty those evils also which proceed from evill
disease will be judicatory on the fourteenth and therefore the signes of concoction are to be sought in the following quartarnaries for if the signes of concoction appear about the twentieth day there is hopes on the first quartinary after the twentieth day that the disease may be judged of but if no mutation hitherto appeares it may be extended to the fourth week and those diseases which retaine all the signes of crudity to the foure and twentieth day cannot be decreed before the fourtieth day and those which are extended beyond the fourtieth are not ended with a Crisis but with slow concoctions Sometimes not only the day but also the houre of the end of a disease may be foretold The houre of the event of a disease how to be known namely if we consider particular fits for if we think any one will dye on any day t is probable he will dye in the worst time of his fit or in a particular declination when the strength in the height of a discase is dejected by the cruelty and vehemency of Symptomes CHAP. IX How many mutations there are of diseases and the manners and what a crisis is THe third thing which ought to before known by Physitians is the manner of event and end of diseases Changes of diseases how many they are terminated six severall wayes as well to health as to death for either the disease is suddenly fully dissolved and the sick recovers immediatly his firme health or there is a sudden change to better and the sick is transferred from a worse state into a better after which at length also he recovers to be well or there is a conversion of the disease by little and little to health or contrary the sick suddenly dies or the disease is suddenly become more dangerous which change at length ends him That mutation which is made by degrees tending to death is called a Marasme or Wasting that mutation of a disease which is made by little and little and tends to health is called a loosing but that sudden and hasty change which is made in Feavers especially acute and tend to health Crisis or death is called a Crisis but that change cannot be made unlesse vitious humours which oppresse nature are moved which indeed cannot happen without great perturbations of the body and vehement symptomes a Catalogue whereof Galen recites in his 1. of criticall daies Cap. 1. CHAP. X. Of the causes differences manner and time of Judgment SInce that in Judgments many things happen The cause of a crisis Conturbatâon conturbation evacuation and sudden mutation tending to safety or death that conturbation which is a heap of those judicatory symptomes which proceed from agitation and molestation of humours which the body affords and this comes to passe either from an externall cause as influence of Stars or an internall irritating and provoking as well nature as the matter The cause of evacuation is the expulsive faculty Evacuation which either is stird up by the plenty or the quality of matter yet critically expels that which doth molest There are four differences of Crises Differences of Crisis according as nature is sometimes stronger sometimes weaker and sometimes oppressed more by vâtious matter sometimes lesse for either the sick forthwith recover their former health or suddenly dye or undergo some change tending to safety or death Good Evill yet immediatly they neither recover nor dye From whence afterwards other differences will arise for some Crises are good some evill those are good which tend to the recovery of the sick those are evill which discover the death of the sick Again some are perfect and very good Persect Impersect which free the sick perfectly and wholly from the disease and leave none of the morbifique matter but the imperfect leave some of the morbifique matter behind Again some are faithfull and secure Secure Not secure which so take away the disease that there is no feare of a relapse unfaithfull is that which leaves a doubt of falling into it again Moreover t is called a safe Crisis which happens without danger of Symptomes A safe Dangerous but a dangerous which is joyned with perilous Symptomes Some Crises are with good signes Eusemes and have their indications from the daies going before them and are called good signes but that which happens without signes and is Asemos as it were unseperated is said to be an ill signe But all these differences depend on three things The differences of Crisis whereon they depend the strength of nature the nature of a disease and the condition of the matter which ought to be expelled and that a good and perfect Crisis be made t is requisite that nature be strong and Heaven favourable the disease not dangerous and the matter benigne and facill in all other Crises one or more of these are wanting All Crises are made two waies either by excretion Crisis how many waies made By excretion by translation or emitting or else by removing the matter By excretion a Crisis is made when peccant humours are expelled by vomit Seidgs sweat plenty of Urine Hemerodes of the Nose flowing of the months and Hemerodes A Crisis is made by translation when the matter is not expelled out of the body but is removed into another place and that either into internall parts or externall the former Crisis is the better because the matter for the most part is throughly cast out from the center of the body by so much also a Crisis is the better that is made by translation by how much the matter is transferred to a more ignoble and remote place so much the worse by how much the place is more noble and nigher to the seat of the former disease An Imposthumation also or Ulcer ought to be out of the region of the part affected and to have the other notes of a good Imposthumation an abscesse also ought not to vanish suddenly but to remain untill either it be turned into quitture or till it be dissipated by degrees But the best Crisis never happens unlesse it be towards the end of the height when the concoction is perfected A good crisis when it happens for that which happens in the augmentation before the state is imperfect and is so much the worse by how much t is longer distant from the end of the state sometimes also evacuation which is made in the beginning of diseases and is symptomaticall is not to be accounted evill especially if those humours are evacuated from whence the disease had its originall and the strength of nature can endure it CHAP. XI Of Criticall daies WHereas the Crises are made more frequently and better on certain determinate daies then other daies Criticall daies those dales therefore are called criticall but other daies wherein a Crisis seldome happens or such a one as is not good does happen are called not criticall Criticall daies are of
dry Cabbage yet in the juice thereof a certain bitternesse and acrimony is perceived which hath a force to stir the paunch t is hard of concoction affords little nourishment and that thick and Melencholy from whence fuliginous Vapours fly into the head and produce turbulent sleep and weaken the sight its malignity is corrected if it be boyled with sat meates the staulks are worse then the broad leaves and are to be eaten only by those which are used to much labour Spinnage cools and moistens Spinage affords little nourishment yet not so evill as Orach or Blitum which is a kind of Beet it generates cold and serous humours in the stomach unlesse it be corrected with pepper and oyle or butter it is not laudable and it begets wind Beets Beets Blitum Orach and Mallowes can scareely be used with profit or benefit for aliment only but are more beneficially taken when there is need to loosen refrigerate and moisten the belly and Be et indeed is hot and dry and takes away obstructions of the Liver and Spleen and hath a different substance the juice is detergent wherefore it loosneth the belly but the substance stops the same Blitum Blitum Orach Mallows Orach and Mallowes loosen the belly only by humectation they nourish little they yeeld a watry juice and have of themselves no pleasing savour unlesse they are dressed with Butter or Oyle and other Sawces Asparagus Asparagus Young Hops to which the young branches or tender sprigs of Hops are next like unto neither heat nor manifestly cool they are gratefull to the tast and cause appetite yet afford little nourishment and therefore do afford not so good nourishment they have a detergent faculty and provoke Urine they cleanse the Reines and open obstructions of the Liver and of the other Intralls Garden Cresses Mustard-seed or Water Cresses and Mustard-seed may be used instead of Sawces but not as nourishment they are hot and dry and of a biting tast they attenuate crude meats as also crude and thick humours Onions afford little nourishment Onions they are acrid and have a heating cutting and extenuating faculty and inflame the blood and together with the discussed thinner parts they leave behind them a thick juice they irritate Venus they are all hurtfull to the head eyes teeth and gumms they cause turbulent Dreams In raw Garlick there is almost no nourishment Garlick in boyled very little and that bad but there is manifest heat and drinesse in it and a power of extenuating thick and viscide humours and of cutting them and taking away cold and t is the best remedy to convert the pravity of waters as also against the Plague Leeks and venemous aire Leeks have almost the same power Raddish The Roots called Raddishes which we use being dipped in Salt affords little nourishment but are rather instead of medicinall knacks they heat beyond the second degree and have a tart tast they cut phlegme attenuate provoke Urine and expell sand from the Veines Wild Raddishes have the same force Wild Radish but are more powerfull which are fit for sawce but not of aliment Turnips Rape-roots round are slowly concocted Rape and fill the belly with wind especially when they are raw but boyled they are easier digested and afford aliment enough and therfore not so hurtfull but are hot and moist Long Turnips are almost of the same nature Tuânips but of a better tast and yeeld lesse thick and flatulent juice and afford strong nourishment they stimulate Venus Parsley is hot and dry provokes Urine and courses Parsley opens obstructions purges the Reines and bowels yet it afford little nourishment Garden Parsnips yeild little hot and dry Parsnips and not very good nourishment they cause lust provoke Urine and bring down courses Red Beets which are pickled with Vinegar Red Beets the seed of Carawayes and the roots of wild Raddishes are used rather instead of Sawces then as food since they nourish very little The fruit of Plants are various Melons Melons are pleasant to the tast and send forth an Aromatick smell but they are of a watry moist substance not without coldnesse whereby they quench thirst and causes Urine they cleanse the Reines but they are easily corrupted and being corrupted become as it were of a venemous nature and stir up choler or generate Feavers whereby many great men are killed and therfore they ought to be eaten at the first course that they may the easier descend through the Paunch and after the eating of them some food of good juice is to be taken and good Wine is to be drank that the corruption of them may be hindred Cucumbers are also cold but not so moist Cucumbers and the juice not so hurtfull nor are they so easily corrupted in the stomach they are most conveniently taken before they are ripe being pickled in Vinegar or Brine and Pepper and they are least offensive to those which have hot stomachs Artechocks Artechocks heat and dry to the second degree they are hard of concoction and afford not very good nourishment they are windy and stimulate Venus unlesse this be rather to be attributed to the seasoning or dressing of them Strawberies Strawberies are cold and moist they are profitable to those that are troubled with choler in the stomach they coole the liver they restraine the heate of the blood and cholerick humours they allay thirst and therefore are beneficiall in hot constitutions of bodyes they have thin juice purge the reines cause urine but are easily corrupted in the stomach and therefore ought to be eate the first Now followes the fruits of Trees Peares and frutices first of peares there are divers kinds nor are they all of the same faculty the austere and sharpe are astringent and cooling and hurtfull to the stomach and Guts sweete are more temperate yet almost all are of a cold and moist nature only some are hot and moist and moreover more apt to corruption they are not unpleasing to the stomach in the first place being taken they stop a loosenesse but being taken after other meate they loosen the belly and shut the mouth of the stomach they are better boyled then raw There are divers sorts of Apples which discover themselves by their taste Apples the sower are colder then the sweete and of a thinner and lesse flatulent substance the austere and sharpe are yet colder and of a thick substance and descend more slowly through the paunch and stay it yet their violence is corrected by boyling and sower austere and sharpe Apples are to be used rather instead of medicines then aliment they all afford ill juice but those are most hurtfull which are watry and for the most part have no taste the best are sweete ones with an aromatick taste and smell and such as afford an indifferent quantity of aliment and that not evill they strengthen the heart
exhilerate the minde and are very beneficiall to those which are troubled with Melancholy Quinces are cold and dry Quinees and have an astringent faculty they are harder of concoction afford little nourishment and that thick they strengthen the stomach and stop vomiting and if they are taken after meate they hinder Vapours so that they cannot easily ascend to the head and they loosen the belly but being taken before meales they stop a loosenesse being taken raw they hurt the nerves and often cause fits of the cholick Peaches are cold and moist and are easily corrupted Peaches and afford little nourishment and therefore are to be eaten sparingly and warily and indeed before meales not after other meates neither is water nor any cold drink to be drunke after them but wine being dryed they are lesse hurtfull and especially being boyled in Wine their pravity if they had any it is taken away Apricoks which are well known to the Persians Apricocks in goodness are beyond Peaches and more pleasing to the stomach and are not so easily corrupted Medlers are cold and dry Medlers and are not eaten till they are rotten they afford little nourishment and are slowly concocted they stop the belly and all fluxes they stay vomitting and agrece well with a cholerick stomach Sowre Sherryes have a chooling faculty Cherryes are easily concocted and descend through the belly they coole the stomack and liver they quench thirst and raise an appetite and are not so easily corrupted nor are they of so hurtfull a juice but the sweet ones are far inferior to the sharpe ones in goodnesse by reason of the moisture abounding and are easly corrupted and generated urred humours and Wormes in putred feavers There are divers kinds of Plumbs all of them cold Plumbs and moist the sweet ones are not so cold by nature yet they mitigate the acrimony of choler and therefore agree most with colerick persons they are easily concocted and passe through the belly those that are fresh alter most powerfully they mollify the paunch being taken before meate but with their moisture they scatter abroad many excrements and that crude neither do they generate so good juice yet some are softerthen others those which abound most with a crude and moist iuce they are the worst the white and waxen colour or yellow are the worst and afford ill juice but the best are Damask Prunes and those which are neerest to these are green but the dry are more fit for nourishment and afford better aliment for those which are weaker in stomach Plumbs are not convenient for they loosen itstone Mulburies moisten coole quench thirst Mulburies mitigare the heate of choler they nourish little they easily passe through the belly but if they are retained they easily are corrupted and become putred and acquire an ill nature wherefore they are to be eaten when the stomach is empty only and not overspred with peccant humours that they may on a sudden descend and passe through the paunch Figs are hot and moist Figs. by nature they nourish more then other fruits they easily descend and go through the belly they have a penetrating and abstergent faculty yet too much use of them begets wind dry Figs are hotter and dryer yet acquire a power of cleanseing opening and attenuating yet they also loosen the belly drive humours to the externall parts being often taken and plentifully they cause sweates and generate blood not very good but such as is apt to putrify Sweete grapes are hotter Grapes and for that reason cause thirst sharpe and austere are colder those that are fit to make Wine are betwixt these extreames those that are fresh gathered afford little nourishment and are flatulent and if they are detained long in the stomach they are corrupted and dilate the belly and stir up cholick fits they cause the spleen to swell and fill the stomach and liver with crude humours and allwayes the fresh gathered serve rather for pleasure then for health the austere and sower Grapes are colder and strengthen and bind the belly the sweete ones are hotter and afford more nourishment those which have a mixed taste obtaine mixt faculties but the sweet which participate something of sharpnesse are commended before the rest they are pleasing to the stomach gratefull to the liver as also they are said by a certain propriety to be advantagious to the whole substance they are helpfull to the brests and strengthen all the naturall members those which are without stones are called Corinthian they loosen the belly more but those which have seed strengthen the stomach Amongst Nuts Almonds the best are sweet Almonds they are temperately hot and moist and yeelds store of nourishment and of good juice and moderate they attenuate and cleanse for which reason they are the best food for immaciated bodies and they replenish the intrails and the whole body with convenient nourishment and such as is not apt to corruption they purge the brest open the passages of urin and cause sleep but they are not so convenient for a cholerick stomach nor to be given in cholerick Feavers Walnuts are hot and dry especially dryed Walnuts for your green ones are moister and are not so hot and therefore are eaten safer but the dry generate choler and offend the Orifice of the stomach and hurt the Gullet and Wind-pipe and cause a cough and generate pain in the head commonly the use of them is commended after Fish because with their heat and drinesse they prevent the corruption of Fish Hasle-nuts afford more nourishment then Walnuts Haslenuts but they are colder yet they are hot and dry they are hardly digested and afford a thick juice more earthly then Walnuts Chestnuts are hot and dry Chestnuts and Galen conceives they have no ill juice as all the rest of the fruits of Trees if they are well concocted in the stomach yet they are harder of digestion and are distributed more slowly yet they afford more durable nourishment they bind the belly and if they are eaten in too great plenty they cause wind Toadstools and Muskeroms for the most part are cold Musheroms they yeild a watry and thick nourishment Toadstools are preferred before Musheroms yet all of these are not to be taken without danger because they do not only generate ill juice but oftentimes there is poyson in them Lastly Oyle Oyle drawn out of ripe Olives affords nourishment temperate and for the most part agreeable to our nature and can correct the pravity of other aliments and amend the crudity of Herbes it also mollifies and loosens the belly is takes away all sharpnesse it helps Ruptures and such as are bursten and mitigates pain Meates from living Creatures IN the second place many living Creatures supplies us with convenient nourishment agreeable to our nature Aliments of living Creatures as being neerer and more familiar to our nature and lesse exceed in the
which guides the neutrality of those that are falling away The Analyptick is that which brings neuters to be healthy And first a method of preserving of the health of such as are very well is to be explained wherein notwithstanding some things may be delivered which may be accommodated to the other degrees of health But in the first place it is to be noted that the foundation of our future health fully depends on the conception and seed of our parents Seed the cause of future health and therefore as Fernelius in his first Book of Pathology Chap. 1. writeth If Husbandmen being to sow Corne choose the small and young seed having found by experience that ill fruite comes from that which is rotten how much more diligently ought we to observe the seed in the procreation of our Children Moreover when the Mother hath conceived a Child in the wombe Dyeâ of such as are great she ought to beware of all things which might bring any detriment to the young or rather she ought to be carefull that she may strengthen and preserve it safe namely that she avoid foggy Aire that she beware of the smell of candles newly put out of brimstone castor and such like and of the smell of herbs that are too fragrant she should shun meates of ill juice and sharpe and such as cause urine or cause loathing or provoake sneezing she should not use many Aromatick things if those that are great desire any ill meates they are not altogether to be denyed them but if the food which the woman desires cannot be obtained by her least any inconveniencies should happen to the young they use to give her some hony with nutmeg or water distilled from the tender leaves of a Vine in the month of May or of the barks of Citron or the pills of Oranges or of the Roote of Piony being bruised and prepared in Spanish Wine or Malmesy For the strengthening are exhibited the precious Stones Strengthning the young called Pearles Coralls the shavings of Ivory the barkes of Citron Cinamon Saffron the wood of Aloes Cloves Quinces Sugar of Roses sweete Almonds corrected with high Country Wine Water called the Balsome of Children the confection of Gems Diamargariti calidi Malmsy Wine applyed with Bread to the belly The same things may hinder an abortion which is night at hand and moreover Vnguentum Comitissae externally applyed Hindring abortion also those that are great should principally avoid hard labours and passions of the mind yet to be altogether idle is not so convenient The opening of a vein eafter the fifth month for the most part is prohibited Whether a veine be to be opened of the woman with-child but before the fifth moneth you may open a veine in Plethorick bodies nay some unlesse they are let blood before the fifth month miscarry of purgation Hippocrates writeth in the fifth Apho. 39. thou shalt purge those that are with child any time within foure months and sometimes untill the seventh month but sparingly and you are to use only lenitive medicines CHAP III. Of the Diet of Infants and thence forward untill 21. yeares of Age. WHen a Child is brought forth into the World before the teats are given him we ought to give him some pure honey or Corall with Sugar or the Sugar of pennidice with Oile of sweet Almonds whereby the Dregs may be drawne through the Paunch and an Epilepsie be prevented Afterwards let the Infant be nourished with Milke The Infant is nourished with the mothers Milk and that from his Mothers Breast as having most agreement with the Infant and it is generated of the same blood by which before the little one was formed and nourished in the Wombe unlesse perhaps the Mother be sick or ill disposed the Infant is to bee nourished with Milke untill it be two years old or certainly till the eighteenth Month t is to be accustomed in the meane time to other meats by little little yet such as may be easily concocted commonly their is prepared for them Papp made of Bread and water or Milke yet by reason of its clamminesse it seemes not to so good to many and therefore more wholesome may bee made with crums of Bread or certainly with bread first dried in an Oven Afterwards the Infant by degrees is to be accustomed to more solid meats Diet the first three yeares but the first three years his food is to bee moister and the Infant is to be nourished with good meats and should use Bathes often but not presently after eating and drinking neare the end of seven years Age the use of Bathes ought to be more seldome Infants and Boyes should not drink Wine By how much the more a boy growes in yeares by so much the more both the mind and body are to be imployed yet the exercises ought not to bee immoderate least that any member should be turned awry or least the body should bee dryed too soone with two much motion and the growth of the body should be hindred of sleep by how much the more Age increaseth so by little and little we ought to abate it In the second and third Septinaries more solid meats are to be afforded Dietin 7. and 3. Sâptinary yet not over much drying Exercise also ought to be somewhat lesse then the strength might tolerate and in the third Septinary order of Diet convenient for every course of life is to be begun for those which are given to a laborious kind of life ought to seed more plentifully in the third Septinary and with those meates which being taken in no great quantity nourish much and strengthen them for greater labours But those wich apply their mindes to learning at this age ought to be carefull of the animall spirits Diet of Schollers and diligently to endeavour that they may be plentifully generated being pure and cleare which may be if they live in a subtile Aire pure thin by dyet and meats that are not thick but which may afford matter for pure and lauadble blood and endeavour to evacuate all excrements in due time not to accumulate crudities nor weaken their bodies with untimely studies nor is the use of Venery to be granted till the end of this Age. CHAP. IV. Of the Diet of middle Age That Age which followes the third feaventh Yeare or from the twenty first to the fiftieth Diet for middle age is accounted the middle Age and for the most part there is the same reason of Diet unlesse that the former halfe part or the fourth septinary and the latter halfe or the seaventh doth more agree with the diet of the Age which he hath attained then of that Age which is truly the middle The rule of diet variety First for what belongs to meate in meate is to be observed quality quantity time of taking manner and such like circumstances as to the quality of meats those are to be chosen which are most
t is not to be taken in too great plenty and it ought to be of a hotter nature and other things good and generous middle aged but thick Wines which cause obstructions and have an astringent faculty or hinder urines are not convenient for old men wine mingled with hony is good for old men also Old men should use moderate exercises before meate Exercise yet so that no lassitude may thence ensue but principally moderate frication is commodious for them especially in the morning Old men should sleepe longer Sleepe and if they are troubled with waking that remedied with the use of sweet Almonds Lettice boyled with Sugar and dill being taken the last course and with Somniferous lotions of the feet and hands First of all let them avoid vehement perturbations of the mind Perturbations of the mind Excre ments and let them rather refresh their minds and bodyes with honest pleasures Lastly let old men be carefull that they void their excrements well and therefore if the body be costive the belly is to be moistned with convenient meates or with hony of Roses solutive but stronger and more Phyficall things are not to be given to old men CHAP. VI. Of the Dyet of such as are out of temper and of neuters AS for what belongs to the Dyet of bodyes Bodies that are neuters how manyfold that are neutrals there art two kinds of bodies deviating from perfect health for some are more remote from a sickly constitution others are neerer to it and these are twofold as before is spoken lib. the first Chap. the third neuters falling away which governing part of the Method of the defence of health is called Prophylactick in neuters tending to health and waxing strong the governing part of the Method of restoration of health is called Analyptick But those former neuters which are as yet far from difeased yet decline from the best health whether from their birth or whether they have contracted such a habit from custome and dyet it is hard to change neither can it be done suddenly but by degrees and with long diligence but if leasure doth not permit t is neither commodious nor possible for as Galen 2. of the defence of health Chap. the third those who are busied in civill affaires and distracted with many businesses t is safer for such a one not to indeavour to change his temperament Such bodyes therefore Dyet of untemperate men if either leasure will not permit and their minds are not bent to reduce them into a better state they ought to be preserved so by their likes but if you intend to reduce them to a better condition you must use contraries by degrees yet a hot and moist distemper since that t is more agreeable to our nature is by no meanes to be changed because it introduceth no disease but bodyes which are become too dry are alwayes to be moistned as much as may be during the whole terme of life Hot bodyes therefore should avoid hot Aire Of such as are hot hot and sharpe meates their drink ought to be more plentifull but smaler and strong drink rather then wine their exercise ought to be moderate the use of bathes of fresh waters warme frequent they must shun anger too tedious meditations and their sleepe ought to be longer If drynesse be joyned to the heate let them avoid the use of hot and drying things and therefore let them beware of a hot and dry constitution of Aire and vehement exercises if humidity be joyned and that be moderate fince that temperament is most agreeable to man and conduceth to the prolongation of life t is to be preserved as much as may be and only to be fore-warned that no more of the heat and humours may be added and cause diseases and stir up putrifaction wherefore let these avoid Aire that is too hot and moist let meat be given which hath attenuating force and let them endeavour that it may be well concocted let their exercises be such as may discusse excrements yet not dry the solid parts let all other things be moderate and principally let them endeavour that the excrements of the belly and the urine may freely passe from them Those which are cold are to be nourished with hot meates let them use exercises which may stir up heate Oscold let them evacuate timely the pituitous excrements Dry constitutions should use moist meates Of dry and moistning drink and bathes of fresh water but the most unhappy constitution is cold and dry which represents old age from the beginning and hastens to it and therefore such are to use heating and moistning things and to be nourished with hot and moist food their exercises should be moderate such as only stir up the naturall heate their sleepe longer and the use of bathes of fresh water frequent Venery is very hurtfull cold and moist if the constitution of the body be so Moist the frigidity is to be corrected and the humidity preserved to which purpose moderate exercise conduceth and excrements if they are timely and duly evacuated Neuters declining which now incline to sicknesse Dyet of neuters declining diseases are imminent to them especially for two reasons Plethory and Cacochymie both of them therefore are to be taken away if the falling away from health be but little it may be done with rest and abstinence but if it be greater opening of a veine and purging is to be used which is spoken of in the following book for this Prophylactick part is placed in the end of a cure Only we here admonish two things first that the Spring-time is best for preservation as Hippocrates 6. Apho. 47. teacheth he sayes to those that the breathing of a veine or purging are profitable to them the opening of a veine and a purgation is to be commanded in the Spring it is also profitable to purge black and Melancholy humours before Autumne Moreover the use of aloes doth much conduce to the preservation of health Vse of the aloes since it gently purgeth the excrements which stick in the first passages which are oftentimes the causes of many diseases it resists putrifaction and corruption and seldome reacheth the Liver but because aloes if it comes to the Liver offends it it is not to be used too often and in too great plenty least it should penetrate to the Liver but it purgeth onely the first passages which is performed profitably if it be taken in a small quantity a little before Supper Lastly Dyet of neuters growing better for what belongs to the dyet of those newters that are inclinable to health two things in the first place are to be obserued in their dyet first that they fall not againe into the disease secondly that they may suddenly recover their former health first when as it is 2. Apho. 12. those things which are left in diseases after a crisis are wont to cause relapses if ought of the peccant matter
onely that these purge melancholy Indian Mirobolanes Polipodie evacuates adust choler as also Phlegme t is profitable in diseases of the splcene and Hypocondries Polipodie the Dose is from a Drachme to three Drachmes in infusion to an Ounce and above Epithymum purges a dust choller Epithymum and Melancholy without trouble and is profitable in Diseases proceeding from hence yet because t is hot and dry in the third degree t is safer to be used in Winter then in Summer t is given in the substance from two Drachmes to three Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce Sena is as it were the middle betwixt the stronger and weaker hot in the second dry in the first Sena t is a very usefull medicine which not onely evacuates adust humours but also choler and Phlegme cleanseth all the bowels and is convenient for all ages when t is more dry t is not inconveniently corrected with the flowers of Violets and Burrage Ginger or Cinamon or the fourth part of Galingale is added to it the powder is given from a Drachme to two Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce The stronger purgers of Melancholy and adust humors LApis Armenius purges dull thick melancholy humours Lapis Armenius yet more gently then Hellebore it is corrected by washing in Cordiall waters t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme or sometimes to a Drachme and halfe Lapis Lazuli hath the same vertue but is something weaker t is corrected with Cordialls the Dose is the same Lapis Lasuli Black Hellebore is not usually to be given to children Black Hellebore women that are great nor to weake bodies and indeed it is more safely given in decoction then in the substance t is corrected with Cordialls and stomaticks t is given in the substance from a scruple to two nay to a Drachme in infusion or decoction from a Drachme to halfe an ounce Hydragogues and such as evacuate aqueous humours THe juice of the root of Flowerdeluce is hot and dry in the third Root of Orice opens drawes out thin Choller and water but for women with Child t is not so safe because it provokes the months t is corrected with a little Wine and Cinamon and Manna or honey of Roses is added or decoction of reysins of the Sun t is given from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce and halfe or two Ounces Gratiola or hedge Hyssop purges by stoole and vomit Hedge Hysop but troubles not a little the body t is corrected with Cinamon Anniseed Liquorish t is given in the substance to a Drachme in decoction from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce Elaterium or the juice of wild Cucumbers drawes water and choller out of the Bowels Elaterium and happily drawes forth the water of hydropick persons but it provokes vomit also gripes the bowels opens the mouthes of the Veines and unlesse it be cautiously exhibited doth mischiefe t is corrected with Tragacanth Fleawort Bdellium and Cinamon in the Dose you must not easily exceed six Graines The rine and juice of the root spurge Spurge purgeth and gnaweth powerfully and therefore is corrected with Bdellium Tragacanth Mucilage of Fleawort Cinamon Spike the Dose of the Barke of the Root is from six graines to fifteene graines but of the milke or juice from three graines to eight graines Mezereon whose force is fiery Mezereum exceeding sharpe exulcerating biting kindling Feavers dissolving the strength of the heart and noble parts and purging choller violently and Bilous serosities t is corrected with Sorrel with the juice of Pomegranates or of Quinces of Purslan Mucelage of the seed of Fleabane the Dose in the substance is from six grains to ten graines in the decoction from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Dwarfe elder Elder Dwarfe or Dane wort and elder the seed and middle barke and juice of the root and leaves draw out water they are corrected with Cinamon the Dose of the berries is given to a Drachme of the barks to two drachms of the juice from halfe an ounce to six drachmes Soldanella or sea Colewort are the best remedy to draw out water but t is an enemy to the stomack Soldanella t is corrected with Cinamon and Ginger the Dose is from a drachme to 2. drachmes of the juice to halfe an ounce Gummigote purgeth choller and water Gummigote and oftentimes causeth vomit which is prohibited by the addition of the spirit of salt or Mace the Dose is from five graines to eight graines The root of Ialap powerfully and with violence purgeth serous and black humors t is given from a scruple to 2. scruples Ialap Although each of these do purge single humors yet some of them do purge other humors also secondarily Rhubarbe Aloes Cassia Agarick Scammony evacuate choller with Phleagme Myrobolanes Chebulae Lapis Armenius Lapis Lazuli Phlegme and black choller Sena Epithymum Polipodie black Hellebore purge choler Phleame and Melancholy the latter Physitians have drawne other medicines into use unknown to the Ancients prepared of Venus Mercury and Mars CHAP. XII Of Medicines that cause vomits SEcondly amongst evacuating medicines are such as cause vomitings Things causing vomits which indeed evacuate the stomack immediatly yet if they are too strong they draw the neighbouring Bowels and the greater veines they performe that for the most part by a peculiar propriety by reason of which they have an inclination upwards yet some of them for a manifest cause namely because they swim in the stomack and oppresse it and loosen the Orifice of the superior ventricle such are all fat and oily substances But some are gentle others indifferent strong others very strong The gentle are simple water or Barley water luke warme The most gentle especially with a little honey and salt dranke by little and little at one draught common oyle luke warme foure ounces or six ounces Hydromell largely taken Hydreles to ten ounces Figgs newly eaten and cold water dranked after The middle sort are the Flowers of Dill The middle sort as also the Seed of Orach and of Raddish they are given from two drachmes to halfe an ounce the root of Asarabecca and Orach are given in the substance to foure scruples Bittony the middle barke of a Walnut to a drachme in infusion to halfe an ounce the greene pill that cover the walnut shell dryed in an Oven from halfe a a drachm to a drachm the juice of Raddish to two ounces the tops of green Elder or the berries The strongest are the Rootes The strongest of Spurge of Sow-bread to a drachm in infusion from a drachm to two drachms the Rootes of white Hellebore in infusion from halfe a drachm to a drachm adding cardiacks Flowers of Danewort Barkes or Roote Flowers of broome seed of broome from two drachms to halfe an ounce the seed of spurge the husks being taken of ten in number
performed and are used for strong bodyes and old luxations and altogether on those which cannot be restored by the two former wayes of such Engines you may see Hippocrates of joynts and fractures and Oribasius of Engines intititled de machinis But after what manner soever restitution of a boneout of joynt is performed foure operations are necessary to doe it first Extension Reposition Deligation and Confirmation What things are required for the setting of bones and Collocation of the members so replaced Extension is made either by the hands of the Chyrurgeon or his Servants or by raynes bindings and swathings or Instruments and Engines as is said Extension being made the bone which is slid out of its place is to be put into it againe which worke the Greekes call Moclia and Mocleuses Reposition namely a compulsion of a bone that is out of joynt and extended into its owne place which being slid from or out of the end in the same way which the joynt slid it ought to be put back to that place out of which it slid whereof there are so many wayes as there are joynts The joynt being restored the intention is to be remitted and the member afterwards so to be strengthned that the joynt cannot againe goe out of its place Deligation which for the most part is performed in the same manner as in fractures Lastly the member is to be placed gently and equally and to be kept unmoved till the fourth or seventh day Collocation CHAP. V. Of the putting together of the soft and fleshy parts THe fleshy and soft parts disjoyned Setting of soft parts preternaturally are joyned together either without any division of them or by solution of their continuity that putting together which is performed without any division of parts is various and of different parts and first of all sometimes certaine parts being slid out of their places come to be put into their naturall place againe such are the guts and paunch which sometimes by the wounds of the paunch come out sometimes the Rim of the belly being loosned or broken falls into the groine and cods or breake out at the navell hitherto belongs the wombe and gut Rectum which sometimes also fall out of their places and therefore all these are to be put into their places againe but how the restoring of each singular part ought to be performed is spoken in our Institutions and 3 d. Book of praxis Moreover Wounds how set for what belongs to the manner of joyning together wounded parts without division the lips of the wounds since they are disjoyned are to be brought and joyned together and when they are brought being joyned are to be kept together which may be done too wayes without solution of continuity either by swathing or gluing or a suture with the Glue and indeed as for swathing that is convenient being made for Wounds according to the length of the member Swathing and not very deep and when we hope by fasciation only the lips may be joyned A future is not rashly to be appointed and indeed if the wound be long narrow and straight swathing is better that is deligation of three fingers breadth is enough The manner of fasciation may be seen in the Institutions But when in transverse and long wounds A suture by glue sasciation alone is not sufficient to draw and continue the lips of the wound together there is need of a suture but when in wounds of the face prickings cause deformities and in other long and great wounds before the glutination of the wound the sutures are broke render bodies also cannot indure a seam which is made with a needle a certain lutination or suture is invented by glue by which without any division of the wounded part or stitching with a needle the lips of the wound are drawn together Provision to perform this may be seen in the Institutions But that conjunction of wounded parts which is made by solution of continuity is performed with a suture and pipes to the suture A suture by a needle three Instruments are to be used the Needle must be triangular and thred strong least it should be broken not too hard but softned with Wax equall or even the Pipe ought to be Gold mixt with Copper or Silver with a hole in the end that the Needle may passe through the hole and the Pipe holding it and being put to iâ it may stay the lips of the wound least whilst the needle is put to it it should be stirred neither should it be lengthned to the protraction of the thred and needle the manner of the suture is two-fold the one is that which is performed in the same manner as Skinners or Furriers use to sow their skins being fitted for wounded guts the other is thus in the middle of the wound with a Needle drawing a double thred the lips of the wound are tied and a knot being made the thred a little above the knot is to be cut off Moreover in the middle space on both sides another hole is to be pricked with a double thred and a knot being made in the like manner t is to be cut off and that is to be continued till the lips of the wound be rightly sowne together and brought to mutuall contract Fibulae There is mention also amongst the ancients of a Pipe but what it was for the most part is unknown at this day since it is incredible that those iron hooks should be fixed to the skin since that would have caused intollerable pain the opinion of Gabriel Fallopius is more probable who teacheth that pipe to be that suture newly described which is called Intercisa and at this day is most frequent which is drawn with a needle drawing a double thred through both the lips of the wound and above the wound with three involutions both the ends of the thred are tied together and knit into a knot But the word Fibula signifies every Instrument that joyneth things together And thus much of the Chyrurgicall operation which is of putting or joyning together CHAP. VI. Of correcting of Bones that are represt or set awry THe other Chyrurgicall operation is Diorthosis or the putting right a correcting of bones put awry or writhen The Skull if it be deprest which often happens in Children is to be reduced into its naturall condition and place either with Cupping-glasses the haire being shaved with a great flame put to them and the mouth and nostrils being shut the Patient by expiration together with a violent striving by putting Cucurbita Cornea out of which the mouth and nostrills of the sick being shut a strong man may suck up aire or with some Plaister sticking very fast to the skin which is to be applied and when it cleaves very fast then to twich it up or with an elevating Augur or trepan or by performation and elevation of the Skull The bones of the nose being broken
be thickned and unfit to draw out But when there is need of cooling first beware that cold astringents are not given but moistning for cold things are very hurtfull to the Breast 5. Apho. 24. not onely applyed outwardly but taken inwardly In the cure of the heart Medicines are alwaies to be mixed which have a corroborating power Heart and therefore moderate astringents and odoriferous and Bezoa ticks as they are called should alwaies be mixed with the Medicines which are given to the heart But alwaies beware of vehement coolers and heaters The stomach is easily hurt as well by too much heate Stomach as by too much cold and in a hot distemper t is to be warily cooled by degrees and by little and little but in a cold you must take heed least the innate heate be too much dissipated by hot things and therefore somewhat astringent and strengthning is all wayes to be added which may hinder the dissipation of the innate heate and Spirits In curing the Liver Liver these medicines are to be chosen that have some binding and strengthning faculty with tenuity of parts such like are those that are astringent and are bitter but you must abstaine from sweet things by which the Liver as also the spleen doe easily swell The Spleeen requires and endures the strongest medicines Spleen and therefore they may safely be applyed outward yet so that the humours contained in it may not increase by sudden cooling or be hardned by drying but they are scarce safely given inwardly least the other bowells be offended by them and therefore what is wanting in vehemency is to be be made good by dayly use of them In a disease of the wombe Wombe you must abstaine from vinegar for pleasant things are more gratefull to the wombe yet such as are great must abstaine from them The Eye since it is very sensibly it doth not endure sharpe medicines The eye or such as may bind and exasperate it But in the cure of distempers not only contraries convenient are exhibited but the use of likes are altogether to be avoided Yet if the distemper be with matter Distemper with matter alteration alone doth not suffice but the cause from whence it is cherished is first to be taken away and therefore Indication in distempers of this nature is evacuation and alteration where notwithstanding by the name of a cause are not only understood causes simply so called but also diseases and affects some of which excite and cherish other diseases for these in like manner are to be taken away in the first place CHAP. II. Of curing diseases of the whole substance IN curing diseases of the whole substance the occult malignant quality is to be driven out by its contrary and a remedie against poyson and the venemous cause to be taken away and rooted out of the body and therefore poyson which is drunke or taken in at the mouth is to be cast out by vomit or presently to be drawne out through the pâunch but if it be drawne in with Aire or hath passed beyond the liver t is to be expelled by sweates but those which are communicated by the biting or striking of venemous animals are brought by drawing after what manner soever to the body first of all we must labour to draw back and extract and to hinder it all manner of wayes least it penetrate and creepe within the body but principally every sort of poyson is to be expelled by those remedies which experience teacheth to be most repugnant to them and with those the heart is to be strengthned yet to observe the manifest qualities also in poysons is a great part of the cure CHAP III. Of the cure of diseases of Conformation AS for the Errors of Conformation Cure of figure in diseases What they show if the bones are set awry and ill shaped in those which are growing the cure is possible but in those that are come to ripenesse of yeares and which grow no more they are incurable But t is a generall Indication which supplyes the fault of the figure a changing of the part of the viticus figure to the contrary until it acquires the figure which naturally it ought to have but this is performed two wayes by fashioning and alligation or binding How corrected by fashioning that mending of the figure is to be taken which by drawing and prossing with the hands by little and little and often is perfected by binding that correction is understood which is performed by swathings and Ferrules or Canes namely by which part of the vitious figure by swathings is drawne contrarywife and retained by splintors least it should bend back againe towards its erroneous figure The second sort of diseases of Conformation are in the hollow places which two generall indications doe helpe The cure of diseases in the channell or passages namely to open that which contrary to nature is shut and to shut that which contrary to nature is opened But amongst diseases in defect the most common is obstruction of passages Of obstruction whose common Indication is apertion of obstruction But sith thence the causes of obstruction may be various particular indications are taken from them and those being taken away the obstructions are also opened Therefore that obstruction which is made by thick and viscid humours requires attenuating cleansing and cutting medicines amongst which sometimes the weaker sometimes the stronger are used according to the nature of the humour it self and the condition of the place wherein it resides But if obstruction be made by many humours and they contrary to nature in their whole kind the cure thereof consists altogether in evacuation But if the humour be not contrary to nature in its whole kind but onely offends in quantity the Indication is Apokenosis i. e. That which abounds is to be abated according to its abundancy But although all the obstructing causes should be evacuated yet they differ as well in other things as also especially in this that each of them require their peculiar and convenient places Those which obstruct the Breast and Lungs are to be ejected by cough nor can they easily be evacuated any other way But those which are contained in the Liver or in Veines or in Arteries or in the Reines are cast out by Urine the belly or vomit The other kinds of straightness Coalescense when the causes are taken away they are likewise taken away things growing together or Coalescents since it comes to pass by the growing together of parts and sides of a passage Indicate a Medicine breaking and taking away that Siccatrizing again Constipation Indicates the cause to be taken away Pressing closing Compression which make that straightness Compression since it proceeds from externall causes resting upon the passages the Indication is common namely to take away that cause of pressing together and shutting the passage but the speciall Indications are various according to
the variety of causes and the whole cure consists in the ablation of those causes which shall be shewn in their owne place Lastly Subsidence if it be caused by too much humidity the part is to be dryed If the part be wrung hard and as it were contracted with drying things and too many Astringents and cold the contraries namely Relaxing and moistning things are to be exhibited On the other side if the passages Cure of the opening of Vessels and vessels which ought to be shut are opened and humours flow out from thence the common Indication is that the opened vessell is to be shut which may be performed in the externall parts with convenient Medicines applyed and bound But if the opening be in the inward parts the manner of performing that is various according to the variety of causes If it be an Anastomesis or opening of the mouth of a vessell the orifice of the opened vessell is to be hardned and bound If by a Diapedesis thickning and incrassating Medicines are required If by a Rupture the broken vessell is to be united and shut If from Erosion Sarcotticks first afterwards consolidating medicines are required Thirdly If the part which naturally ought to be smooth Cure of diseases of the superficies should become rough t is to be made smooth againe which is performed in the Wind-pipe and Tongue If that which is evacuated be filled up or that which is extant be taken away That is performed in soft parts by Medicines which moisten and have a clammy nature But this with abstergent Medicines But in bones whether they are eroded Of roughness or have any superfluity annexed to them the roughness is conveniently taken away by shaving Smoothness contrary to nature Of smoothness requires a contrary way of cure and the naturall roughness is to be brought againe by abstergent Medicines and indeed such as throughly cleanse namely such as can free the glutinous humours tenaciously cleaving to the out-sides of the parts and restore the naturall roughness to the part CHAP. IV. Of the cure of Diseases of number DIseases in Number since they are two-fold in excess and in defect either of them require their Indication Diseases of number what they indicate and that which is wanting and naturally ought to be present is to be restored But that which abounds is to be taken away and removed but since that which is wanting onely can be a naturall thing t is the part of Nature onely to make up and regenerate that which is wanting but the Physitian is only the servant of nature in these things whilst he defends the strength of nature Administers fit matter and removes impediments but this generall indication is varied according to the variety of parts and cannot allwayes be reduced into action for it proceeds in one manner in the generation of flesh in another of a bone in another of a nerve and other parts of which in the solution of unity Moreover since some parts are simple others compound if compound are lost neither the same in particular nor any thing like unto them can easily come in their stead in which the third scope is to find out a certaine comelinesse or to make something which may some wayes doe the office of a lost part yet later Physitians have invented a way of curing imperfect parts whereof above part 2 d. Sect. 1. Chap. 16. On the contrary excesse requires its removall but since those things are various which ought to be taken away each of them deserves its peculiar cure according to the substance dignity situation of the parts and differing also in other respects for we allwayes beware of this that other parts may not be hurt or at least to doe our endeavour that they may receive very little hurt and that there may come no greater losse to the body by the taking away then that was which came by the thing abounding But the Instruments wherewith a Physitian may appoint the ablation of things which abound contrary to nature are three Iron Fire and medicines by Iron all acute Instruments of every kind which are fit for the cutting ofâ superfluities are understood by fire actuall eauteries are understood whilst that which abounds is burnt with Iron Silver or fired Gold Medicines for this purpose most convenient are those which are called potentiall cauteries Cathareticks namely Septicks and Escaroticks all which are mentioned before CHAP. V. Of curing diseases of magnitude WHen either the whole body Magnitude increased what it shews or any member thereof is increased contrary to nature so that the naturall actions are thereby hindred the Indication is that the magnitude increased may be diminished and indeed since the substance of the part is not sound when t is increased in magnitude as in wounds and ulcers the same medicines are to be exhibited as to those abounding in number but if either the whole body or any part be equally increased and it too much increaseth through the whole you may not use Iron or Fire nor corrasive medicines but there are two speciall aimes namely to draw away the too greate plenty of aliment from the parts and to consume it or take it away by Digerents and discutients wherefore fasting and spare dyet are then convenient and such use of the non-naturalls as may attenuate and discusse and medicines of the same nature Tumours also have their peculiar aimes which that generall Indication satisfieth Cure of Tumours which commands us to diminish that which is increased contrary to nature of which in its owne place The magnitude diminished on the other side indicates its increase but this is performed by new nourishing Bignesse diminished what it shewes or restoring and by generation by renutrition that which is wanting is restored by good and plentifull aliment and the part acquires a greater and naturall bignesse but generation is then necessary when any thing is lost of the substance of the part for there that is restored by the re-generation of flesh which was lost and the cavity of the ulcer filled up CHAP VI. Of curing diseases in scituation and connexion MOreover Organick diseases Diseases in position and connexion without they shew since there are diseases in position and connexion that which hath lost its naturall place Indicates its reposition into its naturall place but that which is not joyned to those which it ought Indicates its conjunction with them the first indication performed and bones out of joynt are cured by bending and forceing them from the opposite part to that from whence they were removed which by what meanes it may be performed is shewne before part 1. Sect. 2. Chap. 4. so other parts are to be reduced into their owne places But if the parts which according to nature ought to be separated are joyned together and grow together contrary to nature they are to be freed and separated But that separation is made either by Chirurgery and the
help of an Incision Knife and Iron or with a silken string or with a Horse hair or with caustick Medicines and Septicks But the other kind Diseases in connexion when the part is not joyned with those with which it ought Indicates that that which containes should be rendred more firme and solid And therefore those parts ought to be strengthned and contained CHAP. VII Of the cure of Solution of Continuity THe first Vnity dissolved what it shewes What to be done by the Physitian and most usuall Indication of Solution of Unity is uniting or unity dissolved Indicates that the parts that are separated should be united which thing although it be the work of nature yet the Physitian is the Servant of nature in this matter For these are the principall duties of the Physitian here First he is to be carefull that nothing fall into the part affected which may impede conglutination Secondly That the extreams or lips in the dissolved unity are rightly joyned againe and are mutually applyed to each other Thirdly That the extreames so joyned may be kept together Fourthly That the Temperament of the part it self may be preserved and the help of nature is necessarily required in agglutination Fifthy That the Symptomes which may ensue be prevented and corrected But these aimes are not alwaies performed in all parts alike The cure of wounds For in wounds every extraneous thing is to be taken away out of the Wound then the lips of the Wound are to be joyned together and it is to be endeavoured that they may be kept united As before part 1. Sect. 2. cap. 5. is spoken the parts being joyned the rest of the work is to be committed to nature t is the parr of the Physitian onely to endeavour that the blood which comes out offends neither in quantity nor quality and to use Medicines that generate flesh of which Galen 3. of his Method of healing cap. 3. And lastly to citatrize the wound yet if certaine Symptomes which may hinder the cure do follow as Hemerodes paine convulsions they are to be resisted and principally care is to be taken that no inflamation ensue In the cure of Fractures Of Fraciures the Physitian propounds to himself two aimes First that the broken bones may be rightly joyned together againe and that the naturall Position and Figure may be restored to them The other that being joyned they may be kept together and retained and grow in their naturall figure But in what manner that may be performed is spoken before p. 1. S. 2. c. 3. But the generation of hard flesh and skin Generation of hard flesh whereby the bones and skin may be conglutinated and grow together is the work of nature But the Physitian ought to help nature which he doth if he beware least any inflamation or such like accident which may hurt the substance and temperature of the member should follow and the aliment is to be so disposed through drying Medicines that it may the sooner be changed into callous or hard flesh of which t is spoken before CHAP. VIII Of the cure of oppressing and urging Symptomes THe third sort of preternaturall things remaines Symptomes urging how many namely Symptomes Symptomes as they are preternatural Indicate in generall the ablation of themselves But that Indication for the most part is unprofitable For since they depend on diseases and their causes those being taken away these also are taken away But because it cannot alwaies be expected or waited untill the cause or the disease be taken away somethings necessary Indicate vvhich require a peculiar cure different both from the cure of a disease and of the cause and that they require to be done speedily Such Symptomes are those which are said to urge or ensorce All those things provoke which threaten such danger and mischief that the ablation of the disease or of the cause on which it depends cannot be expected but if it should be expected it would threaten the hazard of life or some great hurt But then the ablation of the disease is not to be expected when either it is uncurable and the Symptomes belongs to an action hurt that is neceslary not absolutely for life but for amendment or if it be cureable the cure whereof is so tedious that before it can be perfected danger and hazard of life will be like to happen by reason of the Symptome those Symptomes are commonly accounted but few principally paine watchings and immoderate Evacuations yet there are some others Paine indicates a medicine taking away or mittigating paine Cure of paine but since paine is either a sad sensation or else is not made without a sad perception by sense and two things are necessary to sensation perception of a thing Tangeable or sense in the part which it meetes with and advertency of the mind if one of these be wanting neither sense nor paine is and therefore those things which take away and hinder one of these are contrary to the paine and as for what belongs to the sense in the part we may resist paine two wayes either by opposing a contrary object to the sad sensation or by taking away the sense sithhence therefore a sweet and pleasant sensation is contrary to a sad that the sad sensation may be taken away that is to be offered to it which is endued with a mild and gentle heate and brings forth a pleasant Anodines and sweete sensation when touched which are Anodines or medicines mittigating paine properly so called as a bath of fresh water common Oyle the far of Animalls Muscillages and other things endued with a temperate and pleasing heate of which above P. 1. S. 1. Chap. 7. Moreover Narcotticks mittigate paine Stupefactives or Stupifactives which stupifie the Spirits and together provoke sleepe and so doe it that the Dolorifique subject is not perceived Secondly Intentiveness of mind is hindred if it be averted to other objects Over much watching indicates a medicine causing sleepe Cure of over much watching sleepe may be occasioned foure wayes first if all things may be removed which may excite any sense to operate Secondly if the mind be drawne away from the agitation of the externall senses and the animall spirits are pleasantly invited from motion to rest Thirdly if those things are exhibited which allay hot dry and sharpe vapours and send pleasant fancies into the braine whereby it is moistned and as it were stupifyed Fourthly if those things are exhibited which by a peculiar faculty make the animall Spirits drowzie and unapt or dull which specially are called Hypnoticks and Narcoticks Thirst since it is the desire of cold and moist Cure of Thirst and is made through the defect of cold and moist it Indicates cold and moist as its contrary Too great a flux of the belly as it is such Of the flux of the belly Flux of blood is stopt by astringent things Blood slowing Indicates
and subsist untill the height but when it cannot the nature of the sick is to be considered for if the body is made bitter with choler hot and dry abounding with choler especially about the stomach he cannot endure thin Dyet or fasting for such bodyes motion is easily hinderd regard also is to be had of age for as it is in Hippo. 1. Apho. 13. old men easily endure fasting as also those of middle age young men lesse boyes least of all and amongst them especially those which have sharper and quicker wits But as for the nature of a difease Dyet in long diseases in long diseases there is need of an indifferent or full Dyet and so much the more plentifull by how much the diseases are slower but in acute dises thinner is requisite least if we should give too much meat we should cherish the discase but since there are degrees of acute diseales so much the thinner is to be given by how much the discase is the more acute Yet it is allwayes safer to give thicker Dyet then is fit Whether more error is committed in full or spare Dyet rather then thinner as for the quantity you ought rather to studdy substraction according to Hippo. 1. Apho. 5. In thin food the sick doe faint whence it comes to passe that they are hurt the more for as much as every fault here is greater then it useth to be in a little more plentifull Dyââ CHAP. IV. Of the right Administration of the Dyet of sick persons IN the same manner as in medicines so in vitalls Quantity of meate a threefold these may be observed namely the highest middle and lowest which may be administred in all Dyât whether thick indifferent or thin But which dose is to be given and when is collected by comparing of the strength and morbifique cause one with another for since the morbifique matter sometimes urgeth more sometimes lesse and sometimes the helpe of nature is more required in resisting the cause of a disease the same forme of Dyet may be observed sometimes a greater sometimes a lesser is to be given according as nature is sometimes busied more sometimes lesse in the combat with a disease Namely in the beginning of a disease nature contends not much as yet with the morbifique cause neither whilst it is yet imployed in concoction and Evacuation wherefore you may exhibit victualls which are convenient for the disease then the highest dose But in the Augmentation because nature begins to contend with the disease In the Augmentation and is more busied about the morbifique matter then in the beginning then some of the quantity is to be abated and Dyet is to be given in a middle dose But in the state when the combat of nature In the state and the disease is most violent and nature is most busied in concoction and evacuation of matter the victualls are to be administred in the smalest quantity and nature not to be called away from its purpose The time The time of giving food to the sick and when meate is to be given as for that in continued diseases and such as have no differences of fits Dyet is to be administred according to custome principally at that time when the sick use to eat before But in diseases which have fits when meate is to be given Hippo. shews 1. Apho. 11. It behoveth to take away meat in the sits themselves for to give it is hurtfull and when by circuit diseases returne in the Paroxismes themselves you must abstaine which neverthelesse is not simply to be taken but if a feaver be from a sharpe and biting humour kindled by the Sun anger fasting labours and the sick be thin and leane in body and in Temperament and especially in Summer time if he be hot and dry either a little before the fit or in the fit it selfe meate is to be taken otherwise he easily falls into a burning feaver or Hectick swooning or convulsion or such like and indangers the losse of his strength THE FIFTH BOOK PART III. Of the Compositions of Medicines SECT 1. Of preparing and compounding of Drugs in general CHAP. I. Of the necessity and profit of preparing and Compounding simple Medicines THere remains now the Pharmaceuticall part of Physick which prepares and compounds simple medicines for the word Pharmacopia comprehends them both namely the alteration of simple medicines by the helpe of Art without mixture of others and the mixture of simple medicines But this part of Physick is necessary Why it is necessary to compound medicânes for many and great causes for first the cause may be in the medicine it selfe namely if the substance of medicines be not so proper and troablesome to the sick by preparation and composition that which is wanting may be supplyed and that which is unprofitable troublesome and hurtfull may be taken a way sometimes a medicine hath a super fluous quality which we do not then want therefore we ought to allay that by mixture of the contrary some simple qualities are easily corrupted wherefore there needs digestion distillation concoction to be used or to preserve or pickle those things with Honey Sugar Vinegar Salt The strength of some medicines is easily taken away whence we are to effect by the mixture of more viscid things that so it may not be easily dissipated moreover the causes in effect it selfe contrary to nature for if simples are not to be found which have all those faculties which are requisite in one sick person oftentimes and in the mixture of diseases contrary to nature then one medicine is to be compounded of severall simples which may performe all the Indications which kind of medicines the Greeks call Polychreston Thirdly since that simples are not allways supplyed by nature which may agree to the Temperament Sex kind of life and various constitution of the parts of every one there is need of preparation and composition Lastly for the severall formes also whereof this is more pleasing to this that to that person nay in regard of the disease also t is necessary to prepare and compound medicines Oâ that we may breifly contract these things there is need of compounding medicines for two reasons either for the strength of the medicines sake or for its use and applycation sake for if the vertue of the medicine be weake t is to be strengthned by mixture with more vehement if any faculty be deficient t is to be mixt if a medicine be stronger then it is required something is to be added by which iâ is to be abated or corrected If a simple have any superfluous quality or hurtfull that is to be mixt by which that hurtfull quality may be taken away But that the medicine may rightly be applyed and drawn into action t is necessary that the medicine maybe preserved least before administration it looseth its strength by mixture of some preservative for example with Suga or some other Moreover that it may
if you have a desire to nourish They are prepared for severall purposes or uses The use according to the variety of the matter namely to quench thirst to cause sleep to provoke sweats and other things and sometimes externally in stead of Epythems and may be exhibited for the heat of the braine and to mitigate paine and cause sleep They are prepared in this manner Manner of preparing Sweet Almonds are blanched so are the foure great cold Seeds and other things the Kernels also are beaten in a stone or marble Morter pouring in by degrees some fountaine water or of Roses and other convenient distilled waters or clarifyed with a convenient decoction that is pleasant to the taste The proportion of the liquour is uncertaine sometimes more sometimes lesse according to the strength of the seeds and fruits and according as the Emulsion is required to be thicker or thinner But at the least a threefold oftentimes a six-fold eight-fold ten-fold c. quantity of the liquour is required being beaten they are strained and if convenient Syrups or Julips that are proper as of Violets or Roses are added The Emulsion being made sometimes it is to be sweetned with Sugar or Rowles of Diamarg frig manus Christi perlati or the Juleps lately mentioned Sometimes there may be added some Cinamon water if the disease will suffer it and sometimes conserves Comfits and liquid Electuaries may be added from halfe a drachm to a drachm two drachms or more Pearles also Corall Harts horne burnt and other powders and Spices may be added to Emulsions Sometimes potulent Medicines may be made of Pearles onely Corall Harts horne and such like with convenient waters which also by reason of the colour of Milke which they have are called Emulsions and are very frequent with moderne Physitians Oftentimes Juices also that are drawne out by expression as of Pomegranates Lemmons or other liquours also are mixt with those waters yet so that the distilled waters for the most part exceed the rest in quantity sometimes but seldome some convenient Syrup But because Physitians for the most part desire a white colour in this water for the most part they omit all those things that may discolour it CHAP. IX Of Tinctures and Extracts and liquid dissolutions AN Extract is nothing else but the pure essence of a thing separated from its grosser body by a fit menstruum whence they are also called Essences by many which whilst it is as yet in a more liquid substance An Extract and joyned with the menstruum it hath also the colour of the thing and therefore is called a Tincture alth ough sometimes they are called Tinctures also when the essence of a thing is now separated from its menstruum which extracted it Essences or Tinctures that are liquid Essences are prepared either of green Plants or of Juices when they are prepared of green things the Hearbs are bruised and a little spirit of Wine is put in for the preservation of them and the juice is pressed out which being cleansed is called an Essence Those that are properly called Extracts are prepared of dryed Plants from whence if the whole menstruum be not separated it is called a Tincture or liquid extract But menstruums that is Liquours exhibited for the drawing out of the essence of a thing are various according to the diversity of the matter and use they of spirit of Wine distilled Waters Whey Vinegar and such like are exhibited In choosing a menstruam first you are to consider whether you desire a liquid tincture or an extract or a thicker or grosser body For if a liquid tincture be desired a menstruum is to be taken which is of the same kind and faculty But if the menstruum ought to be separated it is no matter although it be of another kinde then the Tincture is of But since it is required in a menstruum that by the subtility of its substance it may penetrate the matter and by its familiarity intice out the purer parts and without spoyling and corrupting of the Extract it selfe may againe be separated from it Spirit of Wine may easily be esteemed the best amongst them and take the first place but May-dew distilled Vineger Spirit of Salt of Turpentine c. are used also according as some present occasion may require If compound Extracts are prepared The manner of preparing Extracts and the simples be of divers natures each of them severally or those which are nearest one to the other are drawn off by their Menstruum and afterwards the Extracts are mingled The way of preparing Extracts is plain of it self namely the Menstruum is poured into the matter that is beaten and poudred which sometimes by the help of an external heat when the essence of a thing is drawn out and the Menstruum coloured enough 't is poured out and another is put in and that so often repeated till all the strength and virtue is extracted afterwards the Menstruum is separated by heat which if it be not separated whole 't is called a Tincture or liquid Extract but if almost whole and of the consistence of Honey 't is called a simple extract examples may be seen in the Institutions Nor are such Extracts as well liquid as thicker prepared simply alone but also compounded to these belong Eâixir of propriety purging Extracts and universal purgers Laudanum opiated To Extracts belong those Rosins also which are prepared of Scammony Mechoacam Jalep and such like containing in them a kinde of gummy substance Of Tinctures of Gemms Coralls Metalls as of Balsum of Venus may be seen in the Institutions CHAP. X. Of Conserves Preserves and medicinal Juices THe name of Conserve is given principally to Flowers The manner of making Conserves and sometimes to Herbs and certain soft and tender Roots which being made up with Sugar are kept many years they are prepared in this manner the Flowers or Herbs newly picked or cleansed and if they abound with too much humidity first a little dried in the shade let them be mingled and brayed in a stone-morter with a woodden Pestle with twice or thrice the quantity of Sugar and afterwards the mixture is to be put up in a Glass or glased vessel If the Plants are moister 't is profitable to heat the Conserves when they are made by a gentle Fire 2. Others take a Glass and cover the bottom of it with Sugar then they put in the Flowers to be condited the depth of three Fingers breadth and then they put in Sugar again and in this manner heap upon a heap and the Glass close shut they expose it to the Sun some certain weeks 3. Sometimes the Roots are boiled untill they can be pounded or without boiling are washed and cleansed and are beaten very small to them so pounded or to the Decoction strained through a Hair-sieve the Sugar is added as it use to be for Syrups The name of Condite although it may be taken for
cause a Fever but such a kind of heat it ought to be as can cause such a hot disease as can hinder the performance of natural actions Whence 't is manifest that a Fever is one thing A Fever and feverish heat differ and a feavourish heat another thing A Fever properly is that hot distemper which happens in the living parts of a body and renders them unable to act but the fevourish heat is also in the humors and spirits and stirrs up that hot distemper of the body which constitutes the essence of a Fever CHAP II. Of the causes of Fevers in general ALthough there is but one only cause of a hot distemper of the whole body which constitutes the essence of a Fever namely preter-natural heat kindled in the heart and thence distributed over all the body yet the causes from whence that heat in the heart ariseth are several as Galen of the causes of diseases cap. 2. and in the first book of differences of diseases cap. 3. recites five Motion Putrefaction Contact of some hot thing Cloasure of the pores of the skin or a Retention of a hot stream and lastly Mixture with some hot thing And of these causes some by themselves and some by accident stir up heat First from Motion Motion sithence the Spirits and humours of our bodies are hot from the confluence of them into any part according to the various motion of the body and mind heat is increased which if it be greater and be either kindled in the heart or communicated to the heart a Fever ensueth Secondly Putrefaction excites heat Putrefaction For since all things that do putrifie become hotter and out of putred bodies are exalted many hot vapours thence heat is conveyed to the heart by the veins and arteries and from thence a Fever raised Thirdly contact of a hot thing exciteth a Fever Contact of a hot thing As if the body wax hot by the Sun Fire Bath or Medicine and that heat be sent to the heart a Fever followeth Fourthly if the pores of the skin are closed and a hot stream and hallituous excrements Retention of a hot steam which in concoction are generated in the body and use to be sent out through the pores of the skin be penn'd in heat is thereby kindled and a Fever bred Lastly when hot things are mingled with humours and spirits as meat drink hot Medicines all those communicate that heat which they contained in themselves to the Spirits and humours which if they penetrate the heart and from thence be distributed to the other parts of the body a Fever is thereby kindled And indeed the fourth of these causes or the retention of the hot effluvium is sufficient alone without the rest to cause a Fever But the other causes without this can hardly do it For although from Motion Putrefaction Contact and Mixture with a hot thing hot vapours are stirred up in the body yet if the body freely ventilate and that so much be daily evaporated and emitted of those vapours as are generated a Fever is not easily occasioned but when those vapours are detained a Fever is soon kindled But although these causes if they be powerful Disposition of a body to a Fever may raise a Fever in any body whatsoever yet in bodies inclinable an ordinary power in the causes may suffice to beget a Fever Now they are most inclinable to Fevers which abound with much heat salt and sharp humours For which reason Youths are more apt to Fevers of which you may read Galen 8 Of the Method of healing cap. 8. where the whole order of Inclinations to Fevers are set down 1. Hot and dry 2 hot and moist 3. hot only 4. dry only 5. temperate 6. cold and dry 7. cold only 8. moist only 9. cold and moist Yet to another kind of Fevers other bodies are more inclinable CHAP. III. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general WHereas in a Fever the temper of a body is changed Symptomes of Fevers and rendred hotter hence certain Symptomes of Fevers must necessarily ensue And first of all it is hence manifest that those actions are especially hindred which should be performed by the similar parts as they are such and by the benefit of the temper of each such part no organick part concurring Such action since it is Nutrition and those that are subservient thereunto they are especially hurt in Fevers Yet because the Instruments by which other actions are performed consists of similar parts that imperfection is derived to the hinderance of them as of vital and animal actions Indeed the vital actions are principally hurt in a Fever because the fevourish heat is first kindled in the heart Whence in all Fevers the Pulse becomes more frequent and swifter for since the motion of Pulses in all Fevers may be increased first a thick Pulse as being most facile of all but if that frequency satisfies not the necessity celerity happens which if that be not sufficient then magnitude follows So that the strength be not debilitated The animal actions also are often hurt As for other Symptomes preter-natural heat is observed to offend internally or externally Also the excrements and qualities of a body are variously changed by reason of the hinderances of concoctions CHAP. IV. Of the differences of Fevers in general THe differences of Fevers are taken from their essence Differences or from their accidents Hippocrat 6. Epid. comment text 29. propounds the differences taken from the heat it self of the Fever that some Fevers are biring namely such as strike the hand of them that touch them and by reason of that sharp vapour which is stirr'd up by putted matter it doth as it were prick the hand but a mild one is such as hath troublesome heat but not so violent Moreover the heat oâ some Fevers at the first touch is not sharp and nipping but if the hand be continued longer afterwards it betrayes itself On the contrary others are quick at first to the touch but if the hand continue longer it is overcome by the hand and a little abated But those are the most proper differences which are taken from inherence in the Subject and the cause of inhering which Fevers are divided into Ephemeraes putred and hectick the truest foundation of which division is that one Fever is in habitude the other in habit for although the fevourish heat in every Fever possess the similar parts of the body yet some are so inherent in the body that they require no cause to cherish them and although they are not fed by the kindling of humours and Spirits nevertheless they will continue which sort are called Hecticks Another hot distemper is so inherent in the similar parts of the body that unless it be cherished by the kindling of humours and Spirits it can no more subsist which Fever is called a Fever in habitude which in respect of the cause is twofold an Ephemera to
is to be procured Putrefaction is to be resisted and the putred humours are to be cooled and dryed the generation of peccant humours by ablation of their cause is to be prevented Yet nevertheless seeing that these indications are often contrary and that those medicines which are administred for the cause may make the Fever worse and the contrary We must be careful how to perform these intentions And for the most part since the Fever comes last the cause is to be taken away first since the cause hath more power then the disease and the cause of a putred Fever being taken away the Fever of necessity ceaseth Yet if the greatness of the Fever inforce 't is necessary to have regard of the Fever first and afterwards to the taking away of the cause or certainly if we may first go to the taking away of the cause we should be very careful that by those things by which we take away the cause we increase not the Fever But those things are never to be used for the cure of the Fever which increaseth its cause fince that for the most pare that is of greatest force CHAP. V. Of breathing of a vein NOw for the cure to be performed by these intentions Letting blood and first concerning Phlebotomy Galen 11. meth medendi cap. 15. gives this rule It is most wholesome he sayes in all Fevers to open a vein not only in continued but also in all others which the putrifying humour stirreth up Whether when and why to be done in a putred Fever especially when neither age nor want of strength prohibites it And he addeth this reason For nature which rules our bodies being enlighthed and unburthened of that by which as with a pack it was oppressed what remains it will overcome without difficulty and therefore not being forgetful of its proper office will both concoct what can be concocted and cast out what may be emitted Yet this precept of Galen is to be rightly understood and explained For although there are many occasions for opening a vein and Authors cannot agree about the reason why Galen commands Phlebotomy in putred Fevers Yet 't is clear he did it that by evacuation of the blood nature might be enlightened and freed from the greatest part of her burthen for when blood abounds the opening of a vein and purging of Cacochymy are the best remedies furthermore when it is a plethorick body without doubt we should open a vein In some measure the breathing of a vein doth take away the cacochymy contained in the veins and mixed with the blood since the vein being opened the vitious humours go out with the blood especially because purgation which can take away foul humours out of the veins is not so safe as the breathing of a vein to be appointed at the beginning of a Fever For although Phlebotomy cannot take away all the ill humours out of the veins yet nature is lessned some part of her burthen and therefore can concoct and master the remainder the more easily for it may be that the plenty of blood which before the sickness was no trouble to the party now being sick and weakened with a Fever may become burthensom unto him And although some good blood be emitted therewith yet that hurts not the sick but rather helps as is said As we also see by critical Hemorrhodes that nature sends out no small quantity of good blood together Yet nature for the most part useth to drive no small part of peccant humours to the extream and subcutaneous parts thence and in the first place most commonly the worst blood comes first out Whence it is manifest especially in continual Fevers in those who abound with blood or have peccant humours mixt with their blood that bleeding is proper and that at the beginning that nature may be unladed of part of her burthen but if vitious humours are not intermingled with the blood in the greater veins the breathing of a vein for evacuation thereof is not to be used Cooling and fanning the blood is performed by lerting blood but they are only to be done when bleeding will not cool it alone Rules allowing Phlebotomy We are not only to observe whether bleeding be needful but also whether the party be strong enough to suffer it when the strength of the vital faculty is principally to be required so that the strength do not languish by too great store of blood suffocating the Spirits Age Habit of body and condition of the ambient air shew the strength But how much blood is to be taken away The quantity that may be taken first by the plenty of blood then by comparing the strength of the Patient with the greatness of the disease will be manifest for greater quantity requires larger emission lesser less robustious bodies require larger breathings of veins weaker require less The strength varies according to temperament habit of body age sex season of the year the condition of the Heavens and the Region as also in regard of certain Symptomes which use to be accompanied with Fevers as of watchings pain and such like As for the time for letting blood The time 't is to be done when 't is indicated and no way prohibited which is in the beginning and by how much the more the disease hastens to increase so much the sooner blood is to be taken away The place but if the concoctions are more dull and slow Pulebotomy may be deferr'd longer Veins that are opened for evacuation are best in the middle of the arm yet if the sick be weak and that also revulsion is to be made from the head the veins in the foot are to be opened to the greatest benefit of the sick CHAP. VI. Of Purging BUt because all putred Fevers have their original from foul humours Purgation Now we are to consider by what means they may be evacuated but seeing those things which evacuate them are twofold Lenitives and Purges properly so called Lenitives are safely to be administred in the beginning of all putred Fevers because there are scarce any bodies wherein the stomack guts and Mesaraick veins contain not some of the peccant humours These evacuations are to be caused by Clysters Clysters called loosening medicines and by vomit The Clysters are made of Mallows Marsh-mallows Violets Pellitory Beares-breech Mercury common Oil or mixt with Violets brown Sugar Cassia Lenitives Elect Lenitive Diacatholicon Hiera and such like Or those lenitive medicines may be given which are at this day in use Syrrup of Roses solutive of Violets solutive Honey of Roses solutive Tamarinds Cassia Manna the lenitive Electuary simple Cream of Tartar You must use such medicines at the times of remisness and intermittings when the Fever least offendeth whether it be carly in the morning or in the evening Sometimes also in the beginning of Fevers you may administer a vomit when great store of matter is contained in the stomack and adjacent parts
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâmwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers ââognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
vapours cannot be transmitted to the heart and so a Febris Lenta is stirred up which therefore is unequal and keeps no certain order This Fever is the gentlest of all and molesteth not the sick with any grievous Symptome so that the sick oftentimes thinks himself well In the mean while the strength decayes that the sick can scarce go forward and the body is no ways refreshed by aliment but wasteth by degrees whence sometimes this Fever is accounted with an Hectick and therefore when there is any suspition of this Fever in the first place we must diligently search the Hypocondries and Hypogastries to try whether any tumor be to be discerned in any of them some signs of putrefaction also will appear in the urine and discover themselves in the Pulse This Fever is more durable and goes beyond the terms of other Fevers and often endeth not in fourty days nor is it gone until the humour fastened to the interal be consumed The third sort of Symptomatical Fevers is Fevers from putrefaction of interals that which ariseth from the putrefaction of any interal from whence putred vapours through the veins inserted might be sent to the heart heat that and might stir up a continued Fever whereby the body by degrees might be extenuated and wither And this Fever is sometimes more violent sometimes more mild according as the putrefaction is more or less This often happens in putrefaction of the lungs in such as are Phthisical so 't is found that the Caul or Kell Mesentery Womb and other parts are corrupted and thence a Fever kindled In like manner from Fistulaes penetrating into the internal parts a Febris lenta being stirred up it is observed that some do consume and waste The fourth kind of Symptomatical Fevers is when either from corrupt milk From corrupt milk Putrified blood Worms which often happens in Infants or from blood putrifying somewhere without the vessels or from worms putred vapours are communicated to the heart that is heated and a Fever irritated To these may be referred that Fever which ariseth from crudity which is familiar amongst little children from their eating of sweet things which hath with it a tumor and inflammation of the Hypocondries which the Germans call Das Herngespam from the abundance of crude humours collected in the stomack and neighbouring parts which begin to putrefie and are turned into wind Diagnâstick signs Symptomatical Fevers properly so called are known by this that they come after diseases of private parts and the first sort of these Fevers is known from hence because it follows an inflammation of some certain part as on the contrary Fevers called Comitatae first appear and invade with rigor and trembling to which afterwards a Fever happens But those Lentae or slow Fevers are known by their slow heat wherewith notes of putrefaction in the urine and pulse appear the sick are weak scarce able to go the body wasteth by little and little and the Fever is lengthened for the most part beyond fourty days they are tormented by the use of purging But when the cause of these Fevers is hidden 't is very hardly to be distinguished and therefore the Hypocondries and other internal parts are to be observed with great diligence and we are to enquire whether any tumor or pain be to be found there But those which arise from the putrefaction of any part are more easily known nor indeed can the corruption of the part be hidden unless it be ignoble So that Fever which proceeds from corrupt milk or blood is easily known by its signs as also that which ariseth from crudity is manifest from their loathing things blowing up and swelling of the Hypocondries Although these Fevers in respect of themselves for the most part are not dangerous because they are mild The Prognostick yet in regard of their causes on which they depend we ought to doubt whether they are dangerous or not as also whether they are long or short for those which follow an inflammation of any part are short since that the inflammation it self cannot be long but the danger of them depends on the inflammation The Febres Lentae are for the most part long and often continue more then fourty days And although not by their violence yet by their duration they debilitate the strength they are cured also with difficulty because their cause pertinaciously inheres in some interal Those Fevers are very dangerous and seldom curable which come from the corruption and putrefaction of any part because the part can seldom be cured But those Fevers which proceed from corrupted mill and blood worms or crudity are often acute and dangerous and bring with them grievous Symptomes as Epilepsies Convulsions yet they last not long neither are they hard to be cured but the cause being taken away they cease The way of cure ought to be aimed at by striking at the cause whereon it depends The Cure If therefore a Symptomatical Fever depend on an inflammation of any part the cure is to be directed to the inflammation it self which being cured the Fever ceaseth And therefore most remedies which are convenient to asswage inflammations are here useful Yet in regard of the part affected the way of cure sometimes differs the part affected is diligently to be weighed Whereof it shall be spoken in the cure of particular affects The Febres Lentae since they proceed from extraordinary obstructions of the bowels require opening attenuating and deterging medicines And such are to be chosen as are appropriated to each part and such as strengthen the tone of the interals which for the most part is debilitated yet by intervalls gentle purgation may be used Neither are Diureticks to be omitted in their season Externally also if the part affected will bear it Emollients and Discutients are to be applied If the Symptomatical Fever proceed from the corruption and putrefaction of any part that cure is to be instituted which agreeth to Ulcers and Fistulaes of the internal parts If it be occasioned by corrupt milk or blood Worms or crude and corrupt meats we are to endeavour that those causes be taken away conveniently either by vomit or cleansing and evacuating medicines and together to resist putrefaction and fevourish heat In the cure of accompanied Fevers we are to look no less to the Fever then that conjunct disease or companion and the metion of nature is not to be impeded The cure of accompanied Fevers least the peccant humour retained in the body should cause more danger and therefore although it be not profitable to hinder an inflammation when 't is beginning Yet the humour that is the cause or that evil is also to be evacuated which is most conveniently done for the most part by breathing of a vein which together affords evacuation and revulsion Yet it shall be profitable also to empty the firft passages since that oftentimes the matter is gather'd together in them and since the matter for the
how the matter which is the cause of a new Paroxism is generated and so the cause of Paroxisms and the recourse of intermitting Fevers is explained But what the reason is why these Fevers return at set times some sooner some later is now another question and that most intricate which is easier to ask then answer But that we may here forbear to recite the opinions of others which are very many we will mention only that which seems most probable to us so far as in this humane dimness of our understanding in so obscure a business we are able to discover And first that Fevers keep such certain periods experience doth manifest whereby it appeareth that some Fevers return the third some the fourth day and that oftentimes it observes not only the same hour but minute of invasion although the fits may somtimes anticipate somtimes retard for certain reasons But the cause why paroxisms return at certain times we conceive is to be sought from the diversity of humours For those effects as Valleriola saith in any one sort of things which perpetually agree to the things and are made in the like manner into what body and at what time soever they happen to come these are to be referred to the proper substance of that of the which they are made but to make return through certain days and to irritate accessions both agrees perpetually to humors and the recourses in this manner alwaies at equal intervals unless a perverting of the order of periods happen from else-where are made Therefore it shall be from such or such a nature of humours that the recourse shall be made in the same sort namely the causes of periods and intermitting Fevers are excrementitious humours Choler Melancholy Flegme and those Fevers which return the third day proceed from a Cholerick humour those on the fourth from Melancholy those that come every day so that they are not double Tertians proceed from Flegme Yet the cause of periods cannot be drawn simply from humours but as they acquire a peculiar quality from putrefaction or corruption by reason whereof at a certain time they wax hot and begin to be moved For sithence this effect is definite and determinate which carries it self alike in all individuals 't is necessary that it have a certain definite and determinate cause in all individuals that are alike which since that neither disposition of parts nor quantity of humours for we see that although the store of matter decreaseth and the fits are become shorter nevertheless they do return at their usual time nor manifest quality of humour thickness viscidity tenuity or some such like which useth to vary can be a quality we must needs fly to a peculiar and proper quality and nature of a humour which also when it is changed the form of the Fever it self is changed for when Choler is turned into Melancholy the Fever which used to come the third day cometh on the fourth and this quality also may afterwards remain in the humour when the putrefaction ceaseth and the Fever depending thereon Whence as Fornelius in his to of Fevers witnesseth the torments of the Cholick Pains of the Joynts and such like diseases arising after long continued Tertians and Quartans do likewise keep certain periods by reason of that disposition which they have received from the corruption or putrefaction of the humours Yet if any one be willing to determine that the said occult propriety is derived Order of the fits not from corruption only but that celestial causes do also concur to its generation I will not much contend with him for we see that principally about the Solstices and Aequinoctials such Fevers especially the most durable of them do begin and end But although Fevers keep certain periods yet there is a certain difference in them also for somtimes the fit returns just at the expected time somtimes the following paroxisme returns sooner then the former which form is called proleptick somtimes the following fit comes later then the former and that form is called Hysterick and indeed somtimes through the whole course of the disease such a form is observed and oftentimes from the beginning of a Fever until the end of the same the paroxismes anticipate or come after the expected time but somtimes in some there is anticipation in some post pofition otherwise the fits comes at the same time For the most part they say The cause of anticipation and coming late that anticipation happens when the humours by some error in diet are augmented or are moved by medicines anger exercise and such like causes But the fits return flower when the matter is diminished or thickned Which indeed when the accustomary paroxisme is changed that it may be so as we do not deny so when the Fever keeps always some certain form either proleptick or hysterick the cause rather seems to be taken from the diversity of the humour for although Choler according to its manner being corrupted is the cause of a Tertian Melancholy of a Quartan yet Choler and Melancholy according to the diversity of Bodies and Temperaments do oftentimes vary somthing Hence also it happens that although that putred leaven or occult quality introduced by choler be the cause of the circuit of a Tertian Melancholy being brought in of a Quartan yet according to the difference of a humour it may happen so that the effervescence or fervency of humours may come sooner or later by some hours Concerning the longitude or brevity of some Paroxisms that depends on the paucity or plenty of matter The cause of the length of Fits disposition of the humours and body For a plentiful quantity of humours is the cause of a longer fit then a small so a thick humour causeth a longer then a thin since it cannot be so soon discussed as a thin If the strength of the body be great which can more easily discuss what is offensive then theirs who are weak the shorter fit followeth Also a thinner constitution of body as being more apt for the discussing of the matter is the cause of a shorter fit a thicker of a longer And when all the causes which occasion a short paroxism concur a very short fit is raised But when all those that produce a long are present the paroxism is extream long When certain causes are present which make a short fit and some are wanting of them an indifferent betwixt both happens And so much of the nature place and motion of the proximate cause which exciteth intermittent Fevers The more remote causes of intermitting Fevers But the more remote causes and those things which conduce to the generation and corruption of that matter in the Meseraick veins are meat and drink of evil juice but yeilding matter for peccant humours answering to their own nature and an ill disposition of stomack whereof meats turn into choler or become sour an intemperate constitution of Ayr for although divers humours are generated
in different bodies naturally yet if there be great vehemency of manifest causes even in bodies of different constitutions they may produce the same humours and diseases depending on them As for the difference of intermitting Fevers Difference they proceed from the diversity of humours for there are so many sorts of intermitting Fevers as there are of humours by which they are produced for there are according to the vulgar opinion three sorts of excrementitious humours Choler Flegme and Melancholy and so three kinds of intermitting Fevers Bilious Pituitous and Melancholy which differences we usually call a Tertian intermittent a quotidian intermittent and a quartane intermittent And in case those humours are sincere pure Fevers are generated if they are mixed spurious And that Fever which proceeds from pure Choler is called a pure Tertian but that which ariseth from yellow Choler mixt with some other humour is called a Bastard Tertian But concerning a quotidian intermittent Of a quotidian whether any be the matter is not so plain For Fernelius accounts this the rarest of all other and scarce one of them happens amongst six hundred and that those intermittent Fevers which daylie afflict for the most part he rather accounts them double Tertians But Platerus flatly denies a Quotidian Fever and wholly agreeth with Galen 8. Meth. med cap. 5. where he appoints only a twofold crudity the one nitrous the other acid and they only seem to afford matter for two sorts of Fevers Cholerick and Melancholy For although Flegme also according to preheminency and most principally be called a crude humour yet since it is exceeding cold it can scarcely putrifie and excite a Fever But whether there are more circuits of Fevers Whether there are Quintan Fevers and whether besides Tertians Quartans and if there be any such thing as Quotidians there are also other Fevers which are extended beyond the fifth circuit is doubtful Galen saw no such Nevertheless Hypocrates and other Physitians observed Fevers which returned the fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth day But what the cause of this course is is very obscure Some seek the cause of such fits out of the diverse constitution of Choler and Melancholy and Andreas Caesalpinus Art Med. lib. 2. cap. 15. refers Quintans to Choler Septanes to Melancholy and determines such flower returns of Fits to be a kind of renewing of one or more simple accessions and the Quintan to be a kind of Tertian wherein the third day is without a paroxism and a Septan to be a sort of Quartan renewing the accession of the fourth day But most derive the reason of these circuits from the various mixture of Melancholy humours with others But although it be probable that all these Fevers as keeping longer periods proceed from a Melancholy humour yet a mixture of that humour seems not necessary Because no humour can be appointed to be mixed with a Melancholy which can be a cause of a slower period then it self for those humours both Cholerick and Melancholy are not alwaies of the same sort and moreover the corruption also which they suffer is not alwaies the same so that it is no wonder that the effect also varies which proceeding from them is not alwaies the same And as in epidemical diseases somtimes rare and wonderful corruptions of humours happen so in Intermittents that some such thing may likewise happen is not altogether absurd Intermitting Fevers are easily known Diagnostick signs for they come to Apurexie and at certain times and indeed as Galen 1. ad Glaucan cap. 5.2 de crisib cap. 3. 2. de diff Febr. cap. 3. teacheth they return with shaking horror or cold For although that somtimes Fevers do occur which seem intermittent and invade without any rigour trembling or cold yet really they are not such but only slow and obscure continued ones or in case they are really intermittent they are not pure whose Idea Galen propounds but spurious But these Fevers are less dangerous then continued Prognosticks and seldome unless the strength be decayed or in regard of age or some other cause or some errour committed in diet are mortal sithence it may be convenient during the apurexie to gather strength and administer necessary medicines Concerning the cure of these Fevers in general Indications and Cure Since their cause is collected and generated in the meseraick veins there putrifies and thence is diffused over all the body and at length is discussed by insensible transpiration or sweats But the cause of the recourse of the Fever as Galen teacheth 2. de Febr. cap. the last is a twofold vitious disposition in a body the one a certain pollution or putrifaction left after the former paroxisme the other imbecility of the member or part generating excrementitious humours what therefore is to be done in each sort of Fever easily appears from hence For sithence the beginning of generation and corruption of humours producing a Fever is in the first passages Purging we are to endeavour to purge out that peccant humour before it corrupts the rest of the blood and brings weakness and a vitious disposition to the parts but we must proceed warily in those evacuations since there is not the same reason of all intermitting Fevers For when that vitious and excrementious humour the cause of a Fever in the meseraicks is mixed with blood crudity also and concoction according to their manner are necessary whereby the vitious humours may be separated from the good and rendred fit for evacuation and that often happens in a short time in Fevers full of Choler and the cholerick humour is otherwise apt enough to motion But in a Quartan the humour is more stubborn and moreover according to Galen 1. ad Glau. cap. 11. no strong medicine is easily to be admitted at the beginning And Sudorifiques are not at all or altogether to be used Sweats unless evacuations have preceded for if many vitious and excrementitious humours do hitherto abide in the first ways it may easily come to pass that by reason of hydroticks untimely exhibited they may be detruded thence to the more noble parts and may become the cause of various and grievous evils and such as may bring more danger then the Fever it self As for breathing of a vein Letting blood 't is not indicated from the primary cause of intermitting Fevers which is generated in the meseraick veins where the greatest part abideth Yet because that somtimes blood also abounds which may easily be corrupted and polluted by the vitious humours and so if it be too plentiful cannot be well governed by nature when it is weakned by a Fever and in the progress of the disease from thence some of the peccant matter passeth into the vena cava and is mixed with the blood it is somtimes needful to open a vein which nevertheless is not to be appointed presently in the beginning before the evacuation of the primary passages If the Fever be not cured by
the roots of Grass Sparagus Fennel Maidenhair red Parsnips Bindweed flowers of Camomil and Wormwood are convenient But principally the Physitian ought to imitate nature Sweats which at the end of the paroxisme useth to move sweats and should discuss the Reliques of the vitious humours by fudoriferous medicines given either before or after the paroxism and indeed in pure Tertians wherein nature usually causes sweat in the end of the fit it often sufficeth that the sick drink only Barley water or the water of Sorrel or Carduus benedictus may be given with the Syrup of the juice of Citron or Limmon In spurious hotter medicines are to be used such as hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers which being given some hours before the paroxism often prevents or cures the same If the Fever be not cured with these remedies Coroloratives and that there be any signe of viscous matter and that the Liver and Spleen are likewise affected regard thereunto must also be had and since the Liver for the most part in bastard Tertians is obstructed by thick choler or choler mixed with thick humours which pollutes the blood those things which cleanse the body from choler are to be used to which purpose Wormwood is very good to be used which hath a force of deterging choler and bringing away the same by stool and urine as also hath century the lesser Troches also of Wormwood of Rhubarb Gentian and such like are also profitable care also must be taken of the Spleen and Stomack if they are debilitated There are certain other medicines given somtimes Febrifuga which are called Febrifuga of which 't is spoken in the fore-going chapter And besides these Topical Medicines there are yet others which are externally applyed to the body to cure Fevers namely a plaister of cobwebs with unguento populio the leaves of Shepherds pouch nettles crowfoot and other vesiccatories Concerning Diet Diet. in a pure intermitting Tertian the same diet useth to be kept for the most part as in a continued Tertian they are to abstain from honey sweet things and all those things which ingender choler wine is not to be drunk before concoction but when the notes of concoction have appeared you may use it so it be thin and watry meat is to be given when the paroxism is past unless Syncope imminent perswade the contrary Galen 10. Meth. Med. c. 5. In bastard Tertians two things are principally to be observed concerning diet first that the disease by too plentiful a diet may not be increased Secondly that the strength by too slender a diet may not be debilitated which should hold out most in a long disease and therefore the magnitude of the disease and the greatness of the strength are to be compared one with another and in case the strength be greater and the matter harder to be concocted the thinner diet is to be used but the larger diet if the strength be weak and the matter easier to be concocted The drink should not only cool and moisten but also cut and therefore it may be mixed with Hysop and wilde Marjerom and if water sweetned with honey be exhibited Vinegar being thereunto added that Choler may be thereby corrected CHAP. XIX Of a Quotidian Intermittent THe second sort of intermitting Fevers is that which proceeds from Flegm A Quotidian Fever which because it takes them every day is called a quotidian Fernelius writes that this is the rarest of all Fevers and that which scarce happens once amongst six hundred Nay there are some who plainly deny it and although many are affected every day yet they are sick of a double Tertian or treble Quartan The cause of this Fever sithence it is Flegm putrifying in the meseraick veins all those things may be causes of this Fever The cause which conduce to the generation of Flegm namely weakness of the bowels especially of the stomack heat cold and moist aliment and too great plenty of them This Fever is known by the causes generating Flegm which went before Diagnostick signs and also by the signs of Flegm abounding in the body explained in lib. 3. of Institutions part 2. cap. 2 This Fever chiefly comes to invade in the night only with coldness of the extreme parts and trembling The heat after refrigeration slowly invades so that somtimes heat somtimes cold is perceived and the heat at the first doth not seem sharp but habituous yet if the hand put thereunto continue some time it appears a little sharp and when it is diffused over the whole body it doth not burn much so that the sick do not breath extraordinarily neither are they very thirsty The face is not very red but for the most part yellowish or a little puffed up the eyes in the beginning are white thin and crude afterwards when the matter is concocted they become thick troubled and oftentimes also red In the first paroxisms also they sweat not but in the progress of the disease they sweat a little the Pulse also is exceeding little thin and more then in Quartans but equally slow the paroxism is extended to eighteen hours and the interval which is six hours is seldome pure and free nay 't is often extended to four and twenty hours But how long this Fever shall continue Prognosticks may be conjectured by the signs of concoction appearing sooner or later in the Urine and by the longitude and brevity of the paroxism for if nature timely aim at some evacuation it affords hopes of shortness of the disease But this Fever as being that which ariseth from a pertinacious humour is long and continueth unto forty days three moneths or more and is not without danger and when the Stomack and Liver are much affected with it the sick are often cast into a Dropsie and Cachexy The cure for the most part is the same with a Quotidian continued The Cure for the pituitous humour is to be prepared and evacuated to wit the first passages are to be opened with Clisters accommodated to the pituitous humour breathing a vein is scarce used but a Vomit is more useful then in any other sort of Fever because the stomack is principally affected but 't is to be occasioned by seed of Radish Orach of Dill flowers of Broom in those that are strong with Spurge and others that are every where known The Flegmatick humour is to be prepared with convenient medicines Preparers the opening roots Hysop wilde Marjoram Betony Mayden hair Agrimony Groundpine Camomil and other things convenient for Flegm Syrup of Sorrel simple and compound Syrup of the two and of the five Roots Honey of Roses Syrup Byzant simple and compound of Hysop Oxymel simple and compound with Squills spirit of Salt and Vitriol The matter in the first place being prepared Purgers it should be evacuated with Agarick Mechoachan Turbith Troches of Alhandal Elect. Indo Diaphaenico Diacarthamo pills of Hieca with Agarick
But from whence that force and quality so mischievous and inimicous to the heart Whether the nature of the plague consist in putrifaction hath its original and dependeth of that there is a very great controversie amongst Physitians and indeed some do conceive that the Pestilence only consisteth of putrifaction and conclude that by putrifaction the nature of the Pestilence may be consumed But because they themselves acknowledge that all putred Fevers are not pestilential they strive variously to determine it in putrifaction and that they divers ways strive to explain but all in vain Whatsoever therefore putrifaction is concluded to be it sufficeth not to constitute the pestilence for there are measures and degrees of putrifaction also whatsoever they are since that they differ only according to magis and minus they differ not in their kind neither do they separate the plague from the rest of the putred Fevers Moreover the Plague hurteth in another kind then a putred Fever doth for it spreads it self for the most part in a moment and brings forth pernicious effects it diffuseth it self in an astonishing manner and into whatsoever it enters a very little of the pestilent venome may lie hidden any where a long time and remain whole and afterwards be taken into the body and on a sudden produce such grievous symptomes and brings forth such effects as are not in the power of the primary qualities on which the ground of putrifaction depends Moreover if the plague should proceed from putrifaction only a Fever also would never be without the pestilence yet since it is observed that a Fever is without the plague as out of Hippocrates 3. epid comm 4.25.55 Galen de simp med facult de terra Armenia Jac. de partib in 1. quarti Avicen cap. de Febre Pestilent Alex. Benedicto Fr. Valleriola loc comm lib. 3. c. 18. and out of others it is manifest Lastly the way of cure is far different from that of other putred Fevers and the pestilent poyson indicates and requires alexipharmall means which in other putred Fevers are neither indicated nor have any place Therefore we have determined that the plague doth consist in a hidden quality and in its nature wholly adverse to the heart and that the pestilential poyson is endued with such a quality which by the effects of it as we lately said beyond the primary qualities doth prove Contagion is joyned with the pestilence and pestilential poysons have always contagion joyned with them as a proper accident because it belongs to all plagues but not only to the plague Therefore we define the pestilence to be a venomous disease of the heart from venomous matter Definition of it and in its whole substance peculiarly adverse to the heart and gotten by infection and therefore is of it self infectious and suddenly and joyntly hurting all the actions of the heart very acute deadly introducing destructive symptomes of all sorts But what the specifique nature of this venome is and what its differences are in divers constitutions pestilential no man can easily explain To me it seems probable to be the highest degree of corruption which indeed the humours in our bodies can possibly receive to which through many alterations mutations and fermentations it comes and into which diseases which went before at length degenerate Whence it comes to pass that when the Plague reigns other sporadick diseases that come not by ordinary means and all benigne diseases for the most part are silent and those epidemical diseases that reigned before cease CHAP. II. Of the causes of the Pestilence COncerning the causes of the Pestilence A cause or this great corruption they are twofold some of them generating the Pestilence others propagating the same which are comprehended under the name of contagion In the former rank are Ayr Stars course of Diet Poysons imagination and terror For first Ayr. Ayr somtimes contains in it the seeds of the pestilence which when by drawing in the ayr by our breath men draw in that therewith and so the pestilence is stirred up in them and that when it happens most grievous pestilential constitutions are occasioned and is far more pernitious then to those to whom the contagion of the plague is only transferred Ayr becomes pestilential when there is in it excess of heat and moisture which dispose bodies to putrifaction such a constitution of ayr Hippocrates describeth 3. epid comm 3. yet the Plague may be bred also without such a constitution of ayr and that very corruption it self is not terminated in the primary qualities but 't is necessary that certain occult qualities and that somwhat divine mentioned by Hippocrates should concur but it takes its venenosity and pestilential quality first from heaven whilst that the ayr by a peculiar influence from the stars whether it be so disposed in the first qualities that it should putrifie and be corrupted or in an occult manner also it be so disposed and affected that in it poysonous seeds are generated which in their whole substance are adverse to man To which thing Astrologers teach that Saturn doth principally act his part Moreover the Ayr may receive its pestilential seeds from the caverns of the earth whilst from thence venomous steams exhale being generated in the ayr long pend up before to which purpose Earthquakes much conduce which move venomous steams in that manner and open ways for their evaporation so out of a chest which hath been long shut being opened the plague cometh forth as Julius Capitolinus hath noted in Vero The same may happen in standing pools and lakes and corrupted waters in Wells Lastly Historiââ inform us that the ayr hath been infected by the carcasses of such as have been slain and by the corruption of multitudes of dead locusts Secondly although the stars by corrupting of the ayr may be the cause of the pestilence whilst they so corrupt it as that that pestilence which is contained in it the seeds or sparks being communicated to man they excite the plague in him yet by it self also by affecting of mans very body they may cause the plague whilst either they dispose the ayr so that whether by manifest or occult qualities 't is rendred not fit for the preservation of mankind but corrupteth the humours therein so that they become of a pestilential nature or also proximately and immediately by occult influencies they corrupt mans body and principally the humours and spirits contained therein concerning which thing Astrologers are to be advised with Common Diet. Thirdly Pestilential venome may be generated from common Diet. That which often happens in a long dearth of provision in Camps and Sieges where men are compelled to make use of corrupt and unwholsome meat by reason whereof ill humours are generated which being detained in the body are more corrupted and at length become pestilential as Histories sufficiently testifie Fourthly Unguents and venomous powders being spread abroad may cause the plague Poysonous things being
King Mithridates of which Pliny lib. 23. cap. 8. as also Theriaca Diatessaron to which the moderns have added many more as the Electuary of Saffron or of an Egg as 't is called Dioscordium Tracastory Antidotus Saxonica Antidotus Guidonis de Cauliaco Pulvis Caesaris rubeus and Gryseus Electuarium Camphoratum Kigleri and many more which the Tracts of divers Authors concerning the pestilence afford such as are profitable as well for preservation from the Plague as for the cure thereof so that it becomes us to be more solicitous about the choice of them then the store of them here And amongst so great plenty 't is more safe nevertheless to depend on those that have been approved by long use and experience then such as are newly invented what colour or pretence soever they afford themselves But because those strong and hot medicines are not proper for women with child nor children they should have medicines of Harts-horn the bone of the heart of a Stag or Deer the roots of Tormentil Pearl Bole Almenick Coral Bezor and precious stones And since that there is no small difference amongst Alexipharmacal Medicines according to the qualities they have besides their occult ones every one of them doth not agree with every age and season for in a hotter Ayr medicines that are not so hot are to be used which must also be observed in those which in regard of their age or constitution of body are hotter lest that humour should be kindled and a Fever from thence arise afterwards or if some are hotter they should be prepared with Vinegar or taken with Syrup acetos Citri Sorrel great or small Pomgranates For there is no depending upon one medicine against poyson but they are to be varied lest that nature should be accustomed to it and thereby can receive little benefit by it CHAP. VI. Of the Cure of the Pestilence IF in any disease in the world certainly in this an exact way of cure is to be used Cure since that the smallest fault being committed by any may become an irreparable damage But because the right reason of Cure depends on indications and seeing that the Plague is an occult disease and its nature consists in an occult quality which by its peculiar force is mischievous to the heart and is very contagious but that is introduced by a cause endued with the same quality Hence 't is manifest that that occult quality indicates a medicine alexipharmacal contrary to it and shews that the cause in the body whether taken by breathing in or contact or by what means soever contracted should be removed and eradicated But how that ought to be done is controverted amongst Physitians For first since that neither Phlebotomy Breathing a Vein nor Purgation are indicated by the pestilence quatenus 't is the pestilence whether they are to be used or not is controverted First Concerning the opening of a Vein since that it neither cures the disease nor takes away the venome nor the cause 't is rarely to be used and in that Pestilence which is occasioned by evil Diet 't is wholly to be omitted as also in that which ariseth from a pestilential constitution of Ayr unless there be very great store of blood which must be diminished and its heat mitigated But if the Plague come by infection and there be that plenty of blood as may cause us to fear lest that a putred Fever should happen which may become no less dangerous to the sick then the Plague it self or that it be observed that the blood flows violently to inconvenient places and that the strength is rather oppressed by its plenty then dissipated you may breath a Vein yet only bleed what the strength can well bear with and that should be in the beginning for when twelve hours or more are passed away 't is safer to omit bleeding because the strength being debilitated with the violence of the poyson it cannot well bear it Concerning the place for breathing of a Vein such a place is to be chosen as may help the motion of Nature not hinder it and may together divert the pestilent matter from a noble part Therefore if a Parotis break out behind the ears or a Bubo under the Arm-pits or a Carbuncle in the superiour parts a Vein should be opened in the Arm on the same side but if a Bubo come in the Groyn a Vein should be opened in the foot on the same side But if a Carbuncle should arise in either of the Legs seeing that useth to cause an inflammation and great pain by which the strength is weakned 't is convenient to open a Vein in the contrary leg for neither is the motion of nature hindred by this means but the matter is drawn from the superiour parts towards the inferiour and a great flux to the part affected and the increase of the inflammation is hereby prevented Moreover Purgation also is not indicated by the pestilence Purgation nor can the seeds of the Plague be eradicated by any purging medicine unless perhaps a great disturbance of nature being made which must then be joyned with danger and for as much as Nature for the most part expels the pestilent venome to the out-parts of the body this motion of Nature by Purgation is hindred and the pestilent venome is drawn into the internal parts and is more mixed with the humours and the motion of humours being stirred up most dangerous nay deadly vomits and sluxes are occasioned And therefore not in purging but in medicines that resist poyson principally and next under God the hope of health and safety is to be placed Wherefore it will be safest for any one that shall think himself to be infected with the Plague Use of Alexipharmicks having first implored the assistance of almighty God to fly to those medicines resisting venome mentioned in the fifth chapter before and to take some one experienced and approved medicine and in case it be vomited up at the first then 't is best to take of it again forthwith nay in case it be retained it will not suffice to take of it but once but the Alexipharmacal medicine should be repeated thrice in the space of four and twenty hours and so to continue for two days until that the force of the poyson shall be broken The medicine being taken the sick should forthwith compose themselves to sweat especially the second time after taking they should keep out the cold Ayr and if the strength will bear it they should continue their sweat for two hours space The sick should by no means sleep until he hath sweat twice and between the sweats should be refreshed with Conserve and Syrup of Roses Sorrel acetos Citri of Pomgranates red Gooseberries with cordial and odoriferous waters applyed to the Nostril and sprinkled about the Bed-chamber It shall be profitable also to take warm bread out of the oven and fill a hollow part of it with Treacle and apply it to the
by sweats yet the thinner are dispersed and the thicker remains behind Altering preparing medicines Wherefore preparation and alteration of the humours is to be ordered by those medicines which open and if occasion require may cut those humours and may resist ebullition and putrifaction extinguish the heat of the Fever and resist malignity and may by degrees dispose nature to sweats such are Sorrel Scordium Carduus Benedictus Scorzoneca the seed of Citron Roots of Tormentil Cinquefoyl juice of Citron Pomgranates and Syrups of these Spirit of Vitriol when the humours are sufficiently prepared unless Nature expel alone they are to be evacuated by a convenient passage but then also lenitive medicines must be used and purgation scarce to be ordered before the fourteenth day If Nature tend to evacuation by urine Causing Urine it is to be helped by an emulsion of the seeds of Melons Citron or Limmon Carduus benedictus with the water of Sorrel Mayden-hair and such like But during the whole time of the sickness Topical things as well in malignant as in pestilent Fevers medicines are to be applied to the Pulses and heart such as strengthen the heart and resist malignity which are very where extant Symptomes also if any urge and debilitate the strength are to be taken away and mitigated as in their own place shall be shewed Concerning Diet Diet. the meat should be of good juice and of easie digestion and to beware that when the strength languisheth Nature be not over-burthened the meats also should be mixed with such things as resist this Fever we must abstain from wine unless swooning fits happen but 't is more convenient to use small beer a decoction also of Harts-horn may well be given with such a quantity of Spirit of Vitriol as may render it grateful to the taste to which also some Juleps of Roses and Violets may be added It allays thirst likewise opens obstructions drives away putrifaction and resisteth malignancy of Aegyptii as Prosper Alpinus in his fourth book of Medicines Aegypt chap. the fourth Pulp of Tamarinds and Barberries the fruits being dryed with the seeds of Fennel or Limmon they pour them into abundance of fair water and so prepare a Drink which they administer to the sick during the whole time of the disease in malignant and pestilent Fevers and confide much in the use of this Drink since that it is found that Tamarinds and the fruit of Barberries do exceedingly resist putrifaction in Fevers CHAP. XII Of a Malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox. ALthough the nature of malignity Small Pox and Measles from whence malignant Fevers are denominated be occult and therefore much cannot be spoken of the differences of these Fevers yet there is not one reason only even of the same but some variety shews it self by the effects and symptomes whence also certain differences of malignant Fevers are are appointed of which we will now speak in particular First there happen Feavers wherein pushes or eminent tubercles break forth and sometimes certain spots shew themselves the Greeks call them Exanthemata and Ecthâmata the Latines Papulas and Pustulas and at this day they are called the Measles and Small Pox which names although they are not used in the same manner by all yet the most at this day call variolas parvos varos little spots or Measles and they give this name to those pushes full of humours which for the most parâ suppurate which the Germans call die Biatterne and Bocten but they call those Mobillos which are spots only in the skin or rather small tubercles in the skin which the Germans call die Masserne Variolae are pustules breaking forth in the skin and parts adjacent Definition with a continued Fever occasioned by the fervency of the blood and sent forth by the expulsive faculty but Morbilli are little red spots or tubercles coming out in the skin with a continued Fever bred by the ebullition of the blood and sent out by the expulsive faculty Of both kinds there are some differences for of Variolae some are greater some less some white others yellow or of some other colour some break out forth with and rise high and are ripened and encompassed with a red circle and come forth without any grievous symptomes and are not dangerous others are yellow come forth slowly and presently pitch again and have a livid circle about them and are dangerous To the Variolas belong those pustules also which break out of the body and are about the bigness of Lupines Differences and shining like Christal out of which a certain waterish substance issueth which some therefore call Chrystals the Germans call them Shaffsblattern oder Bindvocten which are less dangerous and without any manifest Fever for the most part they do appear Moreover to the Variolaes belong those tubercles coming out here and there in places and are free from quitture which the Germans call Steinbocten and are for the most part the least of all the kinds of Variol and freest from danger which befals children often without a Fever and are presently healed so that Infants seldome take their beds for them To the Poxes or Measles certain small red tubercles do belong which invade with heat and a cough and other symptomes of the Pox yet less dangerous then the pox the Geâmans call them die Rittein or die Rottein because they are red somtimes they come alone somtimes are mixed with the Pox and somtimes come after the Pox is healed which disease Halyaabas calls Rubcolam lib. 8. Theoric cap. 14. Moreover there are other breakings out which seem to be referr'd to Poxes which the Neapolitans call Rossoniam and Rossaliam as Johannes Philippus Ingrastiat of tumours speaks by others they are called Purples and Eruthemata yet some call the red spots or Patechii purples They are red and as it were fiery spots because scarce worthy to be called tumours coming out over all the body as it were certain small Eryspelaes at the beginning of the sickness or on the fourth or fifth day In the progress of the disease it spreads over all the body as if it were on fire or as if one were sick of an universal Erysipelas which colour as in the beginning so in the declination is turned into spots which again on the seventh or ninth day vanish falling away from the skin like scales of Fishes The subject of spots and pushes is the skin Subject and other parts answering to the skin in proportion for it hath been found in dead bodies that the superficies of the Intrals and on their skin without side the Pox have been setled Concerning the cause of these Cause there is difficult and great controversie amongst Physitians The Arabicks and those which follow them attribute the cause of the small Pox and Measles to the uncleanness of the blood contracted from the menstruous blood in the womb by the Infant which was there nourished with
as in Poxes and these spots in these Fevers appear principally in the back arms legs and breasts namely in places through which the most eminent veins and arteries do pass but in the face they do seldom appear because it is alwaies obvious to the external Ayr. These spots have their original from the thinner parts of the putred and corrupt humour The cause whence they suddenly come out and vanish but although they are made by the expulsive faculty driving this part of the corrupt humour to the extremities of the body yet that seldom happens critically because they come out for the most part at the beginning the matter being not as yet concocted neither is there any notable evacuation of the matter made by them nor the sick are not the better for them but for the most part by how much the more plentifully they come forth by so much the greater store of corrupt matter is indicated which notwithstanding as is said already is not sufficiently evacuated by those spots There are of those spots several differences for first Difference they differ in colour some are red arising from the more temperate blood putrified others yellow green when choler is putrified others Pomgranet colour and black when melancholy putrifieth Moreover they differ in quantity for some come out more plentifully others more sparingly some are greater others less according to the quantity and thickness of the humour and strength or weakness of nature some come out at the beginning others in the progress of the disease This Fever is known by the signs of Malignant Fevers in general already set down and when the spots joyn together Diagnostick signs they shew malignity more plainly But what event of these Fevers may be hoped for is manifest by the prognosticks of malignant Fevers in general Prognosticks Concerning the spots themselves although it be good that the peccant matter be carried to the extremities of the body yet by these spots they cannot sufficiently be evacuated therefore although if they are plentiful they shew that store of matter is present yet they shake it not of and therefore they portend danger rather then health Neither is their paucity always good and although it signifie no store of matter yet it also denotes debility of nature These spots if they lie hidden are evil signs because they shew that the matter which before was coming to the outside of the body does now tend inwards and go to the head heart or some internal part Red spots are most safe yellow and green worse and pomgranate colour and black most dangerous Although such as come out at the first appear symptomaââcal yet those that break forth the seventh day or thereabouts are critical yet unless other good signs are present put no confidence in them because they do not sufficiently evacuate the matter but if they come out slowly 't is evil for that happens either by reason of the thickness of the matter into which if the malignity fall 't is not easily overcome or else by reason of density of the skin which hindreth free transpiration Lastly concerning the cure Cure those things that are spoken about the cure of malignant Fevers are here also convenient namely the belly is to be loosned either by Clister or lenitive medicine or if the matter tend upward and the sick be inclinable to vomit a Vomit must be given Then if occasion require Bleeding a vein is to be opened before the fourth day or else afterwards to be omitted but whether the spots now coming forth do hinder the breathing of a vein is shewed in the Institutions lib. 5. part 2. sect 1. cap. 17. But since nature it self strives to protrude the matter we see to the extremities of the body and 't is profitable in all malignant diseases to drive out the matter from the greater to the lesser vessels and to free the bowels from vitious humours the endeavours of nature is here to be assisted Sweats and the matter tending to the outmost parts of the body is by it to be evacuated because that otherwise that which is malignant will admit of no concoction Therefore let the sick be kept in a place moderately hot and forthwith some Sudorifique medicine and which also may resist malignity given such as are before propounded for the plague and malignant Fevers in general and for the Measles and small Pox yet those are to be selected amongst them that may not increase the feverish heat and the Fever and the malignity are to be weighed together and of that which most requires it regard must be taken Somtimes a looseness happens in this Fever When a looseness comes what must be done which unless it be too great should not be stopped but the business should be committed to nature and in the interim only with altering medicines and such as resist malignity the morbifique cause must be resisted Afterwards to fortifie nature Pearls Coral Hartshorn juice of Pomgranates Citron Confectio de Hyacintho Alkermes and such like are to be exhibited Externally likewise medicines are to be applied to the region of the heart and to the pulses Topical medicines which draw venome from the heart and resist malignity and some use an unction ex Hydraeolo and niter to relax the skin and draw out humours Neither is it unprofitable to apply vesiccatories to the arms Vesiccatories especially if the external parts are cold and the internal burn and that pains in the head deliriums a lethargy and other symptomes in the head are present for so both the humours are called from within outwards and are likewise refelled from the head CHAP. XIV Of the English Sweat THere was a kind of Fever malignant The English sweat which began in England in the year 1486. and thence it took the name of the English Sweat and it reigned there about forty years and killed almost an infinite number of Englishmen Hence being spread through the Netherlands Germany the Low Countries Holland Zeland Brabant in Belgia Flanders Dane Norway France it continued until the year 1530. The same Fever was accompanied with Sweats and was called the Sudatory Fever for those which were troubled with this Fever abounded with Sweat without Bubo Carbuncle or puttings forth the sweat perpetually and in great abundance coming out until the dissolution of the disease which hapned within twenty four hours space Together the sick languished deficient in mind with unquietness troubled at heart pain in the head and also with palpitation of the heart and they had a pulse thick frequent swift and unequal and the palpitation of the heart accompanied those that escaped oftentimes some years somtimes till death But the cause of this disease was inherent in the most subtile parts of the blood and spirits The cause which were together affected which the shortness of the disease argues and without doubt the blood and spirits contracted this malignity from
away what feeds it and resisting the malignant quality yet the symptomes are not to be neglected And first concerning the Fever Purging and its cause in those that have contracted this disease from ill diet or in the camps this thing happens that the vitious humours are not only contained in the vena cava as in other Synochas and burning Fevers but there is great store of humours lies hidden in the stomack and about the first passages which is known by the antecedent diet pain in the stomack anxiety heat about the midrif and vomiting for then that matter is forthwith to be evacuated as being such as doth severally exist separated from the other humours it will not come to any concoction but corrupts both meat and medicines being taken and Sudorifiques and other medicines which are taken are carried into the more destructive parts of the body and it increaseth the Fever But this may be done by purging Purging amongst the medicines Agarick is principally commended then also Vomits by which oftentimes great store of Flegmatick and Cholerick humours of all kinds are evacuated which lay hidden about the stomack But for those which took the disease only by infection and in whom peccant humours are not collected in the stomack by reason of ill Diet there is no need of Vomits or Purgation but 't is sufficient only to evacuate the first passages by lenitives When the first passages shall be freed from peccant humours Bleeding forthwith the first or second day a vein must be opened if it be necessary and the strength of the sick will bear it but in case some days are slipt over and the strength be weakned and the party be troubled with vomiting or have a looseness the breathing of a vein is to be omitted The vein should be opened in the arm or if the party be weak in the ancle which likewise conveniently refels the matter from the head and in this disease is very profitable Nature being thus eased of its burthen Sudorifiques forthwith Sudorifiques and such medicines as resist malignity are to be given yet they are so to be temper'd as that they may not increase the heat of the humours nor augment the Fever Here Harts-horn prepared bezoar stone Antimonium Diaphoreticum Bezâardicum minerale Terra Sigillata Pulvis Caesaris rubeus Montaynanae Species liberantis and other such like before mentioned about malignant and pestilent Fevers in general is manifest If we may use Mithridate Treacle and such like that are hot by reason of the vehemency of the malignity lest the heat should be increased they are to be allayed with cold waters and vinegar to which there may conveniently be added spirit of Vitriol and Tartar but 't is not sufficient once only to use such medicines to provoke sweat or twice but again and daylie to corroborate the spirits resist malignity and putrifaction yet in a lesser quantity then usual and moreover species Elect. de Gemmis temperate Cordials Diamargarit Frigid Confectio de Hyacintho Sper. Viniol and Tartar Bezoar water and other things before mentioned in the cure of the Plague and other malignant Fevers Externally likewise to the heart is to be applied External things and to the Pulses Medicines as also the spirits are to be preserved with odoraments and the malignity to be resisted which were also mentioned before in the cure of the Plague and other malignant Fevers Lastly Diet. the Diet should be the same as in malignant Fevers is expressed and indeed the aliment to resist putrifaction should be dry to abate the Fever cold and mixed with Cordials or have cordial qualities Wine in this Fever is hurtful and for the most part those that refrain it not die CHAP. XVI Of a Malignant Fever with the Cramp THere are likewise other malignant Fevers A malignant Fever with the Cramp which had accompanied with them certain other diseases namely the Cramp Catarhs a Cough and the Squincy for in the year 1596 and 1597. in the Bishoprick of Collen Westphalia the County Waldestein Wittenstein and Hassia there reigned a disease joyned with a Fever which they then called die Kriebeltcranctheir Kriempstsucht oder Bichende Senche It seized upon men with a twitching and kind of benummedness in the hands and feet somtimes on one side somtimes on the other and somtimes on both Hence a Convulsion invaded men on a sudden when they were about their daylie employments and first the fingers and toes were troubled which Convulsion afterwards came to the arms knees shoulders hips and indeed the whole body until the sick would lie down and roul up their bodies round like a Ball or else stretch out themselves straight at length Terrible pains accompanied this evil and great clamours and schrietchings did the sick make some vomited when it first took them This disease somtimes continued some days or weeks in the limbs before it seized on the head although fitting medicines were administred which if they were neglected the head was then presently troubled and some had Epilepsies after which fits some lay as it were dead six or eight hours others were troubled with drowsiness others with giddiness which continued till the fourth day and beyond with some which either blindness or deafness ensued or the Palsie When the fit left them men were exceeding hungry contrary to nature afterwards for the most part a looseness followed and in the most the hands and feet swell'd or broke out with swellings full of waterish humours but sweat never ensued This disease was infectious and the infection would continue in the body being taken once six seven or twelve moneths This disease had its original from pestilential thin humours first invading the brain and all the nerves The cause but those malignant humours proceeded from bad diet when there was scarcity of provision This disease was grievous dangerous and hard to be cured for such as were stricken with an Epilepsie were scarce totally cured at all but at intervals would have some fits and such as were troubled with deliriums became stupid Others every yeer in the month of December and January would be troubled with it The Cure consisted in evacuating of the peccant humors and corroborating of the Nerves First Cure therefore the vitious humors are to be purged out of the first passages with Hermodactils Turbith Spurge prepared Diagrydium Electuary called Diaphenicum of the juyce of Roses there being added Caster Costus seed of Rue and Commin Afterwards Medicins against the Convulsion were given of Piony Birdly me of the Oak Caster Sage Mans skull adding thereto medicines resisting malignity with the root of Swallow-wort Divels bit Treacle Mithridate and so purging and altering medicines are to be taken by turns and continued The external parts were anointed and fomented with those medicines which were proper for other Convulsions CHAP. XVII Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy SOmtimes an Epidemical Catarrh and
under the Sun-beams or by Obstructions which either plenty or vicosity or thickness of humours brings forth Moreover the internal passages are stopped either through store of blood over-flowing in the body or plenty of it contracted up and down in many parts or by the thickness and viscousness of humours Secondly Causae califacientes those things cause putrefaction which can kindle preter-natural heat in humours and call out the native heat in which number is the Fever Ephemera which for this cause is often changed into a putred in hot and moist bodies Moreover the other causes heating as hot air a hot bath too much exercise of body and mind Meetings with putreâ things Lastly the meeting with putred things seeing that which is touched by what is putred is defiled and putrifieth From all which it is manifest that a putred Fever is short having it's rise from hot vapours stirr'd up by putred humours and heating the heart and thence the whole body against nature CHAP. II. Of the differences of putred Fevers ALthough there are many differences of Fevers nevertheless those which are necessary to be known for the performance of their cure The difference of putred humors are taken either from the matter putrifying or the place putrified For first either solid parts putrify or humours or even the Spirits themselves concerning which it is controverted as in it's own place shall be shewn Humours that putrify are as well natural as preter-natural And those of every kind blood Phlegm choller melancholy which both the variety of those things which are evacuated by stool vomit and sweats and the difference of Symptomes which happen in Fevers doth shew moreover the diversity of causes which went before it whereof some generate this some that humour and moreover some afford matter for this other for that humour And the humours either simply putrify or a malignant venemous quality and contagion is joyned with it Furthermore the place wherein the humours putrefie is not alwayes the same For sometimes the humours putrefie within the veins and arteries sometimes without them And that putrefaction which is within the vessels is either equally in all the vessels or in the greatest or in certain parts of a vein Whence these differences of Fevers do arise First some Fevers are simply putred without any malignity or contagion others malignant postilent contagious Moreover some Fevers are continual others intermittent according as the putred vapour which is the cause containing of putred Fevers or heat stirred up by putred humours either continually heats the heart and from thence is diffused over all the body or by certain intervalls Of either of which kinds of Fevers there are again many differences For either the putrefaction is kindled in the common vessels and not in private passages whence arise continued Fovers called Primary Or the putredity comes by the inflammation of some peculiar part and from thence putred vapours are continually communicated to the heart which Fevers are called Symptomatical Primary continued again are two-fold for some have no augmentation nor remission which they call Fevers containing or fiery Synochaes Others are continued yet there is some increase of heat and sometimes remisness which are called Synochaes and by the general name of continual Fevers The continual for the time of their increase and decrease of heat some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan according as the heat is exasperated dayly each other day or the fourth day likewise Intermitting also according to the time of their invading some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan Nay it is observed that there are Fevers that have a longer distance between the Paroxismes CHAP. III. Of the signes of putred Fovers in general APutred Fever is known The Diagnosticks 1. From it's heat which is more gnawing and acrid then of any other Fever and that in the increase and state For in the beginning of fits the heat doth not at the first touch of the Pulse discover it's acrimony but if the hand be continued longer it may be perceived which proceeds from fuliginous vapours which exhale out of putred humours 2. Because it begins without any manifest cause Which indeed is a proper sign but not an inseparable one for as often as any Fever is kindled without any manifest cause you may well determine it to be a putred Fever Yet sometimes humours are so disposed to putrefaction that upon any light occasion they 'l become putred 3. Urines in putred Fevers either are crude or else at least afford but obscure notes of concoction unless an Ephemeral be degenerated into a putred Fever otherwise there is no putred Fever wherein the Urine in the beginning doth not appear crude or obscurely concocted 4. The pulse is more changed then in other Fevers 5. Putred Fevers begin with a cold shaking Which is a proper but not an inseparable sign 'T is a proper sign because neither Diaries nor Hecticks do ever begin with cold shaking yet it is not inseperable because all putred Fevers do not begin with a cold fit as a putred Synocha 6. It is the property of putred Fevers to return by fits and Paroxismes and no other Fever hath fits Yet this is not an inseperable sign because it doth not agree with all putred Fevers 7. Lastly if any sign be present which is proper to any sort of putred Fevers 't is a sign it may admit of the general appellation of a putred Fever Concerning the event of putred Fevers in general not much can be spoken The Prognostick since there is great variety and difference of putred Fevers and the event various Only this that the event is best to be known by comparing the magnitude of the disease with the strength of the Patient For if the patient be very strong there is much hope of a good end of it if the party be weak there is great danger CHAP. IV. Of the cure of putred Fevers in general NOw seeing a putred Fever is cherished by the cause containing Indications in putred Fevers Indications in putred Fevers are taken some from the Fever it self others from the cause thereof Nor indeed ought vital indications to be neglected First a Fever as it is a Fever indicates cooling things Moreover as that heat of the whole depends on a hot putred vapour as on the cause containing the removal of that is also indicated but because putred vapours depend on putred matter they cannot be removed unless the matter putrified be taken away putrefaction cannot be taken away except its cause be removed as we said before First all evident causes which are present are to be removed the antecedent causes and whatsoever is in the body either of superfluous blood or peccant humours they are to be prepared and if occasion require to be evacuated streightness of passages if it be external or interal in the bowels they are to be opened and free ventilation and respiration for the humours