subiecte to doo this or that The Master of workes is the commaundyng cause to all the laborers The other efficient causes are obedieÌ„t causes when the seruant worketh at his maisters commaundement ¶ Another dâ—uisâ—on of causes efficient Of suche efficieÌ„t causes as do obey some doo their woorke as the Mason worketh vpoÌ„ the stone the Carpenter vpoÌ„ wood Other efficient causes that are obedient are but instrumentes of dooyng as hatchetâ—es hammers pike aâ—es with other In battaill the capitain is the efficient commaunder the souldiourâ— the efficient obeyer gunnes dartes bowes and billes the instrumentes of doyng Good hede ought to bee had that in all causes wee make a difference not confoundyng one with another that the nigh causes the farther causes be not taken all for one A cause farre fetched is this Such a one fell out with his neighbour Ergo he killed hym Fallyng out bryngeth chidyng chidyng bryngeth hatred hatred causeth fightyng fightyng geueth blowes blowes sone dispatche sone dispatchyng is ready death Therefore I might more probably reason thus Suche a one gaue his neighbor a dedly wounde Ergo he hath killed hym And thus the argumeist is made from the nighest cause ¶ Another diuision Some causes are principall causes as the holy ghoste workyng all Godly mocioÌ„s and stirryng our nature euermore to the best Other causes are the inclinacioÌ„s in maÌ„ that are either good or eiuill Thirdly there are helpyng causes whiche are meanes the rather to further vs in all vertue As learnyng practisyng of honest behauor acquaintyng our nature euermore with the best The principall cause that Ioseph forbare to company with another mannes wife was the holy ghost that stirred his mind with the fear of God The secoÌ„d cause was his awne mynd that remembred the worde of God and the punishement dewe for synne The thirde cause was that he accustomed himself euer to liue vprightly and not onely to auoyde synne but also to auoyde the occasion of synne There be other diuisions but I leaue to reherse them for feare I should be ouer long ¶ The ende called Finis THe ende is for whose cause any thyng is doen and is twoo waies considered For there is an absolute ende whervnto al other are referred beeyng called the perfeccion and chief propertie in any thyng as the chiefest ende in any man is to be perfectly endued with reason and to attain euerliuyng felicitie The chiefest propertie in a horse is to be of a very good courage to want no stomacke the chifest perfeccion in fire is to bee very hote and very drye There is another ende called a helpyng ende whiche serueth to an higher ende and is onely ordeined for this purpose that wee might attain thereby the perfecte ende of all As meate drinke apparell and other necessary thynges are helping endes for man to attain the chifest ende For without these endes maÌ„ could not liue To liue honestly in this life to be vpright in dealyng with all persones is an helpyng ende as the Philosophiers take it and a testimonie to the worlde of our faith as the Christians take it for man to liue world without ende To mary a wife is a helpyng ende for a man to auoyde fornicacion The pore man laboureth and wherefore To get his liuyng Wherfore getteth he his liuyng That he maie the better be able to serue God The souldiour fighteth at his princes commauÌ„dement chiefly because God commauÌ„deth him next after for loue of the kyng and his countrey thirdly and last of al that he might liue the rather in quiet at home with his wife and childreÌ„ So that of one and thesame thyng there maie bee many endes beeyng orderly considred ¶ The general rule Whose ende is good or euill thesame thyng is good or euil as a sweard is good because it is good for a man to defende hymsef Faithe in Christ Iesu is good for by faithe we are saued To vndo my neighbour with lendyng for gain is moste vngodly therefore to be an vsurer is moste vngodly To desire another mannes wife is vngodly because adultery is vngodly Battaill is good because it bryngeth peace For al men should fight for this ende that we might liue in quiete with our neighbours If thou wilt be honestâ— and estemed for a godly person do the accions of vertue and thou shalt be wel reported of especially of the honest It is good to learne because learning it self is good whiche is th ende of our study ¶ Of thâ— matâ—r or substance called Materia THe substance called materia is ready to bee framed of the woorkeman as hym liketh by the whiche substaunce either thynges naturall or els thynges artificiall are made As first a man whiche is a naturall thyng is made of body soule An Image whiche is an artificiall thyng is made by the haÌ„dy worke of man is grauen out of stone or molten in gold or in brasse FroÌ„ this place are made argumentes that bothe do affirme and also deny As thus if a man haue cloth he maie haue a garmeÌ„t made if it like hym But if a manne haue no clothe at al how can he haue a goune or a coate If the Baker lacke meale how can he make bread The matier is coÌ„sidred â—â— waies Firâ—â— it is a substaÌ„ce that tarieth stil as wheÌ„ a house is made of stone wodd plaister or an Image of gold brasse or siluer Here the substance tarieth still although the forme be altred Likewise wheÌ„ a house is taken doune the stone tymbre remain stil and kâ—pe their substance and serue as thei did before either for ereccioÌ„ of thesame house again or els other wise as it shal please him that is the awner Again the substaunce is that whiche chaungeth into another nature and caÌ„not bee thesame that it was before as of meale and water bakers make their bread now thei caÌ„not resolue thesame breade again into Meale and water whiche was the former substaunce ¶ The generall rule When the substance is at hand the workmanship maie folowe and the effecte maie appere But when the substance is taken awaie there can be nothyng made at al. As if a man lacke siluer how can he make an Image of siluer There is no stone wood nor plaister Ergo there is no house But if I reason thus by the substance that chaÌ„geth into another nature and caÌ„not be thesame that it was before I reason then amisse as thus Ther is no meale or flower ergo there is no bread but I should saie rather there was no meale nor flower ergo there is no bread ¶ The maner of reasonyng The Shoomaker hath no Lether how can he then make a Shooe The Printer hath no paper ergo he cannot set his men on worke The shape called Forma The shape or fashion of any thyng is a cause whereby the thyng that is made hath his name as leather when it is mâ—de or fashioned for the foote is called a shooe Suche a man weareÌ„th a liuery
lucre beareth a fayre face outwardely and fedeth inwardly a maliciouse stomake And this is the commune frendshippe wherof the wicked onely are partakers The seconde question is to aske what a thyng is And this cometh from the definition whiche is of two sortes either of the substaunce of any thyng or els of the name Of the name as thus a realme is that countrey whiche is ruled by a kyng Of the substance thus A realme is a gatheryng of people together beyng able to liue and withstande other for preseruatioÌ„ of theÌ„selues abiding seuerall The law is an ordinaâ—â—ce which commaundeth thynges in ordre to be done and forbiddeth the coÌ„trary The third question is when the partes and euery seuerall kynde is considered for this question the deuision and partition dooe much good As the lawe of the Gospell and the politicall lawe The fourthe question is to aske what are the causes and especially what is the efficient cause and what is the finall cause or the ende of any thyng The efficient cause of all good lawes is God and his minister The finall cause or the end is to liue vprightlie in the feare of God and to walke all the daies of our life in the obseruacion of his holy will The fifte question is when the effecte the office or propre workyng is examined As the effecte of the lawe is to conserue the state of maÌ„ to continue peace vniuersally to encreace wealth and make loue betwixt all The syxt question is when thinges be asked that happeÌ„ after or the which haue great affinite or likelyhode together As if lawes be kept and folowed we se our childrens children waxe to welth We se muche neyghbourhode and good will to helpe the needie so forth The seuenth is to aske what are disagreyng As from the lawe dissenteth rebellion stubbournesse pryde with other The eight question is to bryng in witnesse to showe by whose authoritee the lawe taketh place The scripture teacheth that God gaue the lawe to Moses and Poule with Peter also and Christ himself commaunded euery man to obeye the higher power in all thynges that are not directely repugnaunt from the wil of God Thus â—he question is eight waies examined and the maner taught thereby to frame it in dewe ordre so that he whiche kepeth well this trade can not faile in ani cause that he taketh in haÌ„d And because they maie the rather be remembred I wil sette them altogether As touching the lawe .8 waies 1â— whether it is or no 2. what it isâ— 3. what are the parteâ— 4â— what are the causes â— what are the effectes or propre workyng 6 What are next adioyning what are like what happeÌ„ therbi 7 What do disagree or what are contrarie â— What example there is or authorite to proue it And this lesson ought diligentlie to be learned of al that euermore thei beginne from the generall and come to euery seuerall parte As in declaryng what vertue is first to tell the nature of it generally and after to handle euery vertue by it selfe And this order both Tullie hath folowed in his boke de officijs and also Aristotle in hys Ethikes hath done the like to the great admiration of al those that be learned ¶ Of a proposition EUen the very ordre of nature requireth that first of all we should speake of seuerall wordes and as a man woulde saie teache one his lettres and teache hym the maner of spelling before we teache him to rede and afterward ioyne sentences together frame propositions by knittyng seuerall woordes in ordre for it is the very office of the mind first to knowe and then to knitteâ— neyther can any chylde vtter a sentence before he learne to speake a worde Againe when nature hath taught seueral wordes then the minde ioyneth to guether deuideth and afterwarde geueth a Iudgement whether they be well or no. For a man ware litle better then a brute beaste if he could but onelie apprehende seueral wordes hauing no gifte or aptnes to ioyne them in order and to iudge howe thynges are ioyned together But seyng God hath kindeled thâ—s light in man that he can both ioyne and iudge we will nowe speake of the knittyng together the ioynyng of wordes in a proposition ¶ What a Proposition is A Proposition is a perfite sentence spoken by the Indicatiue mode signifiyng either a trewe thyng or a false without al ambiguitie or doubtfulnes As thus euery man is a liar There be two partes in a proposition the one is called Subiectum that is to saye that where of sumwhat is spoken the other is attributum commoÌ„ly called predicatum that is to sai that whiche is spoken of any thyng as in the aboue rehersed propositioÌ„ Euery man is a liar Man is that whereof this saiyng to be a liar is spoken and this same saiyng to be a liar is that whiche is spoken of man Euerie proposition is two waies deuided either it is a single sentence standing of one perfect sentence as Iustice is a vertue or els it is a double senteÌ„ce hauyng two propositioÌ„s in it as thus If iustice be a vertue it is a good thing prayse worthie That propositioÌ„ is called false the which either naturall reason proueth to be plaine false or the experience of man declareth to be vntrue as thus The stone doth feale the soule of man is mortall Experience showeth the soule to be immortall and nature teacheth vs that no stone hath the sence of fealyng The second diuision of a Proposition AGaine Propositions do either affirme or denie as this propositioÌ„ Pleasure is a good thing dothe affirme that pleasure is good Againe pleasure is not a good thyng doth denie that pleasure is good That PropositioÌ„ doth affirme wheÌ„ any thing is reported to be in any thing That Proposition doth denie when any thyng is denied to be in any thing ¶ The third deuision of a Proposition THirdly al Propositions ar either generall particular indiffinite or singularâ— Those Propositions ar called general or vniuersal the which haue a general signe ioyned to the first parte of the PropositioÌ„ as thus Euery couetous maÌ„ is poore No maÌ„ both loueth and is wise No man is euermore happie General signes are theseâ— Omnis Nullus Quilibet Nemo Euery bodie nobodie all the world not one in all the world Particular propositions are these where a particular signe is added to the former parte of the Proposition which doth not conteine al but a part or a fewe as thus Some men feare God Some men are to muche desierous of glory The particular signes be these Quidam Aliquis Plerique Plerunque A certain man some bodie all men for the most part oftentymes The Propositions are called Indefinite that is to say vncertain where the former part of the Proposition is a generall woorde without a signe as thus The soule is immortall Manhode is a vertue One man is better then an other Old men are couetous And
is not without a repentant harte No Argumentes be made negatiuely by this kynd of Argumentation as thus The Gospel is not the Law The Law teacheth vs the feare of God Therfore the Gospell doth not ¶ Or thus Christ the sonne is not in person God the Father God the father is euer liuyng Therefore Christ is not euer-liuyng But these and such like be as wise as this that foloweth Iohn is not Iacke Iacke is a good boye Therfore Iohn is none And the reason is No Argumentes are made negatiuely by this kynde of reasonyng neither is the consequent good when wordes that agree not necessarily are ioyned together Of euill maners are made good lawes Good lawes are thynges worthy to be praised Thynges worthy praise are to be desired Therefore euill maners are to be desired This knittyng is not laufull for euil maners of them selues are not the occasion of good lawes but the godly mynd of good Magistrates is the very chiefe causeâ— as the disease is not the cause of healyng but rather the Phisicion and his Medicines and mans nature whiche resisteth the poyson of sickenes is the very cause Again in euery heapyng vp of Argumentes after suche sorte learne and marke how they procede and you shall easely se false packyng ¶ Thus merie fellowes reason when they are at nale He that drynkes wel slepes welâ— He that slepes well sinnes not He that sinnes not shal be saued Therfore let vs drynk wel and we shal be saued Marke the procedyng and you shal easely auoide the errour for although in slepe we sinne not yet by drinkyng we cause synne no one man at one time both drynketh slepeth therfore though in slepyng he offended not yet in drynkyng he passeth measure ¶ A horned Argument called Dilemma DIlemma otherwise complexio vel cornuâ—us syllogismus called a horned Argument is when the reason coÌ„sisteth of repugnauÌ„t membres so that what so euer you graunt you fall into the snare and take the foile As yf I should aske whether it were better to marie a faire woman or a foul Yf you say a faire Then answer I that is not good for thei comoÌ„ly say she wil be comoÌ„ If you say it wer good to mary an hard fauored woman then I answere she wil be lothsome and so ye fall into an inconuenience Notwithstandyng if either of the partes maie be turned into the aduersaries necke againe or both of them it is a faulty Argument and you maie confute the same by inuersioÌ„ that is to say turning his taile cleane contrarie as thus If I shall marie a faire womaÌ„ I shal haue great pleasure and coÌ„fort in her yf I marie a browne woman she shal not be common to other for few men wil seke after her Therfore I shal haue comfort both waies De Consequentiis IF profiteth not a litle after the rehersall of such Argumentes briefly to show the knittyng of Propositions and to declare the maner of a shorte Argument vttered by twoo Propositions which are said to stand vpon the Antecedent and the Consequent as the Logicians vse to terme them ¶ The fâ—rst rule From the vniuersall to the particular the argument goeth well but not contrary as thus This officer doth his dutie Ergo all officers doth their dutieâ— But this is true All officers do their dutie Ergo this officer doth his dutie ¶ The second rule From that whiche by nature is in any thyng to that whiche happeth casually or coÌ„meth by some miseuill the reason is not good As thus Sobre diet is good A feuer causeth sobre diet Ergo a feuer is good Another argument vsed by the Romishe bishop Synne doth not beget man The worke of lust begetteth man Therfore lust otherwise called concupiscentia is not synne The second proposicion is not true for wicked concupiscence came in by mannes foly and hath muche defaced that which nature first ordeined Therfore nature it self through god geueth increase whiche is muche contrary to the wicked lust of concupiscence ¶ â—â—e third rule Thynges disagreeyng are not conâ—idered bothe one waie and with one respecte The Gospell willeth vs to make no difference of meates The Phisicens appoynct vs a diet and forbid vs this and that Ergo the Gospell and the phisicens teache thynges contrary These do not disagree consideryng their endes are diuerse The scripture forbiddeth supersticion in the obseruacion of daies the Phisicen hath respect to the state of a mannes body ¶ The fourth rule The argument is good when substauÌ„ces are set accordyng to their propre differences But when thei are set the one against the other accordyng to the accidentes whiche are conuenient to bothe the argument is not good As thus It is lawfull for you not to drynke wine Ergo to drynke wine is vnlawfull Where as this woorde lawfull is common to bothe aswell to drynke as not to drynke ¶ The .v. rule Euery thyng the more that other thynges are through it thesame is alwaies the more it self As thus The water is hote through fire Ergo the fire is more hote Another Some loue to mary for goodesâ— Therefore thei loue goodes best of all Some argumeÌ„tes made accordyng to this rule are nothyng true therfore it is good to geue warnyng of theÌ„ It is wel said and wisely this rule holdeth in causes that are next adioynyng and the whiche wholy compasse a matterâ— not in those causes that are fetched farre of and beeyng but halfe causes partly and by the waye geue onely the occasion As thus Ouide came to be a Poete by his Master Therefore his master was the greater Poete The argumenâ— is not good in those causes that are but half causes for Ouid is not a Poete onely because he learned Preceptes of his Master but alâ—o because he had a greate aptnes by nature and a wonderfull witte to do better then another Some hold fast vpon a saiyng of S. Augustine and buylde wonders vpon that text I would not beleue the Gospell saieth Augustine excepte the catholike churche did perswade me And herevpon saie thei The Gospel is beleued for the churche sake Ergo the Churche is of more aucthoritee And here thei heape a noÌ„bre of mischiefes Therfore saie thei the church maie make lawes appoynct tradicions whatsoeuer thei bee But I answere thus the Antecedent is false For I chiefly beleue the Gospell coÌ„sideryng God is the aucthor and seyng the woÌ„ders that he hath doen I geue credite to it for his sake I grauÌ„t we do beleue the Gospell for the churche sake but yet principally for that GOD is the chief aucthor that perswadeth vs to receiue his worde and after the churche as the secoÌ„de cause telleth vs that the Gospel is the truth of God Therfore if thei will make this suche an argument as thei seme to saie it is then this that foloweth is of as good force for in all thynges it is like This child is a good boye gramercie rod. Ergo the rodde is better then the boye
made by the mystakyng of wordes or by false vnderstandyng of phrases whereof in verie deade manie heresies and muche false doctrine haue had there first beginnyng There be agayne some craftie subtilties whiche are not in the worde but rather spring either of the euel knittyng together of the propositions or els of the confusion of thynges that is to saye when one thyng is falsely appointed for an other as in this proposition a man maie easely espie false packyng whiche is in the second figure Fes No synne doth beget a man ti CoÌ„cupisceÌ„ce doth beget a maÌ„ no. Ergo concupiscence is no syn The seconde proposition although it may deceiue a man that is not ware yet is it altogether false because nature which is a thyng ordeyned of god doth begette man not the wicked impotencie or rather the destruction of nature which afterward followed Here it is playne that a mingle mangle is made of thynges when generation which should be attributed to nature is referred to the coÌ„cupiscence because it is in nature and next adioynyng vnto it Nowe for the nombre and deuidyng of these deceiptfull argumentes it is to vnderstande that there be .xiij. whereof syx are called subtilties in the worde or maner of speakyng and the other .vij. ar called subtilties without the worde when thynges be confounded and one taken for an other ¶ Deceitpfull argumentes In the worde are these folowyng 1. The doubtfulnesse of a worde 2. The double meanyng of a sentenceâ— 3. The ioynyng of wordes that shuld be parted 4. The partyng of wordes that should be ioyned 5. The maner of speche 6. The Accenâ—e ALl these names be comprehended vnder this one worde doubtefull notwithstandyng Aristotle setteth forth diuerse waies that he maie shewe the differeÌ„ce of these doubtful thynges For some argumentes haue the doubte in a worde signifiyng diuersly some in the propretie oâ— the phrase some in the ioyning together of wordes and some other in the deuidyng and displacyng of the same as it shall appere more playnlie in the handelyng of these places seuerallye Homonumia whiche maie be called in english the doubtfulnes of one worde when it signifieth diuersly is a maner of subtiltie when the deceipt is in a worde that hath mo significations then one And the reason is that suche argumentes are not good because there are foure termes in the two propositions for the double repete sygnifieth one thyng in the first proposition and an other thyng in the seconde proposition Therefore nothyng is proued in the coÌ„clusion when suche doubtfull wordes are placed in a proposition And therefore when suche a subtiltie is espied a man maie denie the coÌ„â—equente geuing this reason that it is a subtiltie drawen from â—his place of doubtfulnesse ¶ An example Da Euery arme is a substance made of flesh bloud bones sinues and veines â—i God the father hath an arme i. Ergo God the Father is one that hath a substance of flesh bloud bones sinues and veines I aunswere This knittyng is not good and therefore I deny the whole The reason is because it is a subtiltie of a doubtful wordâ— for in the first proposition the arme is considered to be such a one as a maÌ„ hath but in the second Proposition it is not so ment for â—t signifieth by a Metaphore the powre strength or might of God ¶ An other example Feâ— There is none euil in the Citie saith the Prophete which the Lord hath not done si There be many sinnes and horrible euilles in the Citie o. Ergo God is the aucthor of sinne I denie the consequent Because their is doubtfulnes in this worde euill for in the first Proposition euill doth signifie the euill of punishement as wee call coÌ„monly all calamitie euil and al punishemeÌ„t euil which are not sinne in the second Proposition euil doth signifie offence all naughtines that is committed Therefore the seconde Proposition is not agreeyng with the first and therfore the argument is not good ¶ The second subtiltie called Ambiguitas The Ambiguitee is when the construction bringeth errour hauyng diuerse vnderstandinges in it as when the woordes be placed doubtfully as thus Craesus halim penetrans magnam peruertet opum vim Cresus going ouer the floude halim shal ouerthrow a great empire Here is not meÌ„cioned whether he shal ouerthrow his owne or an other mannes By the which Oracle in dede he beyng deceiued lost his owne kyngdome when he thought to subdewe his enemies and bring theim vnder subiectioÌ„ Therfore when sentences be spoken doubtfully that they may be coÌ„strued .ij. maner of waies they are referred to this place Notwithstanding the vse of this place is very rare and seldome happeneth therfore I wil be the shorter and only showe two versies in Latine which by cause they be very pretieâ— and may be .ij waies taken I thynke it not amisse to sette them forth here Laus tua non tua fraus virtus non copia rerum Scandere te fecit hoc decus eximium In English thus Worthinesse not wilines godlinesse not goodes brought the hereunto Richesse greate and muâ—â— authorite with wordely honor to come to These verses beyng red backwarde either in English or in Latine beginnyng at the last woorde haue a cleaâ—e contrarie vnderstandyng as thus To come to honor worldelye with authorite much and greâ—t richesse Hereunto brought the goodes not godlinesse wilinesse not worthinesse These two verses were written to the Pope as worthy such a one and sâ—tte vpon Pasquillus in Rome euen for very loue as I take it not of thee Pope but of Goddes holy worde ¶ The thirde deceâ—pteful argument COniunctio distrahendorum â— a ioynyng together of those thinges which should be disseuered and either to bee applied to the thinges that go before or to the thynges that folowe after Da Whosoeuer knoweth letters now hath learned them ri A GrammariaÌ„ knoweth letters iâ— Erâ—o a Grammarian now hath learned them Here this Aduerbe nowe if it had ben referred to the first point which is as ye se in this woorde letters the point afterward made wheÌ„ this worde nowe had bene put to it al had bene well but because the worde nowe is other wise placed and referred to the next senteÌ„ce which is now hath learned them it is a false Argument because this worde nowe should be referred to the first poinct as thus Whosoeuer knoweth letters now hath learned them A GraÌ„marian knoweth letters now Ergo a Grammarian hath learned them And so this ArgumeÌ„t is good beyng thus placedâ— but though this subtiltie seme childisheâ— yet olde babes haue vsed it euen in the weightiest cause of our redemptioÌ„ and thought therin to foile the godly reasonyng in iest after this sort yet meanyng good earneâ—â— Faith without workes doth iustify Faith without workes is a deade faith Ergo a deade faith doth iustifie Here one may se a false packing for in the first PropositioÌ„ faith is seueral and referred to the last woorde of
false deceipteful reasons The pâ—rson A noble man of the parliament house maye hunte in the kynges parkes by authoritie Ergo euery man maâ—e The tyme. It is not lawful to walke in the stretes of LondoÌ„ after the watche is set Ergo it is not lawfull to walke in London at all The place It is not lawful to gyue a blow within the courte gates Ergo it is not lawfull at all in myne owne defence The maner of comparyng It is an Image of a man Ergo it is a man Compare these .ij. together marke the accident adioyned to a man and ye shall perceiue that it taketh awaye all substaunce and leaueth only the shadow for this worde painted restrayneth the other compasseth hym with in his bouÌ„des so that a painted maÌ„ can no more be called a man then an adulterous wife can be called a wife for so longe is a woman called a wife as she kepeth her selfe within the boundes of matrimonie other wise she is no wyfe although men vse to cal them wyues The .iii. deceipt SEcundum noÌ„ causam vt causam that is when a cause that â—s not able to proue the matâ—er is brought in as thoughâ— it ware of force and strengthe but the ground beynge considered the fault is easely espied Dronkenes is euil Ergo wine is naught Wyne is not to be reproued altogether although some abuse the same for it is a good thinge ordeyned of God for the sustenaunce of man An other argument Some young men when thei come tother landes fal to vnthriftines Ergo riches are not good In all suche argumentes whereiâ— good thynges are reproued bycause euil bodies abuse thesame the euil wylâ— and the naughty inclination of the man whiche abuseth suche thynges is to be rebuked and therfore wheÌ„ it is otherwise it may be said that a cause which is not is put for a cause As some abuse Paules meanyng when they go about to depraue philosophie Paule warneth that we should not be deceaued by philosophie Ergo Philosophie is naught say some The argument doth not folowe for a good thyng may be much abused and yet the thynge it selfe may not be altogether reiected as naught therfore Paule doth not condemne demonstrations and principles whiche are assured truthes taught by the sciences as in arithmeticke .iiij. and .iiij. make .viij. In philosophie The whole is greater then the parte do as thou woldest be done vnto but he reproueth the abuse of sciences when there is made a mingle mangle of them and one confounded with an other as some haue sayde that philosophie wil teache a christian asmuche for his profession as all the Prophetes and the whole Bible besides wyll doe this made Paule byd men take hede that they be not deceaued by philosophie Now a dayes they wyll saye I cannot tell here is is muche preachynge muche teachyng of godes worde but I see fewe folowers of it it was a better worlde when we had not halfe so many preachers heresies were neuer more ripe naughtinesse neuer more abounded therfore gyue vs the olde learnyng again and take you the new This reason is not worthy a strawe The wickednes of the Preachers cometh not of their learning but of their vicious natures and naughty desiers for out of one and the same floure the Bee sucketh hony and the spider draweth poison By these and such other like examples ye maie easely espie wherefore the Argument is not good yf ye marke whether the true cause be in the former Proposition or some counterfect reason whiche semeth to proue and yet in diede doth not proue the matter at al. for if I reason thus Iohson and Robson looked through an hedge the one saw the other Ergo they two are both nigh of kindred What man seeth not that doth see any iote at al that this geare hangeth together like a brokeÌ„ potte sheerd and that the Antecedent doth nothyng at all proue the Consequent and yet the other Argumentes aboue rehersed if they bee narowlie marked are as folishe as worthie to be laughed at as is this folishe fonde reason and madly inuented argument ¶ An othâ—r Argument Feare not the signes of the Element Ergo they signifie none euil to come The Consequent is false for Christ doth forbid his Disciples to feare the signes not by cause they signifie none euil to come but by cause that where as they signifie harme punishemenâ— to the worlde wicked persons yet he wil be a present succour to his church and neuer leaue it comfortles As wheÌ„ the godly heare this feare not death it doth not folow but that death is an horrible thyng and much repugnaunt to mans nature This deceiptful Argument is muche vsed in this our life and made a bucklar for diuerse matters As when I am lothe to bee of a quest or that any such busines shoulde trouble me beyng sent for I faine my self sicke because I would not gladlie come Or wheÌ„ one that is riche should healpe a poore maÌ„ to saie God healpe you syr I haue a great charge my self I can not do for you Or when a Bisshoppe shoulde be desired to teache or preache to saie he is sick Or when a lawyer being desired to healpe a poore man and profered there vpon a litle mony euen so muche as the poore man can not well spare and yet not halfe so muche as the lawyer woulde haue streyght to saie I am sory I can not do for you if I were not called vpon otherwise by diuerse men I woulde not faâ—l to do you good This is as thei saie in English better a badde excuse then none at all in Latine it is called non causa pro causa posita And the vsing of such excuses emoÌ„g the Rethoritians is called translatio that is to saie a shiftyng or puttyng of the faulte from one to an other As wee reade that Demades vsed a woÌ„derfull good shifte wheÌ„ it was laidesore to his charge that he had writtteÌ„ a very naughtie decre and vnhonest for the obteynyng of the peace at Alexanders hand He aunswered that the same Decree was not writtten with his owne writyng pen but with Alexanders warryng speare which is asmuche to saie feare did driue him to take suche and such conditions of peace We reade a notable Historie of a younge childe in Rome called Papirius whiche because both it is pleasauÌ„t much to be woundred at and also serueth for this purpose right aptly I thinke it meete to be rehersed in this place This Papirius beyng a young ladde of .x. or .xij. yeres olde and sonne to one of the Senatours in Rome whiche were then as noble men be nowe in Englande lords of the Counsail went euery day with his father to the Parliamente house and hard from time to time all matters that were debated there His father euermore charged hym that he should not vtter any thyng which he hard to any bodie liuing It happened afterward that vpon vrgent
note this diligeÌ„tly that those Indefinite Propositions whose laste rehersed parte is necessary and is so spoken of the former part that it doth alwaie agree to the same and to the whole nature of the same do implie as muche as a generall propositino as in the aboue rehersed Proposition The soule is immortal this word to be immortall whiche is spoken of the soule agreâ—h not to one man or to certaine but to euery man liuyng when the Accidentes are spokeÌ„ of the former part it implieth as muche as a particular Proposition doth asâ— Homo homini prestat ingenio virtute doctrina Some man is better then an other in witte learnyng and vertue is no more to say than Quidam homo homini prestat Some one maÌ„ is better then an other A singular Proposition is when a propre name of a man is conteined in a Proposition and is the former part of the same as Cicero est Orator Cicero is an Oratour Alexander est bellicosus Alexander is a warriour The repuâ—naunce of Propositions REpugnaÌ„cie is the diuersitee of .ij. propositioÌ„s which haue both one subiectum called the former part one attributum which is the rehersed part and in sence spoken of the former There be .iiij. in nombre called in Latine Contrariae Subcontrariae CoÌ„tradictoriae and Subalternae Generall coÌ„trarie ProposicioÌ„s are those whereof the one doth affirme the other doth denye as thus Omnes homines gloria ducuntur All men are moued with glory Nulli homines gloria ducuntur No men are moued with glory Particular contrarie are twoo Particulars whereof the one doth affirme the other doth deny Aliqui homines gloria ducuntur Some men are moued with glory Aliqui homines gloria non ducuntur Some men are not moued with glory Contradictory ProposicioÌ„s are wheÌ„ the one is Uniuersal affirmatiue and the other Particular negatiue or els when the one is Uniuersal negatiue and the other Particular affirmatiue as thus Omnes homines gloria ducunturâ— All men are moued with glory Aliqui homines gloria non ducuÌ„tur Some men are not moued with glory and likewyse backeward Subalternae are those whiche be either Uniuersall affirmatiue Particular affirmatiue or els vniuersall negatiue and particular negatiue ¶ A single Pâ—oposicion is thre waies denided PRopositio Categorica other wise called a single Proposition is deuided into true and false Propositions They are true PropositioÌ„s whiche agre to the matter and are either necessarie or els such as maie be either true or false called in Latine fortuitae or contingentes Necessarie Propositions are assuredly true and knowen so to be either by nature or els by experience Of those that necessarily be knitte together are these The propre name the kynde the generall worde the differeÌ„ce the propretie the definition the causes the propre worke of causes and some Accidentes that euer tarie as thus Cicero est homo Cicero is a man Homo est animal ratione praeditum aptum ad risum A man is a liuyng creature endued with reason apt to laugh Dies est necessario quoniam Sol exoriens est It must nedes be day because the Sonne is vp Ignis calidus est Fier is hotte Those Propositions are chaungeable whiche may be true or chaunce to be so as Pecunia est bonum Mony is a good thyng whersoeuer the Accident is spoken of that which conteineth hym euery suche Proposition is called chaunceable or that which may be true as Water is made whot here we see that it chaunceth to water coÌ„trary to her nature to be warme and therefore it is called chaunceable as the which maie chaunceâ— or be chaunged The Table of repugnaunt Propositions HEre we must be diligent that in all such repugnauncie of PropositioÌ„s there be no doubtfulnes in any worde and that alwaies there be one maner of woordes that go before and also one maner of wordes that ende the sentence plainly and without double vnderstandyng This diuersite of Propositions is very necessary to discerne the truth froÌ„ that which is false for when we ioyne two Propositions that are dissonant we shal easely trie the chaffe from the corne the which when we haue done we maie the better sticke to the truth with full assente the contrary beyng ones disclosed and reiected ¶ De Conuersione of the turnyng of Propositions COnuersion is the chaungyng or alteryng of wordes in a Proposicion when the former part wherof any thyng is rehersed and the hynder parte which is rehersed of the former are chaunged the one into the others place There be .iij. maner of ConuersioÌ„s Simplex per Accidens per Contrapositionem A plaine Conuersion is when both the Propositionâ— are like in all thyâ—ges both in signes and also in affirmacion or negation sauing onely that of the last rehersed is made the former part of the sentence the former part is made the last rehersed part Suche Conuersion is made when both Propositions be either Uniuersall negatiues or els particular affirmatiues for the first thus Nemo timens Deum coÌ„taminat se adulterio Ergo Nemo contaminans se adulterio timet Deum No man that feareth God deâ—ileth him self with adultrieâ— therfore no man that defileth him self with adultrie feareth God Here we maie see the Conuersion plaine as the rule aboue rehersed teacheth For ij particular affirmatiues this shal be an example QuidaÌ„ aulici boni sunt Ergo quidaÌ„ boni aulici sunt Some courtiers are honest Ergo some honest men are courtiers A Conuersion by AccideÌ„t is when the former parte of the sentence is made the last rehersed parte and the last rehersed parte made the former part both the Propositions affirmyng or deniyng sauyng onely that the signes bee chaunged that is the one beyng Uniuersall the second beyng Particular First a Conuersion is made of .ij. affirmatiues thus Omnis virtus est laudaÌ„da Ergo laudanduÌ„ aliquid est virtus All vertue is to be praised therefore some thing to be praised is a vertue A conuersioÌ„ of .ij. negatiues thus Nemo malus foelix foelix igitur sapiens cum sit non est malus No euill man is absolutely happy Therfore an absolute happie man consyderyng he is wise cannot be euill This kynde of Conuersion is very profitable for him that wil dispute for where as we reason often froÌ„ the general worde to the kynde we must nedes vse this maner of Conuersion as thus If al exercise be good then this exercise is good and so of other A Conuersion by contraposition is when the former part of the senteÌ„ce is turned into the last rehersed parte and the last rehersed part turned into the former parte of the sentence both the propositions being vniuersall and affirmatiue sauyng that in the second Proposition there be certaine negatiues enterlaced as thus Omnis homo auet aliquid videre audire scire Ergo quod non auet aliquid videre audire scire non est homo Euery maÌ„ desireth to se to heare or to know
the same As it is easie to se in the argumentes of the second figure Therfore it is good reason that both there shoulde be two figures and also that the argument doth well procede beyng made in any of them Some tymes an argument is made whan we couple many causes together the very effectes of the same as thusâ— Ouermuche gourmandise hyndreth digestion in the stomake By euil digestion in the stomake corrupte blod is eâ—gendred in the liuer When euill blode is brede in the liuer euill humours are spred through out all the bodyeâ— Euill humours spred through out the bodie cause a distemperature in the bodie and after that bryng the dropsey Therfore ouermoche gourmandise causeth dropsey Of an halfe argument called Enthimema AN halfe argument is an argument vnperfect the whiche is whan one proposition is rehersed and the conclusion straight brought in there vpon as thus That is not good whiche bryngeth a man to mischefe Therfore money is not goodâ— The bible teacheth a man his duetye towardes god and his neighbour Ergo it is necessary to be knowen read of euery bodye Pleasure bryngeth endeles payne after it Ergo pleasure is to be eschued These argumentes behalfe argumeÌ„tes wantyng one proposition euermore the whiche if we adde a perfecte argumentation foloweth therupon as thus Whatsoeuer bryngeth endlesse payne after it that same is to bâ— eâ—chued Pleasure bryngeth endelesse payne after it Ergo pleasure is to be eschued These half imperfect Argumentes called Enthymemata consiste partely of likelyhodes and partely of infallible reasons Likelyhodes are those that often hitte the trueth yet are not alwaies so as thus Such a youngmaÌ„ talketh often and that alone also with such a young maide Ergo he is in loue with her This maie be true and this maie be false for although the coniecture haue some probabilite with it yet is it not for euer true The other called infallible reasons or rather necessary Argumentes muste by all reason be euermore true as thus Such a womaÌ„ is brought in bed Ergo she hath had the company of a man ¶ An other The Sunne is rysen Ergo it is daie Therfore in all coÌ„municacion good hede ought to bee taken that likelyhodes of thynges be not vsed for necessarie reasons ¶ Of an Argument called Syllogismus Expositorius THis kynde of Argument hath euermore a nown propre to be as the double repete in both Propositions coÌ„trarie to the maner of all other Argumentesâ— and it maie be referred to the thirde figure Paul doth alleage godlie sentences of the Ethnicques Paul was a preacher Ergo a preacher maye alleage godly saynges of the Ethnicques For what so euer is truely gathered of particular thynges the same also is propre to thynges generall what soeuer agreth to the propre name the same also agreeth to the kynde to the difference or propretie of the saide nowne propre Inductio AN Induction is a kynde of Argument when we gather sufficiently a noÌ„bre of propre names and there vpon make the coÌ„clusion vniuersall as thus Rhenyshe wine heateth Maluesey heateth Frenchewine heateth neither is there any wyne that doth the contrary Ergo all wine heateth ¶ An other Example Dathan for disâ—obience againste the superiour poure ended his life wretchedly Likewise Abiron Likewise Chore Likewise Sâ—mei Neither is there any example to the contrary Therfore all rebelles and traytors to their Prince Kyng shall dye wretchedly ¶ An other Example Nembroth although he was a iolie huÌ„ter yet he liued like a wretche in great miserie Laban also liued wretchedly Pharao was sore plaged Amalech Madian Abimelech Herode with other ware scourged greuously for their wickednes neither is their any example to the contrary Therfore the ende of wicked men is wretched This kynde of Argument is called Inductio because that shewing diuerse propre names it enduceth at length and moueth the mind to make a generall conclusion Therfore necessary it is that in such Argumentes al the examples which are induced be like for if any be found contrary the Argument is of no force as thus Athanasius liued vnmaried Ambrosius liued vnmaried Basilius had no wife a great many mo Ergo all Bishoppes heretofore were vnmaried The Argument is not Lawful forasmuche as diuerse haue been maried in the Primatiue Churche as Spiridion Hermes Hilarius Policrates Tertullianus and diuers other for it was the maner in the primatiue church that honeste maried men were chosen to be Bishoppes and had the charge of christes flocke The Apostles also as Egnatius wittenesseth had wiues aswel as other men and as I think vsed them as other meÌ„ do their wiues or elles asked their leaue and consent to forbeare them De Exemplo AN example is a maner of Argumentation where one thyng is proued by an other for the likenes that is found to be in them both as thus If Marcus Attilius Regulus had rather lose his life then not kepe promise with his enemie theÌ„ shoulde euery man beyng taken prisoner kepe promise with his enemy Yf cities haue bene destroied for breaking of wedlocke then adulterers muste nedes be punished Yf Alexander dawned a weake souldiour when he was almost frosen for colde and did set him in his owne chaire against the fier theÌ„ should al captaines and meÌ„ of warre be tendre ouer there poore warriours and base souldiours Eâ—er more take hede that in this kynde of Argument the causes be like of both sydes or els the Argumente proueth not as thus Peter killed Ananias taken with an open lye Therfore spiritual ministres may punishe open offendours with temporal sworde The examples are not like Peter did kill Ananias with the worde powre of the holy Ghost-therfore preachers must not kil the body but onely excommunicate men accomptyng theÌ„ vnworthie to be in the congregacion The sworde is lauful for the teÌ„porall Magistrate onely for none other ¶ Sorites SOrites vel coaceruatio is a heapyng together of causes one vpon an other A kynd of Argument when the last rehersed worde of the first Proposition is repeted in the firste parte of the seconde Proposition necessarily agreyng there vnto and so goyng stil forth in like maner til at the length the last rehersed worde be added vnto the first woorde called Subiectum of the first Proposition And it is a kynde of Argument muche vsed when we ascend vpward froÌ„ the lowest to the highest or els when we go from the causes to the next thyng done whiche thynges done are the occasioÌ„ of other thynges besides as thus A man is a liuyng creature A liuyng creature is a liuely body A liuely bodie is a substaunce Ergo a man is a substaunce Where the Lawe is there is transgression Where there is transgression there is feare Where there is feare there is remorse of conscience Therefore where the Lawe is there is remorse of conscience ¶ An other IustificatioÌ„ is not without faith Faith is not without a repentaÌ„t harte Therfore iustification
referred to this but rather to the propretie bicause it beloÌ„geth to man alone alwaies to man ¶ The generall rule If the maner of doyng or sufferyng be the thyng conteynyng is also and the woordes adioyned also whereof doyng and sufferyng haue their of spryng folowe vpon the same ¶ The maner of reasonyng from this place If one breathe the same man hath life in him If Iulius Cesar came into England then there was such a man called Iulius Cesar. Yf Richard the third plaied the tyrante here in Englande then there was suche a man in Englande ¶ The Use. This place much helpeth either for praise or dispraise Some officers bribe the poore robbe their Maister and wayst their own Ergo suche are worthie death ¶ Of the thyng tonteynyng The Subiecte or the thyng conteinyng is a substaunce being the stoore-house of Accidentes the very proppe to hold vp diedes done for neither wisdom strength health nor Policie can be at al except they be conteined with in some one body ¶ The generall rule Take away the thyng conteinyng and there remaineth nether adiacent nor yet dede done ¶ The maner of reasonyng There is fieâ— Ergo it is hotte Christ was a very maÌ„ Ergo Christ died and sufferde the panges at his departyng ¶ An other Why doest thou say that I owe the a croune whome I knowe was neuer yet worth a grote MelaÌ„chthon liueth and readeth Therfore there is great learnyng to be had where he is ¶ The Use. By naming a worthy persoÌ„ his prayse is sufficiently set forth euen when his name is ons vtterd For what learned man hearing the name of Cicero doth not remembre thereby the ful practise and the absolute skil of all eloquence These places therfore helpe aswel for the amplifiyng of matters either in prayse or disprayse as they do for the stedfast prouyng of any cause ¶ Of outward places beyng not in the substaunce but only touching the substauÌ„ce and without the nature of it THe firste are called the causes of thynges and the thynges comming of causes which only are ioyned tâ— the thyng necessarily where as the other places folowyng are not coupled necessarily but are only ioyned together by a certain alliaunce to the present matier ¶ The deuision of causâ—s Some causes are called the very causes of thynges euen by their owne nature other causes are happenyng causes the which may perhapps bryng forth the effect lastely there be causes without the which thinges can not be done and yet are they not any cause to force the effecteâ— The very cause of thynges is such a one that if it be practised in very diede and set forth with other naturall causes the effect must nedes folowe and againe if it be not putte in practise although the other be put yet the effect shall not folowe As for exaÌ„ple although one haue a cloth yet can he not haue the vse of it excepte the tailer cutte it out And although the milner grinde yet we are like to dine without breade excepte the baker do his parte also in the batche The happenyng cause is such a one that although it bee putte in practise in very diede yet it shall not straight waie so be that the effect muste nâ—des folowe As an ague may be the happenyng cause that some one man kepeth good diet yet not any forcyng cause for then all sicke folke might be compted for sober men The cause without the whiche thynges cannot be dooen as thus The Surgean cannot heale a wounde except the dedde fleshe be cut out The waiefarer shall hardly come to his iorneis end except he haue some money in his purse In time of warre it is euill trauailyng without a passe porte this is called in Latine Causa sine qua non that is to say the cause without the which we caÌ„ not and yet it is not the cause of our iourneyng ¶ The deâ—inition of a very cause A cause in very dede is a meane by whose force some thyng doth folowe ¶ There be .iiii. such causes The efficient cause The end The matier The shape The efficient cause is the working cause by whose meanes thynges are brought to passe Of those that are workyng causes some by nature bring thynges to passe some by aduisement and by a fore purposed choyse Thynges woorke by nature and that necessarily which lacke knowlege to chuse this or that haue no iudgement to discerne thynges As the Sonne the fire herbes precious stones The sonne euen by nature geueth light to the daie and caÌ„not other wise doo the fire burneth naturallyâ— Herbes kepe their vertue of necessitie The Adamant draweth Iron euen by nature And so the bloud stone stoppeth bloud Some of these causes worke by the force and violence of nature some by an outward powre beyng strained thervnto Thei worke by the force and violence of nature whose beginnyng is within theimselfes beyng ayded by none other outward thing As fire burneth eueÌ„ by the natural force of heate which is in the substance therof Thei woorke by an outward powre whiche are strayned to woorke by another meane As water set vpon the fire wareth hot yet is not hote by her awne nature but is made hotte by the nature and might of fire of whoÌ„ the water taketh heate In like maner boulettes of leade shot out of a gunne an arrâ—we out of a bowe a stone out of a slyng all these flie not into the ayre by their â—wne power or might but by force violence of him that casteth theÌ„ ¶ The generall rule From the naturall workyng cause the effecte must nedes folowe as thus If the Sonne shine the daie muste nedes be whiche is the effecte or workemanship of the Sunne Suche a man hath eaten Hemlock Ergo he is poysoned and in daunger of death Fire is in the Chimney or in the toppe of the house therefore it muste nedes burne Take away the cause and theffect can not be at al for if there be no fire there can bee no flame nor burnyng neither The seconde workyng cause is wheÌ„ thynges are dooen by aduisement and by choyse not by any necessitie at all for thynges maie aswell not bee doen as be doen as if there be a Shomaker there maie be shone made and contrary if there be no Shomaker there can be no shone at all ¶ The â—enerall rule When the voluntary cause in put the woorkemanship or the thyng doen maie folowe As if there be a Carpenter a house maie be made If one reade good aâ—cthors and herken to the readyng of learned men he maie come to good learnyng ¶ The maner of reasonyng Suche a one hath droÌ„ke poyson ergo he will dye shortly Christe hath reconciled mankind to his father by sufferyng death vpon the Crosse Ergo suche as beleue in this sauyng health shall liue for euer ¶ Another diuision of â—auses efficient Some efficient causes are coÌ„maundyng causes As the Kyng is the commaundyng cause to his