from the beginning and the Author and Father of all deceit Iohn 8.44 Yet man had power to have resisted him if he would which he not doing became the true and proper efficient cause of Corrupting himself and all his posterity who likewise by means of the poyson derived from his Loyns became also the proper and immediate causes oâ— their own sins Mark well then O my Soul the Root of this evil and furthrr consider what unsavory and cursed fruit it bringeth forth surely even such as it self is for such as the Tree is such are the fruits as is the root so are the branches a poysoned fountain casteth forth no wholesome streams Iames 3. And who can bring as the Wiseman saith a clean thing out of filthiness surely there is not one but onely he who is holiness it self Iohn 14.4 And without all Controversie the reward and wages of sin is deathâ— and that not onely temporal and bodily which is a separation of the body from the soul for a season but also spiritual and eternal both of soul and body for ever and ever Is any good thing withâ—held from us let us thank our sin for it is any plague or punishment laid upon us be sure that sin is the cause or at the least even in the dearest Children of God the occasion of it Is any good blessing of God made of no force or even turned to a Curse to us we may be sure that it is by reason of our sin for as the Prophet saith The Lords hand is not shortned that it cannot save nor his ear heavy that it cannot hear but our iniquities separate betwixt us and our God and our sins do hide his face from us that he will not hear Esay 59. 1 2. Finally as Iob saith Misery springeth not forth of the dust neither doth Affliction spring one of the earth but man is born to labour as the sparkles flie upward Job 5. 6 7. As if he should say Man is as prone by nature to sin against God and consequently to pull Gods judgements upon himself as the fire which is a light Element is naturally prone to ascend and mount aloft And to the end that thou my soul maist see upon what an ugly monster thou hast set thy delight dost doâ—e upon and art bewitched withall consider how fair and how amible piety and vertue are for as they make a man lovely and honourable so sin maketh him loathsome and contemptible The fear of God saith Solomon makes the face of a man to shine and be beautifull but impiety and profanesse do deface and disfigure the image of God in him and cause both God and all good men to loath detest him as a polluted andâ— filthy thing Favour saith the same Wise-man is deceitfull and beauty is vanity but the woman that feareth â—he Lord shee shal be praised Prov. 31.39 A vile person is contemned that is a prophane man and basely esteemed how great soever he be in the world in the eyes of him that feareth God Psal. 15.4 And piety is the only beauty that the Lord himselfe is delighted with 1 Pet. 3.4 Therefore it is clear in the contrary part that he loatheth and abhorreth impiety and sin And yet my soul to bring thee further out of love with this most ugly monster consider whereunto it is like and to what it may be compared It is like saith Esay to filthy raggs that are cast aside upon the dunghill and detested of all the passers by It biteth as a serpent and stingeth as a Coccatrice creepeth as a gangrene or deadly canker that eateth to the heart and cannot be cured and though it seeme sweet in the begiuning yet it is most bitter in the end and that which relisheth like hony in the mouth will prove ranke poyson in the bowels Finally O my soul if thou peruse the holy Scriptures thou shalt find no book no leafe no chapterâ— nor scarce any verse whâ—rin there is not some precept some prohibition some promise some threatning or some example which seems not very fitly and profitably to shew forth the amiableness of vertue and the uglinesse of sin and with what care zeal watâ—â—â—â—lnesse c. the one is to be shunâ—â—â— and the other to be imbraced Thus far Mr. Egerton Lib. 3 Cap. 6. Now that thou maist attain kind reader unto this sweet delight of meditation or to the top of whatsoever felicity thou aimest at by this art use my book in this manner following It consisting only of rules and examples will be no great burthen for thee to commit it all to memory and so whether thou meditatest or discoursest of sin or piety in the generall or any vice or vertue in the particular thou shalt find from the head of this Art after the example foreshewed abundance of matter to furnish thy meditation So cum paucis sapientibus I commit my labour to thy discreet and favourable construction and with equall respect to all indifferently rest R. F. Iunior PETER RAMUS to the READER ARchymedes O Reader would have the reâ—â—â—â— of the Spheres and Cliâ—â—â—tes in which Invention hee had more vehemently laboured ingraven upon his sepulchre And truly shouldst thou ask me of my vigils and studies I desire a pillar to be raised upon my grave from the instructions of the Art of Logick Touching the cause of the wish they answer first to the accurateness of the Art the books of invention of Arguments and their disposition to be judged not onely from Aristotle Organicall Rhetoricall Physicall but from Cicero and Quintilian and so many Orators In all which wee have strived with all study and diligence by all reasonable wayes to contract them briefly into these two Books that no particle or the least shadow of Logick might be there confused whose truth might not be expresly delivered And this shall be first made known touching Archymedes his Probleme They answer secondly to the use of Logick the elegance and dignity of all the parts to be explicated to stir up Logicall meditations as well the popular phrases of Poets Orators Historiographers as also the liberall and ingenuous arts of a new Body delivered in a new form to the studious adorned with excellent indowments And leâ—t any should fear leâ—t they should happen to be strangers they are given and committed to the liberall custodies of their schools This shal be secondly made known touching Archymedes his problem Those therefore shall be witness of so many day and night watches touching the truth and utility of Logick and shall answer for the cause of our wish shall also admonish thee Reader as I hope of I know not what madnesse is in most Academies of Europe disputing of their sophisticall precepts how that they are far unlike both to the verity and utility of Logick and shall also inflame thee to the study of the more true and profitable Faculties But beside this there is objected a great company exstructed with theatricall reproaches
threatning pains of tribunal judgment condemnation at the least of filthy ignorance and calumny will thrust us from the whole Kingdom of Philosophy as strange and unheard oâ— prescription both with hands and tongue Whither will they forbid the small cause of our wish what freedom was obtained by King Henry from the envie of so mad a Iudg or to the more solid judgment of a milder Censurer What afterward when this Logicall order had set foot in the cause of Religion was a more great offence the life and health of us being aimed at by those three civill wars will these shew no cause of our wish yea rather they do admonish That we give great thanks to the Almighty who hath ayded and protected the course of our studies hitherto neither would suffer them by any means to be interrupted Therefore I witnesse that this light of Logick will avail greatly to the studious in setting forth the truth as also to adorn the ingenuous Arts as chiefly the illustrating the heavenly mysteries of the sacred Doctrine I pray that it may grow up more and more to these things and that this Book may be happily concluded to the glory of God A TABLE OF THE Chapters in the two Books of Peter Ramus his DIALECTICA In the first Book 1. The definition of Dialectica 2. The parts and kinds of arguments 3. The Efficient procreanâ— and Conservant cause 4. The Efficient alone and with others 5. The Efficient by himself or an Accident 6. The Matter 7. The Form 8. The End 9. The Effects 10. The Subject 11. The Adjunct 12. Diverses 13. Desperates 14. Relates 15. Adverses 16. Contradicents 17. Privants 18. Equalls 19. Greaters 20. Lessers 21. Likes 22. Dislikes 23. Conjugates 24. Notation 25. Distribution 26. Distribution of the Causes 27. Distribution of the Effects whether of Kind or Species 28. The Distribution from the Subjects 29. The Distribution from the Adjunct 30. Definition 31. Description 32. Testimony Divine 33. Testimonies humane of Laws and Sentences In the second Book 1. Of Iudgement 2. Axiomas affirming or denying 3. True and False 4. The simple Axioma 5. the copulate Axioma 6. The connexed Axioma 7. The Descrete Axioma 8. The disjunct Axioma 9. The Syllogisme and his parts 10. The â—imple and contraected syllogism 11. The first kind of the simple explicate Syllogism 12. The simple explicate Syllogism 13. The first connexed Syllogism 14. The second connexed Syllogism 15. The first disjunct Syllogism 16. The second disjunct Syllogism 17. The onely method according to Aristotle 18. The first illustration of Method by examples of arts 19. The second example of Poets Orators and Historiographers 20. The secrets of Method In Laudem Scientia Dialecticae sacrae THe sacred Sciences do Praeise deserve And merit Laud because that they conserve The use of Manners also do declare What things in Man most acceptable are But 'mongst them all there 's none so high in Reach As Dialectica which reasoning doth teach This at the first from God Almighty came From Heaven descended this bright shining flame God Reason taught and Man he did inspire With Faculties which Logick doth require The Matter Precepts Form Methodical The end is Reasons use to teach t'h unlearned all Th' effects are divers which I cannot tell Except I had a tongue which did excell The Artes before confusedly did lie Till Logicks use compos'd them curiously But what do I discoursing of this thing When Praises to the worth the Learned cannot sing THE FIRST BOOK OF PETER RAMUS His DIALECTICA of Invention CAP. 1. What Dialectica is Question WHat is Dialectica A. Dialectica is the art of disputing well and in that sense is called Logick CAP. 2. The parts of Dialectica and kinds of Arguments Q. How many parts hath Dialectica A. Dialectica hath two parts Invention and Judgment Q. What is Invention A. Invention is a part of Dialectica of inventing Arguments Q. What is an Argument A. An Argument is that which iâ— affected to argue any thing such aâ— are all reasons considered a part and bâ— themselves Q. What be the Kinds A. Artificiall and Inartificiall Q. What is an Artificiall Argument A. That which argueth of it self Q. What be the Kinds A. First or derived from the First Q. What is First A. First is that which is of its own Originall Q. What be the Kinds A. Simple or Comparative Q. What is Simple A. Simple is that which is considered simply and absolutely Q. What be the Kinds A. Agreeing or disagreeing Q. What is Agreeing A. That which agreeth with tâ— thing which it argueth Q. What be the Kinds A. Agreeing absolutely or after certain manner Q. What is agreeing absolutely A. The Cause and Efâ—ect CAP. 3. The Efficient Procreant and Conservant Cause Q. What is the Cause A. The Cause is that by whose force the thing is Q. What is the Proâ—it of it A. This first place of invention is the foundation of all knowledge and he is beleeved to know of whom the cause is held As the Poet sayeth worthily The man sure happy is who cause of things doth know Q. How is the Cause divided A. Into two kinds Efficient and Matter or Forme and End Q. What is the Efficient Cause A. The Efficient Cause is that from which the thing is Q. How many kinds hath it A. There appeareth to us no true Kinds yet the great plenty of it is distinguished by certain means Q. What is that which effecteth by â—he first means A. That which procreateth or deâ—endeth Q. Give me an example out of somâ— Poet. A. Ovid 1. Remedio Amoris Therefore when thou shalt look in this ouâ— med ' cinall Art My admonition do set Idlenesse apart This causeth thee to love this doth defenâ— it still This is the cause of joy as meat somtimeâ— breeds ill Take lastly sloth away God Cupids bow is lost His torches lose their light contemn'd away they 'r tost Q. Give me a more familiar exampleâ— A. The Father and Mother procreate the Nurse defendeth Q. Give an example of this out of some Poet. A. 4. AEneid Th' art not Gods Child ne Dardanus his son Thou rather from the steep â—ard rocks didst come Of Caucasus it seemeth of that breed Hyrcanian Tygers thee with brests did feed AEglog 8. Now what this whorson love is I well woâ— It is a little busie boy begot Not of mans seed ne like to one of us But farthest Garamants and Ismarus Or rockie Rhodope as it should seem In their rough ragged hils ingeÌ„dred him Q. Do not builders and governours of Cities come under this head A. Yes Romulus the builder of the City of Rome also all other Kings Consuls and Emperors are defenders and keepers CAP. 4. The Efficient alone and with others Q. What is that which effecteth by the second means A. That which effecteth alone or with others Q. What are those others A. Some oftentimes are Principall others are helping and Ministers Q.
What are the other derived arguments A. Distribution and Definition Q. Is there not a reciprocall affection in both these A. Yes Q. What is the affection in the distribution A. Of all parts with the whole Q. What is the affection in the deâ—inition A. Of the Definition with the things defined Q. What is a Distribution A. A Distribution is when the whole is distributed into parts Q. What is the whole A. The whole is that which containeth parts Q. What are parts A. Parts are those which are contained of the whole Q. It should seem then that the distinction of the whole into parts is Distribution A. So I said Q. What is then the collection of the parts to the making up of the whole A. It is called Induction Q. Whence is Distribution taken A. Distribution is taken from arguments altogether agreeing but disagreeing amongst themselves therefore it shall be by so much more accurate by how much the agreeings of the parts shall be with the whole and the disagreeing among themselves CAP. 26. The destribution from the cause Q. Whence is the First Distribution A. The first distribution is from absolute Agreeings Q. What are these absolute Agreeings A. The Causes and Effects Q. What is distribution from the Causes A. Distribution from the Causes is when the parts are causes of the whole Here the distribution of perfect into its members is greatly praised Q. What is Perfect A. Perfect is the whole to which the parts are essentiall Q. What is a member A. A member is a part of the whole Q. Give example A. Grammer is divided into Etymology and Syntaxis Rhetorick into Elocution and Action Dialectica into Invention and Judgment for those Arts are constituted of those parts Q. What is the principall Distribution A. When the explication of a longer thing is received Q. Give example A. Georg. 1. What makes glad corn and how to till the ground How to plant elms that be so strong and sound How to guide oxen cattell how to tend And how the little pretty Bâ—e defend I will declare Q. Give another example A. Cic. pro Mur. I understand O you Judges that the whole accusation hath three parts one of which is in reprehension of life another in contention of dignity the third touching the fault Q. How is the second kinde of handling this kinde of argument A. Either from the Parts to the Whole or from the Whole to the Parts Q. Give example A. Cat. Quintia is faire to many so to me I will not therefore this same thing deny But wholly faire I will not say she 's not True beauty in her there is not a jot Lesbius faire in every part most fine Venus adorn'd her cleer did make her shine CAP. 27. The distribution from the Effects also the Genus and Species Q. What is the Distribution from the Effects A. The Distribution from the Effects is when the Parts are Effects Q. Give example A. In a ship the sea-men some scale the masts some run in at the doors some draw water the Governour holdeth the rudder in the ship Q. May not distribution of Genus into Species be comprised under this head A. Yes distribution of Genus into Species doth here excell Q. What is Genus A. Genus is the whole essential in parâ—s Q. What is Species A. Species is the parts of Genus Q. Give example A. We say A living creature is the genus of a man and a beast for a living creature is the whole of that effect viz. a corporall living substance which commonly pertaineth to the beasts and men We say the species of a man and a beast is living because they are parts of a living subject which living essence they have common We say A man is the genus of every man and a lion the genus of every lion but contrary every man the species of a man every lion of a lion Q. What is the kinds of the Genus A. The Genus is most generall or subalternat Q. What are the kinds of the Species A. The Species is subalternate or most speciall Q. What is the most generall Genus A. The most generall Genus is that of which there is no kinds Q. Give example A. In Logical Invention an argument is the most generall genus of artificials and inartificials Q. VVhat is the subalternate Genus and the subalternate Species A. The subalternate Genus as also the subalternate Species is that which is the species of this but the genus of that Q. Give example A. The Cause is the species of an absolute arguing Argument but the genus of the Matter and Form Q. But what is the most special Species A. The most speciall Species is that which is individable into other species Q Give example A. The matter and forme siâ—gly Q. What are the Genus and Species notes of A. Of the Causes and Effects Q. Give example A. In a living thing there is a corporeal essence which in the matter is belonging commonly to the species as also the faculty of life sense which in the form pertaineth commonly to the species Q. It should seeme that the Genus contains the causes which attain to the â—pecies of it and therefore contrarily the Species contains the Effects of their Genus A. So it is Q. From whence then is that universall famousnes and excellency A. From hence because it declareth the causes Q. Shew some example now of the distributions of the Genus into Species A. Distribution of Genus into Species is very excellent truly but hard and seldom found yet we wil bring what illustrations and examples wee can Ovid. Met. 1. divideth living creatures inâ—o five Species Starrs Birds Beasts Fish Men hee giveth life to the stars as the Philosophers doe No region is without some living thing Stars in the skies the forms of gods being Birds in the aire in abundance be Beasts on the earth and fishes in the sea But yet 'mongst these a creature more divine Who may them rule govern all in finâ— There wanted much until the man wâ— born So Cic. Offic. 1. divideth vertue into four Species Prudence Justice Foâ—titude and Temperance but all that is honest springeth out of one of these four parts for either it is conversant in the knowledg and skill of the truth or in the defending the society of men and giving every one his owne Also in trust of things bargained or in a high mind and admirable greatness and courage Or lastly in all things which are made and called order and means in which is modesty and temperance Q. What is distribution of the Genus into the formes of the Species A. Distribution of the Genus into the formes of the Species is the same because the forme with the Genus constitute their Species Q. Give example A. Of living creatures one is speaking another dumb Q. May not Genus and Species be â—andled apart and severally A. Yes Genus and Species are not
only handled after this simple forme of division but also apart one from another Q. Give example A. Pro Arc. But least any should wonder that we say so that there is a certain faculty of wit and this reason or discipline of speaking neither that we have truly given our selves altogether to this study For all Arts which pertain to humanity have a certain common hand and are contained as it were in a certain knowledg amongst themselves Q. Shew the force of this example A. Art is the Genus Poesie and Eloquence the Species Q. Is not the Genus handled also by the Species A. Yes Q. Give example A. Ovid de Trist. 4. Fill thy sad matter with thy vertues grave Hot glory doth decay it none can save Who had known Hector if Troy well had been Through publick vices way to vertue'â— seâ—â— Thine Art ô Typhis lyes if in the sea There be no floods if men be well truly Then Phoebus Art decayeth instantly That which they hid and is not known fâ—â— good Appears at last and shews where eviâ—â— stooâ—â— Q. But are there no speciall exampleâ— fitted to this kinde A. Yes such as this Attic. 7. Wilâ— thou leave the city what if the Frenchmen come The common-wealâ—â— he saith is not in walls but Altars and Religion Themistocles did the same and a whole host of Barbariaâ— were not able to take one city Bâ—â— Pericles did not so who in the year almost before fifty when he kept nothing but a wall our city before being taken they kept the tower notwithstanding CAP. 28. Distribution from the Subject Q. What is the other distribution A. The other distribution is of Agreeings after a certain manner Q. What are Agreeings after a certain manner A. The subjects and adjuncts Q. What is the distribution from subjects A. The distribution from Subjects is when the parts are subjects Q. Give example A. Cat. Thy maiden-head's not wholly thine I ween One part thy father gave the part between Thou of thy mother had'st so that to thee None but the third remaineth for to be Therefore resist not two cast not away The thing thy parents gave to thee I say Q. Give example out of some Orator A. Cic. Tnsc. 1. There are therefore three kindes of good as I unâ—erstond from the Stoicks to whose use oftener then I am wont we give place There are therefore those kindeâ— of good which may be externally enjoyed of the body Also because others arâ— to be undertaken they are therefore called good There are other divine things which do more nearly concern us and are heavenly so that those who have attained them why may I not call them after a manner blessed yea most happy CAP. 29. Distribution from adjucts Q. What is distribution from Aâ—juncts A. Distribution from Adjuncts isâ— when the parts are Adjuncts Q. Give example A. Of men some are sound some sick some rich some poor Q. Give a poeticall example A. Virgil Georg. 1. divideth thâ— world into five parts the middle scorcâ—ing hot the other two extream colâ—â— the two last temperate Five zones the heavens do hold the â—iâ—dle hot The sun there burns cold in it theâ—â— is nâ—â— But on the right and left haâ—â— there iâ— seen Rain frost and cold that 's bitter sharpe and keen The two last temperate yet in them is Mortality and many sicknesses Q. Give an Orators example A. Caes. Bel. Gal. 1. All France is divided into three parts of which one the Belgians inhabite the other the AEquitans the third those who in their tongue are called Cetts in our language the Gaules CAP. 30. Definition Q. What is definition A. Definition is when it is explicated what the thing is and that interchangeably may be argued with the thing defined Q. What are the â—â—â—des of Definition A. A Definition is perfect or imperfect Q. What is the Perfect definition callde A. This is properly called a Definition Q. What is the Imperfect called A. A Description Q. VVhat is a perfect Definition A. A Perfect definition is a definition consisting of the onely Causes which constitute the Essence such as the causes comprehended by the genus and form Q. Give example A. After this manner is a man desined viz. by the genus a living creature we understand as it is said a Corporeal Essence full of life and sense which is the Matter and a part of the Form of a man to which if thou addest reasonable thou comprehendest the whole form of a man by the whole faculty of his Life Sense Reason Q. It should seem then that the Perfect definition is nothing else then an universall symbol of the Causes constituting the Essence anâ— Nature of things A. So it is Q. Give an example A. the Arts have such definitions Grammer of well speaking Rhetoricke of pleading well Dialectica of disputing well Arithmetick of numbring well Geometry of measuring well CAP. 31. Description Q. VVhat is Description A. Description is a definition defining the thing from other arguments also Q. Give example A. This is the description of a man A man is a living creature mortall capable of discipline Q. Are not proper circumstances also mingled with common causes sometimes A. Yes Q. Then it seemeth that succint brevity is not alwayes in this kinde A. No oftentimes it desireth a clearer and greater explication Q. Give an example out of some Orator A. In Mil. Glory is described But yet of all rewards of vertue if there be a reason of rewards the greatest is glory this one comforteth us touching the shortness of our life causeth that we are present with the absent of dead maketh us to live To conclude by these steps we do seem to ascend into heaven Q. Give a poeticall example A. AEneid 4. Fame is described From Lybians temple cometh forth great fame Nought swifter then ill news which bears this name Moving she goes by going strength she gets She feares at first at last with windes she fleets VValkes on the earth her head she lifts to th' skie Earth brought her forth the gods were angery In Coeus and Encelladus his land She was at last as I do understand Her feet were swift her wings most hurtful were A horrid monster wicked ful of feare As many feathers as upon her are So many eyes attend her every where So many tongues so many mouths do sound So many ears do listen her around In night she flies through heaven and in the shade About the earth she goes no noyse is made She â—itteth by the light on houses high And causeth townes to quiver fearfully As well a bruiter of things false that be As messenger of truth and verity Q. Procced to further example A. Such are the descriptions of plants and living creatures in Physicke also of rivers mountains cities in Geography and History CAP. 32. Divine testimony Q. You have expounded the Artificial arguments the Inartificiall followeth Tell me then what an Inartificiall argument is A. An Inartificiall