world_n shall_v thankful_a be_v and_o grateful_o extol_v thy_o charity_n which_o like_o the_o sun_n extend_v it_o useful_a light_n and_o dissipate_v the_o shadow_n of_o our_o night_n whilst_o wisdom_n here_o in_o england_n do_v remain_v like_o benefit_n impart_v and_o fame_n obtain_v l._n c._n book_n print_v for_o and_o sell_v by_o richard_n cumberland_n at_o the_o angel_n in_o st._n paul_n churchyard_n a_o scriptural_a catechism_n or_o the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man_n lay_v down_o in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n chief_o intend_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o young_a sort_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o contain_v the_o chief_a principle_n of_o our_o christian_a belief_n the_o second_o instruct_v we_o in_o our_o duty_n to_o god_n and_o man_n according_a to_o the_o method_n observe_v in_o the_o excellent_a book_n entitle_v the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man._n to_o which_o be_v add_v some_o private_a devotion_n in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n with_o devout_a collect_v for_o several_a occasion_n recommend_v by_o the_o right_n reverend_a father_n in_o god_n edward_n lord_n bishop_n of_o gloucester_n price_n 6_o s._n reform_a devotion_n in_o meditation_n hymn_n and_o petition_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n and_o every_o holiday_n in_o the_o year_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o four_o edition_n review'd_n price_n 2_o s._n 6_o d._n a_o antidote_n against_o the_o principal_a error_n of_o the_o predestinarian_a a_o work_n design_v for_o the_o information_n of_o the_o common_a people_n price_n 4_o d._n reflection_n upon_o the_o devotion_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n with_o the_o prayer_n hymn_n and_o lesson_n themselves_o take_v out_o of_o their_o authentic_a book_n the_o three_o edition_n with_o a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o miracle_n and_o relic_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n by_o john_n patrick_n d._n d._n late_a preacher_n of_o the_o charterhouse_n london_n 8_o vo_z price_n 2_o s._n a_o essay_n concern_v friendly_a reproof_n explain_v clear_o the_o nature_n excellency_n and_o usefulness_n of_o it_o prove_v both_o from_o reason_n and_o revelation_n that_o it_o be_v a_o indispensable_a duty_n and_o lay_v down_o very_o plain_a rule_n concern_v the_o proper_a method_n both_o of_o give_v and_o receive_v it_o etc._n etc._n price_n 6_o s._n serious_n reflection_n on_o time_n and_o eternity_n with_o some_o other_o subject_n moral_a and_o divine_a to_o which_o be_v annex_v a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o year_n how_o observe_v by_o the_o jew_n and_o may_v be_v best_a employ_v by_o a_o serious_a christian_a with_o a_o exhortation_n to_o youth_n to_o prepare_v for_o judgement_n by_o john_n shower_n the_o three_o edition_n correct_v and_o very_o much_o enlarge_v price_n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n horological_a disquisition_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o time_n and_o the_o reason_n why_o all_o day_n from_o noon_n to_o noon_n be_v not_o alike_o twenty_o four_o hour_n long_o in_o which_o appear_v the_o impossibility_n of_o a_o clock_n be_v always_o keep_v exact_o true_a to_o the_o sun_n with_o table_n of_o equation_n and_o new_a and_o better_a rule_n than_o any_o yet_o extant_a how_o thereby_o precise_o to_o adjust_a royal_a pendulum_n and_o keep_v they_o afterward_o as_o near_o as_o possible_a to_o the_o apparent_a time_n with_o a_o table_n of_o pendulum_n show_v the_o beat_v that_o any_o length_n make_v in_o a_o hour_n a_o work_n very_o necessary_a for_o all_o that_o will_v understand_v the_o true_a way_n of_o right_o manage_v clock_n and_o watch_n by_o john_n smith_n c._n m._n to_o which_o be_v add_v the_o best_a rule_n for_o the_o order_v and_o use_n both_o of_o the_o quicksilver_n and_o spirit_n weather-glass_n and_o mr._n watson_n rule_n for_o adjust_v a_o clock_n by_o the_o fix_a star_n price_n 1_o s._n just_o publish_v a_o compendium_n of_o devotion_n contain_v a_o treatise_n of_o prayer_n and_o thanksgiving_n with_o morning_n and_o evening_n psayer_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n &c_n &c_n also_o a_o sermon_n of_o draw_v nigh_o to_o god_n by_o the_o late_a reverend_a b._n whitcott_n d._n d._n pr._n 2_o s._n a_o letter_n from_o dr._n w._n p._n to_o the_o right_n reverend_a the_o bp._n of_o r_n in_o vindication_n of_o his_o sermon_n on_o trinity-súnday_a quarto_n pr._n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 2_o d._n contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n viz._n the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n bramen_n the_o marquisates_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o mismia_n with_o the_o territory_n adjoinng_a the_o palatinate_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n fellow_n of_o queens-college_n oxon_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o may_v be_v have_v for_o 15_o s._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 3d_o contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o germany_n viz._n schwaben_n the_o palatinate_n of_o bavaria_n arch-dukedom_n of_o austria_n kingdom_n of_o hungary_n principality_n of_o transylvania_n the_o circle_n of_o westphalia_n with_o the_o neighbour_a province_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n arch-dcacon_a of_o carlisle_n and_o fellow_n of_o queens-college_n in_o oxon._n print_a for_o moses_n pitt_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o without_o at_o 5_o s._n advertisement_n all_o gentleman_n and_o other_o may_v be_v furnish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o pamphlet_n either_o new_a or_o old_a a_o complete_a sett_n of_o all_o the_o philosophical_a transaction_n to_o this_o day_n at_o very_o reasonable_a rate_n may_v be_v have_v at_o the_o abovesaid_a place_n a_o table_n of_o the_o chapter_n and_o title_n contain_v in_o these_o two_o follow_a book_n of_o logic_n book_n i._n chap._n i._o of_o the_o nature_n and_o division_n of_o logic_n chap._n ii_o of_o theme_n simple_a and_o compose_v universal_a and_o singular_a chap._n iii_o of_o the_o category_n in_o general_n chap._n iu._n of_o substance_n chap._n v._o of_o quality_n chap._n vi_o of_o quantity_n chap._n vii_o of_o thing_n relate_v to_o each_o other_o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o passion_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o four_o last_o category_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o predicate_v in_o general_n chap._n xi_o of_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n chap._n xii_o of_o difference_n chap._n xiii_o of_o property_n and_o accident_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o whole_a and_o part._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n chap._n xix_o of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n chap._n xx._n of_o conveniency_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxi_o of_o diversity_n or_o distinction_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxii_o of_o opposition_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxiii_o of_o order_n and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o last_o and_o together_o with_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o interpretation_n in_o general_n and_o of_o noun_n and_o verb._n chap._n xxv_o of_o etymology_n and_o conjugate_v chap._n xxvi_o of_o synonym_n homonym_n and_o various_a acceptation_n of_o word_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o utterance_n or_o enunciation_n in_o general_n and_o that_o which_o be_v simple_a and_o compose_v in_o special_a chap._n xxviii_o of_o enunciation_n pure_a and_o modal_n chap._n xxix_o of_o enunciation_n universal_a particular_a indefinite_a and_o singular_a chap._n xxx_o of_o enunciation_n affirm_v deny_v finite_a and_o infinite_a chap._n xxxi_o of_o enunciation_n true_a and_o false_a necessary_a and_o contingent_a and_o their_o degree_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o conversion_n aequipollence_n and_o subalternation_n of_o enunciation_n chap._n xxxiii_o of_o opposition_n of_o enunciation_n book_n ii_o chap_n i._o of_o definition_n in_o general_n and_o definition_n nominal_a chap._n ii_o of_o perfect_a definition_n chap._n iii_o of_o imperfect_a definition_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o manner_n of_o investigation_n or_o quest_n of_o definition_n chap._n v._o of_o division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n chap._n vi_o of_o definition_n of_o syllogism_n and_o all_o its_o part_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o three_o figure_n of_o syllogism_n and_o their_o modes_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o law_n rule_n and_o propriety_n of_o syllogism_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o declaration_n of_o the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n by_o reduction_n to_o the_o first_o and_o exposition_n so_o far_o as_o be_v necessary_a for_o our_o purpose_n chap._n x._o of_o find_v out_o a_o medium_fw-la with_o propriety_n to_o each_o figure_n and_o mode_n chap._n xi_o of_o induction_n enthymeme_n and_o example_n chap._n xii_o of_o syllogism_n hypothetical_n disjunctive_a and_o relative_n chap._n xiii_o of_o dilemma_n prosyllogism_n and_o sorite_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o syllogism_n modal_n and_o indirect_a chap._n xv._o of_o syllogism_n dialectical_a or_o probable_a chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o
similitude_n accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a as_o just_o white_a etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o subject_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o matter_n accident_n in_o the_o abstract_n be_v the_o form_n in_o which_o number_n also_o be_v work_n perform_v by_o art_n of_o this_o place_n also_o be_v those_o thing_n in_o which_o be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a or_o in_o which_o there_o be_v something_o analogous_a to_o matter_n and_o form_n so_o the_o matter_n of_o discipline_n be_v precept_n the_o form_n method_n of_o interpretation_n voice_n the_o form_n signification_n this_o whole_a use_n to_o be_v call_v physical_a because_o physics_n vindicate_v to_o themselves_o the_o consideration_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n vulgar_o it_o be_v call_v essential_a ax._n 12._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n 1._o §_o now_o essential_a part_n be_v real_o different_a for_o matter_n be_v one_o thing_n and_o form_n another_o but_o yet_o one_o part_n be_v not_o out_o of_o another_o for_o matter_n permeate_n matter_n and_o inform_v all_o its_o part_n but_o part_n integral_a because_o each_o be_v endue_v with_o his_o proper_a quantity_n not_o only_o differ_v in_o themselves_o but_o also_o site_n or_o at_o least_o order_n so_o that_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o for_o this_o it_o be_v to_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n for_o example_n the_o part_n of_o the_o human_a body_n be_v head_n breast_n belly_n limb_n of_o the_o which_o one_o contain_v not_o another_o so_o the_o part_n of_o number_n be_v divers_a and_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o this_o whole_a be_v term_v mathematical_a because_o quantity_n be_v of_o mathematical_a consideration_n vulgar_o integral_a more_o proper_o integrate_a ax._n 13._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v either_o continue_a or_o discrete_a ax._n 14._o both_o be_v divide_v into_o homogeneal_a and_o heterogenal_a that_o be_v similar_v and_o dissimilar_v ax._n 15._o homogeneal_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n ax._n 16._o heterogeneal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o this_o distribution_n of_o the_o whole_a integral_n be_v extant_a in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o hist_n an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 2._o of_o the_o part_n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 1._o of_o the_o gener._n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o for_o example_n inanimate_a substance_n as_o water_n wine_n flesh_n also_o magnitude_n motion_n and_o time_n be_v whole_n homogeneal_a continual_a the_o body_n of_o animate_v heterogeneal_a continual_a number_n as_o three_o ten_o be_v whole_n homogeneal_a discrete_a a_o army_n church_n the_o world_n heterogeneal_a and_o of_o the_o same_o denomination_n ax._n 17._o a_o part_n heterogeneal_a be_v either_o principal_a or_o less_o principal_a ax._n 18._o that_o be_v a_o principal_a by_o who_o ablation_n or_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v destroy_v ax._n 19_o the_o less_o by_o who_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v only_o maim_v or_o mutilate_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n hand_n brain_n heart_n liver_n be_v principal_a part_n of_o man_n because_o these_o take_v away_o of_o necessity_n the_o man_n must_v die_v foot_n hand_n ear_n etc._n etc._n be_v less_o principal_a because_o these_o be_v take_v away_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a a_o man_n shall_v die_v ax._n 20._o a_o whole_a by_o accident_n be_v chief_o say_v four_o way_n and_o first_o of_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n three_o of_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n fourthly_a of_o a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n 1._o §_o first_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n and_o so_o a_o plant_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o whole_a because_o of_o plant_n some_o heat_n other_o cool_a etc._n etc._n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n as_o mouse_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o sun_n other_o of_o mouse_n etc._n etc._n three_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n as_o man_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o good_a some_o bad_a etc._n etc._n a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n as_o disease_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o the_o body_n these_o again_o either_o of_o the_o brain_n eye_n light_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n ax._n 1_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o the_o force_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v commentary_n 1._o §_o principle_n element_n and_o cause_n be_v word_n that_o be_v ally_v in_o signification_n principle_n be_v either_o large_o take_v or_o strict_o large_o it_o be_v define_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 1._o to_o be_v the_o first_o from_o whence_o any_o thing_n be_v or_o exist_v or_o be_v know_v more_o strict_o book_v 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o where_o principle_n be_v define_v to_o be_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v neither_o from_o one_o another_o nor_o other_o and_o of_o and_o from_o which_o be_v all_o thing_n in_o this_o sense_n there_o be_v only_o reckon_v three_o viz._n matter_n form_n and_o privation_n the_o definition_n of_o element_n be_v extant_a book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 3._o and_o be_v thus_o a_o element_n be_v that_o our_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n at_o the_o first_o be_v compound_v in_o which_o it_o be_v and_o which_o in_o its_o own_o species_n be_v indivisible_a into_o any_o other_o species_n 2._o §_o cause_o be_v here_o say_v to_o be_v that_o by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v which_o confer_v somewhat_o towards_o the_o thing_n existence_n and_o therefore_o privation_n can_v be_v a_o cause_n because_o it_o confer_v nothing_o but_o only_o towards_o its_o mutation_n ax._n 2._o a_o cause_v be_v that_o which_o be_v constitute_v of_o its_o cause_n ax._n 3_o the_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v both_o in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n 1._o §_o in_o nature_n because_o the_o cause_v depend_v upon_o the_o cause_n knowledge_n that_o be_v simple_o and_o distinct_a knowledge_n which_o follow_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n for_o to_o we_o the_o cause_n be_v more_o know_v than_o it_o because_o near_o to_o the_o sense_n for_o from_o the_o sense_n do_v we_o derive_v all_o our_o sensible_a knowledge_n ax._n 4._o the_o cause_n be_v four_o viz._n matter_n form_n efficient_a and_o end_n 1._o §_o this_o partition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o post_n cap._n 2._o book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v build_v upon_o the_o best_a reason_n for_o whatever_o be_v make_v be_v make_v by_o another_o for_o nothing_o be_v make_v by_o its_o self_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o efficient_a cause_n nothing_o finite_a can_v produce_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o nothing_o there_o be_v therefore_o matter_n out_o of_o which_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o form_n which_o be_v introduce_v upon_o that_o matter_n when_o thing_n be_v make_v nothing_o last_o act_n without_o design_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o end_n for_o who_o sake_n the_o cause_n efficient_a act_n ax._n 5._o the_o cause_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v call_v the_o compose_v of_o the_o efficient_a the_o effect_n of_o the_o end_n the_o mean_n or_o design_v and_o these_o differ_v not_o in_o reality_n but_o reason_n 1_o §_o and_o since_o to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v four_o cause_n concur_v as_o in_o all_o corporeal_a thing_n there_o do_v it_o ought_v not_o to_o seem_v strange_a that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n shall_v be_v call_v compose_v effect_v mean_n etc._n etc._n according_a as_o it_o be_v compare_v with_o divers_a cause_n ax._n 6._o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v a_o certain_a subordination_n of_o cause_n ax._n 7._o subordinate_a be_v those_o that_o depend_v one_o upon_o another_o 1._o §_o to_o wit_n either_o as_o to_o their_o existence_n and_o so_o the_o son_n upon_o the_o father_n the_o father_n upon_o the_o grandfather_n or_o causality_n and_o so_o the_o quill_n upon_o the_o hand_n in_o write_v or_o both_o and_o so_o the_o second_o cause_n upon_o the_o first_o or_o creature_n upon_o god_n ax._n 8._o cause_n likewise_o be_v say_v either_o to_o be_v essential_o or_o accidental_o subordinate_v ax._n 9_o essential_o be_v those_o of_o which_o one_o depend_v upon_o another_o when_o and_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v ax._n 10._o accidental_o of_o which_o one_o indeed_o depend_v upon_o another_o but_o not_o when_o or_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v 1._o §_o and_o so_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n subordinate_v by_o accident_n first_o when_o it_o depend_v indeed_o upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n but_o not_o when_o that_o be_v when_o it_o cause_n and_o this_o be_v effect_v when_o it_o depend_v upon_o it_o
for_o existence_n and_o not_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n depend_v the_o father_n upon_o his_o ancestor_n in_o the_o beget_n of_o his_o son_n and_o every_o near_a cause_n upon_o the_o more_o remote_a second_o when_o it_o also_o depend_v upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n when_o it_o cause_n or_o for_o its_o causality_n but_o not_o for_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v or_o not_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n after_o which_o it_o cause_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o statuary_n be_v subordinate_a to_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n for_o because_o the_o statuary_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o heaven_n towards_o his_o work_n he_o may_v be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o causality_n but_o because_o not_o as_o he_o make_v the_o statue_n but_o as_o he_o live_v he_o be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n by_o accident_n and_o to_o be_v accidental_o subordinate_v to_o they_o in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o horse_n spur_v on_o by_o his_o rider_n hurt_v his_o leg_n halt_v the_o hurt_a leg_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o halt_a subordinate_v to_o the_o rader_n by_o accident_n for_o the_o leg_n or_o horse_n be_v impel_v on_o by_o the_o rider_n to_o motion_n but_o not_o to_o a_o vicious_a motion_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o in_o such_o a_o subordination_n there_o be_v ever_o one_o next_o cause_n the_o rest_n be_v remote_a ax._n 12._o the_o next_o cause_n be_v that_o which_o immediate_o constitute_v the_o cause_v ax._n 13._o remote_a that_o which_o concur_v to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o two_o way_n either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o not_o only_o immediate_o but_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n constitute_v the_o cause_v and_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v it_o be_v necessary_a the_o cause_v be_v so_o too_o the_o next_o cause_n in_o its_o genus_fw-la we_o have_v already_o define_v and_o have_v say_v it_o immediate_o concur_v towards_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v no_o other_o of_o its_o own_o order_n come_v between_o one_o thing_n may_v have_v many_o cause_n in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la next_z but_o one_o only_a that_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o in_o substance_n be_v form_n accident_n efficient_a and_o end_n so_o whereas_o to_o man_n the_o proximate_a matter_n be_v humane_a body_n efficient_a father_n end_v well-being_a form_n rational_a soul_n the_o rational_a soul_n yet_o only_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_a cause_n ax._n 14._o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v some_o cause_n total_a some_o partial_a ax._n 15._o that_o cause_n be_v total_a which_o in_o its_o species_n whole_o cause_v the_o whole_a cause_v ax._n 16._o that_o partial_a which_o join_v with_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n cause_n the_o cause_v only_o in_o part._n 1._o §_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n there_o be_v many_o species_n of_o cause_n and_o those_o either_o subordinate_a as_o cause_o first_o and_o second_o next_o and_o remote_a principal_a and_o instrumental_a or_o coordinate_a of_o which_o one_o depend_v not_o upon_o another_o a_o total_a cause_n be_v say_v whole_o to_o constitute_v the_o cause_v because_o not_o assist_v by_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n for_o example_n the_o write_v depend_v upon_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o hand_n but_o upon_o both_o as_o total_a cause_n for_o the_o quill_n be_v only_o or_o whole_o the_o instrumental_a and_o the_o hand_n the_o principal_a cause_n so_o likewise_o when_o god_n the_o sun_n and_o man_n be_v say_v to_o generate_v man_n every_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v total_a god_n be_v the_o first_o the_o sun_n or_o heaven_n be_v the_o total_a universal_a man_n the_o total_a second_o and_o particular_a but_o when_o two_o horse_n draw_v in_o a_o cart_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v partial_a cause_n because_o they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o species_n which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o axiom_n viz._n ax._n 17._o of_o one_o thing_n there_o can_v be_v many_o total_a cause_n of_o the_o same_o species_n but_o there_o may_v be_v many_o different_a in_o species_n and_o subordinate_a 1._o §_o if_o many_o cause_n not_o subordinate_a do_v concur_v to_o the_o same_o cause_v of_o necessity_n they_o must_v be_v partial_a for_o the_o total_a cause_n cause_v the_o whole_a thing_n wherefore_o if_o there_o be_v many_o total_a cause_n either_o the_o rest_n cause_n nothing_o and_o so_o be_v not_o cause_n or_o else_o cause_n again_o what_o be_v cause_v before_o but_o if_o cause_n different_a in_o species_n be_v subordinate_a it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o the_o same_o cause_v may_v depend_v upon_o many_o cause_n total_a so_o the_o whole_a write_n depend_v on_o the_o hand_n and_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o whole_a man_n upon_o god_n and_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o parent_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n ax._n 1_o of_o the_o four_o cause_n two_o be_v internal_a matter_n and_o form_n and_o as_o many_o external_n efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o those_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o enter_v the_o essence_n of_o the_o cause_v as_o part_n commentary_n 1._o §_o although_o form_n be_v far_o more_o noble_a than_o matter_n and_o confer_v more_o to_o the_o constitute_v the_o cause_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o matter_n also_o be_v part_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o not_o only_o a_o vehicle_n or_o receiver_n ax._n 3_o matter_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o out_o of_o which_o inexi_v something_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o but_o it_o may_v more_o full_o and_o explicatious_o be_v define_v in_o this_o manner_n matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v or_o consist_v why_o i_o add_v consist_v will_n be_v sufficient_o understand_v out_o of_o the_o 9th_o theorem_a matter_n be_v also_o define_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 11._o but_o more_o obscure_o to_o be_v that_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v suppose_v of_o necessity_n must_v be_v so_o too_o 2._o §_o general_o matter_n be_v divide_v into_o that_o out_o of_o which_o in_o which_o and_o about_o which_o that_o out_o of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v and_o we_o have_v but_o now_o define_v in_o which_o the_o subject_a about_o which_o the_o object_n of_o which_o in_o their_o place_n ax._n 4._o the_o office_n of_o matter_n be_v two_o to_o take_v up_o form_n and_o sustain_v they_o and_o with_o the_o form_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v ax._n 5._o matter_n be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o ax._n 6._o the_o first_o matter_n be_v inform_v ax._n 7._o the_o second_o form_v 1._o §_o although_o no_o matter_n may_v exist_v without_o form_n yet_o because_o matter_n be_v not_o altogether_o nothing_o nor_o the_o same_o with_o form_n why_o may_v it_o not_o by_o itself_o be_v understand_v not_o understand_v form_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o matter_n which_o aristotle_n book_n 1._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 9_o define_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o be_v matter_n say_v he_o which_o be_v the_o first_o subject_n out_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o it_o by_o accident_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v spoil_v it_o will_v be_v into_o that_o resolve_v at_o last_o nor_o be_v it_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o first_o and_o second_o matter_n be_v two_o several_a matter_n nay_o one_o and_o the_o same_o matter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o and_o second_o as_o it_o be_v this_o way_n or_o that_o way_n consider_v ax._n 8._o far_o matter_n be_v either_o of_o natural_a or_o artificial_a body_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n element_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o mix_v body_n seed_n of_o live_v gold_n or_o silver_n of_o the_o cup_n wood_n of_o the_o shelf_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o and_o both_o of_o these_o either_o of_o composition_n or_o generation_n ax._n 10._o the_o matter_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o of_o which_o a_o thing_n consist_v ax._n 11._o of_o generation_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o body_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o composition_n in_o a_o animal_n seed_n of_o generation_n in_o thing_n of_o art_n the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o also_o in_o meteor_n for_o a_o shelf_n be_v make_v and_o consist_v of_o wood_n cloud_n of_o vapour_n ice_n of_o water_n etc._n etc._n
when_o the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v divers_a that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o remote_a this_o the_o proximate_a matter_n 2._o §_o now_o aristotle_n divide_v matter_n also_o book_n 8._o of_o the_o met._n cap._n 6._o into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a and_o intelligible_a be_v that_o when_o in_o accident_n or_o other_o simple_a thing_n the_o mind_n distinguish_v between_o material_a and_o formal_a so_o letter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o matter_n of_o word_n word_n of_o speech_n so_o precept_n of_o discipline_n method_n the_o form_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a in_o the_o subject_n of_o discipline_n material_a be_v the_o thing_n itself_o which_o be_v consider_v formal_a the_o manner_n of_o its_o consideration_n so_o the_o material_a of_o physics_n be_v natural_a body_n formal_a as_o natural_a ax._n 12._o form_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o which_o explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o that_o by_o which_o it_o be_v explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o last_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o form_n in_o the_o greek_a be_v be_v term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v species_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v exemplar_n sometime_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v according_a to_o hermolaus_n barbarus_fw-la its_o perfect_a habitude_n or_o the_o like_a these_o three_o all_o conspire_v in_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o return_v to_o this_o viz._n that_o form_n be_v the_o internal_a cause_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v for_o by_o matter_n also_o it_o exist_v but_o by_o form_n it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v that_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o species_n for_o example_n that_o man_n exist_v be_v no_o less_o from_o matter_n than_o form_n but_o that_o he_o be_v a_o man_n rather_o than_o of_o any_o other_o species_n of_o creature_n be_v due_a only_a to_o form_n ax._n 13._o the_o office_n of_o form_n be_v two_o viz._n to_o inform_v the_o matter_n and_o with_o such_o matter_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v 1._o §_o and_o these_o be_v not_o so_o much_o different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o as_o in_o reason_n for_o when_o matter_n of_o itself_o inform_v and_o determine_v receive_v form_n it_o be_v determine_v with_o form_n to_o constitute_v a_o certain_a species_n of_o compositum_fw-la both_o therefore_o constitute_v the_o compose_v matter_n by_o receive_v form_n and_o form_n by_o determine_v or_o form_v matter_n and_o that_o by_o a_o union_n intervening_a for_o without_o a_o union_n of_o form_n with_o matter_n the_o compose_v be_v not_o constitute_v which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o theorem_n viz._n that_o ax._n 14._o form_n be_v four_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o material_a and_o immaterial_a ax._n 15._o material_a form_n be_v that_o which_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n or_o which_o depend_v upon_o matter_n in_o that_o self_n same_o moment_n and_o act_n by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v ax._n 16._o immaterial_a which_o be_v not_o produce_v neither_o do_v it_o depend_v &c_n &c_n 1._o §_o to_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o to_o be_v produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n and_o so_o as_o that_o the_o matter_n promote_v that_o action_n by_o its_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v produce_v material_a form_n form_n immaterial_a be_v also_o produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n but_o the_o matter_n itself_o do_v not_o contribute_v towards_o the_o action_n and_o this_o proper_o be_v say_v to_o create_v material_a form_n not_o only_o when_o make_n but_o also_o when_o make_v depend_v upon_o matter_n immaterial_a neither_o hence_o be_v it_o that_o those_o be_v corruptible_a these_o incorruptible_a all_o form_n of_o natural_a thing_n the_o humane_a soul_n except_v be_v material_a which_o only_o be_v immaterial_a ax._n 17._o second_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o substantial_a and_o accidental_a of_o which_o that_o constitute_v the_o substance_n this_o the_o accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v man_n be_v the_o rational_a soul_n accidental_a as_o he_o be_v a_o musician_n music_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n be_v the_o form_n itself_o abstract_o of_o the_o marble_n or_o brass_n accidental_a as_o a_o statue_n the_o figure_n ax._n 18._o three_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o natural_a and_o artificial_a ax._n 19_o natural_a be_v that_o which_o be_v of_o nature_n artificial_a of_o art_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o soul_n be_v the_o form_n natural_a of_o every_o live_a thing_n the_o form_n of_o other_o natural_a thing_n want_v name_n and_o therefore_o be_v to_o we_o almost_o unknown_a figure_n be_v the_o artificial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n as_o a_o artificial_a thing_n not_o as_o a_o natural_a to_o wit_n marble_n or_o brass_n for_o artificial_a form_n be_v quality_n of_o natural_a thing_n no_o formal_a cause_n but_o yet_o they_o be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o artificial_a thing_n as_o artificial_a for_o artificial_o be_v certain_a accident_n concrete_a with_o their_o substance_n ax._n 20._o four_o and_o last_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o dispose_v ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a be_v that_o which_o constitute_v the_o species_n itself_o ax._n 22._o disponent_fw-la which_o dispose_v the_o matter_n to_o a_o aptitude_n for_o the_o reception_n of_o the_o principal_a form_n 1._o §_o the_o principal_a form_n be_v always_o a_o substantial_a form_n dispose_v either_o accidental_a or_o substantial_a disposition_n accidental_a be_v require_v in_o all_o thing_n have_v a_o substantial_a form_n substantial_a in_o animate_v only_o for_o example_n when_o wood_n burn_v it_o be_v first_o make_v hot_a and_o dry_v and_o after_o this_o manner_n make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o form_n of_o fire_n so_o likewise_o when_o a_o statue_n be_v make_v out_o of_o a_o beam_n or_o timber_n it_o be_v by_o degree_n to_o be_v dispose_v and_o form_v into_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o statue_n but_o when_o a_o animal_n be_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o seed_n this_o seed_n not_o only_o by_o its_o quality_n but_o also_o substantial_a form_n be_v to_o be_v dispose_v and_o make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o soul_n which_o form_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o seed_n be_v a_o principal_a though_o of_o the_o soul_n or_o animal_n a_o dispose_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o form_n also_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a but_o of_o this_o enough_o have_v be_v say_v already_o in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o matter_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n ax._n 1_o have_v external_n be_v those_o which_o enter_v not_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o a_o efficient_a be_v a_o external_n cause_n from_o which_o a_o thing_n proceed_v by_o a_o true_a causality_n 1._o §_o for_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o proceed_v also_o from_o the_o end_n but_o by_o a_o metaphorical_a not_o a_o true_a causality_n ax._n 3_o a_o efficient_a be_v of_o a_o very_a large_a extent_n ax._n 4._o and_o be_v first_o divide_v into_o active_a which_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o action_n cause_v the_o effect_n and_o into_o that_o from_o which_o a_o thing_n immediate_o flow_v and_o proceed_v without_o any_o action_n 1._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o a_o cause_n cause_v the_o effect_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o action_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v its_o causality_n in_o cause_v such_o a_o cause_n we_o call_v active_a sometime_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n without_o any_o causality_n distinct_a from_o its_o existence_n and_o this_o by_o some_o be_v call_v emanative_n which_o word_n though_o feign_v with_o repugnance_n to_o the_o analogy_n of_o the_o latin_a tongue_n yet_o be_v it_o to_o be_v use_v upon_o this_o occasion_n till_o a_o more_o convenient_a can_v be_v find_v out_o for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v the_o emanative_a cause_n of_o its_o own_o heat_n but_o the_o active_a of_o another_o ax._n 5._o second_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o immanent_a and_o transient_a ax._n 6._o immanent_a be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n in_o its_o self_n ax._n 7._o transient_a out_o of_o itself_o 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o a_o workman_n build_v a_o house_n or_o any_o one_o throw_v a_o stone_n both_o these_o be_v say_v to_o be_v transient_a but_o when_o our_o mind_n understand_v or_o desire_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o immanent_a cause_n of_o those_o conception_n or_o affection_n which_o in_o understanding_n or_o desire_v it_o form_n ax._n 8._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o transient_a cause_n be_v two_o one_a
8_o and_o 12_o so_o the_o sun_n and_o mouse_n as_o most_o think_v be_v analogical_a efficient_n of_o those_o mouse_n which_o be_v generate_v of_o matter_n and_o seed_n etc._n etc._n and_o bone_n and_o root_n analogous_n mean_v destinate_a to_o the_o nourishment_n of_o animal_n and_o plant_n ax._n 9_o simple_a convenience_n be_v either_o essential_a or_o accidental_a essential_a be_v that_o which_o we_o call_v identity_n ax._n 10._o identity_n be_v a_o unity_n of_o essence_n ax._n 11._o those_o thing_n say_v the_o philosopher_n be_v the_o same_o who_o essence_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o definition_n be_v in_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 9_o the_o last_o in_o book_n the_o same_o cap._n 15._o ax._n 12._o identity_n be_v either_o subordinate_a or_o coordinate_a ax._n 13._o the_o subordinate_a be_v that_o in_o which_o superior_n agree_v with_o their_o inferior_n subordinate_a to_o they_o 1._o §_o so_o genus_fw-la with_o species_n and_o species_n with_o individual_n subject_a to_o they_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a and_o thus_o animal_n and_o man_n man_n and_o socrates_n whiteness_n and_o colour_n be_v the_o same_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n ax._n 14._o coordinate_a identity_n be_v either_o numerical_a specifical_a or_o generical_a ax._n 15._o numerical_a of_o one_o individual_a with_o itself_o ax._n 16._o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o say_v the_o philosopher_n in_o number_n who_o matter_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v take_v out_o of_o book_n 1._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 15._o where_o by_o the_o name_n of_o matter_n the_o philosopher_n understand_v that_o collection_n of_o propriaty_n which_o can_v never_o be_v the_o same_o in_o any_o other_o so_o peter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o himself_o not_o any_o other_o 2._o §_o furthermore_o there_o be_v four_o sort_n of_o modes_n recite_v by_o aristotle_n in_o the_o one_a book_n of_o his_o top._n cap._n 7._o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v the_o same_o in_o number_n viz._n 1._o synonymous_n word_n as_o sword_n and_o rapier_n 2._o definition_n and_o define_v as_o man_n and_o rational_a animal_n 3._o subject_a and_o its_o propriety_n as_o man_n and_o risible_a 4._o subject_a and_o its_o common_a accident_n as_o socrates_n and_o he_o who_o dispute_v in_o the_o academy_n when_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o socrates_n only_o dispute_v to_o these_o add_v a_o five_o out_o of_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 6._o where_o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o in_o number_n which_o be_v continual_a whether_o by_o natural_a or_o artificial_a continuity_n as_o a_o perch_n a_o house_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 17._o specifical_a identity_n be_v the_o identity_n of_o many_o individual_n under_o the_o same_o species_n ax._n 18._o those_o thing_n be_v the_o same_o in_o species_n who_o ratio_fw-la of_o essence_n be_v one_o or_o which_o when_o many_o differ_v not_o in_o species_n as_o socrates_n and_o plato_n and_o bucephalus_n and_o hirpinus_n melampus_n and_o phylax_n ax._n 19_o generical_a that_o of_o many_o species_n or_o individual_n under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la ax._n 20._o those_o thing_n be_v the_o same_o in_o genus_fw-la which_o be_v under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la that_o be_v either_o the_o next_o as_o man_n and_o beast_n and_o their_o individual_n under_o animal_n or_o remote_a as_o body_n and_o spirit_n and_o their_o species_n and_o individuals_n under_o substance_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 21._o accidental_a convenience_n be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n and_o internal_a be_v either_o parity_n or_o simitude_n ax._n 22._o parity_n be_v a_o convenience_n in_o quantity_n for_o ax._n 23._o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v equal_a who_o quantity_n be_v one_o viz._n either_o in_o bulk_n virtue_n or_o perfection_n ax._n 24._o similitude_n be_v either_o in_o quality_n or_o passion_n ax._n 25._o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v alike_o the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o which_o have_v suffer_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o more_o of_o the_o same_o thing_n than_o of_o other_o and_o who_o quality_n be_v one_o 1._o §_o suffer_v we_o say_v not_o do_v because_o the_o action_n be_v not_o in_o the_o agent_n but_o patient_n who_o quality_n be_v one_o that_o be_v either_o in_o degree_n or_o species_n not_o improper_o also_o may_v you_o reduce_v hitherto_o convenience_n in_o site_n for_o a_o egg_n be_v like_a unto_o a_o egg_n because_o of_o its_o colour_n and_o figure_n etc._n etc._n note_n of_o similitude_n be_v such_o as_o these_o like_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o as_o though_o alike_o after_o the_o same_o sort_n not_o otherwise_o not_o contrariwise_o etc._n etc._n when_o the_o similitude_n be_v explain_v by_o way_n of_o proposition_n and_o answer_n or_o return_v it_o become_v analogy_n ax._n 26._o external_n convenience_n be_v a_o conveniency_n in_o such_o and_o such_o cause_n effect_n subject_n or_o adjunct_n external_n which_o appertain_v not_o to_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o so_o two_o own_o brother_n agree_v in_o efficient_a house_n and_o clothes_n in_o end_n for_o the_o end_n of_o both_o be_v to_o repel_v the_o injury_n of_o the_o heaven_n hitherto_o also_o may_v be_v reduce_v those_o thing_n which_o agree_v in_o matter_n as_o snow_n and_o hail_n wind_n and_o earthquake_n for_o although_o matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n yet_o it_o contribute_v nothing_o to_o the_o specifical_a essence_n for_o those_o thing_n which_o agree_v nâ—_n form_n agree_v in_o essence_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n farther_o two_o artificer_n agree_v in_o effect_n virtue_n and_o vice_n in_o subject_a for_o both_o be_v in_o the_o mind_n the_o convenience_n of_o thing_n in_o adjunct_n be_v various_a convenience_n in_o internal_a appertain_v to_o parity_n and_o similitude_n hitherto_o only_o that_o in_o object_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n but_o if_o cause_v efficient_a or_o final_a subject_a or_o adjunct_n be_v put_v into_o the_o essential_a definition_n of_o thing_n and_o then_o a_o agreement_n be_v in_o they_o such_o a_o agreement_n than_o be_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v external_n but_o essential_a chap._n xxi_o of_o diversity_n or_o distinction_n of_o thing_n ax._n 1_o diversity_n be_v that_o affection_n by_o which_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v one_o from_o the_o other_o ax._n 2._o and_o be_v either_o real_a rational_a or_o modal_n ax._n 3_o real_a be_v that_o by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v either_o from_o another_o thing_n or_o from_o the_o negation_n of_o itself_o commentary_n another_o as_o peter_z from_o paul_n blackness_n from_o whiteness_n etc._n etc._n negation_n of_o its_o self_n as_o sight_n from_o blindness_n light_n from_o darkness_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o a_o diversity_n of_o reason_n be_v that_o by_o which_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v only_o in_o conception_n 1._o §_o which_o happen_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v not_o understand_v by_o one_o and_o the_o same_o 〈…〉_o the_o schoolman_n divide_v it_o in_o their_o manner_n 〈…〉_o barbarous_o into_o distinction_n of_o reason_n 〈…〉_o reason_n reason_v for_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o reason_n be_v a_o common_a name_n and_o agree_v both_o to_o the_o understanding_n and_o essence_n of_o thing_n as_o explain_v in_o definition_n quiddity_n they_o common_o call_v it_o the_o intellect_n they_o call_v reason_n reason_v quiddity_n reason_n reason_v and_o therefore_o the_o distinction_n of_o reason_n reason_v among_o scholastics_n be_v that_o which_o be_v constitute_v by_o the_o understanding_n itself_o which_o be_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v by_o two_o or_o more_o and_o those_o resemble_v conception_n reason_n reason_v when_o in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n there_o be_v find_v one_o and_o another_o quiddity_n or_o definition_n then_o effect_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v object_v to_o dissimilous_a conception_n conception_n be_v say_v to_o be_v alike_o when_o they_o represent_v one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n after_o the_o same_o manner_n unlike_o when_o a_o different_a for_o example_n shall_v any_o one_o conceive_v peter_n to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o himself_o he_o must_v of_o necessity_n conceive_v peter_n twice_o and_o likewise_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n but_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v conceive_v peter_n to_o be_v a_o man_n or_o a_o animal_n he_o must_v also_o of_o necessity_n consider_v he_o twice_o but_o after_o another_o and_o another_o manner_n for_o the_o conception_n by_o which_o peter_n be_v conceive_v as_o peter_n be_v unlike_a to_o that_o conception_n by_o which_o the_o same_o peter_n be_v conceive_v as_o a_o man_n or_o as_o a_o animal_n 2._o §_o the_o distinction_n of_o reason_n reason_v and_o reason_v may_v be_v discern_v by_o this_o sign_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v distinguish_v by_o reason_n reason_v be_v predicate_v the_o one_o of_o the_o other_o
the_o argumentation_n be_v infirm_a and_o beget_v not_o science_n when_o subject_a frivolous_a and_o inept_v for_o in_o vain_a shall_v we_o prove_v for_o instance_n that_o the_o pigmy_n be_v cholorick_n because_o of_o their_o short_a stature_n unless_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v pigmy_n etc._n etc._n of_o premise_n or_o principle_n also_o that_o they_o be_v true_a for_o otherwise_o we_o lay_v a_o foundation_n of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o know_v it_o remain_v therefore_o that_o of_o the_o affection_n it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o it_o be_v and_o of_o the_o whole_a conclusion_n consist_v of_o subject_a and_o affection_n that_o it_o be_v true_a or_o that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o of_o which_o precognition_n those_o that_o be_v self-evident_a that_o be_v so_o that_o no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o be_v only_o make_v in_o the_o mind_n those_o not_o so_o but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v unknown_a be_v always_o express_v in_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o science_n ax._n 7._o and_o if_o so_o soon_o as_o produce_v they_o be_v believe_v by_o the_o disciple_n they_o may_v be_v proper_o term_v supposition_n but_o if_o not_o and_o the_o disciple_n be_v doubtful_a of_o they_o or_o even_o incline_v to_o a_o contrary_a opinion_n postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n to_o be_v require_v or_o demand_v 1._o §_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n say_v aristotle_n in_o science_n of_o which_o no_o one_o can_v be_v ignorant_a and_o these_o they_o call_v supposition_n as_o we_o say_v before_o or_o axiom_n that_o be_v such_o as_o carry_v such_o a_o native_a clarity_n with_o they_o as_o they_o be_v worthy_a of_o every_o body_n to_o be_v credit_v some_o of_o which_o one_o may_v but_o yet_o so_o soon_o as_o propose_v by_o a_o master_n be_v believe_v without_o proof_n and_o such_o as_o these_o be_v term_v definition_n and_o some_o not_o so_o immediate_o but_o deliver_v precarious_o and_o by_o way_n as_o it_o be_v of_o agreement_n because_o the_o probation_n of_o they_o if_o any_o belong_v to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o such_o as_o these_o they_o call_v postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n require_v or_o to_o be_v demand_v etc._n etc._n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o condition_n which_o in_o every_o demonstration_n why_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v and_o first_o to_o those_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o demonstration_n why_o be_v partly_o belong_v to_o the_o question_n partly_o to_o the_o cause_n or_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n and_o partly_o to_o the_o premise_n or_o principle_n of_o which_o in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v ax._n 2._o every_o question_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o a_o demonstration_n why_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v true_a and_o have_v a_o certain_a and_o immutable_a cause_n of_o its_o truth_n ax._n 3_o and_o therefore_o neither_o proposition_n immediate_a nor_o fortuitous_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v but_o only_o proper_a accident_n 1._o §_o now_o proposition_n immediate_a can_v because_o they_o have_v no_o medium_fw-la or_o cause_n of_o their_o truth_n 1._o §_o chance_n likewise_o can_v because_o they_o have_v not_o any_o dependence_n upon_o any_o certain_a cause_n or_o rule_n accident_n therefore_o and_o those_o proper_a only_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o substance_n have_v no_o cause_n why_o they_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a because_o they_o be_v predicate_v always_o as_o genus_n or_o difference_n and_o accident_n improper_a have_v no_o certain_a and_o definite_a cause_n now_o whether_o these_o accident_n proper_a flow_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o some_o external_n cause_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v perpetual_a or_o only_o frequent_v it_o matter_n not_o but_o this_o that_o they_o cohere_v with_o their_o cause_n so_o as_o that_o they_o be_v put_v these_o also_o be_v put_v and_o that_o be_v take_v away_o these_o also_o may_v be_v take_v away_o be_v necessary_a and_o require_v for_o instance_n although_o the_o moon_n be_v not_o always_o deficient_a yet_o that_o she_o be_v so_o when_o so_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v because_o she_o be_v always_o so_o when_o the_o earth_n be_v diametrical_o interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n and_o never_o so_o when_o otherwise_o etc._n etc._n and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 4._o now_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n must_v be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o if_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_n 1._o §_o now_o whereas_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o that_o be_v either_o absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la in_o this_o place_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o absolute_o next_o that_o be_v such_o as_o that_o be_v put_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v put_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o and_o far_o it_o be_v require_v that_o it_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o that_o it_o be_v also_o of_o the_o subject_a be_v not_o so_o necessary_a because_o it_o be_v not_o inquire_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v for_o that_o be_v pre-supposed_n but_o whether_o the_o predicate_v or_o in_o plain_a term_n whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o efficient_a or_o final_a because_o the_o predicate_v be_v a_o accident_n have_v not_o matter_n or_o form_n proper_o so_o call_v the_o cause_n final_a be_v adhibit_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o as_o means_n natural_a instrument_n etc._n etc._n also_o action_n and_o habit_n if_o such_o be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o in_o other_o case_n the_o efficient_a it_o happen_v sometime_o indeed_o that_o the_o cause_n proximate_n viz._n the_o efficient_a be_v also_o the_o form_n or_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o when_o it_o be_v so_o the_o better_a but_o however_o they_o differ_v not_o in_o specie_fw-la from_o the_o rest_n but_o these_o thing_n will_v appear_v more_o by_o example_n as_o here_o 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n every_o man_n therefore_o be_v capable_a of_o science_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o be_v the_o medium_fw-la rational_a the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 2._o every_o earthly_a thing_n be_v overwhelm_v wiâ—n_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n a_o ebony-tree_n be_v a_o earthly_a thing_n and_o therefore_o every_o ebony-tree_n be_v overwhelm_v when_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 3._o whatever_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n cause_o efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 4._o that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o of_o another_o body_n be_v with_o it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o every_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n here_o viz._n 5._o that_o which_o the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a here_o 6._o he_o who_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celestial_a thing_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celesti-thing_n and_o therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n the_o cause_n final_a and_o also_o that_o of_o the_o predicate_v etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o now_o sometime_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a together_o with_o the_o final_a and_o so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o animal_n sleep_v viz._n either_o because_o the_o common_a sense_n be_v sopit_v or_o drown_v by_o vapour_n and_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o external_n sense_n obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o efficient_a or_o else_o that_o the_o spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strength_n
that_o it_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o patient_n and_o two_o unlike_a unto_o it_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v precept_v book_n 7._o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o the_o other_o book_n 1._o of_o gener._n and_o corrup_n cap._n 7._o a_o efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n join_v to_o the_o patient_n to_o wit_n either_o by_o existence_n vulgar_o call_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n for_o example_n when_o fire_n burn_v wood_n it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o wood_n by_o its_o existence_n when_o heat_n the_o sitter_n by_o it_o be_v not_o join_v to_o they_o by_o its_o existence_n but_o power_n or_o virtue_n 2._o §_o a_o agent_n likewise_o be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n unlike_o the_o patient_n either_o as_o to_o species_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o first_o manner_n hot_a to_o cold_a in_o the_o last_o that_o which_o be_v more_o hot_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o hot_a or_o that_o which_o be_v more_o cold_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o cold_a those_o which_o neither_o the_o one_o can_v act_v upon_o the_o other_o or_o suffer_v from_o it_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n ax._n 9_o three_o the_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o free_a and_o necessary_a ax._n 10._o a_o free_a be_v that_o which_o cause_n consult_o or_o with_o design_n ax._n 11._o a_o necessary_a not_o but_o by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n 1._o §_o liberty_n in_o general_n be_v a_o faculty_n of_o do_v what_o one_o please_v and_o therefore_o he_o who_o be_v absolute_o free_a be_v free_a from_o all_o servitude_n law_n impose_v upon_o he_o by_o other_o coaction_n and_o necessity_n of_o nature_n but_o when_o the_o will_n be_v say_v to_o be_v free_a and_o a_o free_a cause_n oppose_v to_o a_o necessary_a nothing_o far_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o name_n of_o liberty_n but_o a_o immunity_n from_o coaction_n necessity_n and_o natural_a determination_n for_o he_o who_o be_v a_o servant_n or_o subject_a to_o another_o law_n enjoy_v the_o liberty_n of_o his_o own_o will_n when_o he_o judge_n that_o he_o be_v to_o live_v according_a to_o the_o law_n or_o beck_n of_o he_o with_o who_o he_o live_v but_o natural_a necessity_n and_o coaction_n evert_v liberty_n why_o therefore_o be_v not_o co-act_a cause_n contain_v in_o this_o division_n because_o he_o who_o be_v compel_v be_v so_o compel_v by_o another_o as_o that_o he_o conduce_v nothing_o to_o the_o effect_n himself_o and_o therefore_o can_v be_v number_v among_o the_o efficient_n 2._o §_o by_o natural_a necessity_n we_o understand_v not_o only_o that_o by_o which_o inanimate_a thing_n act_v as_o plant_n but_o that_o also_o by_o which_o brute_n and_o infant_n before_o the_o use_v of_o reason_n for_o the_o action_n of_o brute_n and_o infant_n proceed_v almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n from_o natural_a instinct_n and_o sense_n as_o do_v the_o action_n of_o plant_n from_o nature_n itself_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v the_o part_n of_o the_o division_n immediate_o oppose_v and_o in_o this_o be_v contain_v all_o the_o species_n of_o cause_n which_o follow_v ax._n 12._o a_o free_a cause_n can_v act_v and_o not_o act_n what_o how_o and_o when_o it_o please_v ax._n 13._o a_o necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o certain_a thing_n and_o act_n both_o when_o and_o as_o much_o as_o it_o can_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n for_o this_o cause_n be_v one_o say_v free_o to_o dispute_v or_o write_v because_o voluntary_o and_o of_o one_o own_o accord_n one_o dispute_n or_o write_v and_o also_o because_o one_o can_v dispute_v or_o not_o dispute_v and_o the_o disputation_n begin_v can_v at_o will_v interrupt_v or_o do_v any_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o our_o own_o power_n for_o to_o these_o only_o do_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o will_v extend_v cause_n necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o thing_n that_o be_v they_o can_v but_o can_v but_o act_v and_o that_o only_a which_o they_o do_v and_o nothing_o else_o and_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v so_o fire_n can_v but_o heat_v fit_a matter_n and_o heat_v every_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o that_o it_o can_v heat_v it_o any_o more_o ax._n 14._o four_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o cause_n by_o it_o self_n and_o cause_n by_o accident_n ax._n 15._o cause_o by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o as_o it_o be_v such_o produces_z a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o council_n and_o agreeable_a to_o its_o natural_a disposition_n ax._n 16._o by_o accident_n which_o not_o as_o such_o or_o else_o beside_o its_o own_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n 1._o §_o that_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v a_o cause_n of_o itself_o two_o condition_n thus_o be_v require_v first_o that_o the_o effect_v answer_v to_o its_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n to_o its_o council_n if_o a_o free_a propension_n if_o a_o necessary_a the_o other_o that_o it_o produce_v it_o as_o such_o if_o either_o of_o these_o be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n if_o the_o first_o because_o some_o event_n or_o effect_v by_o accident_n coheres_fw-la with_o the_o effect_n which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a by_o itself_o as_o when_o one_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n find_v a_o treasure_n for_o to_o dig_v the_o earth_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o dig_a by_o itself_o with_o which_o effect_n the_o find_n of_o the_o treasure_n by_o accident_n that_o be_v beside_o the_o council_n of_o the_o dig_a and_o nature_n of_o the_o digging_z be_v join_v so_o when_o a_o animal_n beget_v a_o monster_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o monster_n by_o accident_n because_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o monster_n be_v join_v with_o that_o of_o nature_n by_o accident_n and_o beside_o its_o scope_n and_o intention_n if_o the_o latter_a that_o be_v if_o the_o latter_a qualification_n be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v by_o accident_n because_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o ascribe_v to_o the_o cause_n but_o that_o which_o happen_v to_o it_o as_o when_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o statue_n for_o neither_o do_v polyclete_n make_v the_o statue_n as_o he_o be_v polyclete_n or_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v musician_n but_o a_o statuary_n for_o it_o be_v accidental_a to_o the_o statuary_n that_o he_o be_v either_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n see_v book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o ax._n 17._o to_o cause_v by_o accident_n be_v reduce_v fortune_n and_o chance_n 1._o §_o videlicet_fw-la to_o the_o first_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o its_o effect_n fortune_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v by_o aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o thus_o it_o be_v therefore_o manifest_a that_o fortune_n be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o and_o consult_o undertake_v by_o themistius_n in_o his_o periphrase_n upon_o this_o place_n more_o full_o to_o be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o neither_o necessary_o nor_o often_o but_o rare_o happen_v and_o in_o those_o alone_o which_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o be_v consult_o undertake_v 2._o §_o now_o chance_n in_o creek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o rare_o happen_v and_o that_o in_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v undertake_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o and_o not_o only_o consult_o for_o chance_n extend_v far_a than_o fortune_n for_o whereas_o both_o be_v cause_n by_o accident_n which_o act_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o some_o end_n and_o be_v conversant_a in_o thing_n rare_o happen_v fortune_n only_o be_v place_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o act_v consult_o chance_v also_o in_o those_o which_o act_n by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n as_o in_o infant_n brute_n plant_n and_o also_o inanimate_a thing_n in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o fortune_n as_o for_o instance_n when_o any_o one_o dig_v find_v a_o treasure_n we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v by_o chance_n or_o fortune_n do_v but_o when_o a_o tile_n fall_v from_o a_o house_n shall_v wound_v a_o passer_n by_o that_o be_v we_o say_v by_o chance_n not_o fortune_n do_v all_o fortune_n therefore_o be_v chance_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n the_o same_o cap._n 6._o although_o '_o these_o word_n be_v often_o confound_v ax._n 18._o five_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o principal_a and_o less_o principal_a ax._n 19_o a_o principal_n be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o its_o own_o virtue_n ax._n 20._o a_o less_o which_o inserve_n the_o principal_a towards_o its_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a cause_n be_v either_o equal_a to_o or_o noble_a never_o worse_o than_o
because_o beget_v of_o no_o other_o man_n as_o the_o rest_n be_v but_o immediate_o create_v of_o god_n so_o also_o the_o heaven_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o motion_n not_o absolute_o but_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o natural_a cause_n as_o be_v collect_v from_o the_o one_a book_n of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 1._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n may_v the_o soul_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o vital_a operation_n and_o likewise_o every_o principal_a cause_n in_o regard_n of_o its_o instrument_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o seven_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o universal_a and_o particular_a ax._n 31._o universal_a be_v that_o which_o concur_v with_o other_o cause_n with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n to_o the_o produce_v of_o many_o effect_n ax._n 32._o a_o particular_a only_a which_o by_o its_o efficiency_n produce_v but_o one_o effect_n 1._o §_o universal_a cause_n be_v god_n and_o the_o heaven_n god_n concur_v with_o particular_a cause_n to_o all_o effect_n the_o heaven_n only_o to_o they_o which_o be_v natural_a and_o material_a in_o this_o sense_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o the_o sun_n and_o man_n i_o add_v god_n be_v say_v to_o beget_v man_n the_o sun_n as_o a_o universal_a for_o with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n it_o concur_v to_o the_o produce_v of_o all_o thing_n man_n as_o a_o particular_a so_o also_o may_v a_o driver_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o universal_a when_o drive_v a_o team_n of_o horse_n because_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o with_o the_o same_o virtue_n he_o drive_v all_o his_o horse_n as_o well_o the_o sound_n as_o the_o lame_a ax._n 33._o last_o and_o eighthly_a cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o next_o and_o remote_a ax._n 34._o the_o next_o be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n immediate_o ax._n 35._o the_o remote_a which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o mean_n of_o some_o more_o neighbour_a cause_n 1._o §_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o to_o wit_n either_o general_o or_o special_o in_o general_n that_o cause_o be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o which_o either_o by_o its_o existence_n they_o common_o say_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n for_o such_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n it_o be_v deem_v with_o the_o principal_a to_o be_v one_o only_a and_o therefore_o when_o the_o principal_a cause_n by_o its_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v its_o self_n esteem_v to_o be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o matter_n whether_o that_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n conjoin_v or_o separate_v for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o ustion_n parent_n of_o their_o child_n notwithstanding_o the_o fire_n act_n by_o mediation_n of_o heat_n and_o the_o parent_n of_o seed_n for_o although_o heat_n and_o seed_n be_v instrument_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o effect_v by_o their_o intervening_a but_o that_o the_o principal_a cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o to_o the_o effect_n a_o cause_n therefore_o be_v say_v to_o be_v remote_a in_o this_o sense_n viz._n which_o neither_o by_o its_o existence_n nor_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n as_o when_o the_o grandfather_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o son_n son_n or_o grandson_n etc._n etc._n 2._o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o in_o species_n which_o be_v so_o join_v by_o its_o existence_n to_o its_o effect_n as_o that_o it_o be_v join_v to_o it_o without_o any_o mediate_a virtue_n and_o a_o next_o cause_n have_v no_o place_n in_o substance_n but_o only_a accident_n especial_o proper_a for_o a_o substance_n do_v not_o effect_v a_o substance_n without_o some_o mediate_a or_o instrumental_a virtue_n and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o and_o that_o be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n internal_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o accident_n of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o cause_n so_o the_o soul_n and_o every_o substantial_a form_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o propriety_n hitherto_o appertain_v the_o emanative_a cause_n likewise_o the_o continent_n or_o synectical_a of_o the_o physician_n external_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o subject_a of_o that_o accident_n who_o cause_n it_o be_v and_o so_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o a_o eclipse_n but_o the_o use_v of_o this_o cause_n in_o the_o definition_n and_o demonstration_n of_o proper_a accident_n be_v much_o the_o more_o great_a chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n ax._n 1_o end_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 1._o §_o be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o efficient_a to_o action_n by_o superinduce_v its_o love_n upon_o it_o and_o beget_v a_o appetite_n on_o and_o desire_v of_o itself_o ax._n 2._o end_n be_v three_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o that_o of_o which_o and_o for_o which_o ax._n 3_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n ax._n 4._o for_o which_o for_o who_o sake_n or_o for_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n such_o a_o end_n 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n the_o of_o which_o of_o medicine_n be_v health_n for_o which_o the_o sick_n ax._n 5._o second_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o secondary_a ax._n 6._o the_o principal_a end_n be_v that_o which_o the_o agent_n first_o or_o also_o principal_o intend_v ax._n 7._o the_o secondary_a which_o the_o agent_n so_o intend_v as_o that_o it_o may_v enjoy_v it_o with_o the_o principal_a or_o else_o attain_v it_o if_o the_o first_o and_o principal_a end_n shall_v fail_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o principal_a end_n of_o clothes_n be_v that_o our_o body_n shall_v be_v defend_v against_o the_o inclemency_n of_o the_o heaven_n the_o secondary_a conjoin_v with_o that_o principal_a be_v that_o they_o shall_v adorn_v it_o so_o the_o principal_a end_n for_o which_o god_n be_v please_v to_o manifest_v himself_o in_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n be_v that_o man_n shall_v be_v endue_v with_o the_o knowledge_n of_o god_n and_o piety_n the_o secondary_a and_o succedaneous_a that_o he_o may_v render_v they_o inexcusable_a who_o hold_v the_o truth_n in_o unrighteousness_n go_v on_o still_o in_o iniquity_n ax._n 8._o three_o and_o last_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o subordinate_a and_o last_o ax._n 9_o a_o subordinate_a end_n be_v that_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o far_a end_n ax._n 10._o the_o last_o to_o which_o all_o other_o end_n be_v refer_v that_o itself_o to_o no_o far_o 1._o §_o there_o be_v often_o a_o long_a series_n of_o subordinate_a end_n in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v a_o mean_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o sequent_a end_n for_o example_n one_o dig_v in_o the_o earth_n to_o fetch_v out_o iron_n iron_n be_v draw_v out_o that_o of_o it_o may_v be_v make_v some_o instrument_n which_o may_v be_v serviceable_a for_o our_o use_n as_o suppose_v a_o penknife_n or_o a_o lancet_n the_o lancet_n inserve_n the_o physician_n for_o the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n to_o transmit_v the_o superfluous_a blood_n or_o take_v away_o the_o vicious_a the_o loss_n of_o blood_n conduce_v to_o the_o conservation_n or_o recuperation_n of_o health_n our_o health_n indeed_o of_o itself_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v but_o refer_v notwithstanding_o to_o this_o end_n that_o our_o action_n may_v be_v free_a and_o expedite_a action_n again_o be_v refer_v either_o to_o pleasure_n or_o glory_n or_o honesty_n or_o something_o else_o in_o which_o subordination_n of_o end_n there_o be_v no_o go_v to_o infinity_o as_o we_o have_v teach_v before_o for_o otherwise_o vain_a and_o fruitless_a will_v be_v that_o appetition_n which_o nature_n have_v plant_v in_o all_o thing_n as_o the_o philosopher_n argue_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o ethic_n cap._n 1._o there_o be_v therefore_o some_o chief_a end_n in_o which_o the_o appetite_n must_v terminate_v and_o acquiesce_v 2._o §_o a_o end_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n last_o either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la which_o be_v the_o last_o among_o those_o end_n which_o be_v intend_v by_o the_o same_o agent_n so_o in_o that_o series_n which_o i_o have_v bring_v there_o be_v many_o end_n which_o be_v last_o in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la for_o to_o fetch_v forth_o iron_n be_v the_o last_o end_n of_o such_o who_o dig_v in_o the_o mine_n the_o penknife_n of_o the_o smith_n health_n of_o the_o physician_n but_o there_o be_v but_o one_o absolute_o last_v and_o that_o be_v felicity_n 3._o §_o that_o end_n which_o be_v subordinate_v in_o
its_o own_o genus_fw-la be_v refer_v to_o a_o far_a end_n by_o it_o self_n but_o that_o which_o be_v last_o by_o accident_n for_o example_n the_o smith_n soften_v iron_n in_o the_o fire_n put_v it_o upon_o the_o anvil_n strike_v it_o hammer_n it_o polish_v it_o whet_v it_o till_o of_o it_o he_o make_v a_o lancet_n all_o these_o by_o themselves_o and_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o same_o agent_n viz._n the_o smith_n be_v subordinate_v for_o the_o lancet_n be_v the_o whole_a endeavour_n of_o the_o smith_n but_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v serviceable_a to_o the_o physician_n in_o let_v of_o blood_n be_v no_o care_n of_o the_o smith_n and_o therefore_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o the_o smith_n do_v in_o order_n to_o the_o make_v the_o lancet_n be_v subordinate_v to_o this_o end_n of_o the_o pysician_n by_o accident_n ax._n 11._o when_o the_o end_n be_v good_a by_o how_o much_o the_o far_o off_o it_o be_v by_o so_o much_o the_o better_a it_o must_v needs_o be_v the_o last_o end_n therefore_o must_v be_v the_o best_a and_o the_o chief_a good_a itself_o 1._o §_o this_o theorem_fw-la be_v extant_a book_n 1._o of_o the_o eth._n cap._n 5._o that_o the_o end_n be_v good_a be_v abovesaid_a otherwise_o it_o will_v not_o move_v the_o efficient_a nor_o be_v it_o yet_o sufficient_a that_o it_o be_v good_a but_o it_o ought_v also_o to_o be_v good_a of_o it_o self_n since_o the_o mean_n be_v no_o otherwise_o good_a than_o as_o they_o be_v serviceable_a to_o the_o obtain_n of_o the_o end_n from_o whence_o follow_v that_o the_o end_n be_v better_a than_o the_o mean_n but_o the_o subordinate_a be_v a_o mean_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o sequent_a that_o be_v the_o subordinate_a end_n the_o last_o end_n therefore_o be_v something_o which_o be_v best_a because_o in_o no_o respect_n a_o mean_n by_o which_o it_o shall_v become_v worse_o nor_o be_v it_o material_a whether_o this_o end_v be_v real_a or_o imaginary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o since_o the_o end_v no_o otherways_o move_v the_o efficient_a than_o as_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v good_a and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o next_o axiom_n which_o be_v ax._n 12._o by_o how_o much_o a_o end_n be_v the_o last_o in_o the_o execution_n by_o so_o much_o the_o early_o be_v it_o in_o the_o intention_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n 1._o §_o end_v also_o be_v divide_v into_o internal_a and_o external_n but_o this_o division_n have_v not_o place_n in_o all_o thing_n but_o only_a faculty_n and_o art_n conjectural_a in_o which_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o the_o artificer_n attain_v to_o as_o often_o as_o he_o please_v external_n which_o he_o do_v not_o always_o attain_v to_o so_o the_o internal_a of_o oratory_n be_v to_o speak_v ornate_o and_o accommodate_o to_o persuade_v the_o external_n to_o persuade_v 2._o §_o the_o division_n of_o end_n into_o end_n by_o itself_o and_o end_v by_o accident_n as_o vulgar_o understand_v be_v not_o without_o its_o fault_n for_o a_o end_n by_o accident_n be_v not_o a_o final_a cause_n for_o a_o final_a cause_n be_v not_o a_o cause_n any_o far_a than_o it_o be_v intend_v but_o a_o end_n by_o accident_n be_v not_o intend_v but_o evene_v beside_o the_o intention_n wherefore_o when_o a_o end_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n the_o event_n or_o effect_n by_o accident_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v for_o if_o any_o one_o dig_v in_o the_o field_n that_o he_o may_v make_v it_o more_o fertile_a shall_v by_o accident_n find_v a_o treasure_n the_o find_v that_o treasure_n will_v not_o be_v the_o end_n but_o effect_v or_o event_n of_o it_o by_o accident_n chap._n xix_o of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n ax._n 1_o a_o subject_a be_v that_o to_o which_o something_o be_v adjoin_v beside_o its_o essence_n ax._n 2._o and_o a_o adjunct_n that_o which_o be_v adjoin_v to_o something_o beside_o its_o essence_n commentary_n 1._o §_o we_o common_o use_v to_o distinguish_v betwixt_o a_o subject_a of_o inhesion_n and_o a_o subject_a of_o praedication_n or_o denomination_n a_o subject_a of_o inhesion_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o substance_n in_o respect_n of_o its_o accident_n inherent_a so_o snow_n be_v the_o subject_a of_o whiteness_n which_o inhere_n in_o it_o a_o subject_a of_o predication_n or_o denomination_n be_v either_o large_o or_o strict_o take_v large_o for_o any_o thing_n whether_o substance_n or_o accident_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v in_o any_o predication_n whether_o essential_a accidental_a internal_a external_n absolute_a or_o limit_v 2._o §_o in_o this_o place_v not_o only_o the_o subject_a of_o inhesion_n but_o also_o every_o subject_a of_o predication_n or_o denomination_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v in_o a_o accidental_a predication_n whether_o external_n internal_a absolute_a or_o limit_v be_v to_o be_v understand_v and_o all_o these_o thing_n which_o may_v be_v say_v in_o this_o manner_n of_o any_o subject_a be_v to_o be_v understand_v under_o the_o name_n of_o adjunct_n ax._n 3_o adjunct_n may_v be_v 3_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o proper_a and_o common_a 1._o §_o common_a be_v nothing_o else_o but_o accident_n that_o be_v absolute_o so_o call_v and_o oppose_v to_o proper_a ax._n 4._o second_o into_o absolute_a and_o limit_v ax._n 5._o a_o absolute_a be_v that_o which_o simple_o and_o absolute_o agree_v with_o the_o subject_a ax._n 6._o a_o limit_v which_o in_o some_o respect_n only_o 1._o §_o that_o be_v according_a to_o some_o part_n or_o nature_n or_o time_n or_o place_n or_o respect_n for_o example_n mortality_n be_v the_o absolute_a adjunct_n of_o man_n whilst_o immortality_n be_v the_o limit_a because_o man_n be_v not_o absolute_o immortal_a but_o only_o as_o to_o the_o soul_n so_o whiteness_n be_v the_o limit_v of_o a_o aethiop_n because_o he_o be_v not_o absolute_o which_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v total_o but_o only_o as_o to_o his_o tooth_n white_a ax._n 7._o three_o adjunct_n be_v divide_v into_o internal_a and_o external_n ax._n 8._o adjunct_n internal_a be_v those_o which_o inhere_o in_o the_o subject_a ax._n 9_o external_n which_o be_v order_v and_o dispose_v external_o about_o it_o 1._o §_o a_o subject_a receive_v adjunct_n internal_a into_o its_o self_n as_o snow_n whiteness_n the_o soul_n science_n or_o knowledge_n external_n to_o itself_o as_o the_o sight_n colour_n soldier_n arm_n etc._n etc._n internal_a give_v to_o the_o subject_a internal_a denomination_n external_n external_n for_o when_o snow_n be_v denominate_v from_o its_o whiteness_n it_o be_v a_o interternal_a denomination_n but_o when_o a_o soldier_n be_v say_v to_o be_v arm_v or_o the_o eye_n to_o see_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v a_o external_n denomination_n vulgar_o these_o denomination_n be_v call_v intrinsical_a and_o extrinsical_a 2._o §_o internal_a adjunct_n be_v accident_n as_o suppose_v quantity_n quality_n etc._n etc._n and_o their_o subject_n always_o a_o substance_n adjunct_n externl_n be_v either_o substance_n or_o accident_n for_o either_o a_o substance_n to_o a_o substance_n or_o a_o accident_n to_o a_o accident_n or_o a_o accident_n to_o substance_n or_o a_o substance_n to_o a_o accident_n may_v be_v join_v as_o from_o what_o follow_v will_v appear_v ax._n 10._o a_o external_n adjunct_n be_v either_o object_n sign_n or_o circumstance_n ax._n 11._o a_o object_n be_v that_o about_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v employ_v in_o its_o operation_n 1._o §_o object_n and_o subject_n in_o discipline_n be_v use_v almost_o without_o discrimination_n 2._o §_o in_o discipline_n theoretical_a one_o only_a object_n be_v require_v in_o practical_a a_o twofold_n viz._n one_o of_o doctrine_n another_o of_o use_n the_o doctrinal_a be_v that_o which_o be_v explain_v by_o definition_n and_o division_n throughout_o the_o whole_a discipline_n the_o object_n of_o use_n or_o practice_n be_v that_o about_o which_o the_o exercitation_n itself_o of_o the_o discipline_n be_v conversant_a so_o in_o ethic_n or_o moral_n the_o object_n of_o doctrine_n be_v virtue_n and_o vice_n practice_n the_o soul_n for_o this_o do_v ethic_n endue_v with_o virtue_n in_o discipline_n direct_v the_o object_n of_o practice_n be_v even_o almost_o twofold_n one_o which_o from_o the_o discipline_n itself_o be_v direct_v and_o the_o other_o in_o which_o be_v operate_v that_o which_o be_v direct_v so_o the_o object_n of_o logic_n we_o have_v say_v to_o be_v twofold_a in_o art_n mechanical_a the_o object_n of_o doctrine_n do_v not_o appear_v because_o acquire_v by_o exercitation_n only_o and_o not_o precept_n or_o institution_n ax._n 12._o of_o object_n some_o be_v by_o themselves_o other_o by_o accident_n ax._n 13._o a_o object_n by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o be_v both_o object_v to_o the_o thing_n as_o such_o and_o about_o which_o the_o thing_n as_o such_o be_v employ_v ax._n
in_o a_o identical_a predication_n those_o by_o reason_n reason_v not_o predicate_v or_o if_o they_o be_v their_o predication_n be_v not_o identical_a ax._n 5._o modal_n diversity_n be_v that_o by_o which_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v by_o their_o modes_n 1._o §_o there_o be_v something_o in_o thing_n which_o neither_o be_v the_o thing_n itself_o nor_o another_o thing_n nor_o yet_o nothing_o but_o a_o certain_a medium_fw-la betwixt_o they_o both_o and_o this_o use_n to_o be_v call_v a_o mode_n for_o example_n a_o degree_n of_o quality_n be_v not_o quality_n nor_o yet_o be_v it_o whole_o nothing_o but_o a_o mode_n and_o therefore_o a_o quality_n when_o intend_v or_o remit_v do_v not_o become_v another_o quality_n but_o a_o mode_n of_o quality_n and_o when_o quality_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n be_v change_v after_o this_o manner_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v distinguish_v modal_o from_o itself_o so_o be_v heat_n in_o the_o first_o degree_n from_o itself_o in_o the_o second_o and_o three_o and_o the_o hand_n unfold_v from_o itself_o contract_v ax._n 6._o diversity_n may_v also_o be_v distribute_v into_o that_o of_o essential_a and_o accidental_a ax._n 7._o essential_a that_o by_o which_o thing_n be_v distinguish_v essential_o ax._n 8._o and_o be_v either_o subordinate_a or_o coordinate_a ax._n 9_o subordinate_a be_v that_o by_o which_o superior_n disf_a from_o inferior_n subject_a to_o they_o 1._o §_o to_o wit_v the_o genus_fw-la from_o its_o species_n and_o species_n from_o their_o individual_n subject_a to_o they_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n so_o animal_n differ_v from_o man_n man_n from_o socrates_n colour_n from_o whiteness_n and_o contrariwise_o this_o diversity_n be_v of_o reason_n because_o subordinates_n be_v the_o same_o in_o the_o thing_n itself_o they_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v distinguish_v only_o in_o reason_n ax._n 10._o coordinate_a diversity_n be_v either_o numerical_a specifical_a or_o generical_a ax._n 11._o numerical_a be_v that_o by_o which_o be_v distinguish_v the_o individual_n of_o the_o same_o species_n as_o plato_n and_o socrates_n ax._n 12._o specifical_a the_o species_n of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la and_o their_o individual_n as_o man_n and_o beast_n alexander_n and_o bucephalus_n ax._n 13._o generical_a by_o which_o the_o genus_n themselves_o as_o well_o the_o chief_a as_o the_o subaltern_n and_o their_o species_n and_o individuals_n as_o substance_n and_o quantity_n body_n and_o spirit_n animal_n and_o plant_n socrates_n and_o this_o pear-tree_n ax._n 14._o the_o chief_a genns_n be_v diverse_a in_o their_o whole_a essence_n whilst_o the_o subaltern_a in_o part_n only_o appear_v thus_o 1._o §_o the_o chief_a genus_n have_v no_o common_a genus_fw-la nor_o constitutive_a difference_n and_o therefore_o it_o follow_v they_o must_v be_v diverse_a in_o their_o whole_a essence_n but_o subaltern_n have_v the_o same_o common_a genus_fw-la and_o therefore_o can_v be_v in_o their_o whole_a essence_n different_a but_o in_o part_n only_o to_o wit_n their_o constitutive_a difference_n ax._n 15._o accidental_a difference_n be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n internal_a be_v either_o imparity_n or_o dissimilitude_n ax._n 16._o imparity_n be_v a_o diversity_n in_o quantity_n ax._n 17._o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v impars_n of_o which_o one_o be_v great_a or_o less_o than_o another_o 1._o §_o to_o wit_n either_o in_o quantity_n of_o bulk_n or_o perfection_n and_o so_o silver_n and_o gold_n gold_n and_o virtue_n be_v esteem_v to_o be_v impars_n in_o this_o verse_n vilius_n argentum_fw-la est_fw-la auro_fw-la virtutibus_fw-la aurum_fw-la i_o e._n silver_n be_v of_o less_o value_n than_o gold_n gold_n than_o virtue_n and_o chapter_n the_o seven_o of_o st._n matthew_n the_o body_n be_v compare_v with_o raiment_n as_o the_o great_a with_o the_o less_o and_o the_o fowl_n of_o the_o air_n and_o lily_n of_o the_o field_n with_o man_n as_o the_o less_o with_o the_o great_a ax._n 18._o dissimilitude_n be_v a_o diversity_n either_o in_o quality_n or_o passion_n 1._o §_o in_o quality_n to_o wit_n either_o of_o a_o diverse_a species_n as_o white_a red_a etc._n etc._n at_o least_o of_o a_o diverse_a degree_n as_o more_o or_o less_o white_a for_o those_o thing_n which_o differ_v not_o in_o species_n but_o degree_n be_v part_n like_o part_v unlike_a hitherto_o may_v be_v refer_v also_o diversity_n in_o site_n ax._n 18._o external_n difference_n like_o that_o of_o conveniency_n which_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o before_o consist_v in_o such_o and_o such_o cause_n effect_n subject_n and_o adjunct_n external_n which_o appertain_v not_o to_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o thing_n 1._o §_o so_o mouse_n generate_v by_o the_o sun_n out_o of_o putrid_a matter_n as_o it_o be_v general_o believe_v be_v distinguish_v by_o efficient_a from_o those_o mouse_n which_o be_v generate_v of_o seed_n so_o the_o eye_n and_o ear_n be_v distinguish_v by_o their_o ends._n hitherto_o also_o belong_v those_o thing_n that_o differ_v in_o matter_n as_o statue_n of_o marble_n and_o brass_n those_o which_o differ_v in_o form_n differ_v also_o in_o essence_n far_o water_n and_o fire_n differ_v in_o effect_n virtue_n ethical_a and_o dinoetical_a in_o subject_a for_o those_o be_v in_o the_o appetite_n these_o in_o the_o mind_n or_o understanding_n which_o be_v in_o the_o greek_a term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d diversity_n of_o thing_n in_o internal_a adjunct_n belong_v to_o imparity_n or_o dissimilitude_n hitherto_o only_o that_o that_o consist_v in_o object_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n if_o a_o cause_n efficient_a or_o final_a subject_a or_o adjunct_n appertain_v to_o the_o essence_n or_o definition_n of_o a_o thing_n if_o any_o diversity_n be_v in_o they_o than_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v a_o external_n but_o essential_a and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o next_o chapter_n viz._n chap._n xxii_o of_o opposition_n of_o thing_n ax._n 1_o opposition_n be_v a_o fight_n or_o battle_n of_o thing_n ax._n 2._o thing_n be_v say_v to_o fight_v which_o can_v true_o be_v affirm_v either_o of_o each_o other_o or_o the_o same_o three_o according_a to_o the_o same_o to_o the_o same_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o in_o the_o same_o time_n commentary_n 1_o §_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v by_o aristotle_n call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v by_o cicero_n call_v contrary_n we_o call_v they_o oppose_v of_o opposition_n one_o be_v in_o thing_n another_o in_o affirmation_n and_o negation_n that_o be_v a_o affection_n of_o simple_a this_o of_o complex_n theme_n of_o opposition_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v of_o this_o place_n aristotle_n treat_v cap._n 10._o of_o the_o category_n of_o the_o other_o in_o his_o book_n of_o interpret_v in_o both_o four_o condition_n be_v require_v which_o be_v deliver_v cap._n 5._o of_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr soph._n elench_v the_o first_o be_v that_o it_o be_v according_a to_o the_o same_o that_o be_v according_a to_o the_o same_o part_n or_o nature_n the_o other_o be_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v to_o the_o same_o that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o respect_n the_o three_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o four_o in_o the_o same_o time_n if_o with_o these_o condition_n opposite_n be_v predicate_v of_o each_o other_o the_o predication_n will_v be_v false_a as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o horse_n blindness_n be_v the_o sight_n or_o if_o both_o be_v predicate_v of_o any_o one_o three_o one_o of_o they_o must_v be_v false_a as_o socrates_n see_v socrates_n be_v blind_a if_o of_o one_o another_o or_o any_o three_o they_o be_v affirm_v true_o of_o necessity_n one_o of_o the_o condition_n must_v be_v want_v for_o example_n to_o be_v david_n lord_n and_o son_n agree_v with_o the_o same_o christ_n but_o not_o according_a to_o the_o same_o for_o christ_n be_v david_n lord_n as_o to_o his_o divine_a his_o son_n as_o to_o his_o humane_a nature_n so_o the_o number_n of_o four_o be_v both_o a_o double_a and_o a_o half_n but_o not_o to_o the_o same_o for_o it_o be_v the_o double_a of_o two_o and_o the_o half_n of_o eight_o beside_o it_o be_v true_a both_o that_o the_o world_n have_v and_o the_o world_n have_v not_o a_o beginning_n but_o not_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n for_o the_o world_n have_v a_o beginning_n of_o duration_n but_o not_o of_o magnitude_n because_o round_o last_o it_o be_v true_a that_o of_o old_a the_o miletian_o be_v valiant_a and_o of_o old_a the_o miletian_o be_v not_o valiant_a but_o not_o at_o the_o same_o time_n 2._o §_o but_o although_o opposite_n can_v be_v predicate_v of_o the_o same_o save_v these_o condition_n nothing_o hinder_v but_o that_o the_o same_o may_v be_v predicate_v of_o thing_n oppose_v as_o colour_n of_o whiteness_n and_o blackness_n animal_n of_o beast_n and_o man_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o consideration_n viz._n that_o ax._n 3_o opposite_n be_v together_o in_o nature_n and_o
〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v from_o number_n it_o be_v collect_v that_o arithmetic_n be_v the_o science_n of_o number_n and_o physic_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v nature_n it_o be_v collect_v that_o physic_n be_v the_o natural_a science_n or_o science_n of_o nature_n etc._n etc._n 5._o §_o from_o derivation_n a_o definition_n be_v collect_v when_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o one_o conjugate_v the_o definition_n of_o another_o be_v collect_v as_o the_o definition_n of_o prudence_n from_o that_o of_o a_o prudent_a man._n 6._o §_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o one_o contrary_a also_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o of_o another_o for_o of_o contrary_n the_o science_n be_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o when_o aristotle_n book_n 3_o cap._n 1._o have_v define_v a_o unvoluntary_a thing_n to_o be_v that_o which_o be_v either_o do_v by_o force_n or_o ignorance_n and_o affirm_v that_o to_o be_v do_v by_o force_n who_o principle_n be_v external_n and_o such_o as_o that_o he_o contribute_v nothing_o to_o it_o who_o do_v or_o suffer_v it_o he_o thence_o collect_v that_o a_o voluntary_a thing_n be_v that_o who_o principle_n be_v in_o he_o who_o act_n and_o be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o fact_n etc._n etc._n hence_o then_o proceed_v we_o to_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o next_o to_o be_v consider_v viz._n division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n which_o will_v be_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o next_o chapter_n chap._n v._o of_o division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n ax._n 1_o of_o division_n one_o be_v of_o the_o name_n or_o nominal_a the_o other_o of_o the_o thing_n ax._n 2._o division_n of_o the_o name_n be_v a_o enunciation_n of_o the_o signification_n of_o a_o homonymous_n or_o doubtful_a word_n or_o sentence_n of_o a_o ambiguous_a or_o doubtful_a speech_n commentary_n 1._o §_o as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v recite_v the_o signification_n of_o these_o latin_a word_n jus_n canis_fw-la malum_fw-la etc._n etc._n or_o distinguish_v in_o this_o oration_n aio_fw-la te_fw-la aeacide_n romanos_fw-la vincere_fw-la posse_fw-la that_o be_v i_o say_v you_o aeacides_n can_v conquer_v the_o roman_n this_o proper_o indeed_o be_v not_o so_o much_o division_n as_o enunciâ—â—â—â—â—_n and_o be_v more_o frequent_o call_v distinction_n than_o division_n ax._n 3_o and_o be_v to_o be_v adhibit_v in_o the_o beginning_n of_o a_o disputation_n 1._o §_o so_o that_o the_o disputation_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v institute_v against_o the_o thing_n not_o word_n for_o it_o may_v happen_v say_v aristotle_n that_o the_o answerer_n may_v not_o direct_v his_o thought_n the_o same_o way_n with_o he_o that_o interrogate_v when_o any_o thing_n be_v ambiguous_a in_o a_o speech_n book_n 1_o top._n cap._n 8._o ax._n 4._o now_o division_n of_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v proper_o say_v to_o be_v a_o division_n be_v a_o explication_n of_o the_o whole_a by_o its_o part_n ax._n 5._o and_o be_v either_o by_o its_o self_n or_o by_o accident_n ax._n 6._o division_n by_o itself_o be_v that_o by_o which_o be_v divide_v a_o whole_a into_o its_o part_n which_o be_v in_o it_o of_o or_o by_o themselves_o ax._n 7._o accident_n by_o accident_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o animal_n be_v divide_v into_o man_n and_o beast_n or_o into_o body_n and_o soul_n the_o division_n be_v a_o division_n by_o itself_o because_o man_n and_o beast_n be_v by_o themselves_o contain_v under_o animal_n and_o animal_n be_v of_o itself_o compose_v of_o body_n and_o mind_n but_o when_o man_n be_v divide_v into_o freemen_n and_o slave_n good_a and_o bad_a the_o division_n be_v by_o accident_n because_o here_o not_o man_n of_o themselves_o be_v divide_v but_o the_o state_n and_o condition_n of_o man_n or_o other_o accident_n which_o happen_v to_o they_o ax._n 8._o division_n of_o itself_o again_o be_v fourfold_a one_o of_o the_o universal_a whole_a or_o genus_fw-la into_o species_n another_o of_o the_o formal_a or_o define_v into_o its_o part_n define_v as_o genus_fw-la and_o difference_n another_o of_o the_o essential_a or_o compose_v into_o its_o compose_v as_o matter_n and_o form_n another_o last_o of_o the_o integrate_a into_o its_o integrate_n and_o this_o by_o a_o peculiar_a name_n be_v call_v partition_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o animal_n be_v divide_v into_o man_n and_o beast_n or_o element_n into_o fire_n air_n water_n and_o earth_n or_o moral_a virtue_n into_o justice_n fortitude_n and_o temperance_n etc._n etc._n the_o division_n be_v of_o the_o universal_a or_o genus_fw-la into_o species_n when_o the_o definition_n of_o man_n be_v resolve_v into_o its_o part_n or_o when_o animal_n and_o rational_a be_v say_v to_o be_v part_n of_o man_n or_o of_o the_o definition_n of_o human_a essence_n the_o division_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o whole_a define_v or_o formal_a when_o man_n into_o a_o body_n and_o rational_a soul_n the_o division_n be_v a_o division_n of_o the_o whole_a compose_v or_o essential_a etc._n etc._n and_o hitherto_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v all_o distinction_n of_o thing_n into_o material_a and_o formal_a as_o when_o the_o material_a of_o a_o word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v voice_n formal_n signification_n last_o when_o man_n or_o human_a body_n be_v divide_v into_o its_o three_o region_n and_o limb_n or_o the_o year_n into_o 12_o month_n a_o kingdom_n into_o its_o province_n great_a into_o less_o or_o logic_n into_o thematical_a and_o organical_a it_o be_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o integrate_a or_o mathematical_a and_o be_v call_v partition_n ax._n 9_o division_n by_o accident_n be_v fourfold_a to_o wit_n either_o of_o a_o cause_n by_o its_o effect_n or_o a_o effect_n by_o its_o cause_n to_o wit_n material_a efficient_a or_o final_a or_o a_o subject_a by_o its_o adjunct_n or_o a_o adjunct_n by_o its_o subject_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o of_o cause_n by_o its_o effect_n as_o plant_n other_o heat_n other_o cool_v syllogism_n other_o effect_v faith_n other_o opinion_n other_o science_n effect_v by_o its_o cause_n and_o one_a efficient_a as_o of_o testimony_n other_o divine_a other_o humane_a by_o cause_n material_a as_o of_o statue_n other_o be_v marble_n other_o brass_n of_o live_v thing_n other_o be_v of_o seed_n other_o putrid_a matter_n etc._n etc._n cause_o final_a as_o of_o man_n other_o voluptuous_a other_o studious_a of_o money_n other_o speculative_a other_o ready_a for_o action_n etc._n etc._n cause_v formal_n that_o be_v division_n by_o cause_n formal_n be_v a_o division_n by_o itself_o division_n by_o itself_o also_o be_v when_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v divide_v by_o its_o next_o cause_n efficient_a or_o final_a so_o disease_n or_o distamper_n do_v differ_v in_o species_n which_o have_v a_o diverse_a next_o cause_n or_o synectical_a or_o contain_v as_o a_o fever_n and_o a_o pleurisy_n etc._n etc._n of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n as_o of_o man_n some_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o be_v learned_a some_o unlearned_a sound_n some_o be_v grave_a some_o acute_a number_n some_o be_v even_o some_o odd_a charity_n one_o towards_o god_n the_o other_o towards_o one_o neighbour_n flower_n some_o spring_n other_o summer_n animal_n some_o land_n other_o water_n other_o both_o but_o division_n of_o subject_a by_o adjunct_n be_v often_o a_o division_n by_o itself_o as_o the_o external_n sense_n be_v conversant_a either_o about_o colour_n sound_v or_o smell_v or_o taste_v or_o the_o tactile_a quality_n last_o adjunct_n by_o subject_n as_o vice_n some_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o body_n virtue_n some_o of_o the_o understanding_n some_o appetite_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o principal_a law_n of_o division_n in_o general_n be_v seven_o and_o first_o the_o part_n of_o it_o ought_v to_o consent_v or_o agree_v in_o the_o whole_a 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o vicious_a be_v the_o division_n of_o man_n into_o live_v and_o dead_a real_a and_o paint_a because_o dead_a and_o paint_a man_n be_v not_o man_n unless_o aequivocal_o so_o vicious_a be_v the_o division_n of_o animal_n into_o mortal_a and_o immortal_a because_o no_o animal_n be_v immortal_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o second_o the_o part_n ought_v among_o themselves_o to_o be_v oppose_v 1._o §_o vicious_a therefore_o that_o division_n when_o either_o the_o part_n be_v not_o different_a as_o when_o pleasure_n be_v divide_v into_o delectation_n and_o joy_n or_o when_o one_o part_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o other_o as_o if_o animal_n shall_v be_v divide_v into_o mortal_a and_o rational_a etc._n etc._n and_o that_o division_n be_v the_o best_a which_o consist_v of_o part_n affirm_v but_o oftentimes_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n and_o want_v of_o word_n we_o be_v force_v to_o divide_v by_o privation_n as_o when_o the_o body_n be_v divide_v into_o animate_v and_o inanimate_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o three_o in_o division_n be_v to_o be_v take_v the_o next_o and_o
world_n be_v eternal_a there_o be_v four_o term_n because_o begin_v and_o end_n in_o the_o major_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o duration_n in_o the_o minor_a of_o magnitude_n 3._o §_o second_o because_o concretes_n be_v confound_v with_o abstract_n or_o abstract_n with_o concretes_n as_o in_o this_o syllogism_n whiteness_n be_v a_o quality_n snow_n be_v white_a therefore_o snow_n be_v a_o quality_n 4._o §_o three_o because_o the_o case_n be_v change_v in_o the_o noun_n or_o tense_n in_o the_o verb_n as_o in_o these_o example_n all_o servant_n be_v their_o own_o master_n that_o be_v servants_z of_o their_o own_o master_n davus_n be_v a_o servant_n therefore_o davus_n be_v his_o own_o master_n no_o boy_n ever_o live_v long_o nestor_n be_v a_o boy_n therefore_o nestor_n do_v not_o live_v long_o but_o if_o the_o same_o mutation_n of_o case_n or_o time_n that_o be_v make_v in_o the_o premise_n be_v make_v also_o in_o the_o conclusion_n it_o make_v not_o a_o four_o term_n as_o appear_v from_o these_o example_n all_o servant_n be_v of_o their_o master_n davus_n be_v a_o servant_n therefore_o davus_n be_v of_o his_o master_n that_o be_v belong_v to_o he_o no_o boy_n live_v long_o nestor_n be_v a_o boy_n therefore_o nestor_n as_o a_o boy_n do_v not_o live_v long_o ax._n 8._o the_o second_o law_n be_v that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o more_o nor_o less_o in_o the_o conclusion_n than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o premise_n 1._o §_o that_o be_v the_o extreme_n which_o be_v with_o the_o medium_fw-la dispose_v in_o the_o premise_n shall_v be_v so_o posit_v in_o the_o conclusion_n as_o they_o be_v in_o the_o premise_n without_o any_o either_o addition_n or_o detraction_n for_o if_o any_o thing_n be_v either_o add_v or_o withdraw_v there_o will_v be_v four_o term_n as_o appear_v from_o the_o follow_a example_n those_o which_o please_v god_n be_v happy_a all_o those_o which_o be_v faithful_a please_v god_n all_o those_o which_o be_v faithful_a therefore_o be_v happy_a and_o be_v afflict_v with_o no_o calamity_n all_o repent_a sinner_n be_v admit_v into_o favour_n some_o man_n be_v not_o admit_v into_o favour_n some_o man_n therefore_o be_v not_o sinner_n for_o both_o syllogism_n be_v vicious_a the_o first_o because_o there_o be_v more_o and_o the_o second_o because_o less_o in_o the_o conclusion_n than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o premise_n ax._n 9_o the_o three_o be_v the_o medium_fw-la must_v not_o enter_v the_o conclusion_n 1._o §_o vicious_a therefore_o be_v those_o syllogism_n in_o which_o either_o the_o whole_a or_o part_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v include_v in_o it_o for_o example_n every_o horse_n differ_v from_o a_o man_n socrates_n differ_v not_o from_o a_o man_n therefore_o socrates_n differ_v not_o from_o a_o horse_n this_o syllogism_n be_v bad_a because_o the_o word_n differ_v be_v part_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la for_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v infer_v therefore_o socrates_n be_v not_o a_o horse_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o four_o be_v the_o extreme_n be_v so_o to_o be_v place_v in_o the_o conclusion_n as_o they_o be_v before_o in_o the_o premise_n 1._o §_o that_o be_v that_o which_o be_v predicate_v of_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o premise_n aught_o to_o be_v so_o in_o the_o conclusion_n and_o that_o which_o be_v subject_v to_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o premise_n aught_o to_o be_v so_o in_o the_o conclusion_n or_o if_o both_o extreme_n be_v subject_v or_o both_o predicate_v that_o aught_o to_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o major_a proposition_n and_o that_o subject_v which_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o minor_a proposition_n this_o syllogism_n therefore_o be_v vicious_a viz._n every_o animal_n live_v every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n therefore_o every_o thing_n live_v be_v man._n for_o the_o inference_n ought_v to_o have_v be_v therefore_o every_o man_n live_v for_o when_o the_o site_n of_o the_o extreme_n be_v otherwise_o in_o the_o premise_n than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o conclusion_n the_o syllogism_n either_o conclude_v nothing_o or_o indirect_o ax._n 11._o five_o from_o two_o negative_n nothing_o be_v conclude_v which_o law_n lean_v upon_o this_o reason_n viz._n that_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o all_o require_v both_o and_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o none_o one_o affirm_v proposition_n this_o syllogism_n therefore_o be_v vicious_a no_o stone_n be_v a_o animal_n no_o man_n be_v a_o stone_n no_o man_n therefore_o be_v a_o animal_n etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o and_o yet_o if_o the_o negation_n be_v part_n of_o the_o argument_n a_o good_a syllogism_n may_v be_v make_v of_o two_o negative_n for_o this_o syllogism_n that_o which_o do_v not_o feel_v be_v not_o a_o animal_n a_o plant_n do_v not_o feel_v a_o plant_n therefore_o be_v not_o a_o animal_n do_v right_o conclude_v because_o the_o particle_n not_o join_v with_o feel_v in_o the_o major_n do_v not_o make_v a_o negation_n but_o only_o render_v the_o medium_fw-la infinite_a and_o the_o same_o force_v it_o ought_v to_o exercise_v in_o the_o assumption_n or_o second_o proposition_n and_o therefore_o though_o the_o minor_a be_v in_o specie_fw-la deny_v yet_o be_v it_o take_v for_o a_o affirm_v viz._n of_o a_o infinite_a predicate_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o the_o six_o be_v that_o from_o two_o particular_n nothing_o be_v conclude_v 1._o §_o which_o depend_v upon_o this_o reason_n viz._n that_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o all_o and_o none_o require_v either_o that_o both_o or_o at_o least_o one_o proposition_n be_v universal_a this_o syllogism_n therefore_o be_v vicious_a some_o animal_n be_v a_o man_n some_o animal_n be_v a_o beast_n some_o beast_n therefore_o be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o that_o from_o two_o singulars_n something_o right_o may_v be_v conclude_v and_o not_o from_o two_o particular_n this_o be_v the_o reason_n uncertain_a individual_n which_o compose_v particular_a proposition_n be_v ambiguous_a and_o therefore_o in_o syllogism_n that_o consist_v of_o pure_a particular_n there_o be_v four_o term_n but_o now_o determinate_a individual_n of_o which_o singular_n consist_v be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o same_o homonymy_n or_o doubtful_a signification_n ax._n 13._o the_o seven_o be_v that_o the_o conclusion_n shall_v follow_v the_o weak_a or_o deterior_fw-la part._n 1._o §_o wherefore_o since_o a_o proposition_n deny_v be_v deterior_fw-la to_o a_o affirm_v and_o a_o particular_a to_o a_o universal_a if_o either_o of_o the_o premise_n be_v deny_v the_o conclusion_n also_o must_v be_v so_o and_o if_o either_o of_o they_o be_v particular_a the_o conclusion_n also_o must_v be_v so_o for_o the_o proposition_n premise_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n but_o the_o cause_n can_v be_v deterior_fw-la to_o its_o effect_n wherefore_o if_o any_o debility_n adhere_v to_o the_o premise_n it_o must_v necessary_o pass_v into_o the_o conclusion_n no_o less_o than_o hereditary_a disease_n do_v to_o posterity_n this_o rule_n extend_v itself_o also_o to_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o matter_n so_o that_o if_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n be_v necessary_a the_o other_o contingent_a the_o conclusion_n also_o must_v be_v contingent_a as_o be_v teach_v book_n 1._o prior._fw-la cap._n 21._o and_o these_o law_n be_v general_a ax._n 14._o the_o special_a law_n be_v these_o three_o and_o first_o the_o major_a of_o the_o first_o figure_n must_v be_v always_o universal_a and_o the_o minor_a affirm_v 1._o §_o this_o law_n be_v collect_v out_o of_o book_n 1._o prior._fw-la cap._n 4._o and_o therefore_o these_o syllogism_n must_v be_v vicious_a some_o animal_n be_v a_o beast_n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o or_o some_o man_n therefore_o be_v a_o beast_n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n no_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o no_o horse_n be_v a_o animal_n but_o yet_o if_o the_o negation_n be_v part_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la the_o syllogism_n be_v not_o vicious_a as_o we_o say_v above_o ax._n 15._o the_o second_o be_v that_o the_o major_a of_o the_o second_o figure_n must_v be_v always_o universal_a and_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n deny_v 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o these_o syllogism_n be_v vicious_a some_o animal_n be_v a_o man_n no_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n some_o horse_n therefore_o be_v not_o a_o animal_n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o horse_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o horse_n therefore_o be_v a_o man._n ax._n 16._o the_o three_o be_v the_o minor_a of_o the_o three_o figure_n must_v be_v affirm_v and_o the_o conclusion_n particular_a 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o these_o syllogism_n be_v vicious_a every_o animal_n live_v no_o animal_n be_v a_o plant_n therefore_o some_o plant_n do_v not_o live_v every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o man_n live_v every_o live_a thing_n therefore_o be_v a_o animal_n ax._n 17._o the_o propriety_n convening_n to_o syllogism_n which_o
shall_v argue_v in_o this_o manner_n viz._n animal_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la or_o trissylable_a man_n be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o man_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la or_o trissyllable_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o second_o take_v away_o the_o genus_fw-la you_o take_v away_o the_o species_n or_o that_o from_o which_o you_o take_v away_o the_o genus_fw-la you_o take_v away_o also_o the_o species_n 1._o §_o as_o if_o to_o prove_v that_o the_o sense_n be_v not_o science_n one_o shall_v say_v it_o be_v not_o a_o habit_n because_o if_o not_o a_o habit_n it_o can_v be_v a_o science_n since_o there_o be_v no_o science_n but_o what_o be_v a_o habit_n that_o be_v but_o what_o be_v comprehend_v under_o that_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o canon_n from_o hence_o observe_v the_o caution_n above-given_a be_v always_o very_o certain_a ax._n 10._o the_o next_o place_n be_v that_o of_o the_o species_n which_o have_v three_o canon_n first_o suppose_v the_o species_n you_o suppose_v also_o the_o genus_fw-la or_o that_o to_o which_o the_o species_n be_v attribute_v to_o that_o also_o the_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o so_o it_o may_v be_v conclude_v that_o logic_n be_v a_o habit_n because_o it_o be_v a_o art_n which_o be_v a_o species_n of_o habit_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o second_o the_o species_n be_v all_o take_v away_o the_o genus_fw-la be_v also_o take_v away_o or_o that_o from_o which_o all_o the_o species_n be_v take_v away_o from_o that_o also_o the_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o as_o friendship_n be_v not_o fortitude_n or_o temperance_n or_o justice_n or_o prudence_n etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o virtue_n etc._n etc._n and_o such_o a_o argumentation_n as_o this_o be_v a_o syllogism_n of_o numeration_n of_o part_n ax._n 12._o three_o that_o which_o to_o all_o the_o species_n that_o also_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o that_o which_o to_o none_o that_o neither_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o this_o canon_n be_v the_o foundation_n of_o induction_n as_o well_o the_o affirm_v as_o deny_v of_o which_o we_o have_v entreat_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n to_o which_o recourse_n may_v be_v have_v if_o the_o reader_n shall_v so_o think_v fit_a for_o example_n now_o all_o the_o canon_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o faithful_a ax._n 13._o the_o place_n from_o the_o whole_a have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o the_o whole_a be_v posit_v all_o the_o principal_a part_n be_v so_o 1._o §_o or_o that_o to_o which_o the_o whole_a be_v attribute_v to_o that_o also_o all_o the_o principal_a part_n as_o to_z sempronius_z there_o be_v maintenance_n give_v and_o therefore_o clothes_n victual_n and_o habitation_n etc._n etc._n i_o say_v the_o the_o principal_a because_o the_o whole_a be_v suppose_v that_o every_o the_o least_o part_n that_o tend_v to_o the_o integrity_n not_o essence_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v so_o be_v not_o necessary_a ax._n 14._o second_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o similar_v whole_a that_o also_o to_o the_o singular_a part_n of_o it_o and_o that_o which_o not_o to_o such_o a_o whole_a that_o neither_o to_o any_o part_n of_o it_o as_o for_o instance_n 1._o §_o water_n by_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v moist_a and_o therefore_o every_o drop_n of_o it_o be_v moist_a the_o heaven_n be_v not_o corruptible_a and_o therefore_o not_o the_o star_n etc._n etc._n here_o we_o be_v to_o take_v heed_n lest_o what_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o whole_a as_o whole_a be_v not_o also_o attribute_v to_o the_o part._n for_o not_o because_o there_o be_v water_n every_o where_n about_o the_o earth_n do_v it_o follow_v that_o every_o drop_v of_o it_o be_v every_o where_o about_o the_o earth_n etc._n etc._n now_o the_o canon_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o certain_a ax._n 15._o the_o place_n from_o part_n have_v four_o canon_n and_o first_o all_o the_o part_n be_v posit_v and_o join_v the_o whole_a must_v be_v also_o posit_v too_o as_o for_o instance_n 1._o §_o caesar_n occupy_v belgium_n and_o aquitaine_n and_o celtica_n and_o therefore_o all_o gallia_n i_o say_v unite_v because_o posit_v all_o the_o part_n of_o a_o whole_a and_o those_o part_v not_o unite_v the_o whole_a be_v not_o yet_o posit_v as_o for_o instance_n a_o house_n which_o you_o know_v till_o the_o material_n be_v join_v as_o well_o as_o provide_v become_v not_o a_o house_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 16._o the_o second_o be_v take_v away_o the_o principal_a part_n you_o take_v away_o also_o the_o whole_a as_o for_o instance_n 1._o §_o infant_n be_v destitute_a of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o christ_n and_o therefore_o of_o faith_n i_o say_v the_o principal_a part_n because_o the_o hand_n take_v away_o the_o man_n do_v not_o die_v but_o become_v only_o lame_a but_o let_v it_o be_v the_o head_n or_o the_o other_o principal_a part_n and_o he_o total_o expire_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 17._o three_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o all_o the_o part_n that_o also_o to_o the_o whole_a and_o that_o which_o to_o none_o that_o neither_o to_o the_o whole_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n the_o law_n prophet_n gospel_n with_o the_o write_n of_o the_o holy_a apostle_n be_v all_o divine_o inspire_v and_o therefore_o the_o whole_a scripture_n be_v divine_o inspire_v the_o wall_n column_n beam_n rafter_n roof_n of_o the_o house_n etc._n etc._n seem_v not_o to_o be_v old_a and_o therefore_o the_o house_n seem_v not_o to_o be_v old_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 19_o four_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o a_o similar_v part_n that_o also_o to_o the_o whole_a and_o that_o which_o agree_v not_o to_o the_o similar_v part_n that_o neither_o to_o the_o whole_a 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n every_o drop_n of_o water_n be_v moist_a and_o therefore_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v so_o the_o star_n be_v incorruptible_a and_o therefore_o the_o heaven_n etc._n etc._n here_o one_o be_v to_o take_v care_n that_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o similar_v part_n only_o by_o some_o external_n cause_n and_o not_o the_o condition_n of_o its_o proper_a nature_n be_v not_o conclude_v of_o the_o whole_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v from_o every_o drop_n of_o water_n be_v round_o that_o the_o whole_a element_n be_v so_o for_o beside_o that_o no_o element_n beside_o the_o earth_n be_v of_o any_o determinate_a figure_n even_o the_o rotundity_n of_o the_o drop_n do_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o water_n but_o the_o paucity_n of_o their_o matter_n by_o which_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o they_o can_v flow_v in_o other_o case_n the_o canon_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o certain_a ax._n 19_o the_o place_n from_o the_o cause_n in_o general_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o cause_n be_v actual_o put_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o cause_v shall_v be_v so_o too_o and_o so_o vice_n versà _fw-fr 1._o §_o the_o cause_n in_o act_n be_v say_v to_o be_v that_o which_o cause_n or_o exercise_n its_o office_n and_o causality_n now_o it_o will_v imply_v a_o contradiction_n for_o one_o to_o say_v that_o the_o cause_v cause_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o cause_v be_v not_o cause_v as_o for_o example_n that_o the_o workman_n be_v building_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o house_n be_v not_o or_o that_o the_o house_n be_v a_o building_n and_o yet_o that_o there_o be_v no_o workman_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 20._o the_o place_n from_o matter_n have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o the_o matter_n be_v take_v away_o the_o compose_v and_o also_o its_o material_a form_n be_v so_o 1._o §_o as_o if_o you_o shall_v prove_v where_o there_o be_v no_o wood_n there_o can_v be_v no_o ship_n or_o because_o stone_n have_v no_o organical_a body_n neither_o can_v they_o have_v a_o soul_n i_o say_v material_a form_n because_o immaterial_a such_o as_o be_v the_o humane_a soul_n by_o take_v away_o the_o matter_n can_v be_v take_v away_o etc._n etc._n ax._n 21._o second_o such_o as_o be_v the_o matter_n such_o be_v also_o the_o compose_v 1._o §_o as_o the_o statue_n be_v of_o worm-eaten_a or_o rot_a wood_n and_o therefore_o itself_o also_o be_v so_o this_o canon_n take_v place_n only_o in_o thing_n make_v of_o art_n for_o in_o other_o thing_n it_o will_v be_v fallacious_a ax._n 22._o the_o place_n from_o form_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o form_n the_o compose_v also_o be_v post_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o compose_v be_v also_o take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o the_o pigmy_n have_v a_o rational_a soul_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v man_n the_o star_n have_v not_o a_o soul_n and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o live_v this_o canon_n be_v altogether_o irrefragable_a provide_v the_o first_o part_n be_v understand_v of_o material_a form_n for_o posit_v the_o rational_a soul_n that_o the_o man_n shall_v be_v so_o too_o be_v not_o necessary_a but_o yet_o this_o viz._n
sign_n viz._n antecedent_n consequent_a or_o conjoin_v the_o thing_n sign_v be_v also_o posit_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o thing_n sign_v also_o be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v day_n and_o therefore_o the_o sun_n will_v rise_v the_o woman_n belong_v and_o therefore_o she_o have_v conceive_v the_o man_n fly_v and_o therefore_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o the_o discover_v conspiracy_n it_o be_v not_o full-moon_n and_o therefore_o there_o can_v be_v no_o eclipse_n etc._n etc._n now_o argument_n draw_v from_o this_o place_n also_o be_v firm_a when_o the_o sign_n be_v necessary_a and_o proper_a to_o the_o thing_n sign_v otherwise_o they_o be_v only_o probable_a as_o he_o be_v not_o sempronius_n be_v enemy_n and_o therefore_o he_o kill_v he_o not_o the_o woman_n do_v not_o love_v the_o boy_n and_o therefore_o she_o be_v not_o his_o mother_n etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o the_o philosopher_n make_v use_v of_o these_o so_o much_o the_o more_o spare_o ax._n 36._o the_o place_n from_o circumstance_n last_o have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o thing_n you_o posit_v the_o thing_n itself_o and_o take_v that_o away_o you_o also_o take_v away_o the_o thing_n itself_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o have_v steal_v something_o out_o of_o a_o sacred_a place_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v sacrilegious_a the_o spring_n come_v on_o and_o therefore_o flower_n will_v be_v find_v he_o go_v cover_v with_o a_o cowle_n or_o hood_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o monk_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o monk_n christ_n be_v to_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o jewish_a polity_n and_o that_o at_o bethlethem_n which_o polity_n be_v not_o now_o in_o be_v as_o likewise_o bethlehem_n and_o therefore_o christ_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v bear_v as_o believe_v the_o unconvert_v jew_n but_o be_v so_o al-already_a he_o be_v not_o in_o mourn_v and_o therefore_o he_o mourn_v not_o etc._n etc._n argument_n also_o from_o this_o place_n be_v part_v firm_a and_o part_v probable_a and_o use_v will_v be_v the_o only_a mean_n to_o distinguish_v betwixt_o they_o and_o now_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o the_o canon_n belong_v to_o place_n dissentaneous_a compare_v and_o testimony_n chap._n xviii_o of_o canon_n belong_v to_o place_n dissentaneous_a compare_v and_o testimony_n ax._n 1_o the_o place_n from_o opposite_n in_o general_n have_v these_o two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o of_o which_o one_o of_o the_o opposite_n be_v affirm_v of_o that_o the_o other_o must_v be_v deny_v commentary_n 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v a_o house_n and_o therefore_o can_v be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v sick_a and_o therefore_o can_v be_v sound_n etc._n etc._n and_o here_o the_o law_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v which_o we_o have_v recite_v book_n 1._o cap._n 22._o concern_v opposition_n ax._n 2._o the_o second_o be_v the_o predicate_v of_o opposite_n be_v also_o oppose_v 1._o §_o as._n a_o just_a man_n be_v he_o that_o keep_v the_o law_n and_o therefore_o a_o unjust_a that_o transgress_v it_o but_o here_o care_n be_v to_o be_v take_v lest_o their_o difference_n or_o affection_n generical_a be_v predicate_v for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v in_o that_o a_o man_n have_v a_o animate_v body_n that_o a_o beast_n have_v a_o inanimate_a nor_o that_o because_o whiteness_n be_v visible_a blackness_n be_v invisible_a because_o to_o be_v animate_v be_v the_o difference_n generical_a of_o man_n and_o visible_a the_o affection_n of_o colour_n not_o whiteness_n etc._n etc._n but_o this_o viz._n that_o because_o whiteness_n scatter_v therefore_o blackness_n gather_v the_o sight_n be_v a_o good_a consequence_n and_o do_v follow_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o the_o place_n from_o contrary_n have_v three_o canon_n first_o that_o which_o take_v up_o one_o contrary_a that_o take_v up_o another_o and_o that_o which_o take_v not_o up_o one_o that_o neither_o another_o 1._o §_o as_o love_n be_v in_o the_o concupiscent_a appetite_n and_o therefore_o hatred_n right_n belong_v not_o to_o beast_n and_o therefore_o they_o can_v suffer_v injury_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o second_o the_o cause_n effect_n and_o adjunct_n of_o contrary_n be_v contrary_n 1._o §_o as_o virtue_n be_v from_o a_o good_a and_o therefore_o vice_n from_o a_o ill_a habit._n that_o make_v one_o happy_a and_o therefore_o this_o miserable_a that_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v and_o therefore_o this_o to_o be_v shun_v etc._n etc._n but_o here_o two_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o first_o lest_o we_o take_v the_o cause_n or_o effect_n by_o accident_n instead_o of_o those_o per_fw-la se_fw-la for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v a_o good_a man_n love_v and_o defend_v he_o and_o therefore_o a_o wicked_a man_n hate_v and_o desert_n he_o because_o love_n to_o one_o own_n be_v not_o from_o virtue_n but_o nature_n second_o who_o effect_n be_v dependent_a on_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o matter_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o dissimilitude_n of_o matter_n it_o often_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o cause_n produce_v contrary_a effect_n or_o contrary_a like_a for_o heat_n harden_v clay_n and_o soften_v wax_n and_o threaten_n not_o rare_o produce_v that_o in_o some_o which_o in_o other_o entreaty_n to_o wit_n because_o the_o efficient_a act_n not_o according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o its_o virtue_n but_o that_o of_o the_o subject_v matter_n ax._n 5._o three_o of_o contrary_n immediate_a of_o necessity_n one_o of_o they_o must_v be_v in_o the_o capacious_a subject_n and_o the_o other_o not_o 1._o §_o as_o libertus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o servant_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v free_a the_o number_n be_v not_o even_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v odd_a the_o canon_n here_o observe_v the_o aforesaid_a limitation_n be_v firm_a enough_o and_o especial_o the_o three_o ax._n 6._o place_v from_o relateds_n have_v but_o this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v one_o of_o the_o related_n there_o be_v also_o posit_v the_o other_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o other_o also_o be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o to_o who_o his_o father_n be_v master_n the_o same_o be_v his_o father_n servant_n the_o confederate_n of_o rome_n be_v not_o their_o subject_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n be_v not_o their_o master_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n be_v most_o certain_a ax._n 7._o the_o place_n from_o privative_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n of_o privative_n the_o one_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v in_o the_o capacious_a subject_n the_o other_o not_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o be_v blind_a and_o therefore_o do_v not_o see_v ay_o say_v our_o saviour_n be_o the_o light_n of_o the_o world_n and_o therefore_o whosoever_o follow_v i_o walk_v not_o in_o darkness_n the_o subject_n be_v say_v to_o be_v capable_a when_o so_o in_o respect_n to_o nature_n and_o the_o time_n set_v by_o nature_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n hold_v firm_a ax._n 8._o place_v from_o contradicting_n have_v this_o one_o canon_n and_o that_o be_v one_o of_o the_o contradicting_n be_v place_v the_o other_o must_v be_v remove_v and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a 1._o §_o this_o canon_n be_v the_o very_a foundation_n upon_o which_o lean_a the_o principle_n of_o all_o science_n and_o which_o whosoever_o deny_v have_v no_o reason_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o that_o from_o the_o major_n have_v two_o rule_n or_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o be_v that_o to_o which_o the_o major_n agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o minor_n 1._o §_o as_o god_n give_v life_n to_o man_n and_o therefore_o he_o will_v give_v food_n body_n and_o therefore_o raiment_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o second_o that_o which_o convene_v not_o to_o the_o major_n that_o neither_o to_o the_o minor_n 1._o §_o as_o angel_n be_v not_o pure_a before_o god_n and_o therefore_o much_o less_o man._n a_o man_n take_v by_o his_o enemy_n can_v make_v his_o will_n much_o less_o a_o traitor_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o place_v from_o the_o minor_a have_v also_o two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o less_o do_v not_o agree_v to_o that_o neither_o the_o great_a 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a to_o be_v angry_a with_o one_o brother_n rash_o or_o without_o a_o cause_n much_o less_o to_o kill_v he_o ax._n 12._o second_o that_o which_o to_o the_o minor_a that_o also_o to_o the_o major_a 1._o §_o as_o a_o unchaste_a look_v upon_o a_o woman_n be_v a_o sin_n and_o therefore_o adultery_n god_n give_v food_n and_o raiment_n to_o the_o beast_n and_o therefore_o how_o much_o more_o to_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o place_v from_o equal_a have_v three_o canon_n and_o first_o to_o equal_v equal_a thing_n agree_v 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o david_n to_o eat_v the_o shewbread_n to_o allay_v his_o hunger_n and_o therefore_o for_o christ_n disciple_n to_o pull_v the_o ear_n of_o corn_n and_o eat_v they_o on_o the_o sabbath-day_n to_o satisfy_v
ax._n 1_o now_o canon_n compare_v be_v either_o of_o certain_a or_o else_o uncertain_a place_n ax._n 2._o and_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v either_o general_n or_o special_a of_o which_o these_o contain_v a_o comparison_n in_o every_o those_o only_a in_o one_o certain_a genus_fw-la commentary_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o canon_n that_o who_o effect_n be_v more_o such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o be_v of_o certain_a place_n because_o it_o express_v the_o place_n of_o the_o effect_n from_o whence_o this_o argument_n be_v take_v and_o general_n because_o adaptible_a to_o all_o thing_n which_o admit_v of_o any_o kind_n of_o comparison_n but_o now_o that_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o better_a subject_n that_o itself_o be_v better_o be_v indeed_o of_o certain_a place_n because_o indicating_z the_o argument_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a but_o not_o general_n because_o only_o to_o be_v adapt_v to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v in_o goodness_n but_o this_o that_o which_o be_v more_o last_a be_v best_a be_v of_o uncertain_a place_n and_o special_a because_o it_o neither_o express_v where_o the_o place_n of_o the_o argument_n be_v neither_o can_v it_o be_v adapt_v to_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v among_o themselves_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o compare_v canon_n from_o the_o conjugate_v be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v more_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o other_o as_o caesar_n consult_v the_o republic_n more_o than_o bibulus_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v more_o a_o consul_n than_o he_o second_o if_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v be_v better_a than_o one_o than_o the_o other_o of_o the_o conjugate_v will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o other_o as_o if_o piety_n be_v before_o learning_n than_o a_o pious_a man_n will_v be_v before_o a_o learned_a man_n etc._n etc._n three_o from_o the_o definition_n these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o definition_n most_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o define_v as_o if_o the_o definition_n of_o whiteness_n be_v a_o colour_n disperse_v the_o sight_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o that_o which_o be_v white_a disperse_v the_o sight_n most_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o definition_n that_o also_o to_o the_o define_v as_o if_o a_o habit_n recall_v the_o affectious_a of_o the_o mind_n and_o action_n to_o mediocrity_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n than_o virtue_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n etc._n etc._n so_o from_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n four_o we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o that_o which_o agree_v most_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la that_o also_o to_o the_o species_n and_o that_o which_o most_o to_o the_o species_n that_o also_o to_o the_o individual_n as_o if_o a_o substance_n immaterial_a be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o a_o corporeal_a than_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n separate_v will_v be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o it_o be_v now_o when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o body_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o the_o better_a genus_fw-la or_o species_n that_o also_o its_o self_n be_v better_a and_o so_o because_o a_o live_a thing_n be_v better_a than_o a_o not_o a_o fly_n will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o heavent_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o the_o whole_a and_o part_v we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o if_o the_o whole_a homogenous_a or_o whole_a consist_v of_o part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o whole_a than_o its_o part_n will_v be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o part_n and_o conrariwise_o as_o if_o gold_n be_v heavy_a than_o brass_n than_o it_o will_v follow_v that_o every_o part_n of_o gold_n observe_v the_o same_o proportion_n of_o magnitude_n will_v be_v heavy_a than_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o brass_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v absolute_o such_o or_o effect_n any_o thing_n as_o such_o its_o whole_a will_v be_v more_o such_o and_o effect_v that_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v more_o such_o than_o its_o part_n and_o so_o if_o rhubarb_n have_v a_o power_n of_o purge_v choler_n than_o a_o drachm_n will_v have_v a_o great_a power_n than_o have_v a_o scruple_n because_o it_o be_v but_o the_o three_o part_n of_o a_o drachm_n etc._n etc._n under_o which_o general_a maxim_n be_v contain_v several_a special_a as_o first_o many_o good_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o few_o and_o so_o virtue_n with_o nobility_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o virtue_n alone_o second_o that_o which_o be_v honest_a pleasant_a and_o profitable_a will_v be_v beyond_o that_o which_o be_v only_o honest_a pleasant_a or_o profitable_a three_o that_o which_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n be_v better_a than_o that_o which_o neither_o increase_v nor_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n four_o by_o how_o much_o more_o it_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o absence_n or_o access_n by_o so_o much_o be_v it_o better_o than_o any_o other_o thing_n than_o the_o which_o it_o be_v better_a in_o this_o respect_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o matter_n and_o form_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o have_v these_o and_o first_o that_o who_o matter_n be_v more_o so_o that_o also_o itself_o be_v more_o so_o so_o because_o gold_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o stone_n it_o follow_v that_o a_o golden_a statue_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o a_o stone_n one_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o have_v a_o noble_a form_n that_o itself_o be_v also_o noble_a so_o because_o the_o form_n of_o man_n be_v better_a than_o that_o of_o beast_n because_o this_o be_v immaterial_a and_o immortal_a and_o that_o material_a and_o mortal_a it_o follow_v that_o man_n be_v better_a than_o beast_n etc._n etc._n six_o from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a these_o and_o first_o that_o which_o by_o itself_o simple_o and_o by_o its_o nature_n be_v such_o be_v more_o so_o than_o that_o which_o by_o accident_n be_v such_o or_o in_o some_o respect_n or_o by_o participation_n and_o so_o meat_n as_o meat_n be_v wholesome_a than_o physic_n because_o that_o of_o itself_o be_v so_o and_o this_o only_a by_o accident_n and_o light_n be_v more_o profitable_a than_o darkness_n because_o that_o be_v useful_a to_o all_o this_o only_a to_o thief_n and_o such_o as_o will_v abscond_v last_o the_o sun_n be_v more_o splendid_a than_o the_o moon_n because_o that_o shine_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n this_o only_a by_o participation_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o of_o itself_o and_o by_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v more_o such_o that_o effect_n more_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o fire_n heat_v more_o than_o water_n when_o it_o be_v warm_v because_o hot_a so_o you_o know_v iron_n to_o be_v heavy_a than_o wood_n because_o it_o more_o swift_o descend_v etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n can_v be_v use_v only_o in_o cause_n of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n it_o fail_v often_o for_o iron_n red-hot_a although_o not_o hot_a than_o flame_n burn_v yet_o more_o vehement_o the_o density_n of_o its_o matter_n assist_v it_o and_o impress_v the_o heat_n more_o strong_o upon_o the_o patient_n and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n three_o that_o to_o which_o the_o cause_n agree_v most_o to_o that_o also_o the_o effect_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o you_o may_v prove_v old_a man_n to_o be_v more_o prudent_a than_o young_a because_o they_o have_v more_o experience_n in_o thing_n four_o that_o by_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o also_o must_v be_v more_o such_o and_o so_o because_o water_n grow_v warm_a by_o fire_n it_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o the_o fire_n be_v more_o hot_a than_o it_o but_o this_o canon_n in_o some_o case_n will_v fail_v we_o and_o first_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n and_o aequivocal_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o some_o one_o be_v drink_v by_o wine_n that_o therefore_o wine_n shall_v be_v more_o drink_v or_o because_o the_o knife_n be_v sharpen_v by_o the_o stone_n that_o therefore_o the_o stone_n shall_v be_v sharp_a than_o the_o knife_n second_o in_o effect_n which_o receive_v not_o more_o or_o less_o as_o if_o you_o shall_v prove_v the_o father_n to_o be_v more_o a_o man_n than_o his_o son_n because_o the_o son_n be_v so_o by_o his_o mean_n three_o those_o which_o depend_v not_o upon_o one_o cause_n for_o although_o the_o scholar_n derive_v his_o learning_n from_o his_o master_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o master_n must_v be_v always_o learnede_a than_o the_o scholar_n for_o it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o scholar_n may_v have_v more_o ingeny_n and_o industry_n than_o his_o master_n etc._n etc._n five_o those_o who_o operation_n work_n or_o effect_v
answer_v to_o the_o first_o absolute_a canon_n of_o the_o same_o place_n which_o be_v this_o that_o to_o which_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v agree_v to_o that_o also_o agree_v the_o other_o to_o this_o canon_n be_v add_v this_o caution_n viz._n that_o there_o shall_v not_o be_v adhibit_v conjugate_v join_v only_o in_o affinity_n of_o word_n net_n nature_n this_o same_o caution_n be_v to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o comparate_a which_o be_v thus_o declare_v that_o to_o which_o agree_v one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v more_o to_o that_o also_o agree_v the_o other_o and_o therefore_o as_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o this_o man_n be_v drink_v and_o therefore_o a_o drunkard_n so_o neither_o this_o that_o this_o man_n be_v more_o drink_a and_o therefore_o more_o a_o drunkard_n etc._n etc._n 17._o there_o remain_v of_o comparate_a canon_n which_o contain_v no_o designation_n of_o any_o certain_a place_n of_o which_o many_o be_v extant_a book_n 3_o top._n of_o which_o we_o have_v here_o select_v the_o principal_a as_o first_o the_o more_o last_a and_o constant_a good_n be_v the_o more_o to_o be_v choose_v as_o the_o good_n of_o the_o mind_n than_o those_o of_o the_o body_n second_o any_o thing_n be_v then_o the_o more_o to_o be_v wish_v for_o when_o more_o opportune_a and_o useful_a as_o fear_v in_o youth_n prudence_n in_o old_a age._n three_o that_o which_o always_o or_o often'_v of_o use_n be_v better_a than_o that_o which_o seldom_o as_o temperance_n than_o fortitude_n four_o those_o thing_n which_o content_a one_o in_o themselves_o be_v more_o to_o be_v choose_v than_o those_o which_o need_v other_o thing_n as_o abundance_n of_o thing_n than_o money_n for_o he_o that_o abound_v in_o the_o last_o viz._n money_n may_v want_v other_o thing_n but_o he_o that_o abound_v in_o thing_n can_v want_v money_n etc._n etc._n five_o that_o which_o be_v the_o more_o splendid_a be_v the_o more_o to_o be_v wish_v for_o so_o glory_n than_o riches_n six_o difficult_a thing_n be_v better_a than_o those_o that_o be_v more_o facile_a and_o seven_o proper_a than_o common_a by_o common_a here_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v public_a but_o only_o those_o thing_n which_o many_o have_v by_o proper_a which_o we_o have_v alone_o or_o in_o common_a with_o but_o very_o few_o for_o these_o be_v the_o thing_n which_o we_o most_o love_n eight_o those_o thing_n which_o can_v be_v communicate_v to_o other_o be_v more_o precious_a than_o those_o which_o can_v as_o knowledge_n than_o riches_n nine_o thing_n not_o necessary_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o those_o that_o be_v so_o we_o choose_v rather_o to_o live_v commodious_o than_o to_o live_v which_o canon_n be_v be_v not_o evert_v by_o cicero_n when_o in_o his_o topic_n he_o say_v thing_n necessary_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o unnecessary_a for_o by_o unnecessary_a he_o understand_v superfluous_a but_o to_o aristotle_n unnecessary_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o those_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o bene_fw-la esse_fw-la necessary_n the_o esse_fw-la ten_o those_o thing_n which_o can_v be_v give_v by_o other_o be_v better_o than_o those_o which_o may_v as_o virtue_n and_o learning_n than_o riches_n etc._n etc._n eleven_o that_o which_o one_o will_v have_v other_o leave_v one_o as_o friend_n than_o wealth_n for_o friend_n we_o will_v get_v to_o ourselves_o but_o riches_n we_o have_v rather_o that_o other_o shall_v leave_v we_o etc._n etc._n 18._o and_o these_o be_v the_o principal_a canon_n by_o which_o problem_n compare_v be_v to_o be_v confirm_v which_o be_v to_o be_v draw_v either_o from_o the_o absolute_a canon_n or_o aristotle_n be_v three_o book_n of_o topic_n in_o all_o of_o which_o especial_o those_o which_o contain_v a_o comparison_n of_o thing_n in_o goodness_n this_o caution_n be_v to_o be_v use_v viz._n that_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v be_v in_o other_o thing_n equal_a for_o example_n the_o more_o last_a good_n be_v then_o to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o less_o when_o in_o other_o thing_n they_o be_v equal_a etc._n etc._n and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o dialectical_a syllogism_n chap._n xx._n of_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o now_o follow_v demonstration_n define_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v a_o syllogism_n beget_v knowledge_n commentary_n 1._o §_o demonstration_n in_o the_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v among_o the_o geometrician_n a_o delineation_n of_o a_o diagram_n in_o which_o they_o exhibit_v the_o truth_n of_o their_o proposition_n to_o be_v see_v by_o the_o eye_n to_o that_o be_v oppose_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v a_o description_n or_o false_a delineation_n now_o these_o word_n as_o many_o other_o which_o be_v use_v in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o syllogism_n be_v translate_v from_o geometry_n into_o logic_n and_o there_o demonstration_n be_v take_v sometime_o for_o any_o certain_a and_o perspicuous_a proof_n but_o here_o in_o this_o place_n strict_o for_o syllogism_n scientific_n and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o false_a syllogism_n for_o syllogism_n beget_v error_n or_o the_o contrary_a to_o science_n etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o demonstration_n genus_fw-la be_v syllogism_n and_o herein_o it_o agree_v with_o the_o dialectical_a it_o be_v difference_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o end_n which_o be_v science_n now_o the_o word_n science_n be_v either_o take_v large_o to_o signify_v any_o cognition_n or_o true_a assent_n or_o strict_o a_o firm_a and_o infallible_a one_o or_o last_o a_o assent_n of_o proposition_n make_v know_v by_o the_o cause_n or_o effect_n and_o that_o only_o come_v under_o the_o notion_n of_o science_n here_o which_o be_v get_v by_o the_o cause_n or_o the_o effect_n and_o be_v proper_a to_o this_o place_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 2._o of_o demonstration_n one_o be_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o the_o other_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v ax._n 3_o that_o of_o why_o be_v that_o which_o not_o only_o prove_v the_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o but_o also_o render_v a_o reason_n why_o the_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o ax._n 4._o the_o demonstration_n that_o only_o prove_v that_o the_o thing_n either_o be_v or_o be_v not_o 1._o §_o now_o this_o division_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o end_n for_o whereas_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n scientific_n it_o altogether_o follow_v that_o how_o manifold_n science_n be_v so_o many_o must_v demonstration_n be_v but_o science_n one_o be_v why_o and_o the_o other_o that_o and_o therefore_o so_o must_v demonstration_n be_v see_v cap._n 13._o book_n 1._o of_o the_o post_n science_n and_o demonstration_n in_o short_a why_o differ_v from_o that_o of_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v in_o the_o ratio_fw-la and_o quality_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la which_o in_o that_o of_o why_o a_o thing_n be_v be_v the_o next_o cause_n that_o be_v such_o a_o cause_n as_o that_o be_v put_v the_o propriety_n must_v be_v put_v also_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o propriety_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o when_o that_o of_o the_o other_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n but_o effect_v at_o least_o not_o the_o next_o but_o remote_a as_o will_v hereafter_o be_v make_v appear_v etc._n etc._n in_o the_o interim_n take_v we_o a_o view_n of_o what_o be_v necessary_a to_o be_v know_v before_o we_o enter_v upon_o this_o head_n chap._n xxi_o of_o precognition_n or_o thing_n requisite_a to_o be_v know_v before_o we_o enter_v upon_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o in_o every_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o why_o or_o demonstrative_a science_n three_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v viz._n subject_a affection_n and_o cause_n by_o which_o demonstrate_v that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 2._o of_o subject_a and_o affection_n be_v compose_v the_o question_n of_o cause_n with_o the_o affection_n first_o then_o subject_a combine_a the_o premise_n or_o principle_n by_o which_o such_o question_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 3_o and_o in_o these_o two_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v first_o precognition_n and_o then_o condition_n which_o in_o such_o a_o demonstration_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v ax._n 4._o of_o precognition_n the_o one_o be_v whether_o it_o be_v the_o other_o what_o that_o be_v which_o be_v say_v or_o what_o signify_v the_o name_n ax._n 5._o of_o the_o three_o term_n it_o be_v to_o be_v foreknow_v what_o signify_v the_o name_n that_o be_v what_o the_o mean_v or_o importance_n of_o they_o be_v subject_a cause_n also_o premise_n or_o principle_n whether_o they_o be_v and_o this_o of_o the_o affection_n and_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v 1._o §_o of_o the_o three_o term_n what_o be_v the_o name_n because_o otherwise_o we_o shall_v dispute_v concern_v thing_n unknown_a 2._o §_o of_o subject_a and_o cause_n whether_o they_o be_v for_o when_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n as_o the_o cause_n
and_o one_o opposite_a be_v sufficient_a to_o discern_v the_o other_o by_o book_n 1._o an._n cap._n 1._o whence_o they_o conclude_v that_o the_o precept_n of_o true_a syllogism_n be_v enough_o to_o detect_v the_o fallacy_n of_o the_o other_o by_o and_o so_o that_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n be_v nothing_o worth_a but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o for_o the_o right_n be_v then_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o wrong_n when_o the_o wrong_n as_o wrong_v be_v oppose_v to_o it_o and_o the_o knowledge_n of_o one_o opposite_a be_v then_o sufficient_a for_o the_o discernment_n of_o the_o other_o when_o the_o oppose_v as_o oppose_v be_v compose_v with_o it_o but_o now_o when_o the_o oblique_a put_v on_o the_o form_n of_o the_o right_n or_o one_o opposite_a that_o of_o the_o other_o it_o be_v not_o every_o sort_n of_o knowledge_n of_o the_o right_n that_o do_v serve_v to_o distinguish_v the_o wrong_n from_o it_o nor_o the_o one_o opposite_a to_o understand_v the_o difference_n of_o the_o other_o by_o now_o a_o fallacious_a sophism_n be_v not_o only_o vicious_a but_o also_o put_v on_o the_o show_n of_o good_a and_o therefore_o those_o precept_n of_o syllogism_n which_o we_o have_v already_o lay_v down_o be_v not_o sufficient_a full_o to_o understand_v the_o trick_n of_o sophister_n by_o why_o because_o it_o be_v not_o enough_o to_o know_v the_o fault_n of_o the_o fallacious_a syllogism_n but_o over-and-above_a we_o must_v take_v off_o the_o appearance_n of_o the_o true_a and_o plain_o demonstrate_v from_o which_o box_n of_o fallacy_n that_o varnish_n be_v take_v whereby_o the_o sophister_n have_v set_v off_o his_o vicious_a syllogism_n and_o first_o of_o those_o fallacy_n which_o be_v commit_v in_o word_n chap._n xxvi_o of_o sophism_n or_o fallacy_n in_o word_n ax._n 1_o sophism_n or_o fallacy_n be_v either_o in_o word_n or_o thing_n ax._n 2._o of_o those_o which_o be_v consist_v in_o word_n there_o be_v six_o place_n viz._n homonymy_a amphiboly_n composition_n division_n prosody_n or_o accent_n with_o figure_n of_o speech_n ax._n 3_o a_o sophism_n of_o homonymy_n be_v that_o which_o arise_v from_o the_o ambiguity_n of_o one_o word_n ax._n 4._o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o that_o doubtful_a word_n 1._o §_o now_o in_o syllogism_n there_o be_v three_o term_n wherefore_o a_o fallacy_n of_o homonymy_n may_v three_o way_n happen_v and_o first_o when_o the_o medium_n ambiguous_a as_o the_o end_n of_o a_o thing_n be_v its_o good_a death_n be_v the_o end_n of_o life_n and_o therefore_o death_n be_v the_o good_a of_o it_o this_o fallacy_n solve_v by_o a_o distinction_n of_o the_o word_n end_n for_o end_n in_o the_o major_n be_v take_v for_o the_o cause_n end_v in_o the_o minor_a the_o extremity_n of_o a_o thing_n second_o when_o the_o subject_n be_v doubtful_a as_o quantity_n be_v not_o a_o substance_n a_o body_n a_o quantity_n and_o therefore_o a_o body_n be_v not_o a_o substance_n this_o fallacy_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o body_n for_o in_o the_o minor_n understand_v a_o body_n mathematical_a in_o the_o conclusion_n physical_a in_o the_o three_o place_n we_o lay_v a_o sophism_n of_o homonymy_n when_o the_o predicate_a be_v ambiguous_a as_o that_o which_o be_v round_o have_v no_o beginning_n nor_o end_n the_o world_n be_v round_o and_o therefore_o have_v no_o beginning_n nor_o end_n this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o distinguish_a beginning_n and_o end_n for_o in_o the_o major_n be_v understand_v begin_v and_o end_n of_o magnitude_n in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o time_n etc._n etc._n 2._o hither_o may_v be_v refer_v those_o captious_a question_n have_v you_o leave_v off_o to_o commit_v adultery_n have_v you_o find_v that_o you_o never_o lose_v etc._n etc._n for_o whether_o you_o affirm_v or_o deny_v you_o will_v be_v catch_v by_o homonymy_a for_o if_o you_o say_v you_o have_v leave_v off_o to_o commit_v adultery_n you_o confess_v that_o sometime_o you_o have_v commit_v it_o because_o we_o have_v sometime_o do_v that_o which_o we_o cease_v to_o do_v but_o if_o you_o say_v you_o have_v not_o the_o sophister_n will_v reply_v then_o you_o still_o continue_v in_o it_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o you_o affirm_v you_o have_v that_o which_o you_o have_v not_o lose_v the_o sophister'll_a reply_n that_o then_o you_o have_v horn_n because_o you_o have_v not_o lose_v they_o and_o if_o the_o contrary_a you_o have_v not_o eye_n because_o you_o have_v not_o lose_v they_o wherefore_o you_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o word_n not_o to_o leave_v off_o be_v ambiguous_a for_o when_o one_o be_v say_v to_o leave_v off_o who_o have_v do_v any_o thing_n and_o do_v it_o no_o long_o the_o word_n not_o to_o leave_v off_o may_v be_v take_v either_o for_o not_o to_o have_v do_v it_o or_o for_o persist_v still_o to_o do_v it_o and_o therefore_o he_o may_v be_v say_v not_o to_o have_v leave_v off_o both_o who_o never_o do_v it_o and_o who_o still_o continue_v in_o it_o likewise_o any_o one_o may_v be_v say_v not_o to_o have_v lose_v both_o that_o which_o he_o never_o have_v as_o horn_n and_o that_o which_o he_o yet_o have_v as_o his_o eye_n for_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v lose_v who_o once_o have_v a_o thing_n and_o now_o have_v it_o not_o etc._n etc._n see_v a._n gel._n lib._n 16._o noct._n at._n c._n 2._o ax._n 5._o sophism_n of_o amphiboly_n that_o which_o arise_v from_o the_o ambiguous_a sense_n of_o a_o speech_n who_o particular_a word_n have_v no_o homonymy_n by_o themselves_o ax._n 6._o and_o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o the_o ambiguous_a speech_n 1._o §_o the_o fallacy_n of_o amphiboly_n be_v lay_v two_o way_n first_o when_o the_o very_a syntax_n of_o the_o speech_n be_v ambiguous_a as_o quod_fw-la quisquam_fw-la vidit_fw-la id_fw-la ipsum_fw-la vidit_fw-la that_o be_v what_o any_o one_o see_v that_o he_o will_v have_v itself_o see_v some_o one_o see_v a_o tree_n and_o therefore_o the_o tree_n itself_o see_v this_o fallacy_n solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o the_o ambiguous_a speech_n viz._n id_fw-la ipsum_fw-la vidit_fw-la for_o that_o itself_o may_v be_v either_o of_o the_o nominative_a case_n and_o then_o the_o major'll_v be_v false_a or_o the_o accusative_a and_o then_o indeed_o the_o major'll_v be_v true_a but_o yet_o thence_o this_o conclusion_n will_v not_o follow_v viz._n and_o therefore_o the_o tree_n itself_o see_v because_o the_o syllogism_n than_o will_v have_v four_o term_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n likewise_o be_v this_o catch_n those_o qui_fw-la sunt_fw-la svi_fw-la magistri_fw-la that_o be_v be_v their_o own_o master_n be_v at_o their_o own_o dispose_n servants_z sunt_fw-la magistri_fw-la svi_fw-la that_o be_v be_v their_o own_o master_n and_o therefore_o servant_n be_v at_o their_o own_o dipose_n for_o the_o ambiguity_n in_o the_o latin_a be_v in_o the_o word_n magistri_fw-la svi_fw-la their_o master_n which_o in_o the_o major_n be_v of_o the_o plural_a and_o minor_a of_o the_o singular_a number_n the_o like_a ambiguity_n in_o these_o enunciation_n viz._n socrus_fw-la oderunt_fw-la nurus_fw-la aio_fw-la te_fw-la aeacida_fw-la romanos_fw-la vincere_fw-la posse_fw-la etc._n etc._n 2._o a_o fallacy_n of_o amphiboly_n then_o make_v when_o the_o very_a kind_n or_o phrase_n of_o the_o speech_n beget_v ambiguity_n or_o uncertainty_n of_o opinion_n as_o he_o that_o send_v a_o book_n into_o the_o light_n will_v have_v it_o read_v of_o all_o man_n he_o that_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o fire_n send_v it_o into_o the_o light_n and_o therefore_o he_o that_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o fire_n will_v have_v it_o read_v of_o all_o men._n this_o fallacy_n solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o the_o phrase_n send_v into_o the_o light_n which_o in_o the_o major_a proposition_n signify_v to_o publish_v in_o the_o minor_a to_o burn_v such_o be_v the_o caption_n of_o those_o who_o will_v infer_v from_o hence_o the_o invocation_n of_o the_o dead_a because_o the_o patriarch_n jacob_n in_o blessing_n his_o posterity_n when_o speak_v of_o joseph_n child_n among_o the_o rest_n say_v thus_o gen._n 48.16_o and_o my_o name_n shall_v be_v call_v upon_o these_o child_n and_o the_o name_n of_o my_o father_n abraham_n and_o isaac_n for_o the_o call_n of_o jacob_n name_n upon_o the_o child_n of_o joseph_n by_o a_o hebrew_n idiotism_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o call_v they_o israelites_n from_o the_o name_n of_o jacob_n etc._n etc._n axe_n 7._o a_o sophism_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o which_o arise_v from_o a_o composition_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v to_o be_v divide_v ax._n 8._o of_o division_n on_o the_o contrary_a from_o the_o division_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v to_o be_v conjoin_v ax._n 9_o to_o be_v solve_v by_o a_o distinction_n of_o the_o divers_a sense_n which_o a_o speech_n have_v according_a to_o the_o different_a composition_n or_o division_n
method_n be_v either_o natural_a or_o arbitrary_a ax._n 4._o natural_a in_o which_o the_o order_n of_o nature_n and_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o thing_n be_v observe_v ax._n 5._o in_o which_o we_o must_v observe_v in_o the_o first_o place_n that_o all_o the_o part_n be_v to_o be_v homogeneous_a that_o be_v not_o impertinent_a or_o foreign_a to_o the_o subject_a 1._o §_o by_o which_o mean_n we_o not_o only_o confirm_v that_o rule_n that_o discipline_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v mix_v so_o as_o in_o mathematics_n we_o be_v not_o to_o use_v ethical_a demonstration_n or_o in_o ethic_n mathematical_a etc._n etc._n but_o this_o also_o viz._n that_o every_o thing_n ought_v to_o be_v set_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n and_o so_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o the_o genus_fw-la to_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o with_o the_o species_n to_o the_o species_n shall_v be_v attribute_v and_o that_o all_o thing_n be_v reciprocal_a as_o much_o as_o may_v be_v 2._o §_o and_o indeed_o this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o very_a precept_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o essence_n of_o discipline_n but_o yet_o in_o the_o comment_n where_o the_o precept_n of_o they_o be_v explain_v and_o confirm_v the_o observation_n of_o it_o be_v not_o so_o necessary_a for_o it_o often_o happen_v to_o the_o master_n teach_v physic_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fetch_v from_o logic_n and_o ethic_n physic_n moreover_o in_o divinity_n and_o all_o other_o discipline_n how_o much_o of_o necessity_n must_v they_o fetch_v from_o philosophy_n for_o the_o explain_v their_o controversy_n which_o yet_o become_v no_o part_n at_o all_o of_o those_o discipline_n which_o if_o that_o censurer_n of_o aristotle_n have_v better_o consider_v he_o will_v without_o all_o question_n have_v judge_v more_o impartial_o of_o the_o write_n and_o method_n of_o that_o admirable_a philosopher_n in_o which_o he_o distinguish_v not_o the_o precept_n from_o the_o comment_n that_o be_v make_v upon_o they_o which_o in_o in_o the_o first_o place_n he_o ought_v to_o have_v do_v ax._n 6._o now_o in_o natural_a method_n we_o be_v always_o to_o proceed_v from_o universals_z to_z particular_n and_o in_o that_o progress_n all_o the_o part_n be_v to_o be_v connect_v together_o by_o apt_a bond_n of_o transition_n 1._o §_o which_o progress_n be_v to_o be_v institute_v by_o division_n who_o part_n be_v to_o be_v join_v together_o by_o apt_a bond_n of_o transition_n which_o form_n how_o much_o they_o help_v the_o memory_n of_o the_o reader_n be_v almost_o incredible_a ax._n 7._o method_n of_o nature_n in_o the_o next_o place_n be_v either_o total_a or_o partial_a ax._n 8._o total_a that_o in_o which_o some_o whole_a science_n be_v dispose_v ax._n 9_o and_o this_o be_v either_o synthetic_a or_o analytic_a ax._n 10._o synthetic_a be_v that_o which_o proceed_v from_o the_o most_o simple_a principle_n to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compound_v of_o those_o principle_n ax._n 11._o and_o so_o the_o speculative_a discipline_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v ax._n 12._o analytie_n that_o which_o beginning_n from_o the_o end_n proceed_v to_o the_o next_o mean_n and_o so_o from_o these_o to_o the_o more_o remote_a till_o at_o last_o it_o arrive_v to_o the_o first_o and_o mosi_fw-la simplo_n ax._n 13._o and_o thus_o be_v art_n and_o discipline_n practical_a to_o be_v entreat_v of_o 1._o §_o the_o discipline_n speculative_a have_v no_o end_n which_o be_v diverse_a from_o themselves_o but_o the_o very_a knowledge_n of_o the_o thing_n propose_v be_v their_o end_n for_o in_o that_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la but_o art_n and_o discipline_n practical_a rest_v not_o there_o viz._n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o thingt_fw-fr propose_v but_o have_v some_o far_a end_n viz._n work_v practice_n or_o operation_n that_o be_v agreeable_a to_o that_o knowledge_n whence_o be_v it_o that_o the_o science_n theoretical_a such_o as_o physics_n metaphysic_n mathematics_n etc._n etc._n be_v dispose_v in_o synthetick_a method_n proceed_v from_o the_o first_o principle_n to_o those_o which_o be_v form_v or_o make_v of_o they_o and_o that_o first_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o then_o in_o the_o species_n till_o at_o last_o it_o be_v come_v to_o the_o low_a species_n of_o all_o but_o in_o art_n such_o as_o grammar_n rhetoric_n logic_n medicine_n architecture_n and_o in_o practical_a discipline_n such_o as_o ethic_n politic_n economic_n etc._n etc._n we_o contrariwise_o proceed_v from_o the_o end_n to_o the_o mean_n for_o that_o which_o be_v first_o in_o the_o do_n of_o thing_n be_v always_o last_o in_o the_o design_n or_o intention_n of_o they_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a wherefore_o since_o the_o say_a discipline_n proceed_v from_o the_o mean_n to_o the_o end_n in_o act_v for_o the_o architect_n first_o lay_v his_o foundation_n then_o prepare_v his_o timber_n rafter_n beam_n &c_n &c_n and_o of_o these_o make_v the_o house_n itt_n follow_v in_o the_o design_n that_o the_o end_n have_v the_o first_o place_n and_o of_o the_o mean_n those_o the_o next_o which_o be_v last_o bring_v to_o pass_v for_o these_o discipline_n keep_v not_o the_o order_n of_o action_n but_o design_n for_o the_o design_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o very_a practical_a knowledge_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v propose_v and_o certain_o the_o end_n in_o practical_a discipline_n have_v itself_o not_o otherwise_o i._n e._n be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o the_o mean_n than_o be_v the_o hypothesis_n or_o principle_n in_o the_o mathematics_n to_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v gather_v from_o they_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 7._o eth._n c._n 8._o 2._o in_o both_o these_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n in_o the_o synthetic_a that_o of_o nature_n generate_a or_o effect_v analytick_a that_o of_o intend_v or_o design_v piccolomini_n therefore_o must_v be_v under_o a_o mistake_n cap._n 21_o introd_a and_o part_v 7._o com._n pot._n where_o although_o he_o confess_v that_o synthetic_a method_n be_v fit_a for_o speculative_a and_o the_o other_o for_o art_n and_o practical_a discipline_n yet_o he_o will_v needs_o have_v it_o that_o all_o discipline_n will_v admit_v both_o of_o one_o and_o the_o other_o and_o according_o in_o his_o 10_o degree_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n he_o have_v observe_v the_o synthetic_a but_o not_o the_o most_o to_o his_o purpose_n as_o zabarella_n solid_o prove_v book_n 2._o of_o his_o apol._n cap._n 4._o &_o seq_fw-la 3._o galen_n set_v down_o three_o sort_n of_o method_n and_o explain_v two_o of_o they_o add_v a_o three_o viz._n definition_n but_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a nay_o indeed_o it_o can_v be_v that_o any_o other_o shall_v be_v observe_v in_o science_n but_o the_o synthetic_a and_o analytick_a for_o definition_n be_v not_o so_o much_o method_n as_o a_o instrument_n or_o part_n of_o it_o for_o all_o method_n take_v its_o beginning_n from_o the_o definition_n of_o some_o whole_a and_o divide_v go_v on_o to_o the_o part_n and_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o that_o whole_a more_o against_o galen_n concern_v this_o definitive_a method_n you_o may_v see_v in_o zabarella_n book_n 2._o meth._n cap._n 4._o ax._n 14._o a_o partial_a method_n be_v then_o when_o some_o part_n of_o a_o discipline_n be_v dispose_v or_o particular_a theme_n several_o handle_v 1._o §_o for_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_n use_v or_o consideration_n of_o method_n partial_a for_o either_o it_o may_v be_v consider_v as_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o total_a method_n or_o as_o it_o be_v a_o method_n of_o some_o theme_n separately_z and_o apart_o by_o itself_o to_o be_v handle_v as_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a this_o one_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v precept_v more_o than_o what_o we_o have_v already_o say_v in_o the_o general_a to_o wit_n that_o it_o often_o happen_v in_o a_o part_n of_o a_o discipline_n who_o whole_a be_v in_o method_n synthetical_a that_o the_o analytick_a order_n may_v be_v keep_v and_o so_o on_o 〈◊〉_d other_o hand_n in_o the_o part_n of_o analytick_n that_o 〈◊〉_d synthetick_a as_o for_o instance_n physic_n be_v compose_v in_o synthetick_a order_n if_o the_o whole_a be_v consider_v and_o yet_o in_o that_o part_n where_o we_o entreat_v of_o animate_v body_n a_o resolutive_a may_v well_o enough_o be_v keep_v viz._n begin_v from_o the_o operation_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o the_o animate_v body_n and_o so_o go_v on_o to_o the_o cause_n and_o principle_n which_o be_v the_o faculty_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o temperament_n and_o organical_a part_n of_o that_o body_n etc._n etc._n in_o like_a manner_n the_o art_n of_o medicine_n grammar_n logic_n if_o look_v upon_o in_o the_o whole_a be_v lay_v down_o in_o a_o analytick_a method_n but_o in_o the_o part_n of_o they_o the_o synthetick_a be_v observe_v physiology_n which_o be_v a_o part_n of_o medicine_n be_v deliver_v in_o a_o synthetick_a order_n and_o in_o grammar_n we_o first_o entreat_v of_o letter_n sylable_n than_o word_n and_o last_o speech_n and_o its_o construction_n and_o so_o in_o logic_n first_o we_o treat_v of_o theme_n simple_a and_o then_o complex_n which_o certain_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v to_o compose_v or_o proceed_v in_o compose_a order_n in_o so_o much_o yet_o as_o these_o art_n be_v begin_v from_o the_o notion_n of_o the_o end_n and_o so_o go_v on_o to_o the_o mean_v they_o be_v say_v in_o the_o whole_a to_o be_v dispose_v in_o a_o analytical_a order_n as_o zabarella_n have_v well_o observe_v lib._n 2._o de_fw-fr math._n cap._n 20._o etc._n etc._n the_o rest_n may_v be_v seek_v for_o out_o of_o the_o institution_n note_v the_o chapter_n of_o sophism_n and_o method_n be_v principal_o turn_v by_o another_o hand_n finis_fw-la libri_fw-la secundi_fw-la