compressed but the doubling would make it thicker But the Skin is exceeding tender easily rubbed off and apt to be pained when the Child sucks very freely Only in old women it grows thick Not is the Nipple any other where made of the Skin straitned or folded If the Nipples turn upwards a Male child is in the Mothers womb if downwards a Girl according to the Tradition of Hypocrates which hath not been as yet ratified by the confession of women with child As to Number there is one Nipple on each Dug Hollerius saw two Nipples upon one Dug which both yielded Milk Their Colour in Virgins is red in such as give suck it enclines to black and blew and in them also they are more sticking out by reason of the Infants sucking in such as are past Child-bearing the Nipples are of a black color They have a Circle round about them which is called Areola the little Parsley-bed in Virgins pale and knotty in such as are with child and give suck brown in old women black 'T is bored through the middle with very small holes for the Milk to pass through For The Use of the Nipple is to be instead of a Pipe or Funnel to put into the Mouth of the Infant whereout it may suck the Milk Secondly to serve for a pleasing Titillation whereby Mothers and Nurses are enticed the more willingly and with a certain Sense of pleasure to give their children suck The Dugs do inwardly consist of a Membrane Vessels Kernels or rather kernellish Bodies and Fat though the two last do chiefly make up the Dugs the Kernels and Fat lye concealed between the Membrane and the Skin Now the fleshy Membrane does fasten the kernellish Substance which it compasses unto the Muscles which lye thereunder The Kernels are many In Virgins more hard in old women consumed in such as are with child and give suck more swelling and pappie Yet there is one great one just under the Nipple which the other lesser ones do compass about and infinite textures of Vessels lye between them Riolanus hath observed a womans Dug to consist of one continued Kernel and not of many the contrary whereto we see in scirrhous and cancerous Tumors The Use thereof is to turn Blood into Milk And the use of the fat of the Dug is to encrease heat and to make the Dug of an even round shape And therefore such as have the Fat consumed by some Disease or old Age they hang ill favoredly like empty Bladders and are unfit to make Milk The Vessels The Dugs receive their Skin and external Veins from the Axillary which are called the Thoracicae Superiores the upper Chest-veins which in women with child and such as give suck are often black and blew visible They receive other internal Veins brought thither a long way that the Blood might be the longer therein wrought which are termed Mammariae Venae or Dug-veins which descend on each side one from the Trunk of the Axillary Vein under the Brest-bone to the Glandules or Kernels of the Dugs These are met by other ascendent Veins by the right Muscles of which before and therefore the Infant being born the Blood is carried no longer to the womb but to the Dugs and is turned into Milk And hence it is that women which give suck have seldom their Courses Hence also when the Children suck over-much Blood comes out at the nipples Yea it hath been observed that a womans courses have come away through her Dugs and Milk by her womb howbeit this is a rare chance But the Matter of Milk be it what it will cannot according to the Principles of the Bloods Circulation be carried by the Veins to the Dugs The Venae mammariae or Dug-veins do only carry back what remains superfluous after the Child is nourished and Milk made Moreover they are seldome joyned with the Epigastrick Veins and they are too few and small alone to carry so much blood from the womb as may suffice a Child that is a liberal Sucker Their Arteries proceed from the upper Trunk of the great Artery and from the Subclavian branches which are joyned after the same manner with the Epigastrick Arteries as was said of the Veins The Th racicae Arteriae or Chest arteries so plentifully and evidently that in cancerous Tumors of the Dugs a woman hath bled to death by them of which case I remember some Examples Hence it seems more likely blood is carried to the Dugs to make Milk which blood being consumed in fat and elderly women they are therefore none of the best Nurses Hence it is that women which give suck receive great damage by loosing their blood contrariwise they are advantaged by whatever may draw and provoke their blood to their Dugs as by rubbing them c. Now Prosper Martianus and Petrus Castellus do maintain out of Hypocrates that the matter of Milk is twofold viz. Blood and Chyle and that the greatest part of the matter thereof is pressed out of Meats and Drinks not yet digested in the Stomach into the Dugs by the Child swelling in the womb and after the Child is born by the passages made wide by sucking and that another small part is made of blood ascending from the womb which is rather to be reckoned as an Efficient cause by reason of its Heat then of a Material cause That Blood alone is not the matter of Milk besides the Authority of Hypocrates they prove because 1. Otherwise it were impossible that a woman should live voiding two pounds of blood every day in the form of Milk 2. When a woman gives suck her Courses flow which in the first moneths of her going with child are suppressed 3. When a woman left breeding Milk she would fall into a dangerous Plâ—thory or fulness of Blood 4. There would be no Child-bed Purgations at all the Milk being so violently carried into the Dugs the second day after Child-birth that it causes a Feaver 5. Nature would then have framed greater Vessels from the womb unto the Dugs 6. The Milk would not retain the smell and vertue or operation of the Meats eaten because these things are changed in the blood 7 The Blood collected into the Dugs does breed Madness Aphor. 40. Sect. 5. But that it depends upon the Stomach and the Chyle these following Reasons evince 1. The force and efficacy of Purgatives is after some hours violently carried into the Dugs as divers Experiments do teach Yea and our Country-women when children that have the cough suck at their breasts they drink pectoral Decoctions and believe that the sucking child does presently draw them 2. If a Nurse do swallow an hair in her meat and drink it comes into her Dugs according to Aristotle and sticking in the Nipples it causes the Disease Trichiasis or Hair in the Nipple 3. A branch of Cichory according to the Observation of Martianus hath come out of a womans Dug which she had
Membranes Vessels Use The Error of Asclepiades and Paracelsus The Situation of the Piss-bladder It s Magnitude Its Connexion It s Substance Membranes The Crust of the Bladder The expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s Holes It s Neck The Sphincter Muscle Its Vessels It s Use The Spermatick Vessels and their Original Their Magnitude Their Passage Their Use The Stones Their Number Why placed without in Men Their Greatness Their Figure Whether the left Stone be colder then the right The Error of Aristotle Whether Nature alwaies intends to beget Boys Their Coats Common The Cod. Why void of Fat Porper The Substance of the Stones Vessels Muscles The Efficiens cause of the Seed Without the Stones there is no Generation The Sympathy of the Stones with the whole Body The Parastatae Names Their Substance Their Rise Their Use See Fig. III. Tab. XXI Whether a Bull may ingender after he is guel Whether seed is contained in the Bladderkies Whether in the Prostatae See Tab. XXII Let. QQ Whether the Prostatae do make seed The seat of the Gonorrhaea The Prostatae do not help to make seed Its Names Situation Figure Magnitude Why the Yard is void of Fat the first Opinion Laurentius his Error It s Substance The four Parts of the Yard Urethra The Nut of the Yard â— The nervous Bodies Whence the hardness and Erection of the Yard proceeds The Muscles of the Yard Copulation Conception The Genitals in Women quite different from those in men The similitude of the Yard and of the Womb ridiculous The praeparatory Vessels in women How they differ from those in Men. How the Stones of Women differ from those of Men. Why Womens stones are placed within their Bodies Why the womb is placed in the Hypogastrium It s Magnitude The true Figure of the Womb. The Ligaments of the Womb. The upper Ligaments of the Womb. The falling down of the Womb. The Lower It s Substance Its Membranes Its Vessels Why the left Veins of the Womb are joyned to the right Anastomoses in the womb The Largeness of the Uterine Vessels A Child conceived in a womans Stomach The wombs motion Why sweet smelling things do hurt some women See Tab. XXVII The short Neck of the womb Some Cause of Barrenness The Bottom No Cavities or Cells in the womb of a woman Why Horns are said to be in the wombs of women The inner Orifice of the womb Some Causes of Barrenness The Use of the Orifice of the womb When the Mouth of the womb is opened See Tab. XXVII Wrinkles in the Neck of the womb The Orifice of the Bladder See Fig. IV. and V. of Taâ— XXVIII That there is some true sign of Virginity Why Virgins are pained in their first carnal Copulation An Exception What is the token of Virginity The I. Opinion of the Arabians The II. Opinion The III. Opinion The IV. Opinion The V. Opinion strengthned by many Authors The Confutation of such as deny it to be alwaies found in Virgins The VI. Opinion The hole in the middle of the Hymen is of several fashions A Question touching the shedding of blood in the first Copulation Whether Conception may be made without hurting the Hymen Parts of the Privitie See Fig. II. and III. of the XXVIII Tab. See Fig. IV. of Tab. XXVIII See Tab. XXVIII It s Substance Its Muscles Tentigo Its Vessels It s Use See FIG III. and IV. of the Tab. XXVIII The Lips and Venus Hillocks Wherâ—â—n the Child in the Womb differs from a grown person Whether the heat of the Womb only â—e the Efficient cause of the Membranes Sundry opinions concerning the matter of the said Membranes Their Number What the Secondine is and why so called Whence the Liquor proceeds that is in the Amnios What the Cotyledons are What the Navil is and of what parts it consists The Vena umbilicalis It s Insertion It s Use The Knots Arteries Anastomoses of the umbilical Vessels Their Twisting The length of the Rope It s thickness The binding of the Navil The Dignity of the Navil is not much Urachus The Urachus is not hollow in Mankind The Error of Laurentius The middle Venter what it is Hypocrates and Aristotle It s Figure Magnitude Substance It s Use Its Parts Common The Use of the hair under the arm-pits Why there is little Fat in the Chest The proper Parts See Tab. XXV Lib. I. Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast Number of the Dugs Magnitude The difference of the Dugs in men and women Their Shape Their Parts How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense The Dug The Venae Mammariae Why Milk is bred after the child is born Their Arteries The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds But arises from the Stomach the Chyle The said Opinion refuced And the Argument of Martianus and others are answered Their Nerves Their Pipes The use of the Dugs The Efficient cause of Milk Milk may breed in Virgins Men Women not with Child c. See the Figure of the following Chapter Their Number The Error of others Their use It s Situation It s Figure It s Number Magnitude An Head and Tail in the Midriff It s substance It s Membrane It s Holes Vessels Sardonian Laughter Use How the motion of the Diaphragma is performed What the Pleura is and its Original It s Thickness The place of the matter which causes a Pleurisie It s Holes It s substance Vessels The use of the Mediastinum The Pericardium See Tab. 3. of Book 2. It s Original It s Holes Situation It s Connexion It s Surface It s Substance Its Vessels It s Use Whether all Live-Wights have this wherish Liquor in their Heart-bags Why more plentiful in dead Bodies Whence the liquor in the Heart-bag proceeds The first Opinion It s Use Why the Heart â—â— in the middest of the Body A vulgar Error that the Heart is in the left side Why the point of the Heart enclines to the left side Who have the greatest Hearts Connexion Why the Substance of the Heart is so thick It s Coat Whether Fat is found about the Heart The Coronary Vein of the Heart An Error of Fallopius Whether the Heart be a Muscle The Error of Averroes An Hairy Breast what it signifies An Hairy Heart what it signifieâ— Whether the Heart doe perfect the Blood What things are requisite to perfect the Blood In which Ventricle the Blood is perfected What the Pulse is Its Parts The Heart takes in Blood in the Diastole The Quantity of blood in the Heart The form of the Heart in the Systole The shape of the Heart in the Diastole The next Efficient Cause of the motion of the Heart Whether there be a pulsifick Faculty Remote Causes of the motion of the Heart The Earlets of the Heart why so called What pulses first in an Eg. Their Situation Number Substance Their Surface See Tab. IV. of Book II. Their Motion Their use The Ventricles of
that the skin of all New-born Infants looks red Wherefore the remote and internal Efficient thereof is in the inward heat of the Body thrusting forth a vapor into the surface thereof as Exhalations are made by the suns heat The next and external is the coldness of somebody as the Air c. compacting and thickning So Gruel Hot milk and other hot dishes of meat have a skin growing over them sometimes also the dryness of the Ambient Air consuming the external humor and compacting the remainders of the matter Now by how much the said vapor is more Earthy and Clammy by so much more solid is that which is bred thereof The Vse thereof is to defend the Skin And therefore 't is somwhat hard howbeit exceeding thin and yet transparent like the transparent skins of Onions least if it were thicker the skin should not feel 〈…〉 it is somtimes bard and brauny in the Hands 〈…〉 by reason 〈…〉 of Labor and Travel 〈…〉 â—â—d more compact than 〈…〉 And therefore it is that watery pustules pass through the Skin but not the Scarf-skin Yet not over close and compact least it should hinder the bodies transpiration And it is close wrought not only to defend the parts under it but that also too great an efflux of Vapor Blood Spirit and heat might not happen For it is the cover of the Mouths and extremities of the Vessels And therefore those cannot live in good health that are born without a Scarf-skin as was seen in Lewes the King of Bohemia and Hungaria who became gray hair'd while he was but a Boy It is of a white color and therefore of a cold and dry temper and quite void of Blood For being torn or cut it sends forth no Blood Nor is it nourished by Blood as Lauremberg and Sperlinger would have it for it is not intrinfically nourished by attraction of its proper Aliment but by addition of parts the vapor growing into the like nature of the Scarf-skin as Casserus rightly disputes The Scarf-skin is black in Blackmores but not the skin beneath it As for number there is but one Scarf-skin only there was once two found by Aquapendent the one being strongly fastned in the pores of the skin and inseperable the other seperable without offence to the skin Which happens in some only not in all parts of the Body Also Laurembergius in applying Vesicatories found the Scarf-skin double but that is a rare case for that Vesicatories do peitce unto the skin is apparent from the humor dropping out and the pain In brawny Callosities indeed there are many little skins as it were the skins of Onyons but they are besides nature whose Generation and cure is delivered by Fallopius In point of Connexion it sticks so close to the Skin of a man while he is alive as if it were one continued body therewith Yet many times it is cast off as snakes and serpents cast their skins which Felix Platerus tells us did happen to himself and which happens in burning Feavers and the small Pox. Salmuth observed as much in some Gouty persons in an Ague and some other cases In dead persons 't is separated by a Candle or scalding Water in living Bodies with Phoenigmi In the Nut of the Yard it sticks not to the skin but to the flesh CHAP. II. Of the Skin CVtis the skin is in Greek cal'd Derma as it were Desma a band it is the common covering of the Body or a Temperate Membrane bred of the seed by a proper faculty to be the Instrument of feeling and to defend the parts beneath it It is called a Membrane which must not be understood simply but so as to be a Membrane of a peculiar nature and proper temperament And therefore Piccolhomineus was mistaken when he would have the skin to be simply a Membrane for the skin is thicker hath a substance proper to it self and is temperate But the opinion of others is that the matter hereof is Seed and Blood well mixed together so that the skin hath a middle nature between Flesh 〈…〉 Nerves And therefore Galen 〈…〉 that it is as it 〈…〉 a Nerve endued with blood he sayes not simply but as it were For he also likens it to a Membrane because in some parts it may be extended feels exquisitely and is white Aristotle would have the skin to consist of flesh dried and grown old as it were But the skin is easily flaid from the parts under it and between the flesh and skin there is fat a Membrane c. to which Opinion Fernelius inclined when he said that the skin of the Face was a certain more dry portion of the flesh beneath it Wherein he also is to be blamed Because 1. It may be separated from the flesh 2. It will admit of Scars as the skin in other places Others say it is made of the Extremities of the Vessels widened because it every where lives and feels and the extremities of the Vessels end thereinto but this may be said of all the parts of the Body Others of the softer Nerves spread out in the surface of the Body an addition of blood concurring but this Opinion is of no more force then the formet The skin therefore is made of Seed taken in a moderate quantity and for its enlargement it had a moderate quantity of blood but seed seems to hold the greater proportion For the skin is naturally whiâ—ish though it varies according to the plenty of humors and Bodies beneath it For such as the Humor is such will be the color of the skin So Sanguine persons have it ruddy those that are Jaundized have it yellow or black Examples whereof see in Marcellus Donatus and others If flesh lie beneath it the redder it is if fat the whiter It is in respect to the seed that Authors say the skin grows not together again after it is wounded In respect of the blood there is somewhat like the skin produced viz. a Scar Which consists as it were of burnt and dried flesh Howbeit in Children by reason of the moisture of their skin as also the aboundance of glutinous humors a wound hath been observed to be closed up with true skin Witness Spigelius Wherefore the skin being made as it were of a Membranous cold and dry and of a fleshy hot and moist substance becomes temperate in all the first and second qualities that it may rightly judg of all The Efficient Cause of the skin is the Skin-generating faculty as in a bone the Bone-generating faculty in a Nerve the Nerve-forming power or faculty c. which faculty frames a part differing from all other similar parts But how doth the faculty make of the same Seminal matter Nerves Bones c. by an hidden and divine power as it were The publick Action of the skin and which is necessary for the whole Living-Creature is to be the primary Instrument of the
c. Now fat to speak properly is not a part but rather an humor unless haply it be considered together with the Membrane as many times it is by Galen The 〈…〉 of our order is this because fat in a man is between the skin and the fleshy Membrane in â—…s under the Membrane which moves the Those parts are void of fat which could receive no profit thereby but hindrance by resisting convenient Complication and Distension as the Brain Eyelids Yard Cod and Membranes of the Testicles Now it is chiefly in those parts which are more strongly moved then the rest hard like Suet and interwoven between the Fibres and little Veins as in the Palm of the Hand the inner sides of the Fingers for there are many tendons Nerves and Vessels which ought to be moistened in the sole of the Foot especially the Heel It is softer in sundry parts of which in their place Caecilius Folius hath larely written that the matter whereof fat is made is the milky juyce or fatter portion of the Chylus and that therewith the Bones are nourished To which opinion I oppose 1. That such as eat fat meats do not presently grow fat 2. That the Chylus is too crude to nourish the parts 3. That Children should presently become fat as we see it happen in Children new born who have been nourished only with their Mothers Blood 4. That the Chylus is necessarily changed before it come unto the Parts 5. There is no passage from the Mesentery to the extream parts of the body for it is neither suckt through the Membranes as some learned men suppose nor is it carried through the Glandules Not the former 1. Because they are thicker then to suck and draw as threads 2. They would appear swoln and would in Anatomy discover some Oyly moisture in them Nor the latter 1. Because the Kernels are not continued with the fat parts 2. Nor do they receive any profitable humor but Excrements yea they abound with a white flegmatick but not a fat humor 3. We observe that many creatures grow fat which have no Kernels Now the fatter part of the Chyle is the material cause of fatness but it is only the remote cause and therefore in deed and truth The Matter thereof is Unanimously concluded to be Blood whence Aristotle sayes that such Creatures as have no Blood have neither Fat nor Suet but it must be blood Purified and Absolutely concocted nor yet all such blood but that which is thin Aiery and Oyly It resembles the buttery substance of Milk and the Oyly substance of Seed and therefore Aristotle did well deny Fat to be moist with a watery moisture his meaning was not with an Aiery Against whom Fernelius and Columbus have written And when fat is made of Oyly Blood much of the heat is lost Whence Aristotle sayes Such things as are condensed by cold out of them much heat is forced and squeezed And in another place Natural matters are such as the place is wherein they are Therefore the nature of Fat is colder then that of blood yet is it moderately hot For 1. Outwardly applyed it Digests Resolves Discusses 2. It is the thinner and more Oyly part of the blood 3. It easily takes fire 4. It encreases the heat within as the Caul assists the Stomachs Concoction c. Some will have it to be cold because Aristotle sayes whatever things grow together by cold and are melted by Heat are cold But Fat is congealed by cold I answer Fat is cold in respect of the Heat which before it had while it was blood But we must learn 〈…〉 the same Aristotle that such things as having been 〈…〉 cold are melted with an easie Heat have In this TABLE are expressed the common Coverings of the Belly separated and on one side the Fat besprinkled with its Vessels and on the other side certain Muscles Detected The II. TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AA The Scarf-skin BBBB The Skin CC. The Fat out of its place separated from the Pannicle or Coat DD. The fleshy Pannicle EEEEE The Fat left in its proper place half the Belly over FFFF The distribution of certain Vessels through the Fat. G. Store of Kernels in the Groyn HH The White Line I. The Navil K. Part of the Pectoral Muscle Detected LLL The Productions of the greater Foreside-saw-Muscle MM. The oblique descendent Muscle of the Breast in its Situation NNN The right Muscle of the Belly appearing through the Tendon of the oblique descendent OOO The Nervous Inscriptions of the right Muscle P. The Right-side Pyramidal Muscle in its proper place page 5. The Efficient or Generating Cause of Fatness is moist and temperate Heat the Author of all Digestion The cause Efficient of its growing together is the coldness of the Membranes from whence it gains its white color not simple but respective yet sufficient to coagulate the oylie part of the blood sweating forth even as melted Lead grows congealed when it is poured out into a place hot enough yet colder then the fire And Fat grows together by cold in a certain degree as it were for every thing is not made of every thing and therefore Fat is not bred in any part Now that Fatness proceeds from Coldness Galen and other Learned men have determined so that the Fat light and thin Part of the Blood while in hotter Bodies it turns to Nutriment in colder it is reserved and therefore hot and dry Animals are hardly eyer fat and when the Veins send it out of themselves it lights upon the Membranes and grows together For 1. Even the Blood when it is out of the Vessels does after this manner grow together by meeting with the cold Air though its internal Coldness do also help forward the mutation 2. Aristotle saies among such things as melt those that are melted by heat are congealed by cold as Oyl 3. The colder Creatures are the fatter as Gueldings Foemales also such as lie long hid in the Earth without Exercise So in the Winter all Creatures are fatter 4. Fat is only bred in cold places as in the Membranes So we see the Call is fat by reason of its membranous Substance also in respect of its place being far from the hot Bowels for it 〈…〉 upon the Guts under the Peritonaeum and becaâ—… stored with abundance of Veins and Arteries iâ—…uch Fat so about the Heart Fat is collected for there is the Pericardium a cold and thick Membrane also the wheyish Humor contained therein below it there is the Midriff as a Fan on either fide the Lungs like Bellows the Mediastinum c. So about the the Kidneys Fat is gathered because they abound with a wheyish Excrement lie near the Back-bone and are covered by the Guts 5. A Cover hanging over boyling Water coagulates the Vapors which arise unto it and turns them into water by its Coldness For make the Air round about exceeding hot
Vapors thick and earthy yet somwhat glewish and clammy It s therefore false which some affirm that the Hairs and Nails are nourished and generated of good and laudable nutriment For they grow even in persons consumed and pined away and being cut they grow again in all ages of a mans life and the oftner they are cut the sooner they grow again Yea in dead men as on thieves upon the Gibbet c. they grow See Paraeus at the end of his Book who had an embalmed body in his house twenty four years together the Hairs and Nails whereof grew again as often as they cut them They are therefore bred of sooty Steams and Vapors of the third Concoction or of the fleshy substance it self by whatsoever heat resolved into vapors The remote Matter is nothing seminal out of which the hair sprouts as a flower nor any fat substance enclining to the Nature of the Seed or Blood but a superfluous moisture especially that which is contained in the Kernels And therefore where there are Kernels in those places there are commonly Hairs as at the Ears in the Arm-pits in the Groins c. And if somtimes there are Kernels without Hairs this want of hair springs from a too great quantity of humors For the Matter in which or the Place where hairs are bred ought not to be too moist nor too dry as we see nothing grow in a wet fuliginous Soyle nor in ground over dry and parched And therefore the Skin because it is a temperate part as the place of Generation of hairs but if it be too moist or too dry as in some persons it is the hair does not shoot forth and therefore crusted Animals as Crabs Lobsters Oysters c. have no hairs The Skin therefore on which hairs must be bred ought to be moderately dry least the hair should fall from its root but it must not be immoderately but laxe and rare least otherwise the hair should not make its way through And therefore hairs may grow all over the skin because it is every where porous and every Pore hath the root of an hair fastned therein excepting the palmes of the hands and the soles of the feet which parts because of their continual motion and wearing have no hairs and because they were to be of an exquisite sense And for this cause there grows no hair upon a Scar because it hath no Pores Hairs also do somtimes grow on the inner Membranes of the Body in the Heart as was said before in the Womb in the Urinary passages Witness Hypocrates Galen Schenkius Hair was found in the stomach by â—â—eer and lately in Norway bairs were voided by vomit from the Stomach whether bred there or taken in At the Danish Hellespont red hairs were lately taken out of the musculous flesh of an Ox leg The Efficient Cause of hair is not the Soul nor any vegetative hair-making faculty but moderate heat drying up those fuliginous vapors and thrusting them forth into the pores of the Skin These three things already explained are the chief Requisites for the Generation of Hair viz. The Matter the Place convenient and Heat From whence by the Rule of Contraries the Cause of Baldness may be gathered viz. 1. When Matter is wanting 2. When the Skin is Originally too dry and afterwards grows drier and is not moistened by any neighbouring part Now the fore-part of the Head is here to be understood which is commonly the only bald place for no man according to Aristotle becomes bald on the hinder-part of his Head For either Fat or other moisture in the hinder-part and the Temples keep them from baldness fat in the fore-part the Skin becomes dry and hard like a shell and therefore is bald 3. By reason of too much or too little heat For weak heat does not sufficiently dry the matter as in cold and moist persons and such as are in years And therefore the humor growing over hot by carnal Copulation is the cause of baldness and for this cause Boys and Eunuchs do not become bald 4. Also four Husbandmen near Bruxells became bald by poyson as Franciscus de Paz the King of Spains Physitian observed and wrote thereof â—o Nicholas Fontanus And Hamelmannus in his Annals tells of an Horse of the Count of Oldenburg which by poyson was made bald hither because this poyson had some specifical contrariety to the Hairs or because the Spirits being extinguished and the vigor of the Body quelled the roots of the hairs could not be retained in the Skin Such a poyson is the fat of a certain Whale in the Island of Feroe newly taken out by which Copper-vessels are also broken The Hairs are commonly divided into such as are bred in the womb and such as grow afterwards Those bred in the Womb are threefold those of the Head of the Eye-lids and the Eye-brows The Hairs which grow afterwards are such as spring up when a man comes to a just age that is in a boy when he begins to breed Sperm and in a Maid when her Courses break forth for then the Skin grows open Also these are threefold for 1. Hairs breed on the Share seldom in the Womb and the Heart 2. In the Arm-pits also in the Nostrils and Ears 3. On the Chins of men but not of women for in women their Courses spend the matter of hair which should make a beard and therefore somtimes when their Courses are poxt women have hairs growing on their Chins It was a rare case for a young woman of thirty years of age one of the Arch-dutches of Austria's Women to have ever since she was a Girl before her courses brake forth a long beard with mustachios like a man And I saw such a like Girl not long since in the Low-countries who was also hairy all her Body over Lately Helena Marswin in Fionia had a Girl with a long beard of a reddish yellow colour The End or Use of Hairs I. Is to cover the Parts II. To adorn them And this is chiefly seen in the Hairs of the Head and Face For 1. The Hairs of the Head do shield the Brain from external injuries of cold and heat c. So in Aethiopia by a peculiar thrumming of their hairs they are defended from the heat And as a man hath the greatest Brain of all Creatures so hath he thereon most plenty of hairs 2. They moderately heat as otherwise in the Head there is no Fat to keep it warm but rather a bony substance and that far distant from the Heart Now the hairs according to the advice of the Physitian are to be let grow or to be cut off in this or that person but they must not be shaven off because thereby Defluxions are caused So also the beard does cherish and moderately warm the Chin. In persons that are recovering out of sickness the hair must not be cut off for fear of a relapse touching
the Septum or partition wall it self no motion is felt save that the Spirits seeking egress make a kind of Palpitation when in Creatures at the last gaspe the motion of the right Ventricle ceases the Septum follows the motion of the right Ventricle Now they would have it nevertheless that naturally the blood is poured out in the widening of the heart and not in the Constriction or straitning thereof because in the wounded Heart of Living Creatures the blood is seen to come out when the Heart is dilated And this is sometimes true but that which they thence collect our very Senses teach us to be untrue For either the Dog or other creature is placed with its Head and breast elevated and the belly low and so the wound is inflicted into the Heart in which case seeing the blood which enters through the Vena cava and Arteria venosa into the Heart is higher then any wound of the Heart it as soon as it is entred which is at the beginning of the Dilatation flows out not because of the Pulse but of its own heaviness and therefore it is not by any force made to flie out to some distance as it happens in the Pulse of the Arteries But if as it ought to be the dog be laid on his back his head and belly resting on the same plane and the wounded Heart be raised with a mans fingers as long as there is any strength in the Heart it sooner by Constriction casts out the blood it hath received at a distance then the whole Heart is filled or widened But when the strength of the heart decayes and that it seldom straitens it self or not at all because the Earlets are more strong and do still continue pulsing even when the Heart quite gives over the blood being driven by the Earlets enters the heart is there collected and when more is come in then the Heart can contain it goe out at the wound not with violence as it must do to cause Pulsation but with a gentle motion drop after drop So that our Sense can perceive no strong motion of the blood save in the Hearts Constriction Now they will have the blood to return through the Veins into the Heart only because the blood being forcibly driven to the Parts as water poured into an horn does regurgitate or abound back upwards and so is carried back unto the Heart But I have already shewed tokens that the blood is either drawn or driven by all the parts of the Veins besides which I have also these following in that the Heart being taken out of the body the motion of the blood and that swift enough is still seen in the Veins And if a Vein yea a milkie one be tied in two places that same Ligature being only loosned which is nearest the Heart while the parts are yet hot the Chvle will still be moved to the Liver the blood unto the Heart which could neither by any step be driven from the Heart through the Arteries nor from the Guts through the Venae lacteae nor would it by its own fluidity more rather upwards then downwards But let us answer the remaining objections They suppose if the blood should be moved so swiftly that the Veins and Arteries could not conveniently be nourished But a dog can quench his thirst drinking at the River Nilus and running as he drinks but here the parts stay at the brook side and whatever they have drawn from the blood they treasure up in their own substance least it should be washed away by the running by of the humor Also they conceit this Motion is not useful for the blood Seeing it may sufficiently be conserved since it abounds with native heat by respiration and transpiration Yet most certain it is that the blood is yet more ventilated if it be speedily moved and its smallest Particles also agitated with this motion So the water of a lake or standing pool though it be gently moved and fanned on the Surface yet is it corrupted when in the mean while Rivers that are totally and in all parts agitated are found to continue most uncorrupt and wholsom These are the things most excellent Bartholine which I thought fit to joyn to the former that I might satisfie those who cannot receive a new opinion wherin they observe any difficulty or obscurity who many times have neither mind nor time to enquire exactly into the bowels thereof But in my Judgment we ought not to deny things manifest although we cannot resolve such as are difficult But I never was disposed to contend and quarrel with any man about words There are very many excellent things about which time may be spent which many times also is not sufficient for our necessary occasions Also from a Scoffer that seeks after her Knowledge does hide her self away but to him that is studious of the truth she comes to meet and presents her self to his view Farewel most Learned Bartholine From the University of Leyden in Holland the Kalends of December 1640. FINIS The Subject of Anatomy Why Anatomy treats chiefly of the Body of Man The Dissection of other Animals is useful to an Anatomist and why The division of the whol Body of Man â— What a Part is What is the proper acceptation of the worâ— Part. What is ment by the Action of a Part. What by the â—â—â— Which Part of the Body is first generated Why the Vessels were to be made before the Bowels Division of the Parts In respect of their End The principal Parts The Beginning or principle of Radication The Original of Dispensation Parts subservient or ministring In respect of their Matter A similar part what it is and how manifold How many sorts of Flesh there are The Number of the Similar Parts What a Spermatical Part is What a Sanguine Part. What a dissimilar part is Organical parts conâ—… a vision â—â— This whole Work divided into four Books and four Petty Books or Manuals The division of the Body according to the Regions The Reason of the Order Why Dissection is begun in the lower Belly What the lower Belly is The Parts of the lower Belly and their Names All the Parts which aâ—e to be examined in this Book The Scarf-skin What it is Whether the Scarf-skin be made of seed Or of Blood Or of the Excrement of concoction Laurentius and Archangelus confuted The true matter of the Scarf-skin The Efficient Cause thereof Vse The color of the Scarf-skin It s number It s Connexion What the Skin is Piccolhomine â—s refuted Galens Opinion touching the matter of the skin Aristotles Opinion The Opinion of others The true matter of the skin AScar what it is The efficient cause of the skin The Action of the skin It s Vse It s Connexion Its Vessels What fat is The difference between Pinguedo and Adeps Fat is not a part of the Body what parts have Fat and what not It is not made of Chyle
and then the Vapors striking against the cover will not be condensed Another Opinion is that Fat is made by an hot Cause because the matter thereof is hot and because Fat easily flames also because all things are made in the body by Coction and Heat But the answer is clear from what hath been said before And we do not mean meer Coldness the Cause of Crudity but a weak Heat Some say that Fat attains its consistency from the compactness of the Membranes for that which is itself compact makes other things so I answer That cold things condense and Condensation proceeds from Cold nor can that which is condensed condense unless it were a first Quality or should take the assistance of Cold for otherwise the thinness of the Membrane would make the fat thin And why does not the density or compactness of the Vessels make the matter contained to be condensed and compact 2. In like manner they object By a thick cover though very hot the Vapor arising from boyling Water when it meets therewith is turned into Water or in a Distillation by an Alembick the Exhalations arising from the subject matter meeting with the thick glass are stopped and by reflection turned into a thickned Substance But the Answer is clear from what hath been said moreover the Vapors which are raised up by boyling if they are by the Vessel so shut in that there is no place to breath out new Vapors continually arising that there may not be a Penetration of Bodies it is necessary that they reassume their former consistency But if they find egress they turn to Water by reason of the cold Air surrounding the glassie Cover And therefore it is that to make the Liquor issue more aboundantly Distillers ever and anon cool the same with cold Water So when the Air abroad is cold hot Vapors within do turn to Water upon the glass Windows which does not happen when the Air is hot abroad 3. They say that there are many cold Parts as the Brain and its coats c. which have no Fat about them I answer those Parts also are dense Nor would Nature have Fat in those Parts for it would be both unprofitable and hurtful And a moderate Heat is there provided for by the thickness of the Skin the Hair and the Skull Fabius Pacius makes the cause to be also Dryness by reason of the Fibers of Fat. To which is repugnant 1 That Fat is not dry but moist 2 â—…le Fibers as the Blood hath Touch-â—…e Anatomical Contradictions of my Fa 〈◊〉 Other late Writers are pleased with a new conceit that Fat is made by a peculiar fat-making form as a bone is made by a bone-making form Who doubtless are mistakens because 1 Fat doth not live 2 It hath no certain Dimension And 3 The blood turns into the marrow of the bones without the help of such a form The Form of Fat as long as it is in the Vessels is not congealed but liquid and melted by reason of the Heat which as yet remains in the Vessels It hath been voided liquid by Urin as Helmoâ—t hath observed and in an healthy Woman by stool in the Observation of Hildanus Folius conceives it is liquid in the Vessels by reason of likeness of Nature but that it is congealed without because of the different Nature of the Fibres But no man can easily observe the dissimilitude of the fibres either within the body or without The Fat of the Belly hath three Veins the external Mammillary descending from above the Vena Epigastrica arising from beneath out of the crural Vein through the Groins and very many Veins coming out of the Loins accompanied with Arteries And through these and the Vessels of the Skin Cupping-glasses and Scarifications draw Humors out of the inner Parts as far as I can conceive It hath a very great aboundance of Kernels which receive Excrements out of the Body into themselves In sickly persons and such as abound with excrementitious Moisture they are more plentiful The Use of Fat is 1 To keep warm like a Garment to cherish Natural Heat by its Clammyness hindring the going forth thereof and by its thickness stopping the Passages least Cold should enter and in Summer they keep out the Heat 2. In a special manner to help the Concoction of the Stomach And therefore the cutting out of the Call breeds Winds and Belchings and to cause good Digestion it is necessary to provide some other covering for the Stomach 3. To daub and moisten hot and dry parts such as is the Heart 4. To facilitate Motion provided it be moderate for abundance of Fat hinders Motion and all other Actions and to keep the Parts from being over dried distended or broken Hence it defends the ends of Gristles the Joyntings of the greater Bones and it is placed on the outside of certain Ligaments also about the Vessels carried to the Skin For this very cause there is store of Fat in the Socket of the Eye least by reason of continual Motion it should become dry and withered as it were And the Vena Coronalis of the Heart is fenced with much Fat to accommodate the great Motion and Heat of the Heart 5. It serves as a Pillow and Bulwark against Blows Bruises and Compressions And therefore it is that Nature hath furnisht the Buttocks and the Hollow of the Hands and Feet with plenty of Fat. 6. In times of Famine it is turned into nourishment for we are nourished with that which is sweet and fat as being familiar to us and our Nature if we will beleive Galen and other Authors Whose Intention Rondeletius interprets to be that the Fat doth only releive famished persons and hold the parts â—â— the Body in play till they attain their proper Nouâ—shment 7. It fills up the empty spaces between the Muscles Vessels and Skin and consequently renders the Body smooth white soft fair and beautiful And therefore persons in a Consumption and decrepit old Women are deformed for want of Fat. CHAP. IV. Of Membranes in General of the fleshy Membrane and the Membrane which is proper to the Muscles UNder the fat in a Man the Membrana carnosa or fleshy Membrane lies which in Apes Dogs and Sheep lies next the Skin Before we treat thereof some things are to be known concerning the Nature of a Membrane in general The Ancients called the Membranes Hymenas and sometimes Chitona's Coats also Meningas and otherwhiles Operimenta and Tegumenta Coverings and with Galen and other Anatomists speaking in a large Sense a Coat and a Membrane are one and the same thing But when they speak in a strickt and proper Sense That is a Membrane which compasses some bulkie Part as the Peritonaeum the Pleura the Periostium the Pericardium and the peculiar Membranes of the Muscles But the term Tunica or Coat in a strickt sense is attributed properly to the Vessels as Veins
performed the more unprofitable and thicker part of the Chyle which is made first in the Stomach and finally perfected in the thin Guts is thrown out into the thick Guts and voided at the Fundament but the more laudable and thin part is drawn in by the milky veins spred up and down in the Guts and â—…le altered and from them by means of a power proceeding from the Liver it receives the first Rudiâ—… of Blood and is then called Chymus The greatest question is whether the Liver draws it or it is forced thither It seems to be drawn by the heat of the Liver as Chaf or Straw is drawn by heated Amber and as Blood is drawn into the outward parts by hot Fomentations Which is here visible by Ligatures and live dissections in which the attraction of the Liver is so great that the milky Veins are speedily emptied There is not the same necessity that it should be forced thither as other have thought because the beginning of the Motion or moving principle should either be without the Chylus or within it It cannot be in it 1. Because nothing thrusts or drives but that which is alive 2. The Chyle newly drawn out of the Vessels doth not move it self 3. It is void of Appetite 4. It should alwaies be driven downwards not up to the Liver Nor can it be in any thing without it 1. Because the Meseraick Arteries have enough to do to drive out their own blood and the Veins have work enough to receive it 2. And the milky Veins are exceeding small 3. The proper Fibres of the Veins do serve more for strength then for driving 4. The Stomach indeed and the Guts are contracted but they are not able to expel the chyle for their motion is obscure and though it were evident yet it would not presently follow that it must drive into the Liver 5. Those Bowels being contracted on all sides and shut up as much Chyle is retained as is expelled 6. The Abdomen doth oft-times rest according to our desire and pleasure being apt to be moved by the Muscles but the motion of the Chylus is performed continually and swiftly viz. the due time of distribution being come 7. The dreggy Chyle should be sent unto the Liver without difference as well as the pure It is therefore principally drawn by the Liver howbeit some construction of the Guts is secondarily assistant thereunto This Chymus being attracted in the Roots of the milky veins as in the place where is by the Parenchyma or Substance of the Liver as the Efficient cause with the assistance of the internal heat of the Chyle changed into a new substance of blood Now it gains a Redness like the substance of the Liver not so much from the flesh of the Liver alone which it self ows its color to blood shed about it which it layes away when it is washed or boyled and in some other Creatures we find it of a green color as from its own proper and adventitious Heat as Grapes are red which vanishing away the redness ceases as it happens in blood-letting Nor is that a sufficient cause seeing in healthy bodies it continues afterwards red and therefore we must take in light as another Cause of which there is a great quantity in red colors subsisting even without Heat unless the subject happening to be dissolved it come to be extinguished and exhale Hence it is that boyled blood becomes black and putrid blood is duskie Hence also by how much the more Natural inbred light any man hath the more he shines with bright blood contrariwise in Melancholick persons the same being darkned the blood grows black and dark That light and fire are the cause hereof appears in Oyl of Sulphur by the mixture whereof Liquors become red Now this Heat and Light is partly planted in the liver and the Chyle it self springing thereout by reason of its previous preparation and partly kindled therein either by reason of the nearness of the Heart and bordering parts or by reason of the Arterial blood derived from the Heart and Spleen The more crude Blood being thus made is not distributed to nourish the Liver or the Body which Office is performed by the Hepatick Arteries but by insensible Anastomoses of the flesh and Vessels it is expelled into the Roots of Vena cava where by longer tarriance it is more elaborated and soon after with the returning blood of the Vena porta and the Arteries it is poured out into the Trunk of cava going all straight along through the upper part of the Trunk to the heart that it may there attain its last accomplishment whereby it becomes fit to nourish all the Parts Not any thing returns this way to the Liver the Valves hindering which in the Liver look outwards in the Heart inwards as the whole Fabrick and Ligatures do testifie By these it is that the Cava alwayes swells towards the Liver and is empty towards the Heart Afterwards the Nourishment of all the Parts of the Body being accomplished by the Capillary Arteries because all the blood is not consumed which by continual Pulsations is sent forth nor can that which is superfluous return the same way by reason of the Valves of the Heart seated by the Aorta which lets any thing pass from the Heart but admits nothing back again and because any Artery being tied is full and swels towards the Heart but is empty and lank towards the Veins Therefore it must needs return as it were by a circular motion out of the smallest Vessels back again into the greatest Veins and the Trunk it self of the Cava and thence into the Heart As it passes through the Liver other blood there newly bred is joyned with that of the Vena porta and that which is redundant from the Arteries for the restoring of that which is spent and so the Circulation is again repeated Mean while as hath been said Choler is drawn out of the blood by branches of vessels terminating into the Gal-bladder and Choler-passage But the wheyish part is because of its thinness retained a while that the blood may more easily pass every where and afterwards it is sent away partly to the Kidneys with the wheyish blood which according to Galen is not concocted in the Kidneys but because the Serum is an Excrement of the Liver the Kidneys do only separate the blood from the whey and from thence by the Ureters into the Bladder whence the Urin does afterward partly go into the Skin and passes out by sweat and insensible Transpiration CHAP. XV. Of the Receptacles of Choler viz. the Gall-bladder and Choler-passage ON the right hand and hollow part of the Liver for the Reception of two sorts of Choler thick and thin two Conduits or Passages are engraven The Vesica biliaria or Choler-bladder and the Canalis biliarius or Cholerchannel Galen himself knew as much when he said that from the Liver a twofold cholerick Excrement was
part the matter is beleived to be brought from the Emulgent and therefore Hippocrates cals this Stone the Girl-getter Whence that common Saying Wenches are begot by the left Stone in the left side of the Womb Boys by the right Stone in the right side And Hippocrates saies there is in a man as wel as in a woman both male and foemale Seed that is to say hotter and colder But I am not of Opinion that wenches are alwaies begotten by the left Stone and that it receives a colder sort of Seed for 1. There are ever and anon Virago's or manly Women which exceed Men in strength and courage 2. Blood is communicated from the great Artery as well to the left Stone as to the right 3. The Arteria Spermatica is oftner wanting on the right side then on the left But the Generation of the fraâ—ler Sex depends not so much upon the coldness of the left Testicle as upon the cold Constitution of both the Stones or rather of the whole body which administers Matter for the Seed Howbeit the left parts of the body are generally said to be colder then the right Moreover the right Stone is fuller of Seed doth swel more and hath a greater Vein and Artery so that Nature seems to design the Generation of Foemales more then of Males It was therefore ill said of Aristotle that Nature of her self did alwaies intend the Generation of Males as being most perfect and that a Foemale is ingendred when Nature being hindered could not ingender a Male so that a Woman is in his account a kind of Monster in Nature Howbeit Nature seems more sollicitous for the Generation of Women then of Men for the Causes aforesaid nor does Nature alwaies regard that which is best or most perfect but that which is most necessary as a woman is For many of them are but enough for one man For women when they are big with Child are useless to a man also they are short lived nor can they bear so long as a man can beget But of this I have discoursed more fully in my 12. Anatomical Controversie de patribus The Testicles have Coats and Coverings some proper others common They have two Coats common to them and other parts to defend them from external injuries The first is formed of a thinner skin and scarf-skin then is to be found in other parts of the Body and is called Scrotum or Scortum hanging out like a purse or bag and subject to the touch T is soft and wrinkled void of Fat that it might be more easily extended and wrinkled together because the oylie matter which should make Fat goes into the Stones to make Seed In the lower part it hath a line running out according to the length thereof which divides it into a right and left part and is called a suture or seam The second Coat consists of a fleshy Pannicle which is also thinner then is found in other places full of Veins and Arteries and called dartos Which Covering is by others comprehended under the term Scrotum The proper Coat or Coverings which on either side do cloath each Stone are three The first proper Coat is called Vaginalis the scabberd Coat and by some Helicoâ—ides by reason of its shape which is thin but yet strong full of Veins arising from the processes of the Peritonaeum It cleavs to the Dartos by many membranous Fibres which others have reckoned for a peculiar Coat Whence it is externally rough internally smooth The second is termed Eruthroeides the red Coat being furnished with some fleshy Fibres bred out of the Cremaster and inwardly spred over the former Rufus names this in the first place and Riolanus and Veslingus following him account it the first Coat because it compasses the former and is propagated from the Cremaster The XXIII TABLE The Coats of the Stones their Substance and Vessels are propounded in this TABLE The Explication of the FIGURES FIG I. AA The Skin of the Cod separated BBB The fleshy Membrane which â—â— here called Dartos CC. The first Coat of the Stones called Elythroeides DD. The Muscle Cremaster E. The second Coat of the Stones which the Author calls Erythroides FF The Coat of the Stones called Albuginea G. The kernelly Substance of the Stone H. The Pyramidal or Pampiniform Vessel II. Epididymis DD. The Parastates variciformis FIG II. A. A Portion of the preparatory Vessels BB. The Pyramidal Vessel CC. Epididymis DD. Parastates variciformis E. The Stone covered with its proper Membrane F. A Portion of the Vas deferens FIG III AA The Veins and Arteries in the Pyramidal Vessel laid open B. The Epididymis CC. The Parastates variciformis D. The Vas deferens Page 56 The Substance of the Stones is glandulous white soft loose and spongy by reason of very many Vessels there dispersed and loose though without Cavity as the Liver also and the Spleen have no Cavities They have Vessels of all kinds Veins and Arteries from the Seminary Vessels An indifferent large Nerve from the sixt pare somtimes also they have two Nerves from the one and twentieth pare of the Spinal Marrow conjoyned to the Seminal Vessels carried with them through the production of the Peritonaeum and disseminated into the Tunicles They have on each side one Muscle arising from a strong Ligament which is in the Share-bone where the transverse Muscles of the Belly end of which they seem to the Parts They go along through the production of the Peritonaeum which they compass about well-near and grow to the beginnings of the Stones They are â—â—â—â—ed Cremasteres or Suspensores hangers or sustainers for they hold up the Stones that they may not too much draw down the Seminal Vessels Also in the Carnal conjunction they draw back the Stones that the Seed-channel being shortned the Sperm may be sooner and easier conveigh'd into the Womb. In some persons these Muscles are capable of voluntary motion who can draw up and let down their Stones as they list where these Muscles are doubtless stronger then ordinary that they may not only hold the Stones suspended but move them from place to place The Use of the Stones is by their Heat and inbred Faculty to make seed For the Efficient cause of Seed is the proper flesh or substance of the Stones both in regard of their hot and moist temper of their specifick Property since no flesh in the Body is found like that of the Stones Now they turn the blood being prepared into Seed which is requisite to preserve the Species of Mankind And that which remains over and above either goes back by the Spermatick Veins into the Heart or turns to nourishment for the Stones Nor can Seed be ordinarily bred without the Stones nor perfect Animals without them for from them the Seed receives both its form and colour That some have ingendred without Stones though not according to the
wholly different as the Womb with its Bottom Orifice and Neck the Hymen the Mâ—â—tle-shap'd Caruncles the Vulva with its Wings tâ—…itoris and the little Hillocks The XXV TABLE The Parts which in Women serve for Generation are represented in this TABLE in their Natural Order and Situation also the internal Structure of a Womans Dug is represented in the same TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AA The Liver in its proper Place B. The Gall-bladder with the Porus bilarius or Gall-passage C. A Part of the Gut Duodenum DD. The Pancreas or Sweet-bread in its proper Situation through which Vessels go into the Spleen E. The Body of the Spleen FF The descendent Trunk of Vena cava with its Branchings GG The descendent Trunk of the great Artery which is variously branched beneath HH The Emulgent Vessels II. The true Kidneys KK The Auxiliary or Deputy Kidneys LL. The Ureters going down to the Bladder MM. The Bottom of the Piss-bladder N. The Insertion of the Uracbus into the bottom thereof O. A Portion of the Arse-gut PP Praeparatory Vessels from both sides Q. The Rise of the Praeparatory Vessels from the Trunk R. The Place where the Trunks of the Cava and Aorta do branch themselves where an Artery goes over a Vein SS Portions of the Navil-arteries T. The Bottom of the Womb. VV. The Womans Stones XX. Vessels which carry the Seed from their Stones to the Womb. ZZ The Trumpets of the Womb by Fallopius so called or the blind Passage of the Seed YY The two upper Ligaments of the Womb resembling the Wings of Batts or Flitter-mice aa The two lower Ligaments of the Womb round cut off from the Share bb The Hollow of the Flank-bone or Os Ilij which is in Women larger then in Men. The Characters of the Dug explained ccc Vessels spred over the Surface of the Dug d. The greatest and middlemost Kernel e. The Nipple page 62 For we must not think with Galen Archangelus Fallopius and others that these Female Genital Members differ from those of Men only in Situation Which Opinion was hatched by those who accounted a Woman to be only an imperfect Man and that her Genital Members could not be thrust out by reason of the coldness of her temper as in Men they are thrust out by vertue of their greater Heat Howbeit the generative Parts in Women differ from those in Men not only in Situation but in their universal Fabrick in respect of Numbeâ— Surface Magnitude Cavity Figure Office and 〈◊〉 sufficiently manifest to a skilful 〈◊〉 to any 〈◊〉 that will compare what follows to what went before And the falsity of their Opinion is sufficiently apparent by means of the sundry Conjectures which they bring For some liken the Womb to the Cod of a Man and some to the Nut of the Yard Some will have the Neck of the Womb to answer the Mans Yard and others will have the Clitoris Which Conceits falling to the ground by their own weakness I shall proceed to explain the Parts The Spermatick praeparatory Vessels in Women agree with those of Men in their Number Original and Office c. I must now therefore only tell you wherein they differ They differ first in Magnitude These Vessels in women are shorter because of the short way they are to go but therefore they have many turnings and windings which make up the Corpus varicosum to the end the seed may stay long enough to receive due preparation In the next place they differ in their Implantation For in women they are not totally carried to the stones but they are divided in the middle way and the greater part goes to the stone and makes the Corpus varicosum and the lesser part ends into the womb into whose sides it is disseminated especially to the upper part of the bottom for to nourish the Womb and the Child therein and that by those Vessels some part of the menstrual blood may be purged forth in such as are not with Child For the lesser branch being tripartite is below the stone divided into three branches one of which as was said runs out into the womb the other is distributed to the deferent Vessel or Trumper of the Womb and to the round Ligament the third branch creeping along the side of the Womb through the common Membrane ends near the trueneck of the womb insinuating it self also among the Hypogastrick Veins with which and the Arteries they are joyned by Anastomoses Of which see Zerbus Fallopius Platerus and others who have shewn Riolanus and my self the way That is a rare case which is figured out by Beslerus viz. for the spermatick Arteries to be joyned by way of Anastomosis with the Emulgent Artery For this cause in women these Vessels go not out of the Peritonaeum nor reach to the Share-bone because the Stones and Womb are seated within These seminal Veins and Arteries are intertwined with many wonderful Anastomoses for the preparation of seed Yea and the Veins do receive into themselves the Hypogastrick Arteries of the Womb according to the Observation of Arantius and Riolanus Yet I remember the Arteries were wanting in a woman that had bore male Children and Franciscus Zanchez relates how they were turned into stone in a woman of Tolouse CHAP. XXVI Of Womens Stones NOw the Stones of Women though as to their use they partly agree with those in Men yet in many things respecting their structure they differ from them And 1. in respect of their Situation which they have within in the Cavity of the Belly two fingers breadth above the bottom in such as are not with Child and are knit by means of certain Ligaments above the same viz. to the end they might be hotter and consequently more fruitful since they were to work a matter of which alone Mankind was to be generated the seed of the man being added not as a material but an efficient Cause 2. In Magnitude which is not so great in women as in men unless very seldom For by reason of the encrease of Heat they are contracted after a woman is past fourteen whereas they are before that time distended more largely being full of a white Juyce 3. In their external Surface which is more uneven then that of a mans stones 4. In Figure which is not so round but broad and flat on the fore and hinder-parts Also the stones are within more hollow and more full of spermatick moisture 5. In Substance which some conceive to be harder then that of mens stones but others conceive and that more truly that it is softer and if you take off the Membrane you shall find them conglomerated or knobbed together of divers little Kernels and Bladders but seldom like those of men In some great sea-fish there is no difference of the stones of the Males and Females in substance but only in the size 6. In Temperament which is commonly accounted more cold and that the seed contained
The Membranes which invest the Child cloath and cover it of which in this Chapter III. The Navil-vessels of which in the Chapter following The MEMBRANES which infold the Child are the first thing bred in the Womb after Conception to fence the nobler part of the Seed as may be seen with the Eyes even in the smallest Conceptions and as the Authority of all Authors well-near does testifie Their Efficient cause is the formative faculty and not only the Heat of the Womb as the Heat is wont to cause a crust upon Bread or Gruel For then I. The Crust would stick hard to the Child and could not be separated II. The Heat of the Womb is not so great as to be able to bake the substance of the Seed in so short a time whereas these Membranes are bred well near immediately after the Conception And if there were so great Heat in the Womb no Conception could be made according to Hippocrates in the 62. Aphorism of his fifth Book We conceive their matter to be the thicker part of the womans seed Others as Arantius will have them to be productions of the inner Tunicles the Chorion of the Peritonaeum and the Amnion of the Membrana 〈◊〉 Others that the Mothers seed alone makes these Memibranes others that they are made as well of the mans as the Womans seed These Membranes in Man-kind are two in brute Beasts three which being joyned and growing together do make the SECUNDINE so called 1. Because it is the second tabernacle of the Child next the Womb. 2. Because it comes away by a second birth after the Child Hence in English we call it the After-birth The first Membrane is termed AMNIOS because of of its softness and thinness also Agnina Charta Virginea Indusium c. And it is the thinnest of them all white soft transparent furnished with a few very smal Veins and Arteries dispersed within the foldings thereof It compasses the Child immediately and cleaves every where almost to the Chorion especially at the ends about the Womb-Cake united in the middle thereof where the Umbilical Vessels come forth Yet we can easily separate it from the Chorion There is in it plenty of Moisture and Humors wherein the child swims which proceeds in Brutes from Sweat in Mankind from Sweat and Urin. But Aquapendent having observed that in Brutes the Sweat and Urin were contained in several little Membranes the latter more low and externally in the Chorion the former higher and more inwardly in the Amnion he thought it was so in Mankind much more But Experience and Reason are against it because there are no Passages to the Chorion And because we do not find the Urachus open in Mankind therefore the Urin cannot be thence collected in the Amnios but is voided by the Yard if it be troublesom and the remainder is kept till the time of the Birth in the Bladder which in Children new born is for the most part distended and full but in Brutes empty Nor does the sharpness of the Urin offend the Child in the Womb because 1. It is but little in a Child in the Womb because of the benignity and purity of its Nourishment 2. The Skin is daubed with a clammy Humor and Brutes are defended by their hairiness Therefore the Use is I. That the Child floating therein as in a Bath may be higher and less burthensom to the Mother II. That the Child may not strike against any neighboring hard Parts III. That in the Birth the Membrane being broke this Humor running out may make the way through the Neck of the Womb smooth easie and slippery Part of the Amnios does ever and anon hang about the Head of the Child when it comes forth and then the Child is said to be Galeatus or Helmeted This Helmet the Midwives diligently observe for divers respects and they prognosticate good fortune to the Child and others that use it if it be red but if it be black the praesage bad fortune Paraeus Lemnius and others conceive that the happy and strong Labor of the Mother is the cause that the foresaid Helmet comes out with the child but in a troublesom Labor it is left behind Spigelius contrariwife thinks that when the Mother and child are weak it comes away Besterus makes the Reason to be the roughness of the Amnios which the child is not able to break through or the weakness of the child for which cause it seldom lives to ripeness of Age. I have seen both those that have come into the world with this Helmet and those without it miserable and by chance it comes to cleave both to the Heads of strong and weak children The second Membrane is termed Chorion because it compasses the child like a Circle This immediately compasses the former and lies beneath it in a round shape like a Pancake whose inner or hollow part it covers and invelops spreading it self out according to the measure thereof It is hardly separated therefrom and it strongly unites the Vessels to the Womb-liver and bears them up Towards the child it is more smooth and slippery but where it is spread under the Womb-cake and fastned thereto it is more rough also it is sufficiently thick and double In Brutes the Cotyledons cleave hereunto which consist of a fleshy and spungy substance But in Mankind this Membrane cleavs immediately to the womb by a certain round and reddish lump of flesh fastned to one part only of the womb commonly the upper and former part nor does it compass the whole child being framed of an innumerable company of Branches of Veins and Arteries among which blâ—â—d out of the Vessels seems to be shed and interlarded That same round Mass is called PLACENTA UTERI the Womb-pancake by reason of its Shape also the WOMB LIVER which I will now exactly describe according as it hath been my hap to see it It s Figure is circular but the Circumference unequal in which I have observed five Prominences ranked in due order and the Membrane Chorion in the intermediate spaces thicker then ordinary Where it looks towards the Womb it is rough and waved like baked bread that hath chinks in it and being cut in this part it discovers an infinite number of fibres which if you follow they will bring you to the Trunks of the Veins It is one in Number even in those who bear two or more children at a burthen For into one Womb-cake so many Cords are inserted in divers places as there are children It s Magnitude varies according to the condition of the Bodies and the childrenâ— Yet it is about a foot in the Diameter The Substance thereof seems to be a Body wove together of infinite little fibres blood as it were congealed being interposed which is easily separated Seeing therefore it hath a Parenchyma it is no wonder if like a kind of Liver it make or prepare blood to nourish the child The Nature and Appearance
eaten the night before at Supper and bran hath been seen in the Excrements of a child that only lived with sucking 4. Nurses perceive as soon as ever they have eaten and drunken the going down of the Milk and the swelling fulness of their Dugs Yea and our Nurses are extraordinary careful not to eat while they give their children suck for otherwise the children should suck undigested Milk 5. Castellus pleads their Scituation over the Stomach not near the Liver or Womb excepting in beasts 6. The Milk is colder then the Blood and leaves more Excrement in her that gives suck then blood does in the Embryo or child in the womb Howbeit we find many difficulties in this new Opinion and those of no small moment 1. There are no manifest passages from the Stomach to the Dugs which if any man can find I shall willingly acknowledg my self convinced Martianus indeed Castellus Vestingus and Horstius do talk of invisible passages like the milkie Veins which cannot be discerned in a dead body or at least they conceive the Pores of the flesh may suffice to admit a passage for milkie Vapors But the Pores seem too narrow for thick Chyle to pass through which in the Mesentery did require large milkie Veins which any body may discern A subtile Spirit and thin Vapors with smoakie steams do pass through the Pores and not the Chylus nor blood according to Nature for if so then there were no use of Vessels Nor is the Infant satisfied only with Vapors I willingly acknowledg that Nature endeavors the translation of Humors from one part to another by unknown wayes but she does it compelled and besides her customary Course whereas the breeding of Milk is a constant and ordinary thing 2. The Dugs being heated by any other cause whatsoever do not breed Milk but the action is hindred by the said Heat 3. Nurses confess that after they have drunk the Milk does manifestly descend out of their backs and from about their Channel-bones and puts them to some little pain For there the Chest-arteries are seated and not the Stomach 4. A tender Infant should be ill nourished with undigested meat having been vsed to be nourished with blood before 5. Out of the Nipples of Children newly come out of the Womb before the use of meat a wheyish matter drops like Milk before they have eaten any meat 6. What shall we say to that Aphorism of Hypocrates If a Woman want her Courses neither any shivering o Feaver following thereupon and she loath her Meat Make account that she is with Child 7. Cows when they eat grass after hay or hay after grass before the fifteenth day there is no perfect change either in the Constitution or colour of their Milk or Butter according to the Observation of Walaeus yet they perfectly change their Chyle the first day but their Blood more slowly Also our Nurses observe that after they have slept and their Meat is digested their Dugs make Milk which does not so happen if they want sleep 8. Hogeland proves by Famines and Seiges that when all the Nutriment of the Nurse is turned into perfect blood yet nevertheless Milk is bred in the Dugs Wherefore until some diligent hand shall have found evident wayes and passages for the Answering of the contrary Arguments You are to Note 1. That we admit of the Chyle as the remote matter of Milk but not as the immediate matter thereof 2. That the Blood being plentifully evacuated by the Milk is bred again by plentiful meat and drink and therefore the plenty of Milk ceases when there is little drink taken in as all Nurses do testifie Morcover such as are of a Sanguin complexion afford most Milk whereas those that are of a tender constitution grow lean by giving Suck 3. That all the blood which is poured out of the Arteries into the Dugs is not turned into Milk but only the more wheyish part a great deal running back by the Veins into the Heart 4. That Women which give suck have their Courses because the Vessels of the Womb are then more enlarged then in the first moneths of their going with Child and ever and anon they flow sparingly from Nurses and leave off by fits Also Women that give suck seldom conceive unless they be of a Plethorick habit of body that is to say full of good blood Our Women when they would wean a Boy if their Dugs swell they do by certain Medicines keep back the Milk by straitning the Vessels that the matter thereof may not enter nor be drawn that way 6. That the Breast and Dug-Arteries are large and are more and more widened by continual sucking 7. That the Milk doth drink in the faculty of Meats and Purgatives even by mediation of the Blood which conserves the color and faculty of the meats though sundry digestions have preceded though vapors alone be raised and the substance ascend not 8. That many things are performed in the body according to the singular constitution of particular persons yea and many things which rarely happen which is to be understood of the Milk which was in the Dugs of that Man at Cous and of other things thence voided Nerves are carried from the Nerves of the Chest especially the fift for to cause sense and they end in the Nipple Besides these Vessels the Dugs have also white Pipes according to the observation of later Anatomists springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part which growing narrower do alwayes meet together wherein Milk being made is preserved for use Whether or no they are nothing but widened Arteries becoming white because of the change of the milk and the bordering kernels which I am willing to believe I leave to acuter Eyes and Wits to determine They treasure up the Milk when there is occasion of omitting to give the Infant suck and when that use is over they grow as small as the most Capillary Veins Their Use is 1. General in Women and Men to be safeguards to the Heart hence Nature hath given Men of cold Complexions larger Dugs then ordinary and Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced according to Hypocrates Nor doth the pectoral Muscle hinder which performs the same Office which is Riolanus his Objection for the more noble parts require great fencing even by the smallest thing as the Eyes from the Eye-brows the Heart from the water in the Heart-bag or Pericardium c. II. In women their use is to breed Milk to nourish the young Infant For the Child was nourisht by blood in the Womb and milk is the same blood only whitened so that Nature seems to have put a trick upon living Creatures by obtruding upon them the gentler appearance of white milk in place of red blood as Plato hath it Which is the Cause that the People of Savoy and Daulphine did anciently prohibit their Preists the use of milk as well as of Blood Now the Efficient Cause of
milk is not the Womb where milk was never observed nor do the Dugs breed milk by that vertue thereof which it self wants nor of the Veins or Arteries unless it be the nearest can the vertue be communicated from the Dugs For as for what Baronius relates of St. Paul how when he was beheaded not blood but milk ran from his Neck either it was a miracle if true or a serous humor flowed out which sometimes flows from the Arm when a Vein is opened and I have seen it very like to milk or finally the Liquor of Kernels being cut did resemble milk But the true efficient cause of the milk is that same kernelly flesh of the Dugs unto which there is none like in the whole body Now it works this moderate Concoction by the propriety of its substance and by reason of its proper temperament Aulus Gellius conceives the milk becomes white by Reason of plenty of heat and spirit Book 12. Chap. 1. But I am more enclined to believe that milk is white because it is assimilated to the Dugs that are of the same color Somtimes therefore though it happen seldom milk may be bred in Virgins and in Women not with Child according to the Observation of Bodinus in his Theatre of Nature of Joachinus Camerarius in Schenkius of Petrus Castellâ—s touching one Angela of Messina of A. Benedictus and Christopher a Vega concerning a Girle of Bridges and of others In Scania in our Country a maid was lately accused to have plaid the Whore because she had milk in her Dugs which nevertheless she proved to be a propriety of her Family by producing her young brother who likewise had milk in his Breasts Infants new born shed a wheyish milky liquor out of their Nipples These examples are confirmed by the Authority oâ— Hypocrates in the 39. Aphorism of his fifth Section where Women have milk though neither with Child nor lately delivered And this happens when the Dugs are filled with abundance of spirituous blood and suppression of Courses be joyned thereto for then the Glandulous substance digests more then is necessary to nourish the Woman Yea in men that are fleshy large-dug'd and cold of constitution a milky humor and as it were milk is frequently seen especially if their Nipples be frequently suck'r and their Dugs rubbed as the examples of many do testfie Aristotle writes of a certain Hee-goat in the I stand Leâ—…s who yeilded so much milk that Câ—rds were made thereof Matthiolus tels us that in sundry places of Bohemia three Goat-Bucks were found that gave milk by which persons that had the Falling-sickness were Cured Others have seen Men out of whose Dugs store of milk came Aben-sina saw so much milk milked from a Man that a Cheese was made thereof C. Schenkius relates that Laurentius Wolfius had store of milk in his Breasts from his youth till he was fifty years old Jo. Rhodius had such an Host in England and Santorellus knew a Calabrian who his Wife being dead and he unable to give wages to a Nurse did nourish his own Child with his own milk Walaeus saw a Flemming of like Nature who being even forty years of Age could milk abundance of milk out of huge Dugs which he had A. Benedictus relates the story of a Father that gave his Son suck And Nicolaus Gemma Vesalius M. Donatus Aqua-pendens H. Eugubius Baricellus do witness the same thing and I have allready told you as much of a Boy of Scania in our Countrey of Denmarke and Cardan saw a man thirty four years old out of whose Dugs so much milk did run as would have suffised to suckle a Child They relate how that in the new world all men well-near abound with milk Now that this was true milk which we have related did run from men is hence apparent because it was as fit to nourish children as that of Women III. The use of the Dugs in Women is to adorne them and render them the more delectable to Men. IV. They serve to receive Excrementious moisture Whereupon their Dugs being cut off Women incur sundry Diseases because the blood which ascends finding no Vessels to receive it runs hastily into the principal parts the Heart Lungs c Which danger I conceive the Amazones did study to avoid by their so vehement exercising themselves in warfare Some cut the Dug off when it is cancered but the operation is dangerous by reason of the bleeding which follows CHAP. II. Of the Intercostal or Rib-between Muscles SUndry Muscles which we meet within the Chest shall be first of all explained in the fourth Book by reason of the Method of Section But the Intercostal or Rib-between Muscles so called because they are interwoven between the Ribs must be explained in this place Now they are totally fleshy forty four in number on each side two and twenty eleven external and as many internal For evermore between two Ribs two Muscles rest one upon another and there are eleven Intervals or Spaces between the Ribs Others have done ill to make their Number sixty eight For in the Intervals of the true Ribs they have made divers Muscles lying hid between the boney parts of those Ribs differing from those which are found between the Gristley parts The External ones arise from the lower parts of the upper Ribs and descending obliquely towards the back-parts they are inserted into the upper parts of the lower Ribs The Internal contrary wiâ—e The External end at the Cartilages The Internal fil the spaces both of the Ribs and Gristles They have oblique Fibres and mutually cross one the other like this Leâ—â—â— X because the Muscles are otherwise short because of the smalness of the Intervals Hence in the opening such as have a suppuration in their Chest Section is to be made straight according to the Course of the Fibres nor overthwart They have received sundry Vessels Veins from the Azygos and upper Intercostal Arteries from both the Intercostals Nerves from the sixt pare joyned to them which proceed from the Marrow of the Back Their use is to Dilate and Contract the Chest the external imitate the drawing of the Subclavius By raising the Ribs and straitning the Chest and help towards Exspiration The internal draw away the Ribs and by enlarging the Chest help the Drawing in of the breath Galen contrarywise makes the external serve for drawing in and the internal for blowing out of the Air whose opinion is favored by Vestingius Others with Vesalius will have the external Muscles to thrust the lower Ribs upwards and the internal ones to draw the upper Muscles downwards that they might so mutually assist one another in straitning of the Chest But we should rather think that when the Internal ones are quiet the External do act by themselves Fallopius Arantius Riolanus do account them only to be fleshy Ligaments of the Ribs whereby they are knit one to another because the Ribs cannot be moved of
that it will bear wounds for a season Paraeus tells of one wounded in the Heart who ran two hundred paces Jacotius tells of an Hart that carried an old arrow fixed in its Heart which is confirmed by Thomas à Vega and Alexandrius Galen saw an Hare wounded in the Heart run a darts cast after the wound received Of a Student at Ingolstade Sennertus and Iohnstonus tells us who had both the ventricles of his Heart peirced through with a weapon and Nicholas Mullerus of a Souldier who lived fifteen daies after he had received a wound in his Heart of which he hung up a Table at Groeningen He recounts many like examples seen by himself and Tulpius tells us of one that lived two daies being wounded in the right ventricle Glandorpius tells us after Sanctorius that the Heart of a Rabbit was pierced with a sharp Instrument and yet it lived many months after Wee must therefore note 1. That the Heart can endure Diseases but because it lies far from the way of medicines it cannot hold out so well as other parts 2. That as Galen tells us if the wounds do pierce into the belly thereof the party or Creature wounded dies of necessity but if they be in the Substance thereof it may live a day and a night but then Inflammation arising death follows 3 That the right Ventricle does more easily bear an hurt because upon the left depends the life of the whol Body 4. Both Ventricles may endure a small time after they are hurt if the Vessels that continue the motion of the blood be undamnified The Heart is one in Number Theophrastus writes that in Paphlagonia Partridges have two Hearts an example whereof Galen relates in a man in his anatomical administrations It is situate in the middle of the body not considering the leggs as it is in brutes in which the Heart is in the middle for moveableness and Securities sake and in the middle of the Chest likewise where it is on all sides compassed with the Lungs Now the Heart in respect of its basis is exactly in the middle that nourshing blood and spirit might more commodiously be distributed into the whole body Howbeit the Motion thereof is more discernable in the left side 1 Because in its left Ventricle the vital spirit is contained and from thence arises the Arteria magna hence the common people imagin that a Mans Heart resides in his left Side but Practitioners applie Cordials to the left side 2 Because the point of the Heart enclines towards the left side under the left nipple that it may give way to the Diaphragma now to the right hand it could not decline by reason of the Vena cava which ascends there through the middest of the Chest Sometimes the upper part of the Heart enclines to the left side and such persons are left handed if we beleive Massa those whose Heart is exactly in the middle use both hands alike As to its Magnitude In a man proportionably the Heart is greater then in other Creatures as also the brain and Liver According to the common Course of Nature it equalls six fingers breadths in length and four in breadth Otherwise the greatness of the Heart differs according to the Difference of the Age and Temperament For persons cold of Constitution and fearfull have great Hearts but such as are more hot and confident have little Hearts Of which see Donatus Hence Aristotle saies of fearfull Creatures as the Hare Deer Mouse Hyena Ass Weazel c. that they have a great Heart considering the proportion of their bodies The Philosiphers of AEgypt in ancient times as appears by Herodotus in his Euterpe have dreamed these things of the greatnes of the Heart That the Heart of such Persons as are not wasted by any violent disease does every yeer grow two drams heavier till they become fifty yeers old so that a man of fifty yeers Age his Heart weighs an hundred drams but from the fiftyeth year to the hundredth by a retrograde or back motion it looses every yeer two drams till it vanish away and the party die It s Figure is conick because it ends in a point It s upper part by reason of the full vessels therein is broad and round although not exactly and is called the Root and Head and Basis of the Heart the lower part being sharper is called conus mucro vertex cuspis and apex Cordis the cone point top of the Heart Hippocrates calls it the end and taile On the foreside the Heart is more bossie on the hinder side more flat In the contractions the whole Heart is longer as some hold but broader and more drawn together according to others in its Dilatations or Widenings it is greatest and of a globous figure of which I shall speak more exactly hereafter It s Connexion is to the Mediastinum and the Midriff by the Pericardium but to other parts by its Vessels they are joyned to the Basis the point being free and hanging dangling like a bell in the Steeple that it may the more easily be drawn back to its Basis or moved to the Sides It s Substance is first membranous like a Bladder in the Child in the Womb afterward from the mothers blood there grows flesh or a solid thick and compacted parenchyma 1. That it might endure the perpetuity of the Motion for a fence and that it might more forcibly drive the blood to places far distant in the whole Body 2 Least the subtile and lightfull Spirits contained even in the moveable blood should exhale together with the inbred heat In the right side the wall is less thick because it sends blood only to the Lungs which have their venal blood not so subtile The strength of the left side is greater by reason of stronger motion to drive on the blood to supply the necessity of the whole body In the point the flesh is thicker and harder not so much because it ought not to be moved as Riolanus conceives as because it is free contracting the whole Heart in a brief manner and destiture of Vessels and Ears In its Basis it is not so much softer as thinner whose Vessels and Ears do recompence what it wants of firmness Now this flesh hath all kinds of Fibres so mingled one with another and so compact that they cannot be easily discerned partly for strength partly for motion For all these Fibres being stretched in the Systole of the Heart they draw together the Ventricles and the inner sides to help the Protrysion or thrusting forward of the blood This substance is cloathed with a Coat hardly separable for the greater firmness to which it grows in respect of the matter not of the efficient Cause There is Fat about the Pasis of the Heart but hardly about the Cone or sharpe End thereof because it is moistned by the liquor of the Heart-bag 1. To anoint the Veins about the Heart 2. And to moisten the
can be drawn towards the Point And therefore other whom he and Slegelius do follow conceive that it is extended long-waies that its walls being contracted it may expel the Blood But then the Orifices of the Vessels being drawn downwards in the lengthening of the Heart would be shut and a contrary motion would happen besides that living Anatomies do shew that the heart becomes shorter in its Systole Nor can it appear longer but shorter if either the point draws to the Basis or the Basis to the point Both forms serve for expulsion of the blood for whether you press a bladder ful of water longwaies or broadwaies you will squeeze out the water as soon one way as another 2. The inner walls are on each side drawn up to themselves towards the Ribs because they are contracted and straitned as we find by putting our Finger in But the outer parts being swelled seem to be made broader by reason of the contraction of all the parts blown up in the distension It differs therefore from Galens Systole which Leichnerus will have to be drawn likewise into it self the Longitude of the Heart being changed into Latitude For indeed and in truth the Diastole is when the heart is made wider either long-waies or broad-waies to the intent that it may be filled unless the inner parts be straitned 3. The foreside of the heart is lift up towards the Breast-bone especially obout the Basis For the Broad end or Basis of the heart smites the Breast where the Pulse is felt because that part is raised and nearest the Breast-bone in the Systole the Heart is vigorated and mettlesome not in the Diastole and then the Arteries are dilated and filled whereas the heart is emptied in the Systole and at the same time the Pulse is felt in the Wrist and the Breast at one and the same time But the Pulse is most of all discerned in the left side of the Breast because there is the Orisice of the Arteria Aorta 4. The whole heart becomes every where tight and hard 5. It is more contracted and straiter then within and less in bulke which we judg by our sight and feeling 6. It appears white especially in the more imperfect sort of Animals by reason of the voidance of blood in its Systole In the Perisystole when the heart is loose and soft before the Diastole follows and the heart is in its properstate 1. The point withdraws it self from the Basis and the Basis from the point in some persons 2. The lateral parts internal and external do extend themselves towards the Ribs 3. The foreside falls in the hinder part is depressed especially above at the Orifice of the Aorta according to the accurate Observation of Walaeus The other Perisystole which goes before the Systole is hardly by any notes discernable from the Diastole In the Diastole which Backius tells us begins in the middle way to Dilatation and ends in the middle way to contraction 1. The upper side is lifted up and swolne by blood flowing in on either hand by the Venal Vessels the swelling proceeding by little little to the point But it doth not then smite the Breast as Laurentius and Rosellus would have it because the Arteries undergo the Systole and the heart ceases from expulsion for which cause it is not Vigorated 2. It is more flagging and softer because it suffers in its reception of blood 3. The fides remain more lank and extended and the Cavities remain wider and therefore when a man puts his Finger into a living heart he feels no constriction 4. It is red because of the thinness of the walls and the Blood received in which is Transparent 5. The Cone departing from the Basis in the Perisystole renders the heart more long that it may be more capacious to receive the blood That it is drawn back towards the Cone as many write our Eye-sight will not allow us to believe nor can it or ought it so to be It cannot because the Fibres are relaxed and not bent nor ought it because it must be enlarged to receive which you may in vain expect the Ventricles being straitned and revelled Nor do I assent to Des Cartes and Regius men of most subtile wits that in the Diastole the point draws near to the Basis in the Systole it departs therefrom for they confound the Perisystole or quiet posture of the heart in which the heart is soft loose and void of blood before the Diastole is performed after the Systole is ended Moreover Walaeus believes that those men were deceived who in a wounded living heart pretend to have seen blood expelled in the Diastole because they took that to be the Dilatation which was indeed and in truth the contraction The blood which goes out of the wound goes out in the Diastole not driven by the Pulse but because the way lies open downwards it gently slides out drop by drop The Efficient Cause of the motion of the heart is either immediate or remote The Immediate is twofold the Blood and the Pulsifick faculty Pulsifick or Pulsative faculty The Blood either remains in the same quantity as it flowed in or it is changed in quantity by boiling working and rarifying 1. Pure blood and sincere flowing in through the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa and remaining such only becoming more perfect and vital raises the heart into a Tumor like water in a Bladder or Skin-bottle which being for the greatest part distended because the plenty of blood is burthensome it raises its self to expel the same by gathering together its Fibres and this motion happens to the heart in this case as the motions of other Members viz the stomach Guts Bladder Womb which are extended by the reception of Chylus Whey Wine Blood c. which being expelled they fall again and like the Muscles which are stretched being swoln with Animal Spirits By this Blood the Heart is continually moved as a Mill-wheele is by the perpetual falling down of the Water which ceasing the Wheel stands still There is plenty of blood enough to distend it no◠so much furnished from the Liver as from the 〈◊〉 and descendent branches of the Cava running back from the remotest Veinulets or smallest branches of the Veins and it is continually forced along with Celerity and Vehemency according to the Demonstrations and Doctrine of Harvey and Walaeus I shall justifie what I now say with only one experiment If the Vessels which bring into the heart be tied and so stopt the Hearts motion ceases and there remains nothing but a Wavering and a Palpitation but the Ligature being loosned it recovers its motion Aristotle makes the Cause to be Blood which is not pure nor in so great quantity as to be able of it self to distend the Heart but boyling and working which boyling of the blood many have followed though explained after a different manner Caesar Cremoninus makes the cause to be the resistency of the
reason or occular inspection will permit It is drawn hot out of the Arteries differing little or nothing from that which is contained either in the Heart or near it In the small Arteries there is indeed no Pulse felt but that is to be imputed to the smalness of the vessels and their distance from the Heart which forces the blood Nor ought it because it enters into the Capillary Vessels that it may nourish the parts with hot Blood not with such as is cooled and thickned before it is changed into the secondary humors And what use is there of rarefaction if it presently settle again The Experiments and Reasons which learned men bring to the contrary from an Eele and an hunting dog from the contraction of the members by Cold from palpitations from spirit of wine resembling the Pulse from vehement protrusion c. are easily answered if you consider 1 That a certain motion is restored even in Hearts that are dead by exciteing their heat as in Muscles 2 The Fault is in the Vessels contracted by Colds not in the Blood when they fall in and flag 3 Palpitations arise from plenty of blood as examples testifie suppression of the Courses and the cure by blood-letting 4 In the Heart there is an even motion different from that which raised by spirit of wine or any thing else 5. The protrusion by pure blood is more vehement if the faculty concur and the Fibres of the Heart be united 6. The Heart is in its Perisystole or very near it when in the point cut off no dilatation is observed if it continue still in the Systole the dilatation is not felt till the Diastole follow The pulsifick Faculty implanted in the Heart must needs be joyned with the blood as the cause of its motion either that it may guide the influx and egress of blood and assist the same which would otherwise proceed disorderly as I explain the matter or that it might of it self produce the motion according to the Opinion of the Ancients which cannot be conserved if the perpetual flux of the blood should be stopped That the Heart stands in need of such a faculty I prove 1. Because the Pulse would be alwaies unequal the influx being unequal unless directed by some Faculty 2. When the Heart in Feavers is more vehemently moved then ordinary through the urgency of heat and in dying persons Nature being at the last pinch and using all her might yet is the motion of the heart weak as appears by the Pulse because the inbred Faculty is either lost or weakned Contrariwise though the said Faculty be strong and the influx of the blood cease or be hindred after large bleedings or by reason of Obstruction of the Vessels either in the whole Habit of the Body or the passages thereof or near the Heart the Motion of the Heart fails And therefore both are to be joyned together as primary Causes 3. Any Particles of the Heart being cut off do pulse by reason of the reliques of this Faculty or Spirit remaining 4. The Heart being taken out of the Body or cut in pieces lightly pricked with a pin does presently pulse as Walaeus hath observed 5. It were contrary to the Majesty of the principal Part to be moved by another whether it will or no without any assistance from itself and so to receive a violent Impression Regius hath substituted the influx of Animal Spirits into the fibres of the Heart instead of Animal Spirits and Hogeland the little petite Atomes of the blood moved in the Parenchyma But we must know in the first place 1. That the motion of the Heart is Natural which lasts perpetually yea against our wills and when we are asleep and not Animal 2. That we exclude not the Spirits which are the Souls Servants and Instruments 3. The small Boddikies or indivisible Particles of the Blood have all dropped out in disâ—ected Hearts because the Vena coronaria was cut asunder And that if any reliques of the said Bodikies did remain they could not be excited to motion either by pricking alone or by raising heat unless a Spirit or Faculty be allowed which being extinguished though the pieces of the Heart be laid in never so hot a place they will never pant Among the Remote Causes there is 1 The vital Spirit as well that which is implanted in the Heart as that which comes thither from without with beat sufficiently manifest in live dissections and which warms the whole Bodie And that either not shineing with light as most will have it or shineing That a lightfull heat of the Heart is requisite in this case many things argue 1 The motion of the Elements is simple never circular and light moves it self and the humors with a circular motion 2 The Heart and the Blood are more quickly moved by light then otherwise they could be which in the twinkleing of an eye dazeles all things illuminates all things 3. There is in all particular parts besides the obscure principles of the Elements also a lightfull part propagated from the seed which ought to be preserved by a like flame kindled from the Heart 4 In Hippocrates to dream of pure and brightly shining starrs signifies Health of Bodie 5 No Homor although hot does pant and move it self unless a burning flame as we see in spirit of wine a Candle and other things 6 In Glow-wormes their hinder-part only pants and shines where their Heart is of whose light I have discoursed in my Second Book of the light of Animals Chap 11 and 12. That the vital spirit is really endued with light and that there is an inbred light in the Blood and Heart which helps forward the circular motion of the blood I have demonstrated in my said Treatise Lib. 7. Cap. 5. 23. Hâ—â—mont consents that the animated spirit in the left Ventricle of the Heart inlightned by the former light is the Mover of the Heart After Caimus and other ancient Authors Ent asserts the same thing touching the flame raised out of the Seed in the first bladder of the Heart raised by the heat of the Hen which hatcheth and first of all shineing forth when the Lungs perform their office yet he errs that in the external widening he begs in the Construction more inwardly he tends to the beginning for in the Systole all that illuminats is expelled and then it is vigorated in a narrow heart which is evident in optick tubes and hollow glasses I ad that in the Diastole of the left Ventricle it sets on fire and kindles by the Systole from the Lungs the vital flame 2. The Shape and Conformation of the Heart and Vessels being exceeding well fitted to receive and expell the blood Especially the fibres of the Heart and the fleshy columns These make not so much for the Strength of the Heart alone as for the motion For all the fibres being contracted greater and lesser in the walls and septum which according to Harvey
removed which is found between the two sorts of Teeth But a rare case it is for Teeth to breed again after many years and in old age As Thuanus relates of a man that was an hundred yeer old in our Fionia a man of an hundred and forty years of age had new Teeth Helmont saw an old Man and Woman of sixty three yeers of age whose Teeth grew again with such pains as Children have when breed they teeth which was no token of their long living for both of them died that yeer Sir Francis Bacon hath the like Example touching an old Man But now let us speak of the Teeth in grown persons The Teeth are seated in the Compass of the two Jaw-bones in Mankind shut up within his mouth in a Boar they stick out as also in the Whale-fish cal'd Narhual in our Greenland which sends out an exceeding long wreathed Tooth â—ut of the left side of his upper Jaw which is commonly taken for the Unicorns horn and is yet of great value among Noble Men and Princes In Magnitude they come short of the Teeth of other Animals because of the smallness of Mans mouth And in Mankind some have greater others less They vary in Figure In Man they are of a threefold figure Cutters Dog-teeth and Grinders as shall be said in the following Chapter save that Fontanus observed in a certain Man that they were all Grinders which he had In Creatures that chew the Cud they are double Cutters and Grinders In Fishes they are in a manner all perfectly sharp excepting one kind of Whale which the Islanders call Springwall whose teeth are blunt but broad The Surface is smooth and even The Colour white and shining unless negligence Age or sickness hinder The Number is not the same in all Men for to let pass rarities viz. that some men are born with one continued tooth in their upper Jaw-bone which they relate of Pyrrhus and a certain Groenlander brought hither in the Kings Ships also of a double and tripple row of teeth such as I have seen in some Fishes and such as Lewis the thirteenth King of France had and which Solinus writes of Mantichora and is known of the Lamia which hath five ranks strangely ordered and among them exceeding sharp teeth resembling the stones called Glossopetrae and therefore Columna took the teeth of a Lamian turned to stone to be the Glossopetrae or precious Stones of Malta so called of which I have spoke elswhere In a Sea-wolf I have observed a double rank the former of sharp teeth the inner of grinders close joyned together which possess the lower part of the Palate A man hath ordinarily but one rank in each Jaw-bone and twenty eight in all somtimes thirty in the upper Jaw sixteen in the lower fourteen but for the most part thirty two sixteen in each Jaw But this number is seldom changed save in the grinders which somtimes are on each side five somtimes sour otherwhiles five above four beneath or five on the right and four on the left side or contrarily A great number of teeth argues length of life few teeth a short life according to Galen and Hippocrates And rightly For the rarity and fewness of teeth is bad as a Sign and a Cause for it argues want of matter and the weakness of the formative faculty As a Cause because few teeth cannot well prepare the meat and so the first digestion is hurt and consequently the second But we must understand that this prediction holds for the most part but not alwaies as Scaliger well disputes against Cardan in his 271. Exercitation For Augustus who lived seventy six years is said to have had thin few and scalie teeth and so likewise Forestus who lived above eighty years Their Connexion is by way of Gomphosis for they seem to be fixed in their holes as nails in a post Also they are tied by strong Bands unto their nests which bands stick to their roots and then the Gums compass them of which before The outer Substance is more solid and hard not feeling the inner is a little more soft endued with sense by reason of the neighborhood of a Nerve and Membrane and hath in it a Cavity larger in Children then Elder persons and compassed about till they be seven years old with a thin Scale like the Combs of Bees and full of snotty matter in grown persons the humor being dried up it is diminished This Cavity is cloathed with a little Membrane of exquisite Sense which if it imbibes some Humor flowing from the Brain extream Tooth-ach follows In this begin Erosions Putrefactions and most painful Rottenness and herein somtimes grow the smallest sort of worms which exceedingly torment men Vessels are carried to this Cavity by the holes of the Roots of the Teeth As Veins to carry back the blood after nutrition and continual augmentation Which are not seen so apparently in Mankind as neither the Veins of the adnata tunica of the Eyes but they are manifestly seen in Oxen and are gathered from the sprinkling of blood in the Cavity Little Arteries to afford Natural Heat and Blood for Nutrition and Alteration And therefore upon an Inflamation a pulsative pain of the teeth is somtimes caused which Galen experimented in himself Hence much lightful shineing blood comes somtimes from a tooth that has an hole made in it and somtimes so as to cause death Little Nerves tender and fine are carried to them from the first pare according as we reckon which go through the Roots into the Cavity where they are spred abroad within and by small twigs mingled with a certain mucilaginous Substance sound in the middle of the teeth The Use of the Teeth In the first and chiefest place is to chew and grinde the meat And therefore such as have lost their teeth are fain to content themselves with suppings and therefore Nicephorus reckons that it is bad to dream of a mans teeth falling out and saies it signifies the loss of a Friend 2. They serve to form the voice and therefore Children do not speak till their mouths are full of teeth especially the fore teeth which help the framing of some certain Letters Hence those that have lost their teeth cannot pronounce some Letters as for Example T. and R. in the speaking whereof the tongue being widened â—ought to rest upon the fore-teeth Also the loss of the grinders hurts the Explication or plain Expression of the Words according to Galen so that the Speech becomes slower and less clear and easie Let therefore such as have lost their teeth procure artificial ones to be set in and with a golden wire to be firmly fastned 3. For Ornament For such as want their teeth are thereby deformed 4. Homer conceives the teeth are an edg to the tongue and Speech to keep in a mans words and prevent prating 5. In Brutes they serve to fight withal in which case a man uses his hands 6. In the
into the Veins from the Veins into the Heart is continual never cleasing nor once stopped or interrupted for a moment of time And the truth is seeing the said motion is made as we shall see anon because the Heart receives and transmits and seeing this motion lasts perpetually all the life long the said motion of the blood cannot but naturally be continuall Also the motion of the Blood is quick for an Artery or Vein being bound compressed it immediately swells and grows round and hard and when the ligature and compressure are taken away the blood is seen to be swiftly moved But how soon the blood performs its Circuit from the Heart and to the Heart again I cannot precisely determine We observe it is done sooner by an Anastomosis near the Heart than by one off nor will I be much against him that shall say the greatest Circuit from the remotest parts of the body is performed in less than a quarter of an hour for the blood passeth with exceeding celerity Howbeit it goeth not so swiftly as we see it leap out when a vein or Artery is opened because then it is moved in the free and open Air but within the body it is compressed to lift up its vessels and to thrust on the foregoing blood And therefore we see an Artery being cut open especially if near the heart is sooner emptied than the heart can supply it with new blood But if this be true why do Feavers return once in a quarter of an hour seeing the Fit seems then to happen when the corrupt matter comes to the heart whereas now some fits come every day others every third and some every fourth day Truly I will not deny that it may fall out that when the Corrupt matter comes to the heart the Fit may happen as Harvey hath an example thereof in the 16 chapter of his Book But I do not think it is necessary for some portion may slip out of the corrupt Seminary or some sooty stream may arise and go into the heart and so raise the Feaver as most Feavers are seen to arise from the Inflammation of the Parts which the Imposthume being opened and the Quittor removed do cease And as such kinde of symptomatick Feavers even so also may some intermitting Feavers and Agues happen by reason of â—ome matter shut up within or without the Vessels which by putrifying every day every third day or every fourth day regurgitating or fuming into the large Vessels may bring the Fit In continual Feavers I confess whose matter is to stick to the larger vessels it is harder to shew a reason why there should not be a Fit or Exacerbation at every Circuit of the blood But I conceive I may alledg the same cause which is vulgarly given why continual Feavers are not allwaies alike feirce because though the matter be sufficiently near the Heart yet it doth not cause a Paroxism till it have attained a certain degree of putrifaction and that the Fit lasts so long till that putrid matter be evacuated which touches the Heart or sends its Fumes thereto But I suppose no man because of the reason of the return of Ague-fits which is altogether abstruse and unknown will deny the motion of the blood to be very quick which is a very manifest thing Besides swiftness the blood hath vehemence in its motion which appears from what we have said touching the Hardnesse and Tension or stretching which the Veins and Arteries acquire when they are bound for nothing can be distended by a liquid Substance into an extream hardness especially upwards unless it be vehemently driven thereinto or retained therein But this vehemence of motion is chiefly near the Heart removed from which it grows by degrees lesser and lesser so that the little Arteries in the remote parts do not pulse unless some impulse of blood greater than ordinary do happen as we observe to happen in Feavers therefore it is that the Veins are not seen to pulse because the impulse of the Blood is less in them than it is in the smallest Arteries and because the Veins â—oyned to the Arteries by Anastomosis when they go from them divide themselves into more little branches and twigs than the Arteries do for when Rivers are divided into divers Arms the force of the waters motion is abated And therefore when some Arms of a Vein are shut either by something pressing them as in certain Tumors or somewhat which stops them as in the Varices the blood slipping back by its own weight the force of the bloods motion is then again observed and the Veins are seen to pulse for I have often observed in the Veins which are transparent through the Skin that most of those palpitations in the parts which are thought to proceed from Winds are nothing else but the pussations of the veins And because the motion is more vehement in the Arteries than in the Veins it seems at first sight to be swifter also in the Arteries than in the Veins just as Men Horses and other Animals which move themselves with great labour and through mistake judged many times to make the greater speed For the Blood forced through the Arteries cannot all pass through the Anastomoses because it comes out of a wide place into a narrow and therefore it is accumulated in the Arteries they are dilated in which dilation they persist a small time wherefore in the middle of the dilation and in the whole time of the rest that same force doth very little further the quickness of the bloods motion which motion is in the mean time more free in the veins because it comes out of a strait into a wide place and is performed by more wayes Now Reason doth teach us in this Case that in this motion of blood the swiftness hereof must be alike in the Arteries and the Veins for as much blood as the Liver sends to the heart made of new Chyle and as much nourishment as the Arteries give to the parts must be repayed or the Heart will at last be void of all moisture which thing also sense confirms for the Vena cava pulses so often in that whole Tract from the Liver to the Jugulum and therefore drives into the heart as the Artery is observed to pulse and therefore to receive from the heart But we shall hereof speak more anon Howbeit in the Arteries themselves the blood is moved more aimbly when the Heart drives it from which Quickness it departs by little and little when the Heart begins to rest and is afterwards dilated Yea and in the Veins themselves the motion of blood is more vehement and quick when the Heart pulses which as we have observed in live Anatomies so have we often noted the same when a Vein hath been opened in the Arm in which the Veins were not much distended with the Ligature Also the foresaid palpitations of the Veins seem to proceed from no other
of the milkie Veins do go DD. Two milkie Branches greater then the rest ascending by the Porta and inserted into the Liver by the Opinion of Asellius EE The Lobes of the Liver F. The Gall. GG The empty Gut called Jejunum HH The Ilium OO Glandulous Flesh in Dogs by the Duodenum and the Entrance of the Jejunum which may be called in Dogs the lower part of the Pancreas page â—â—â— Some also there are who suppose that the blood being carried out of the Heart does go back and return again by the Arteries into the Heart Which they are therefore moved to think that they may be able to give a mechanick cause why the Valves of the Heart in the Orifice of the Arteries do fall down and are closed up I truly have alwaies esteem that a rare design of Erasistratus to explain all things that happen in our Body mechanically but I account it a rash thing in him to measure the Wisdom of God by his own Wisdom And these are to be counted Engins which evident reason and especially Sense do shew to be such Here contrariwise our Senses observe that the blood goes through the Arteries from the Heart not to the Heart and in a rare and languishing Pulse that the Artery does not swell last where it is knit to the Heart as it should do if that Opinion were true but first of all Also that the Valves are not shut by the blood running back we have this sign that in case the Artery be bound two fingers from the Heart and it be so opened betwixt the Ligature and the Valves that the blood may freely pass forth and therefore go neither backwards nor forwards yet the Valves may be divers times well sastned the Heart ordinarily moved and so as not to sâ—ed forth the blood save in its constriction And therefore if I would here allow of any mechanical Motion I should admit the common Opinion which saies that the shutting as of the heart so of the Valves is performed by contraction of the Fibres For that same contraction of the fibres in the Heart is every where obvious to the Eye-sight But we have truly no sign or â—oken that the Blood is any other waies directly moved through the Veins from the Heart or through the Arteries to the Heart In Joy truly the Humors move outwards but this may be betide by the Arteries alone And in Sadness the Humors may be moved inwardly through the Veins alone and they must needs do so for seeing the Pulse does not cease in Sadness and by the Pulse there goes continually somwhat through the Arteries outwards hardly can any thing be moved through the Arteries inwards and to the Heart Howbeit praeternaturally the humors have another motion besides that which we have here described whilest by their lightness or other activity they mount upwards or by their weight descend downwards as is manifest in such as have the Varices so called Also that way being shut up by which they were wont to be moved they are compelled to seek another So in a Duck I have divers times seen in the Vessels of the Breast the blood parti-coloured some whiteish some reddish which the Artery being contracted was moved to and from the Heart in divers sides of the Artery but that motion lasted not long nor did the blood ever enter into the Heart by that motion And thus most worthy Friend Bartholine I conceive I have answered your Question touching the motion of the Blood Whereinto I did enquire more scrupulously that I might better know the Nature of the Humors and their Deflux from which Flux of Humors innumerable Diseases arise I did also believe that I might more exactly understand how good or bad blood was generated if I knew those Parts by which the Humor passing along might be changed Also I conceived that I should be better able to judg how very many Diseases ought to be cured if I knew which Vein being opened would evacuate such and such parts and through what parts the Remedy ought to pass before it can come to the part affected Also innumerable things came into my mind diffused through our whole Art as the Doctrine of Pulses of Feavers of Inflammations their Generation and Cure and other things which made me desire to be acquainted with this Motion of Blood And the Experiments whereby I was brought into this Opinion are so evident that I doubt not to affirm that learned and discreer Physitians will henceforwards allow of this Motion of the Chyle and Blood Howbeit in some Causes and in certain circumstances of this Motion I cannot promise the like Agreement for sundry men are Naturally inclined by a disparity of their Judgments to embrace different Opinions Touching the truth of these Experiments you cannot my Bartholine make Question who have your self seen many of them and there were frequently present most learned Doctors of Physick not unknown to you Franciscus Sylvius Johannes Van Horn Ahasuerus Schmitnerus most accurate Dissecters and those persons of solid Learning Franciscus vander Schagen and Antonius Vockestaert nor were they only present but they also afforded their Counsels and Handiwork to help make the said Experiments to whom in that respect I am very much obliged And so farewel most learned Bartholine and persist to love me Dated at Leyden the 10. of the Kalends of October Anno 1640. THE SECOND LETTER OF THE Motion of the Blood To the said BARTHOLINUS SUch is the Fate of Writers that they are comcompelled to write when they are unwilling that so they may answer their Adversaries unless they would rather be wanting to themselves or the cause which they defend A certain learned Man would needs extort this from me being busied about far other matters For those Theses which he had before objected against he hath endeavored now lately by a peculiar Writing to refute In which Writing there are many witty and learned Passages but I find that fault in the Author which the Ancients found in Albutius the Rhetoritian who made it his Business in every Cause he pleaded not to say all that should be said but all that he was able to say Also that Motion of the Blood which is evident in live Dissections he hath never labored to observe just as if the matter might better be conceived by the Mind then he could see it with his Eyes But these and other things concerning those Theses I leave to the Care of Roger Drak who is now a Doctor of Physick at London a Man of an acute Wit and solid Learning I shall only meddle with such things as shall seem to oppose the circular Motion of Blood And in the first place what it is that Blood-letting does teach us in this Case concerning which that learned Man hath observed things worthy of Consideration A Surgeon being to open a Vein makes a Ligature upon the Arm that the Vein may swell The Vein that swells
not on this fide the Ligature towards the heart but on that side the Ligature which is furthest from the Heart Now the Cause of that Tumor is not Pain caused by binding the part for oftentimes little and commonly no pain in the part bound And when the Arm is pinced or pained by Burning or otherwise it hath its Veins for the most part less swollen then upon a simple and bare Ligature Nor is it more likely that the Veins swell upon the Ligature because through the Veins which are straiter because they are bound greater pienty of Blood comes and with more swiftness from the Liver as about Bridges and in other places Rivers being straitned do run more swiftly For the Water of a River being gathered together in a narrow place is manifestly lifted up into a swelling from which when it falls it goes the faster but the arm being bound the contrary happens for they are not the Veins nighest the Liver from which blood should come but those farthest from the Liver which are most distended It remains therefore that the Veins swell beyond the Ligature because the motion of the blood running from the small veins into the Heart is stopped by the Ligature and being there gathered together distends the Vein But to the end I might be more certain hereof I bound the jugular and crural branch in living Creatures very strongly with a threed so that no blood might pass by and I opened that part of the Vein which was more remote from the Heart it bled plentifully swiftly vehemently soon after I loosed the band and cut the Vein asunder through the middle and the part thereof farthest from the Heart being drawn out of the body upwards presently and swiftly fell a bleeding whilst in the mean time the part of the Vein nearest the heart being somewhat elevated least the Creature strugling with pain should easily force out the Blood first it voided but little and afterwards no blood at all whence it seemed to me apparent that the blood came out of the veins far from the heart into those near the same and not out of the greater Veins into the lesser unless haply some neighbouring blood finding a way might slip away Any one may easily try as much in opening a vein in the Arm for if he force the blood above the Ligature upwards with his finger so that the vein appear empty yet shall he see the blood issue out as fast as ever below the Ligature which could not come through the upper branch being at present empty But if the Vein be thus distended with blood which is moved from the smaller veins to the Heart how can the artery be distended upon the ligature which divers excellent Physitians relate to have been so distended that it has been opened instead of a vein the truth is the Artery doth not swell upon the Ligatures being made unless where it is neer the Heart but farther off it falls in somewhat and is diminished as I have an hundred times and oftener experimented in the Dissections of living Anatomies But I do not think it was any of the authors meaning thar the remoter part of the Artery was distended by means of the Ligature but that their meaning only was where the Vein did not appear which was to be opened that there the place where it lay was to be sought by feeling and that by a pit by motion and swelling of the Blood it was to be found and when we feel a swelling or otherwise discover the same we should not presently conclude that there was the Vein for it might be an Artery which by reason of the hard binding had lost its pulse and which by reason of the thickness of the Coates not quite falling in might counterfeit a certain tumor and puffing-up as it were But moreover if the Vein swels by reason of the Blood returning to the Heart why does the vein also swel and if opened why void Blood when there is a Ligature made below as well as above the place phlebotomized which Blood cannot be thought possibly to come from the lower parts by reason of the Ligature made below the Orifice But this does not alwayes so happen but but sometimes only when the Arm is tied at a certain distance and then the greater Veins in the place between those two Ligatures do receive that blood from the smaller Veins which smaller Veins receive from the smaller Arteries which are joyned to the smal veins by way of Anastomosis And that indeed the blood which flows out betwixt the two Ligatures does come by way of Anastomosis out of the Arteries this is a sign and in that it flows more hotter and with more violence and more easie and sooner a Lipothymia or fainting fit follows the efflux hereof And this Ligature I am wont to make use of when I have signs that spirituous and hot blood is in fault and I bid the Chirurgeon seek out those Anastomoses by his Ligature for if the Ligature be made above the Anastomosis it stops the motion of the blood but beneath it does not stop it but the blood leaps out hotter to the feeling of the Patient When a Vein is opened and the blood runs out as soon as it begins to stop or come away sparingly or if it did so at first we loose the Ligature that the blood might run out faster Now the Ligature seems not therefore to be slacked to the intent the blood may come from the Liver through the Veins For though there be little or no blood above the Ligature yea only a pit appear in the Vein yet will the course of the Blood be increased by loosening the Ligature which cannot possibly come out of an empty Vein But by the loosening of the band the Blood may the better descend by the Arteries and pass out of them into the Veins because the Arteries being compressed by the Ligature by loosening the said Ligature become more free Now that the Arteries are not alwayes sufficiently at Liberty when the arm is bound the patient himself can witness who oft perceives the pulse of the Arterse at the Ligature which perception the compressed Arterie causes when it smites against the flesh And the Physitian if he examine the matter shall often find a less pulse in the bound aâ—m then in the free And I can testifie that I have divers times applyed my fingers to the Patients wrist when the band was to be loosed and observed that when by loosing the Ligature Blood came in more plentifully the Pulse became greater But if that Blood which flows out when a vein is opened comes out of the Arteries into the veins how can it be plentifully taken away for all the Arteries pulse equally and therefore they seem to afford blood to the Veins in one and the same measure and if so be therest of the arteries afford so much to their veins as the arteries of the Arms do to
But of Blood That blood is Aiery and oyly Fat is colder then Blood yet moderately hot The efficient cause of Fat. How Fat is bred T is proved that Fat is generated by cold How Fat is bred in thâ—… Call And about the Heart And the Kidneys An Opinion that Fat is caused by Heat An Opinion that it is made by compactness Refuted An Opinion that it is caused by Dryness It hath â—…ing whiâ—… thâ—r By a peculiar Form The form of Fat. Its Vessels It s Kernels It s Uses Whether it may turn to nourishment The fleshy Membrane its situation The difference between a membrane and a Coat and Meninx What a Membrane is It s Use The Difference of Membranes The fleshy Membrane what for a thing it is It s Use Connexion Original The Membrane of the Muscles what 〈…〉 Use What a Muscle is A Muscle is an Organical part The Connexion of the Muscles of the whole Body The Parts of a Muscle only two The tendinous Part how many fold What the Tendon of a Muscle is It s Beginning Why called Tendo The Beginning and Head of a Muscle Both the beginning and end of a Muscle may be called a Tendon Two things observable touching the beginning of a Muscle Galens Rule Disliked by Walaeus and why The Objection of Riolanus answered The middle of a Muscle The end of a Muscle how known by Galen and other Anatomists Whether the Head of a Muscle be void of sense If it have Motion Whether the end be thicker then the Head Whether the Nerves go into the Tendon The action of a Muscle is Motion And that Voluntary The use Which Muscles do move more strongly The Original of the oblique descending Muscle It s End What the white Line is The Error of Aquapendent and Laurentius touching the Original of the oblique-descending Muscle Their first Reason refuted Their second Reason answered T is proved that these Muscles arise from above not from beneath The Original of the obliquely ascendent Muscles Their double End The Original of the right Muscles That there are divers right Muscles The Veins The Arteries and Nerves The Pyramidal Muscles Their Original Their Use The transverse Muscles The Action of the muscles of the Belly Why there are divers muscles of the Belly A Praeoccupation A Secondary action of the muscles of the Belly Peritonaeum how so called What it is The Shape of the Peritonaeum It s Surface Original Connexion It is double The Error of Fernelius How many Holes there are Its Productions The Cause of a Rupture Its Vessels It s Use It is the mother of the Coats in the lower Belly The Etymologie of the Call It s Situation It s Connexion The cause of Barrenness It s situation in persons strangled In Infants It s Origina Its Parts Riolanus refuted It s Figure It s Magnitude Its Vessels â— It s use The Stomach why called Ventriculus It s Situation The Number of Stomachs in feathered Fowle In Beasts that chew the Cud. Its Orifices The Symptoms of the Stomachs Mouth and why like Heart-passions Whether the Soul be seated in the Orifice of the stomach The right Orifice called Pylorus It is opened in the Distribution of Chylus It is shut somtimes and opened in Vomiting It is somtimes exceedingly widened Whether the Pylorus have any Rube over the inferior Parts The Fibres of the Stomach and their use Their Number The Surface The Membranes The Crustiness in the stomach whence it proceeds It s Connexion Shape It s Magnitude Vessels Whether blood cast out of the Spleen help Appetite and Concoction Its Nerves The Stomachs Fermentation Three things requisite to Concoction Concoction is the Stomachs Act. How it is made The use of the Stomach The Guts Why called Intestina Their greatness The use of the turnings and windings of the Guts Theâ—r Situation Their Substance Their Coats Their Crust Their Fibres Their Vessels Difference of the Guts Whether the thin Guts may be right said to be uppermost The thick Guts Their Use The Gut Duodenum The Holes of the said Gut The Gut Jejunum The Gut Ileon Rupture of the Guts The Passio Iliaca The thick Guts The Gut caecum or the blind Gut The Intestinum caecum or blind Gut of the Ancients The Gut Colon. It s Situation and Progress A Valve in the Gut Colon. How it is found out The Intestinum rectum or the straight Gut Touching the Fundament The Sphincter Muscle The Muscles cald Ani Levatores or Arse-lifters Mesentery why so called It s Division It s Figure It s Magnitude It s Rise Its Vessels It s Kernels The Use of the Kernels The Use of the Mesenterie And of its Membranes The Substance of the Pancreas It s Situation Original Its Vessels It s Use The Use of the Pancreas Why the Liver is the Original of the Veins It s Number It s Situation It s Figure Its Magnitude It s Membrane It s Connexion It s Substance It s Color Its Vessels Their Anastomoses The Original of the Veins The Authors opinion how the blood is made See Fig. III. Table 17. The Shape of the Gal-bladder Division Bottom Neck Its Veins and Arteries It s Use Porus biliarius Ductus communis naturalis the common passage natural Preâ—ernatural Scituation of the Spleen See Table XV. It s Number Whether the Spleen may be taken out of the Body Why a man hath a large Spleen It s Shape It s Color Connexion It s Coat Substance Its Veins Its Arteries Its Anastomoses Whether the Spleen receive Melancholy from the Liver The argument of Rondeletius invalid Whether the Spleen make Blood For what Parts the Spleen makes Blood Whether any portion of Chyle be carried to the Spleen and what way What Creatures have no Spleen Whether the Spleen be an Organ of the sensitive Soul The Opinion of Walaeus touching the use of the Spleen How the Spleen may be said to be the seat of Laughter * T is called Lover in the North of England possibly that is the Etymology of the Word How its thick The threefold excrement of the Blood Their Situation Which Kidney is the highest Their Bigness Surface Their Colour Shape Connexion Membranes What it is to search the Reins Their Bellies The Caruncles The emulgent Veins and Arteries A Valve in the Vein Venae adiposae Their Nerves Why such as have a stone in their kidney are subject to vomit The structure of a Dogs kidney The Cribrum benedictum of the Ancients The Error of Vesalius Aristoles Error touching the use of the Kidneys How the Urin is made Whether the Kidneys prepare Seed This Opinion reconciled with the Doctrine of Circulation Whether the Kidneys make Blood Their first finder out Their Number Their Magnitude Their Cavity Their Shape and Substance Their Connexion Their Vessels The Ureters Their Number Their Situation The Original of the Ureters Their Middle Their Connexion Their End Why the Urin cannot go out into the Emulgents Their Magnitude Figure