it were the dregs and sediment of the bloud All these foure humours as I haue said being made vnnaturall they turne to the hurt of the body as when melancholy is burned it becōmeth vitious and causeth madnes when it is mingled with too much flegme it causeth a doltish disposition and worketh cold diseases When blood becommeth vnnaturall it is made wheyish and watrish and is very hurtfull as in the hydropsic when red choler is burned it becommeth vitious and biting when flegme is made vnnaturall through a weake digesture it is made a watrish humor and so hurtfull to the body There is also another natural humor and is Primogenius the first and chiefe humor called Humidum radicale which is Humidum radicale ingendred in the similer parts or insited in nature for from the first beginning the members of the whole body are filled with a certaine dewie humor or only moistnesse truely the first thing that is ingendred hauing its beginning from the blood monstruall This humor yeeldeth nourishment to the naturall heate and therfore by the same it is consumed and needeth restauration which is performed by the accession of nourishment Galen termeth this humor the solid substance of the similer parts Doct. Now it resteth that you shew me the seat or place of euery one of these humours Stud. These 4. humors which are ingēdred in our bodies being mixed they are contained in unamassa sanguinis that is in the fountaine of blood which is said to be the better part of it selfe and being exactly confused they rest in the veines which the Physitions doe consider as it were the chiefe Elements of the bodie but those humors which are by nature deriued without the veines whether it be yellow choler in the gaule or melancholy which the splene draweth or flegme which is ingendred in the stomacke through crudities or the matter which distilleth from the braine to the nostrils and such like they are in no wise to be accoūted elements of our body and therfore they be not humors but excrements and so they are called which nature whiles it is in strength doth expell as vnprofitable vnto places conuenient and the excramentall seat of yellow choler is the gaule from whence it is purged by vrine and the stoole the receptacle of the melancholick humor is the splene by which being drawne it is spartly cōncertd into the nature therof partly it is deiected to the stomacke Doct. Proceed now to spirits and let me know what a spirit is Despiritibus Spiritus definitio Stud. A spirit is a subtile flame or rather an airy substance giuing strength and power to exercise proper actions in euery member Spirits be two fold the one vitall the other animall the vitall spirit is a subtill flame engendred from the blood and is dispersed by vertue of the heart into all the body to giue vnto the same liuely heat and a power of motion and action The efficient cause is a naturall power in the heart the matter from whence it proceedeth is blood for it is ingendred of the blood which is in the left ventricle of the heart the forme is the flame it selfe flying through all the Artiers The finall causes are two the first is that it might giue liuely heate vnto the body the second is that it may be the instrument of action and motion in the whole body The animal spirit is as it were a starrebeame which is sent from the braine by the Nerues into all the body to giue motion and sense and all other animal actions vnto the same Doct. From whence is the Animall spirit ingendred Stud. It is ingendred of the vitall spirits by the vertue of the braine elaborating and concocting the same There are some that adioyne a third kind of spirit that is Spiritus naturalis in gendred in the liuer which is the thin substance of the blood and is like vnto a vapour this spirit is carried by the hollow veine together with the blood into the heart where it is wrought by the naturall strength of the heart and so is made a vitall spirit and so the naturall spirit is as it were the matter of the vitall spirit and the vitall spirit is the matter of the animall spirit De partibus Doct. Goe forward vnto the parts of mans body and tell me first what a part De partibus is Stud. Euery member of the bodie is accounted for a part of the body and Membra principalia they are of two sorts some principall and some officiall the braine the heart and the liuer are accounted principall members some also account the testicles amongst the principall members The officiall members are the sinews and they doe serue to the braine the arteries Membra officialia which doe serue to the heart the veines which doe serue to the liuer the spermaticke vessels which be inseruient to the stones There bee also some parts that be called partes similares or Homogenae and some Dissimilares or Heterogenae The Similar parts are so called for being diuided they remaine in themselues such as they were before and those are the bones cartilagies ligaments tendons fibres membrans the skinne and the flesh with the fatte and such like The members or parts Dissimilar are the contrary Some members are called instrumentall as the stomacke the reines the bowels with all the great sinews Doct. It followeth that we speake of De faculta tibus potentijs faculties or powers Tell me therefore how many sorts of faculties or powers are there Stud. There are three sorts of powers that is to say Animal Spiritual and Naturall the Animall facultie according to Plato whom the Physitions do follow is placed in the braine the vitall or spirituall is placed in the heart the natural in the liuer Aristotle in secundo De Anima rehearseth fiue faculties or powers of the soule viz. Potentiam vegetatiuam sentientem Appetitiuam loco motuam and Rationalem Doct. What is that vegetatiue power Stud. The vegetatiue power is that which doth nourish increase strengthen the body and therefore it doeth containe these foure faculties that is facultatem nutritiuam auctricem generatricem and formatricem Doct. What is that nutrition or nourishment Stud. It is the conuersion of meate and drinke into a spirituall substance performed by the force of heate that there may bee a restoring of the same which began to be decayed The efficient cause of nourishment is naturall heat Materia ex qua or the matter from whence it springeth is the meat and drinke receiued into the body Materia in qua or the subiect is mans liuing body The formall cause is the same Assimilation or conuersion of meate and drinke into the similitude of enerie member to be nourished for one part is turned into the substance of the bone another into the substance of the flesh c. The end is the restoring of the same which began to be consumed for
strengthen Fractures and Luxations As for powders which he ought to haue in a readinesse they are of three sorts one to stay bleeding as that which is framed of Bolus Armeniae Rosis Mastiches and Pollin The second is for fractures of the scull and hurts of other bones and is called iuluis cephalicus and is framed ex Radicibus ireos Ar sto lichae Ex myrrha Atoe and such like The third powder is to remooue away excrescent and corrupt flesh as Alumen vstum Pul. praecipit Mercury and such like Doct. Well goe forward and tell me what be the vnguents proper to a Chirurgior Stud. The Vnguents that a Chirorgion ought alwaies to haue about him are these Vnguentum Basilicon which doth humect digest and cease paine Vnguentum Aurcum called of some Regis which doth incarnate and conglutinat wounds to ether Vnguentum Dtaithea simplex which doth calesie soften humect and also cease paine Vnguentum album Rhasis which doeth refrigerate coole and drie Vnguentum apostolorum which doeth deterge mollifie drie and remoue away corrupt and superfluous flesh and of that facultie almost is Mundificatinum ex apio and Aegyptiacum Doct. Proceed and tell me what the Emplasters are that are fit and necessary to a good Chururgion Stud. The humplasters are these following Diachilon composium which doth ripen Apostumes and doth mollifie and resolue hardnes and doth digest and also absterge Diacalciteos commonly called Diapalma which doth conglutinate vlcers produceth cicatrix and skinne and according to the opinion of Galen is very sit in the curing of Phlegmon Emplastrum de betonica which is also called De lanua it doth vnit and ioyne together the fractures of the skull it couereth the bones with flesh it draweth out spleets and splinters of bones it doth absterge digest and drie with such like Doct. You must tell me now what Chirurgery is and afterwards your method that you haue for the curing of wounds and vlcers goe to tell me what is Chirurgerie Chiturgerie is an arte which doth remoue and cure diseases by the artificall worke of the hand which is called Chirurgicall operation Or Chirurgerie is a right orderly taking away of affects besides nature with the worke of the hand Doct. How many parts hath Chirurgerie Stu. Chirurgerie hath two parts that is Synthesis and analysis composition resolution by composition things that were separated and disioyned against nature are conioyned again and sited in their naturall places as happeneth in wounds fractures dislocations ruptures By resolution things that were conioyned and vnired together are separated and diuided either for preseruing of health or for the recouery of the same and the species thereof are fection punction dimulsion and vstion There are some that adde a third part of Chirurgerie which they call Fxaeresis and that is exercised in extracting and drawing forth of such things as are sent into the body as bullets darts arrowes and other warlike engins of which parts it shall not be needefull to make repetition at this time Doct. Tell me what is an wound Stud. An wound is a solution of the continuity newly made fresh and bleeding and of wounds there are two sorts simple and compound Doct. What is a simple wound Stud. A simple wound is that which is made with some kind of weapon onely in the flesh without either cutting of bones sinews muscles or veines Doct. What is a compound wound Stud. A compound wound is a solution of the continuity diuiding or cutting the bones sinews muscles veines or Artiers in which hapneth for the most part dolour inflammation tumour and oftentimes Apostomation Doct. Let me know your method for the curing of a greene wound Stud. Euery good Chirurgion doeth set downe a fiuefold scope or intention for the curing of wounds The first is to draw out that which is sent into the body whether ballet wood bone or stone arrows darts such like The second is a coniunction and vniting of parts diuided The third is a retaining of those parts vnited in their proper seate The fourth is a conseruation of the parts of the substance The fifth is a prohibition and mitigation of accidents Doct. How is the first intention performed Stud. The first intention is performed either with instruments of iron or attractine medicines where by things that are infixed are drawne out A wise Chirurgion will consider the forme and difference of things infixed and the nature of the parts affected of which matters Taugatius hath written at large and many others The medicines attractiue are Radix aristolochiae Arundinis Anagallis Thapsia Ammoniacum Saga penum Liclamnum Ranae combustae Or Emplastrum Auicennae so much commended by Guydo Doct. How is the second and third intention performed Stud. The second and third intention is performed by binding ligature if the wound be simple and small and in a place where it may sitly be performed yea although it be large so it may be easily bound as in the museles of the arme and such like but if it happen that ligature will not serue then must bee added the helpe of the needle being carefull to handle the partie gently to place it in his due seate Doct. How is the fourth intention performed Stud. The 4. intention is accōplished by appointing of a sit cōuenient diet according to the strength of the patient and greatnes of the affect dispositiō of the whole body for a thin diet cold doth very much ar aile in resisting of Sypmtōs we also ad blood letting purging of humors to auoid accidents also the part is to be contained in this due place and a cataplaesme framed with the whites of egs and other cooling things are to be applied and sometimes to be fomented with astringent wine Doct. How doe you finish the fift intention Stud. The fift intention is in the correcting of accidents which is flux of blood dolor tumor paralysis conuulsion feuer syncope delirium and itching But this is to bee obserued in the flux of blood whether it hath flowne sufficiently or no if otherwise the flux is to be suffered for after a sufficient flux the wound doth remaine drie and is so much the nerer cured and the lesse symptoms follow as phlegmon and such like and if the wound bleed not sufficient wee must open a veine for reuulsion according to the greatnesse of the affect and the nature of the wound especially when through paine or other cause wee feare inflammation or a Feuer Doct. So you haue now satisfied mee reasonably in woūds let me know your method in vlcers tell mee first what is an vlcer Stud An vlcer is a solution of continuitie yeelding forth sanies pus matter Doct. How many sorts of vlcers bee there Stud. As there are of wounds two sorts so there are two sorts of vlcers simple and compound Doct. What is your method and intention of curing of an vlcer Stud. The common indicanon and intention of curing of
all vlcers if onely we consider the vlcer is exiccation but if we consider the cause from which it is ingendred or nourished and symptoms without remouing of which it cannot be cured it hath foure intentions of curing The first that we prescribe a fit diet The second that wee intercept the matter antecedent The third that we remoue the symptoms and dispositions ioyned with the vlcer The fourth that we dry the thinne recrement of the vlcer and deterge the grosse Doct. How will you performe your first intention as concerning a sit and connenient diet S. I prescribe a diet to the patiēt either smal or large according to the strēgth of the patient or aboundance or fewnes of humors in the qualitie of meates I haue consideration of the temperament and humors redounding as wel in the whole body as the part affected as if the humors be sharp hot those we alter vnto coldnes and with all correcting the Acrimony and sharpnes Doct. How do you finish the second Stu. The 2 scope I also performe when I consider as wet the qualitie as the quātitie of humors offending as well in the whole body as flowing to the part affected and so by euacuation and imersion partly by purging medicines partly by bloud letting if strength age and other things doe agree partly by binding frictions fomenting of the parts opposite to the vlcer partly by repellent medicines to intercept the fluxe such as is vnguentum ex boro and such like Doct. How is the third scope finished Stud. We performe the third intention when wee remoue as I said the manifold and diuers Symptoms and euill dispotisions ioyned with the Vlcer for sometimes there is ioyned distemperature sometimes paine somtimes tumor and swelling and somtimes contusion often times Hypersareosin but more often thicknes of lippes corruption of bone virulent excrement foule matter hollownes crooked windings as in Fistulaes with cacoethia and euil disposition all which haue diuet scure Doct. What is the difference betweene a Fistula and an Vlcer Stud. A Fistula is a deepe and hallow Vlcer indurated with a strict and narrow orifice which doth require handie operation as the common Vlcer doth and the difference is that the ore hath callositie and induration and the other hath not Doct. Well now wee must proceed to tumors against nature tell mee how many tumors be there against nature Stud. The Physitions prescribe foure kinds of tumors against nature according to the foure humors the first is called Phlegmone and is an inflamation or collection of blood and as Galen saith is a simple tumor and an affect of the fleshie parts proceeding of a fluxe which sweateth through the coats of the veines like vnto a dew wherein they gather together to themselues a tumor with heate rednesse stretching pulsatine or beating paine which is proper to great inslammations The second is called Erysipilas and is properly an affect of the Skinne and doth proceed of pure choler and is much hotter then phlegmon and therefore is of some Physitions called ignis sa or ignis S. Anthonij and of some ignis Persicus which names may also be applied vnto or to his kinds The third is called Oedema and is soft loose and without paine springing of thinne slegme or vaporous spirits The fourth is called Scirrhoi or Scirrhus that is induration or hardnesse and is a tumor proceeding of a grosse melancholick humour and is hard without paine and sometimes without sense and sometimes also it happeneth of grosse and tough slegme and of the dregges of blood sometimes also slegmon is turned into scirrhus by the application of medicines that doe vehemently coole and binde Doctor Let mee know your method for the curing of flegmon Student The curing of Flegmon doth consist in a fourefold intention the first doth consist in prescribing of fit and conuenient diet which is in the due vse of those sixe things that bee called not naturall In this affect therefore wee must bee verie carefull to make choice of a pure cleere and cold aire also the diet must bee cold and a little drying and that which doth procure and ingender little blood and therefore wine egges and nourishing brothes must bee refrained or very little vsed the part affected must in no case bee exercised and there must also a meane bee kept and obserued in sleepe and watchings sleeping in the day time and after meales must be auoided the belly must be kept loose either by clyster or otherwise the patient must auoid anger clamour contention withal he must flie from venery and the vse of women as from a most deadly enemy The second scope is in the restraining of the Fluxe of humors which is performed as well by reuulsion as by medicines repelling therefore presently in the beginning we must open a veine in the beginning we must open a veine in the opposite part so that the Patient haue a plethorick and a full body but where there is no fulnes of body and yet notwithstanding we feare the vehemency of the disease through the greatnes of the cause and that withall the disease is in his augmentation then for reuulsion we cuta veine not far from the affect so likewise when the disease draweth to his state if it be possible we open a veine neere the effect But this wee must be carefull of that before phlebotomy the belly must be emptied and the common excrements auoided either by clyster or some bole of Cassia or otherwise The third scope is in curing of the matter now coniunct and impacted together for that must be auoided Therfore in the increase we haue a twofold scope of curing the one in repelling of the matter flowing the other in discussing of the matter inhering vnto the part Doct. What medicines haue you that doe discusle and resolue Stud. Medicines that doe discusse which be of the gentler sort are Aqua calida Vinum giluum ac tenue Panis furfuraceus fermentatus Adeps suillus gallinaceus anserinus Anatinus Oleum vetus Oleū chamoemeli Oleum anethinum Lana sordida butyrnm Furfur hordeum Lentes althea Malua agrestis chamoemeli meliloti Parietaria Absynthium brassica Caricae pingues The stronger medicines are Farinae seminis lini faenegraeca lupinorum Orobi adipes taurinus vrsinus Leoninus Olea larinum Rutaceum irinum sicynium Nucum Radices Ireos aristolochiaerotund Bryoniae gentianae follia Hyssopi Marioranae Saluiae Rutae obrotan pulegij calameti Origani sem anisi faeniculi anethi Dauci carui flores sambuci Anthos Gummi Ammoniacum B dellium galbanum Opoponax But in all hotte tumours wee are to vse the gentler remedies beforesaid and in the increase we mixe discussiue medicines with those that bee astringent As for example in a cataplasme we say Rec. Farina seminis lini ℥ j. ss Far. hordij ℥ ij Flor. cham P. j. Rostrub Drag iij. Fol. bacchar myrti an Dr. j. ss Let al be boiled in vineger to the
satisfied mee reasonable well as concerning tumors against nature I will now examine you in some particular cures and then I wil leaue off to trouble you any farther I am now to deale with you about the pūcture of a nerue what are your intentions in the same cure Of the puncture of a nerue or sinew Stud. There is a twofold scope in the curing of a puncture of a nerue the first that we preuēt phlegmon or inflāmation for which purpose I prescribe to the sicke a thinne diet cold and dry yet notwithstanding the aire must bee hot and moist for a cold aire is very hurtfull to the sinewes and an ouer hot ayre may cause phlegmon I cause him also to lie in a soft bed placing the part softly and fitly that the body may bee quiet also if need bee I open a veine I cause him to goe freely to the stoole either by giuing a clyster or some other laxatiue medicine sit for the nature of the humors resting in the body Then I proceed to topical medicines in which I do obserue the largenes of the orifice which if I perceiue to be but little smal I delate and inlarge to the intent the matter may more freely auoid out if any thing remaine therein that I draw forth then I remoue accidents and especiall dolor and paine which I perform with somentations of wine and water wherein is boiled some flowers of comomell also I apply vnto the wound and round about oleum terebinth or oleum hypericon as hot as the patient may indure al which doe remoue the paine and auoid the matter In the beginning also it is very good to apply Emplast Auicennae framed ex farina horaij fabarum orobi of either equall parts boiled together with syrupe of vinegre and sixinium or in stead thereof new wine In like maner oleum Rutaceum partes 5. terebinth partem unam dimidiam Or this medicine following Rec. Musci quercini M. ij furfuris M. j. Oubani ℥ j. Let them be boiled in a little wine with halfe so much vinegre to the forme of a pultisse and so applied to the place Doct. Oftentimes there followeth Great dolor and pain what must be done then Stud. Then we apply fitly oleum de uitellis Ouorum or oleum terebinthmae mixt with oyle of Roses or with oleum Lumbricorum terrest Or else a cataplasme framed of crumbs of bread and milke with oyle of Roses Camomell yelks of egges and a little saffron Doct. But sometimes all these meanes will not serue to cease the exceeding paine what shift will you vse then Stud. Then if there be no remedie we flie to stupefactines as a pultisse framed with the crums of bread and papauere alb yea and if need be cum opio Or Rec. Farinae tritici ℥ ij succi foliorum hyos ℥ iij fiat puls quaecalens applicetur Doct. What if conuulsion should follow what must be done then Stud. If the patient be in danger of conuulsion or that there be conuulsion then presently we foment or anoint the head the necke the spine of the backe the shoulders and arm holes if the wound be in the hand or if the wound be in the foote wee anoint the slanckes priuities and the knees with hot oyle of lillies or cum oleo Laurino vel costino vecspicato vd oleo ex pulegio or with common oyle wherein is decocted some Castoreum or Euphorbium Doct. But what if there be inflammation how shall we remoue that Stud. In that case Guydo teacheth vs to make an Emplaster ex farina orobi fabarum hordij cum Lyxiuio syrupo acetoso coctis or with wine and a little vinegre or to make a cataplasme ex lumbricorū ℥ ij porrorum tritorum ℥ j. olei sufficienti quantitate Which must be applied hot Doct. After the generation of matter what must be then done Stud. Then to clense the wound we vse this vnguent following Rec. Farinae hordij fabarum an ℥ ss farinae lupinorum orobi an ss ij pui lumbricorum Dra. j. vinidecoctions caudae equina prassiac matricariae Q. S. Let all boile together then ad of melrosarum ℥ ij sarcocol sagap in praedict vino dissol fing Dra. j. and so make an ointment Sometimes it happeneth that through these punctures of the nerues there proceedeth exceeding putrifaction so that we are driuen to applie caustick medicines as vnguentum Aegyptiacum forrum candens and such like Of wounds in the head Doct. I will now proceed to wounds of the head tell me your method to cure those wounds Stud. For the curing of wounds in the head we prescribe to the patient a thin diet vntill such time that we be safe from inflammation and other accidents and if necessity be wee open the Cephalica veine if strength may suffer it so that a gentle clyster be first iniected We are alwaies careful to keepe the belly loose we also forbid the patient such meats as doe cause fumes and vapours and while we are curing the wound we cause the aire to be warme neither do we suffer the patient to lie vpon that side of the head that is wounded vntill such time as there flow sufficient matter Digested then we admit him to lie on that side for by that meanes shall the matter auoid more easily Doct. What if the scull be fracturde how shall we perceiue that Stud. To trie that if the wound be not large enough we open it with a raser or fit knif for that purpose in the form of the letter X. and being discouered wee applie stuphs moistned in vinegre to stay bleeding then we search diligently where the rift or scissure be there or no which being doubted of we frame a linament with the white of an egge mastich which we doe apply and at the next dressing wee obserue diligently whether the linament be drier in one place then in another which if we find so to be then we iudge vndoubtedly that there is some rift or scissure in the skull In like manner in a confusion without a wound the head being first shaued we apply the same medicine which if we perceiue to be drier in one place then in another we may then suppose that there is some fracture Or Rec. Cerae thuris Ladani an ℥ ij terebinth farinae fabarum acetising ℥ j. and so make a cataplasme which must be applied to the part that is shaued and there will appeare the same signes as before Doct. What must be done when the skull is fracturde Stud. Then if the fracture be large enough that the matter may auoid we haue no need to apply the trepan or other instument to make it larger But if it be so small that the matter cannot flow out fitly then we must make passage by some instrument and so prouide that the rough fragments of the bone may not hurt the crassa meninx wee may make way in the form of the letter X. or in the
head or by the consent of some other member or by both but the matter of the disease is either blood choler flegme or melancholy or else sometimes vapours arising from the same Achor or Furfur it is a kind of vlceration of the head like a scurffe or dandruffe and is like vnto branne or oatmeale It springeth through too much humiditie and moistnes of the braine and somtimes through melancholy or some salt humor it is not much different from Fauus which is also a kind of scaly matter in the head Phrenitis or Frenisis is the Frensie or madnes some affirme that it is bred in the pellicles of the braine called Pia mater either by inflammation or impostumation it causeth alienation of the mind and losse of memorie There is an other kind of Frensie which doth follow as accidents of some disease as with a Feuer the Plurifie and such like Lethargus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an other disease which doth take his name from the forgetfulnes of all things It hapneth with the alienation of the mind and a sleepines not to bee resisted It is caused of flegme which cooleth the braine ouermuch and moistneth it and therby doth prouoke sleepe it is deriued of Lethe obliuion and of argos hebetudo that is dull obliuion Caros or subeth is a depriuation of a mans sense and motion It doth differ from Lethargus because that those that be affected with the Lethargre will answere to a question demanded but those that are affected with this disease are occupied with a deep sleep and if they be stirred or pricked although they feele yet they will say nothing nor once open their eyes It is caused of a cold grosse and viscous flegmatick humor filling the braine Melancholia and mania is an alienation of the mind troubling reason and waxing foolish so that the Patient is almost besides himselfe It doth come without a wound or an vlcer either in the braine or in the marrow of the backe or in any particular sinewes Torturaoris called of Almansor contractio it is vntruly named the palsie for it is more neerer a crampe for because it doth contract the sinewes of those partes The chiefe cause of this disease springeth as of that of the Palsie or else of cold or some angry passion Spasmus or conuulsio in English the Crampe it is a disease in the which the sinewes are drawne and pluckt vp against ones will there bee of it three kindes the first is called by the Latines Distentio and is when the neck doth remaine altogether immoueable and cannot bee turned any way but must bee holden right forth the second is called in Latine Tensio ad anteriora in this disease the head and the neck bee drawne downe to the breast the third is called tensio ad posterioria in this disease the head is drawne downe backward to the back and the shoulders The causes by Hippocrates are said to be two that is fulnes and emptines of the sinewes in the body somtimes it doth come with the biting or stinging of some venemous beast some are also of opinion that the extraordinary vse of Venerie and vsed vpon a full stomack may cause this desease also debilitie and weaknes and the want of blood may be an occasion of this disease Catarrhus is a distillation of some rheumatick matter vnto the lower parts as when it doth discend to the nostrels and cause oppilation it is called Coryza or when it doth descend to the parts of the throat it is called Branchus or when it doth descend vnto the brest or to the lungs then it is called the catarrh from whence this verse doth arise Si fluit ad pectus Rheuma tuicc dico catarrhū Ad fances branchon ad nares dico coryzam The catarrh is also caused either through some outward coldnesse or heate sometimes by euaporation of meats sometimes by the smell and odor of hot and cold things by the immoderate vse of Venerie oucrmuch sleepe violent exercise or too much rest or repletion There are many other diseases which do spring from the braine as palpitatio membrorum tremor and stnpor with such other like which for breuities sake I doe omit CHAP. II. Of the affects of the eyes THe affects of the eyes are opthalmia the cataract lippitudo leucoma glaucoma Aegilops suffusiones and such like The opthalmia is an inflammation or an hot impostume in the eye It is caused of some distillation from the braine or else of the corruption of blood mixt with choler and somtimes accidentally by a stripe or blow the smoake dust the sunne c The cataract of some called suffusio is a disease in which the Patient doth imagine oftentimes that he seeth black things it is a corrupt water congealed like a curd ingendred of the humors of the eye distempered betwixt the tunicles set before the sight of the eye the Crystaline humor The causes hereof may bee a fall stroake heate cold paine by whose meanes the humor is drawne and gathered together or the cause may bee vapours and humours ascending to the braine and from thence discending to the eyes which in processe of time and by reason of cold are changed into water and in the end is become thick and congealed Lippitudo bleare-eyes it is when the vnder lidde of the eye is subuerted Rasis doeth affirme that to be lipitudo when the white of the eie is turned to rednesse It is caused of some salt humor or of superabundance of rheume with corruption of blood Leucoma a kind of webbe the which is rooted in vpon the eies The cause is a viscous humor or some rheumatick matter sometimes also it may come of a stripe or bruise Glaucoma is vsed in two senses for it is taken vnproperly for a webbe cataracte or spot which is gathered and dried round about the apple of the eye but there is a difference betweene the cataract and Glaucoma for the cataract is a collection and an heap of other humors then of those which are naturall in the eye slowing vnto it from some other place but Glaucoma is properly vsed when the crystaline humour is drie and thicke and the colour of it is greene whereupon the eyes seeme greene or pale Aegilops is a little fistula in the corner of the eie neere vnto the nose out of the which doth issue continually flegme or a thinne humor arising of some former disease as of anchilops suppurated but either not speedily opened or negligently dressed or rather it doth arise of some slimie matter or moist medicines or the aire which hath altered and rotted the bone in that part CHAP. III. Of the diseases of the eares DOlor aurium paine in the eares is caused of some through cold taken in iournying by cold winds somtimes it is caused of cold bathes and medicinall waters also it doth chance to many through hotte distemper sometimes through inflammation sometimes sharpe and biting humours doe cause paine in
the eares Sovitus aurium sound and noyse of the cares is for the most part ingendred of a windie vapour or of grosse and clammy humors sometimes it is caused through weakenesse of the members When it doth chance in the recouery of a disease some humour is taken into the sinews of the cares it may be caused also of outward things as of cold heat or a blow on the head Surditas grauis auditus deafnes and slow hearing it doth begin sometimes at ones birth and sometimes afterwards which doth chance either through cholericke humours flying vpwards or through crude and grosse humors stopping the hearing Parotides be inflammations which are wont to issue out in the kernels which be by the eares It is caused of abundance of hot blood which is either mixed with choler or flegme or melancholie and sometimes it is caused of humors compact in the head and sometimes of the rest of the body by sickenesse and especially by feuers CHAP. IIII. Of diseases of the nose OZenae are certaine vlcers in the nose that be deepe and rotten out of the which doth breath a lothsome and stincking sauour the cause is sharpe and rotten humours which flow to the nostrils Profluuio sanguinis ex naribus flux of blood at the nose is caused by a two fold meanes as internall and externall externall as some fall a stripe vehement exercise and tarying in the sunne Inward causes as plenty of blood or thinnes of the same and sometimes great drinking of wine Polypus is a fleshie matter growing in the nostrils like vnto a kind of caruncle Hippocrates doth affirme that it is incurable sometimes it is caused through grosse humours descending to the nostrils and sometimes it ariseth through a melancholicke humour Coryza Read before in the description of Catarrhus CHAP. V. Of the affects of the mouth and teeth Foetor oris stinking of the mouth it is caused for the most part through putrifaction of the gummes or teeth or through meat sticking still in the teeth many times it commeth through hotte distemper of the skinne of the mouth sometimes also through corrupt and rotten humours sticking in the mouth of the stomacke sometimes vlceration of the mouth or lungs is the occasion of the stinking of the breath Acola and apthe are certaine vlcers bredde in the vppermost part of the mouth and haue a certain burning heat some are whitish and some are of a red colour and some are blacke and they are the most perillous they ingender for the most part in infants and sucking children when either the nurses milke is naught or the child cannot wel digest it These vlcers sometimes chance to them that be of perfect age as well through great flux of vitious and corrupt humors to the mouth as also through sharpnes of those things that are eaten and drunke Dolor Dentium the tooth-ach it is caused sometimes through hot or colde distemper sometimes through flowing of humours out of the head vnto the rootes of the teeth which through their sharpenes either doe gnaw about them or else with their abundance they ingender greefe in the teeth as if inflammation be about the fleshy parts Paine in the teeth is sometimes without inflammation of the gummes sometimes in the sinew wherein the rootes be planted Dentes denigrati molles teeth that be black and loose happen through the flowing of vitious humours and sometimes through a stripe or fall sometimes through flowing of moisture which doth loose the sinews and ligaments and so doeth make the teeth loose or else gnawing and weakenes of the gummes in which the teeth are set are the cause of loosenes There are many other infirmities of the teeth and mouth as Apostumes in the tongue inflammations chaps and such like vlcers of the gummes with the excrescence of flesh all which I ouerpasse for breuities sake CHAP. VI. Of the affects of those parts that serue to the voice TVmer vnulae the swelling of the vuula sometimes the vuula is inflamed and sometimes it falleth downe It is caused either of rheume or else of some hot humour but if the vuula doe fall it doth proceed either through great labour or heat or else through great sicknes or weakenes Squinantia or angina it is an Apostume of the throte Hippocrates in 3. prog 17. describeth foure kinds and Celsus doth approue but three kindes and the first kind doeth seldome appeare outward and for the most part is mortall the three other be not so dangerous It is caused through some flux of humours that doe descend from the head to the throte and sometimes it doeth come through euaporations ascending from the stomacke to the throte Bocium the Greekes call it Bronchocelen the Latines call it Hernia gutturis it is a great round tumor in the throte it setleth it selfe between the skin and the sharpe Arterie in the which sometimes grosse flesh is included as it were a kind of humour like vnto hony fatnesse or like to cheese and egges sodden together Tonsillarum inflammatio the inflammation of the Tonsils some doe call them amygdalae the Almonds they are often times inflamed for their places are hotte and moist Those which are most vexed with this euill haue abundance of blood and children and infants which doe sucke through the drawing of the milke sometimes it happeneth to men and women by the drinking of strong wines and through greedie deuouring of meate especially if they bee eager or sharpe sometimes there are vlcerations of the Tonsils which hapneth vnto those that doe abound with vitious humours CHAP. VII Of the affects which are incident vnto the breast and lungs OF the Catarrhe we haue alreadie spoken of in the infirmities of the head Tussis the cough Galen in lib. 1. cap. 2. de symptomatum causis doth affirme that a cold distemper of the instrument of breathing to be the cause of the cough Also a humour distilling from the head to the trachoea arteria and sharpnes onely of the vpper skinne of trachaea arteria going about within doeth prouoke the cough sometimes it is caused through cold or flegme descending vpon the lungs sometimes it happeneth through heate dissoluing the superfluous matter of the braine and so through a catarrhall distillation the cough is excited Asthma is a disease in the which the patient hath difficultie of breathing and it is caused when as grosse and clammie humors in abundance be gotten into the gristles lappats of the lungs or when as there is some swelling like vnto a botch sometimes a pestilent aire and the fumes of quick siluer may be the cause The disease hath a threefold division for first when it is but small and that there is no danger of suffocation at is called Dyspnaea secondly when it doeth grow more vehement and that the patient cannot breath without wheesing or difficultie it is called Asthma thirdly when the patient is not able to lie in his bedde for feare of swounding or suffocating it is