persons according to the tenor of the Gospel-Covenant and so qualifies them to be so adjudged by God against all accusations to the contrary by what or by whomsoever It is that which makes their cause good when they come to be tried and judged by the Law of Liberty because it is all which that Law requires to denominate them Righteous and to entitle them to the benefit of that Law This Righteousness of Faith is the essential matter or material cause of our Justification without which no such thing could be and supposing which it cannot but be so long as the Gospel-Covenant stands in force It makes those that have it the proper subjects of Justification for as God will condemn the wicked so he will most certainly Justifie the Righteous such as are made so by his own Grace without respect of persons he judgeth acocrding to every mans work and the nature of his cause In these and the like respects doth the Righteousness of Faith operate to our Justification These things stand proved in what hath been said before in opening the nature of the Covenant of Grace and the nature of Faith and the reason of its designation by God to its Office and work And may be yet further confirmed by those Scriptures where Faith is said to be counted and imputed to us for Righteousness as it was to Abraham Rom. 4.3 6 11 22 24. Gal. 3.6 Gen. 15.6 Jam. 2.23 For if God count it to us for Righteousness then it is our Righteousness for God accounts of things but as they are when they are what they are of his own making as this Righteousness of Faith is And if this Faith be our Righteousness in Gods account then they must needs be Righteous in his account that are Righteous with this Righteousness and be approved of and adjudged such by him And thus Faith operates to our Justification as it is the essential and intrinsical matter of our Justification CHAP. V. How God himself operates to our Justification I Come now in the last place to enquire in what respects Justification is attributed to God and what his operation is in producing this great effect of Justifying such as have been sinners That he doth Justifie believers by some acts proper to him is no Christians doubt It is one God which shall Justifie the Circumcision by Faith and the Vncircumcision through Faith Rom. 3.30 Who shall lay any thing to the charge of Gods elect it is God that justifieth Rom. 8.33 Now God may be said to Justifie in several respects some more remote and some more proximate and immediate God is the Author Spring and Fountain and principal efficient cause of all other causes that any way concur or cooperate to our Justification Christ himself which is the foundation stone in this building by virtue of whose Mediatorial Righteousness we are Justified he is made to us of God Wisdom and Righteousness 1 Cor. 1.30 It is also God which hath given being to the new Covenant which is the Covenant of his Grace by virtue of which also we are Justified And the Righteousness of Faith which is the matter of our Justification is of Gods working in us by his Spirit Whence it is that both our Sanctification and Justification are attributed to the Holy Ghost 1 Cor. 6.11 But ye are sanctified but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus and by the Spirit of our God But that which we have now principally to consider is what that last act is or those last acts are by which God Justifies us And his operation herein is judicial for he Justifies as a Judg and therein proceeds by his own Law of Grace as the rule of judging of men and their cause And Gods judicial Justification of men doth stand I conceive in these two things principally 1. God in justifying of men approves of them for such as have performed the condition on which he in the Covenant of Grace promised pardon of sin and eternal Life That is he approves of them for true believers and such as have given up themselves to obey the Gospel to live according to the doctrine of their Saviour and adjudgeth them to be such 2. Those whom God approveth of as true and sincere observers of the new Law the Gospel or Covenant of Grace those he adjudgeth to be Righteous persons and that Faith of theirs by which they have fulfilled it to be their Righteousness True believers and such as have given up themselves to obey the Gospel they are Justified by the Gospel that is they are Righteous in the sense and meaning of that Law For that practical obediential Faith of theirs is their conformity to this Law of Christ the Gospel and therefore it must needs be their Evangelical Righteousness But there is this difference between being justified by the Gospel as it is the new Law of Grace and by being justified by God The Gospel-Covenant pronounceth all true believers in General to be Righteous persons but doth not determine whether this or that person in particular be a true believer and so a Righteous man or woman But God in justifying men determineth and adjudgeth this and that man in special to be a true believer and therefore a Righteous man in the sence of the Law of Grace It is the work of a Judg to apply the Law as a general rule to the special cases of particular men and to justifie or condemn men in particular in reference to their particular cases by and according to the general rule of the Law And so doth God the Judg of all in the case before us He knows and considers every man in particular whether he be a true believer or not And those whom he finds to be so those he adjudgeth to be Righteous according to the tenor of the Gospel which is his justifying of them Now that God justifieth men this way and after this manner does I conceive plainly and fully appear by those Scriptures which tell us that God doth justifie us by Faith and that he doth impute or account Faith to us for Righteousness One vein of Scriptures acquaints us that God justifieth us by Faith and through Faith Rom. 3.28 30. and 5.1 Gal. 2.16 and 3.8 By another vein of Texts we are told that God imputes accounts and reckons Faith to us for Righteousness Gen. 15.6 Rom. 4.3 5 11 22 24. Gal. 3.6 Jam. 2.23 Now these two veins of Scripture put together the sense that results out of them is I think plainly this That God justifies us by accounting our Faith to us for Righteousness This is so plain as that I know not what can well be plainer In the one vein it 's said that God justifieth us by Faith in the other that he imputes and reckons Faith to us for Righteousness And for God to account Faith to us for Righteousness and to reckon and adjudg us to be Righteous upon the account of our Faith signifies I think the same
appear lovely and beautiful as effects of a most wise contrivance for excellent ends Even so the Doctrine of Justification while handled and beheld only in this or that particular part of it remains comparatively obscure But when all which goes to the making up of the whole is put together in order and when it is discovered how one thing depends upon and answers another in it it will not be difficult at all to understand it And when the whole of Gods design in that way and method by which our Justification is brought about is laid open those things in it which have been apprehended by some not well to consist together but to bear hard upon one another will appear quite otherwise For then the grace of God the Righteousness of Christ and the personal Righteousness of him that is justified will appear not in opposition but in a lovely conjunction all operating in several respects to the same end The sense of these things hath I confess inclined me to offer at something of this nature in the ensuing discourse by way of essay Wherein I have endeavoured with what plainness I could to state and explain the nature and causes of our Justification and to shew how the Righteousness of Christ the Covenant of Grace Faith and God himself do both severally and joyntly operate to our Justification and how the grace of God is eminent in all And likewise to shew how that all that goes to our Justification is by the Grace of God founded on the Righteousness of Christ and immediately or remotely receives the vertue and efficacy of its operation from it in conjunction with Gods gracious ordination And particularly that out of this Righteousness of Christ and the Grace of God thereby doth arise the Covenant of Grace and from that Covenant the constitution of Faith for Righteousness and from that constitution Gods approving such for righteous which have that Faith and his adjudging them to be so For which cause our Blessed Saviour may well be said as he is to be made to us of God Righteousness These things will more fully appear in the discourse it self now before you to which I refer you for your more full satisfaction Hoping that the usefulness of what is thereby designed and endeavoured will so far appear as to stir up and engage some others to undertake the same work who may much better go through with it and compleat it than I have been able to do The Christians JUSTIFICATION STATED CHAP. I. Of the signification and use of the word Justification with a description of Justification it self THE design of the following discourse is to state the great Doctrin of Justification and so to represent it from the Holy Scriptures as that it may be adapted and fitted to the capacity of the meanest Christian that is inquisitive into a matter of that grand importance as his Justification before God is And as a guide herein I shall first enquire into the Notation and signification of the word Justification For the use of words being to convey to the mind the Idea and notion of things and the nature of them it is but reasonable to govern our selves in our notion of the nature of Justification by the signification of such words and phrases by which it is in Scripture exprest After this is done I shall enquire into the severals which operate to the producing this great effect Justification and how they do it By all which I hope any Christian of a very ordinary capacity shall be able to discern the true nature of justification what it is and in what it doth consist The word Justification in Scripture signifies either to make just or to approve as just or vindicate and adjudge as just or righteous The word is but sparingly used in Scripture as signifying to make just but another word more commonly which is Sanctification But to be made just is essentially or absolutely necessary to justification as we shall see afterward For God will not approve of or adjudge any man as just who is not so But about the more ordinary and common signification of the word I find that learned men are much of one mind and do conclude that the word generally in Scripture is used in a forensick or law sense and does imply a legal procedure in a Cause or with a person by a Judge and according to some law So the learned Dr. Hammond in his Annotations on Rom. 3.4 And so learned Mr. Tho. Gataker to name no more in the Assemblies Annotations on Isa 5.23 which I shall give you in his own words To justifie saith he is not to pardon as some would expound it in the doctrine of the Gospel for the word is never found so used either in the Hebrew or Greekwriters Sacred or prophane nor in our common speech Nor as it is a law-term doth it ever signifie to make just But to justifie in a legal way doth always signifie to defend or to deem as just and guiltless free from the offence wherewith the party called in question is charged To defend as just and so it is the office of an Advocate to deem as just and consequently assoil from guilt and so it is the part of a Judge As also in private carriages men are said to justifie others when they plead for them and avow their integrity and honesty against those that question it According to this usual sense and notion of the word when applied to God as Judge in justifying of men it signifies his approbation of such as are just in their Cause that is before him to be so his adjudging them to be righteous in the sense of that Lawby which they are tried Thus for instance we have it in King 8.31 32. If any man trespass against his neighbour and an oath be laid upon him to cause him to swear and the oath come before the altar in this house then hear thou in heaven and do and judge thy servants concerning the wicked to bring his way upon his head and justifying the righteous to give him according to his righteousness Where to justifie the righteous does not signifie to make them righteous but to appear for them in Judgment as those that are so and to determine for them accordingly To justifie the wicked in Scripture-phrase does not signifie to make them just but to approve of them and appear for them as if they were just Prov. 17.15 Exod. 23.7 Isa 5.23 And thus again to give some instances in the New Testament S. Paul saith I know nothing by my self yet am I not hereby justified but he that judgeth me is the Lord 1 Cor. 4.4 Where to be justified and to have God to judge for him signifies the same So likewise Rom. 2.13 Not the hearers of the law are just before God but the doers of the law shall be justified The meaning whereof is that not the hearers but the doers of the law shall be approved of by
God as just So that to be justified by God and to be approved of by him as just and so adjudged is all one Wisdome is justified of her children that is approved of and defended against the accusations and quarrels of her adversaries Lu. 7.29 The Publican went down to his house justified that is approved rather than the Pharisee Luk. 18.14 Ye see then how that by works a man is justified that is approved of by God as a good and righteous man as Abraham was and not by faith only Jam. 2.24 By thy words thou shalt be justified and by thy words thou shalt be condemned By these as well as by other things persons are and will be adjudged by God to be good and righteous or wicked and ungodly men Matth. 12.37 Again Rom. 8.33 34. It is God that justifieth who is he that condemneth Where Gods approbation of his people is opposed to others disapprobation of them he approves of them as good while their adversaries condemn them as bad they charge them as bad but God absolves and dischargeth them as good And in this judicial sense is the word justification generally taken throughout the Scripture By Sanctification men are constituted and made evangelically righteous but in Justification they are approved of by God as such and adjudged to be so which is the proper difference between Sanctification and Justification If then we make our estimate of evangelical Justification according to the usual signification of the word as that implies in it the Cause of the party tried the Act of God as Judge and the law and rule on which the trial proceeds and by which the cause is determined for him that is justified then Justification may be thus described It is that whereby God for the sake and upon the account of the Righteousness of Christ doth approve of a true believer as one that hath perfermed the condition on which God in the Gospel hath promised pardon of sin and eternal life and doth impute that performance to him for righteousness and accordingly adjudgeth him to be righteous in the sense and according to the tenor of the law of Grace and such an one as hath a Covenant right and title to the blessings promised in that Covenant pardon of Sin and eternal life This description of Justification as it best agrees with the use and signification of the word and phrase so it does also with the doctrine of the Gospel as we shall afterwards see Which that we may the better do I shall open the whole to you by opening it in its several parts and so shall shew 1. How the Righteousness of Christ doth operate to our Justification 2. How the Covenant of Grace doth it 3. How Faith doth it and 4. How God himself doth it And thus to open the whole nature of Justification by shewing the operation of the several causes of it is I conceive the best and most likeliest way to come to the clearest knowledge and best insight into it that we can attain unto The want of which distinctness in proceeding hath been I conceive an occasion in great part of obscuring the doctrine of Justification while the parts have been confounded and the operation proper to one cause hath been attributed to another The whole of the description which I have given of Justification is the result of the operation of the righteousness of our Blessed Saviour of the Covenant of Grace of faith and of the whole action of Gods dijudication in justifying true believers to the opening of which I shall now proceed And I shall begin with the righteousness of our Redeemer Christ Jesus and shall enquire into the nature and operation of it in reference to our justification CHAP. II. Of the nature of the righteousness of Christ and how it operates to our Justification IN shewing what influence our Saviours righteousness hath into our Justification two things will come under consideration 1. What we are to understand by the Righteousness of our Saviour 2. How it operates to our Justification First of the former what we are to understand by the righteousness of Christ Righteousness is the conformity of a person to some Law or Rule And therefore when we speak of the righteousness of Christ it supposeth some Law in his conformity whereunto this righteousness of his whereof we speak doth consist Which Law is the Law of his Mediation which he received from his Father and which he voluntarily and most willingly undertook to observe and fulfil The mutual agreement between the Father and the Son about this Law of Mediation between God and man and the Sons undertaking to fulfil it in order to our Redemption Divines are wont to call the Covenant of Redemption And as the great office of Mediator is peculiar to him alone for there is but one Mediator between God and man even the man Christ Jesus 1 Tim. 2.5 So the Law of this Mediation was peculiar to him And as the law and office of Mediation were peculiar to our Saviour so is his righteousness which consisteth in his conformity to that law it is a Mediatory Righteousness The benefit of it belongs to believers as I shall afterwards shew but the righteousness it self which is Mediatorial can be no more transferred to any other than his office of Mediation can for his righteousness consists in those acts of conformity to the Law of Mediation by which he doth execute his office of Mediation Now that there was such a Law of Mediation between God and man given by God the Father to Christ his Son and which he did most readily accept of execute and obey is plainly made known to us by our Saviour himself by many of his sayings As in John 6.38 when he says I came down from heaven not to do my own will but the will of him that sent me And again the Father which sent me he gave me commandment what I should say and what I should speak Whatsoever I speak therefore even as the Father said unto me so I speak John 12.49.50 Our Saviour speaking of his laying down his life for his sheep saith No man taketh it from me but I lay it down of my self I have power to lay it down and I have power to take it again this commandment have I received of my Father mark that John 10.18 To fulfil this Law was the design of our Saviours coming into the world Heb. 10.7 Then said I Lo I come in the volume of thy book it is written of me to do thy will O God And of the fulfilling of this law our Saviour spake when in his prayer to his Father he said I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do John 17.4 These with other like Scriptures acquaint us with these two things First that there was a Law given by the Father and chosen by the Son to be observed in managing the office and work of Mediator between God and man which we call the Law
alledged by St. Paul by way of confirmation of his aforesaid doctrine and to prove out of one of the sacred Books owned by his adversaries that their worthy Ancestors such as David whom they could not deny to be Justified men acknowledged themselves sinners such as stood in need of Pardon and such as counted it their great happiness to be Pardoned and that therefore they could not be looked upon as receiving the reward of Debt but of Grace For when he says even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man to whom God imputeth Righteousness without Works saying blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven c. it thereby appears that he looked upon those words of David to be fully agreeable to his own doctrine asserted in Verse 5. in opposition to his adversaries conceit and opinion touching the rewards being reckoned of Debt and not of Grace And indeed how could St. Paul think better to convince them of their error and to shame them out of their conceit of meriting the reward by observing the Law of Moses then by shewing them that their famous Ancestors who observed the Law of Moses as well as any were yet so far from claiming the reward of their obedience as a Debt by way of Merit that they acknowledged themselves sinners and therefore undeserving and counted it their great felicity to be Pardoned through the great mercy and favour of God We will yet consider this matter a little more particularly and distinctly The thing St. Paul asserts against his misbelieving adversaries is as I have said that the reward is of Grace and not of Debt which he makes out two ways 1. From the nature of that Righteousness which is rewarded 2. From the nature of that reward it self First from the nature of the Righteousness that is rewarded and this is described by the condition or quality of the person in whom this Righteousness is found he that worketh not that is though it be one that hath not observed the Law of Moses in being Circumcised and the like And that he means such an one by him that worketh not and yet may be Righteous appears by the instance he gives in Abrahams case who was Righteous with the Righteousness of Faith before ever he was Circumcised Verse 9 10. 2. It is described by the nature and property of that Faith which is the Christians Righteousness it is a believing in him that Justifieth the ungodly upon his repentance and belief in the Lord Jesus Which very belief contains in the nature of it a firm persuasion that Gods Justifying of such a person must needs be of Grace and not of Debt 3. It is described by that act of God by which such a Faith becomes a mans Righteousness and that is by way of imputation or account his Faith is counted to him for Righteousness which argues it to be of Grace and Favour because he to whom it is so imputed is otherwise a sinner ungodly and upon that account cannot merit it Now then if the Righteousness it self which is rewarded be of Grace then the reward of that Righteousness must needs be of Grace This we see is one way by which St. Paul makes out the reward to be of Grace and not of Debt Secondly the other way is from the nature of the reward of that Righteousness And this I call another way of proving the reward to be of Grace and not of Debt For when St. Paul saith Verse 6. even as David also describeth c. that word also seems to signifie an addition of proof of his assertion by another medium And this medium is taken from the nature of the reward of that Righteousness which God imputes to men in Justifying them as his former was from the nature of the Righteousness it self And the Apostles argument or proof is to this effect The reward of that Righteousness by which God Justifies men must needs be of Grace and not of Debt because in great part it consists in Remission of sins and Remission of sin is an act of Grace in the natural notion of it and in the common sense of mankind And that St. Pauls design in alledging this saying of David was not to shew that Remission of sin is the Righteousness by which men are Justified but the reward of it appears by the very tenor and purport of his words For he doth not say that David describeth the Righteousness or Justification of the man to whom God imputeth Righteousness as we have cause to think he would have done if he had known or thought that Remission of sin had been mens Righteousness or Justification but he says he describes the blessedness of that man to whom God imputeth Righteousness Now what doth blessedness in Scripture import when applied to men but some happiness vouchsafed them as an effect of Gods Grace yet so as by way of reward also of the performance of their duty Thus Blessed is the man that feareth the Lord. Blessed are they that hear the word of God and keep it Blessed are they that do his Commandments that they may have right to the Tree of Life and the like So here the blessedness of that man to whom God imputeth Faith for Righteousness seems to signifie the happiness that does accrue to such a man as a reward of that Faith which is imputed for Righteousness or of that Righteousness which is imputed and the happiness here specified which does accrue to such a man is the having his sins Pardoned Now to understand St. Paul here in this sense does fully agree with his scope and design in hand which was to prove the reward to be of Grace and not of Debt After he had opposed the Righteousness of Faith to the Pharisaical Jews Righteousness by works of the Law then he shews the reward of this Righteousness to be of Grace and not of Debt because it stands in Remission of sin And whereas he does not use the word reward here but the word blessedness which yet signifies the same thing it was probably but to accommodate his speech to Davids dialect whose words he recites And as the sense I have insisted on corresponds fully with the Apostles scope and design here So it does also with the tenor of the Covenant of Grace and the Scriptures elsewhere which promise Pardon of sin on condition of that Faith which is imputed for Righteousness as a reward of it and motive to it And if this sense now represented be the sense of St. Paul in these Verses or much what the same and you see what reason there is to think it is then his intent here was not to shew that we are Justified by being Pardoned he does not say it is Pardon of sin which is imputed for Righteousness but Faith Nor does he say that David describes the Righteousness of the Justified man in saying Blessed are they whose iniquities are Forgiven but the blessedness of that man or the reward of his
hope to be Justified and Saved by Faith without works or inherent Righteousness upon the account of a speculative or notional Faith Jam. 2. Aagainst which deceitful notion St. John also warned the Christians when he said Little children let no man deceive you he that doth righteousness is righteous 1 John 3.7 as if he should have said you will be deceived if you suffer yourselves to be persuaded to think you may be Righteous any other way without doing Righteousness Those deluded people it 's probable were willing to interpret the doctrine concerning Faith when but generally and indefinitely exprest to a sense which would indulge them in a life not truly holy as alas too many do at this day who upon a general inoperate belief of the Articles of the Christian Faith doubt not but they shall be Justified by being Pardoned or by having Christs Righteousness so imputed to them as to be Righteous with his Righteousness And although they be told that such a Faith as works by love is necessary to their Justification as a condition of it yet so long as Justification is defined by that which is esteemed intrinsically essential to Justification without such a Righteousness of Faith and so long as they apprehend there is a way of being accounted Righteous by being Pardoned they will not so easily as otherwise they would be brought to a due sense of the necessity of a personal inherent Righteousness unto Justification Whereas were they but convinced that God will account none Righteous upon any account whatsoever nor Pardon their Unrighteousness who are not Righteous indeed with a personal inherent Righteousness they would be left without all hope of being Righteous or of being accepted as Righteous any way without this inherent Righteousness And by this means they would come under a more sensible obligation of becoming inherently Righteous indeed as ever they hope to be Justified as Righteous in one respect or Pardoned as sinners in another And it is a good rule that in all controversies about points of Christian doctrine which have an influence on practice as all generally have it is still safest to adhere to that sense which most obliges men to their duty and most directly and indubitably tends to their happiness as this touching Justification by the Righteousness of Faith rather then by Remission of sin I conceive does 3. Moreover to place Justification in Pardon disagrees to the natural notion which men have both of Pardon and Justification Pardon in the natural notion of it supposeth guilt as on the contrary Justification in the natural notion of it supposeth Guiltlesness or Righteousness in reference to the matter or cause wherein a person is Justified unless when the word Justification is used in an abusive seuse to signifie the perverting of justice by Justifying the wicked To say a person is Justified when we thereby only mean that he is Pardoned gives an uncertain sound in common sense and Ministers occasion for the notion of Justification to lie uneven and to remain unfixt in the mind What I recited out of Mr. Gataker in my first Chapter may here again be remembred who saith To Justifie is not to Pardon for the word is never found so used either in the Hebrew or Greek writers sacred or prophane nor in our common speech And if so why should it be made use of to signifie Pardon contrary to the use not only of Prophane but of Sacred Authors and common speech Nor can I conceive upon supposition of the truth of Mr. Gataker's assertion but to use the word Justification to signifie Pardon or the word Pardon to signifie that thing which is Justification must needs convey the true notion of Justification to the minds of men with disadvantage as tending to obscure it if not to drown the proper notion of it 4. Furthermore to place Justification in Remission of sin is to confound things of quite a different nature for so Justification and Remission of sin I conceive are The subject matter of a mans Justification is his Righteousness but the subject matter of his Pardon is his Unrighteousness The subject matter of a mans Justification is his present conformity to the terms of the Law of Grace but the subject matter of his Pardon is his past nonconformity to that Law and what other Law of God soever he hath transgressed It also confounds Gods Justifying act and his Pardoning act as if they were both one Nay more then so it excludes that which is most properly Gods Justifying act and introduceth his Pardoning act in the room of it For it supposeth God to account or to make a man Righteous by pardoning his Unrighteousness instead of his adjudging him Righteous in that he hath performed the terms of the Gospel on condition of which he promised him Pardon 5. Lastly the notion of Justification by Remission of sin does not so far as I can see upon the most serious consideration at all agree with St. Pauls stated notion of Evangelical Justification in opposition to the Jewish notion of Justification by the Law or works of the Law For he doth not represent the difference of the notion of Justification which he asserts and that which he opposeth to lie in this that the one stands in a pretended Righteousness and the other in the Pardon of mens Unrighteousness but in the different kinds of Righteousness the one standing in the Righteousness of Faith or by Faith the other in the Righteousness of the Law or by the works of the Law The Gentiles saith he which followed not after Righteousness have attained unto Righteousness even the Righteousness which is of Faith There is the Christian Justification But Israel which followed after the Law of Righteousness hath not attained to the Law of Righteousness wherefore because they sought it not by Faith but as it were by the works of the Law and there is the Jewish Justification Rom. 9.30 31 32. Not having mine own Righteousness which is of the Law but the Righteousness which is by Faith Phil. 3.9 Knowing that a man is not Justified by the works of the Law but by the Faith of Jesus Christ Gal. 2.16 The formal difference we see which St. Paul makes between the two notions of Justification lies in the different kinds of Righteousness The Christian or Evangelical Righteousness consisting in a belief of and obedience to the doctrine and precepts of the Gospel but the Jewish Righteousness as they conceited in their conformity to the Law of Moses But St. Paul and the Jews both held Justification to be by a Righteousness Now to say we are Justified by being Pardoned does not at all agree with St. Pauls notion of being Justified by an Evangelical Righteousness of Faith because Pardon of sin is no such Righteousness it is neither a believing of the Gospel nor act of obedience to it but is part of the reward promised to such a Righteousness And as such it is somtime alledged indeed to