repentance Matth. 12. Heb. 6. Sometimes it rusheth mediately and directly against God and sometimes it reacheth more properly to the hurt of our neighbour But who is able to reckon up all the branches of this most bitter and venomous tree wherefore to looke more nearely unto it whence proceedeth this deadly poyson Cause Eficient what may be the cause whereof it commeth and the fountaine from whence it springeth Surely my soule it is even thy selfe thou art the roote that bringeth forth all this bitternesse thou art the fountaine from whence all this deadly venome doth arise For every man is tempted to sinne and hee is drawne away of his owne concupisence and enticed Beware therefore O rebellius soule that thou lay not the blame upon the Lord neither make him the author of thy sinne for thou O God as thou canst not be tempted to evill thy selfe so thou temptest no man to commit sinne being a thing which thou so straitly forbiddest to all and so severely threatnest in whomsoever it is found and for which thou so grieveously plaguest the wicked and so sharpely correctest thine owne children Iam. 1.13 14. Heb 12.7 8. Thou O Lord art holinesse it selfe and the fountaine thereof and there is none eternally and unchangably good but thee alone Mat. 19. Thou madest man good at the beginning but he sought many inventions Eccles 12. so all the imaginations thoughts f his heart be came onely evill continually or every day sabboth and all Gen. 6.5 True it is indeed that the Divell that old Dragon using the subtle serpent for his instrument did offer the first occasion of sinning wherby he became an externall cause of sinne and is called a murtherer from the beginning and the author and father of all deceit Iohn 8.44 yet man had power to have resisted him if he would which he not doing became the true proper efficient cause of corrupting himself all his posterity who likewise by meanes of the poyson derived from his loynes became also the proper and immediate causes of their own sinnes Marke well then O my soule the roote of this evill and further consider what unsavory cursed fruit it bringeth forth surely even such as it selfe is The finall Cause or the end or fruit of sinne for such as the tree is such are the fruites as is the roote so are the branches a poysoned fountaine casteth forth no wholesome streames Iam. 3. and who can bring as the wiseman saith a cleane thing out of filthinesse surely there is not one but onely hee who is holinesse it selfe Iohn 14.4 And without all controversie the reward and wages of sin is death and that not onely temporall and bodily which is a separation of the body from the soule for a season but also spirituall and eternall both of soule and body for ever and ever Is any good thing withheld from us let us thanke our sin for it is any plague or punishment laid upon us be sure that sinne is the cause or at the least even in the dearest children of God the occasion of it Is any good blessing of God made of no force or even turned to a curse to us wee may be sure that it is by reason of our sin for as the Prophet saith the Lords hand is not shortned that it cannot save nor his eare heavie that it cannot heare but our iniquities seperate betwixt us and our God and our sinnes doe hide his face from us that he will not heare Esay 59.1 2. Finally as Iob saith miserie springeth not forth out of the dust neither doth affliction spring out of the earth but man is borne to labour as the sparkles fly upward Iob 5.6 7. As if he should say man is as prone by nature to sinne against God consequently to pull Gods iudgements upon him selfe as the fire which is a light element is naturally prone to ascend and mount aloft And to the end that thou my soule maist see upon what an ugly monster thou hast set thy delight dost dote upon The oâ—posites contraries and art bewitched withall consider how faire and amiable pietie and vertue are for as they make a man lovely and honorable so sinne maketh him loath some and contemptible The feare of God saith Salomon makes the face of a man to shine and be beautiful but impiety and prophanesse do deface and disfigure the image of God in him and cause both God and all good men to loath and detest him as a polluted and filthy thing Favour saith the same Wise-man is deceitfull and beauty is vanity but the woman that feareth the Lord shee shall be praysed Prov. 31.39 A vile person is contemned that is a prophane man and basely esteemed how great soever he be in the world in the eyes of him that feareth God Psal 15.4 And pietie is the onely beauty that the Lord himselfe is delighted with 1 Pet. 3.4 Therefore it is cleare in the contrary part that hee loatheth and abhorreth impietie and sinne Comparisons and yet my soule to bring thee further out of love with this most ugly monster consider whereunto it is like and to what it may be compared It is like saith Esay to filthy raggs that are cast aside upon the dunghill and detested of al the passers by It biteth as a serpent and stingeth as a Coccatrice creepeth as a gangrene or deadly canker that eateth to the heart and cannot bee cured and though it seeme sweete in the beginning yet it is most bitter in the end and that which relisheth like hony in the mouth will prove ranke poyson in the bowels Testimonies Finally O my soule if thou peruse the holy Scriptures thou shalt find no booke no leafe no chapter no scarce any verse wherein there is not some precept some prohibition some promise some threatning or some example which seemeth not very fitly profitably to shew forth the amiablenesse of vertue and the uglinesse of sinne with what care zeale watchfulnesse c the one is to be shunned and the other to bee imbraced Thus farre Mr. Egerton Lib. â— Cap. 6. Now that thou maist attaine kind reader unto this sweete delight of meditation or to the top of whatsoever felicity thou aymest at by this art use my booke in this manner following It consisting onely of rules and examples will bee no great burthen for thee to commit it all to memorie and so whether thou meditatest or discoursest of sinne or piety in the generall or any vice or vertue in the particular thou shalt finde from the head of this arte after the example foreshewed abundance of matter to furnish thy meditation So cum pacis sapientibus I commit my labour to thy discreete and favourable construction and with equall respect to all indifferently rest R. F. Junior PETER RAMVS to the reader wisheth health ARchymedes O Reader would have the reason of the spheares and clymates in which invention he had more
vehemently laboured ingraven upon his sepulchre And truely shouldest thou aske me of my vigils and studies I desire a piller to be raysed upon my grave from the instructions of the art of Logicke Touching the cause of the wish they answer first to the accuratnes of the art the bookes of invention of arguments and their disposition to be iudged not onely from Aristotle Organicall Rhetoricall Physicall but from Cicero and Quintilian and so many Orators In all which wee have strived with all studie diligence by all reasonable wayes to contract them briefly into these two books that no particle or the least shadow of Logicke might be there confused whose truth might not bee expresly delivered And this shall be first made knowne touching Archymedes his probleme They answer secondly to the use of Logicke the elegance and dignity of all the parts to be explicated to stirre up logicall meditations as well the popular phrases of Poets Orators Historiographers as also the liberall and ingenuous arâ—es of a new body deliuered in a new forme to the studious adorned with excellent indowments and least any should feare least they should happen to be strangers they are given and committed to the liberall custodies of their Schoolâ—s This shall be secondly made knowne touching Archymedes his probleme These therefore shall be witnesse of so many daies night watches touching the truth vtility of Logicke and shall answer for the cause of our wish shall also admonish thee reader as I hope of I know not what madnesse is in most academies of Europe disputing of their sophisticall precepts how that they are farre unlike both to the verity and vtility of Logicke and shall also inflame thee to the study of the more true profitable faculties But beside this there is obiected a great company extructed with theatricall reproches threatning paines of tribunall iudgement condemnation at the least of filthy ignorance and calumny will thrust us from the whole kingdome of Philosophy as strange unheard of prescription both with hands and tongue whether will they forbid the small cause of our wish what freedome was obtained by King Henry from the envy of so mad a Iudge to the more solide iudgement of a milder censurer what afterward when this Logical ardor had set foot into the cause of religion was a more great offence the life and health of us being aimed at by those three civill warres will these shew no cause of our wish yea rather they doe admonish That we give great thankes to the almighty who hath ayded and protected the course of our studyes hitherto neither would suffer them by any meanes to be interrupted Therefore I witnesse that this light of Logick will availe greatly to the studious in setting forth the truth as also to adorne the ingenuous artes as cheifly theillustrating the heavenly misteries of the sacred Doctrine I pray that it may grow up more and more to these things and and that this booke may be happily concluded to the glory of GOD. A TABLE OF THE Chapters in the two books of Peter Ramus his Dialectica In the first booke 1. The definition of Dialectica 2. The parts and kindes of arguments 3. The Efficient procreant conservant Cause 4. The Efficient alone and with others 5. The Efficient by himselfe or an Accident 6. The Matter 7. The Forme 8. The End 9. The Effects 10. The Subiect 11. The Adiunct 12. Diverses 13. Desperates 14. Relates 15. Adverses 16. Contradicents 17. Privants 18. Equalls 19. Greaters 20. Lessers 21. Likes 22. Dislikes 23. Conjugates 24. Notation 25. Distribution 26. Distribution of the Causes 27. Distribution of the Effects whether of Kind or Spece 28. The Distribution from the Subiects 29. The Distribution from the Adiunct 30. Definition 31. Description 32. Testimony Divine 33. Testimonies humane of Lawes Sentences In the second booke 1. Of Iudgement 2. Axiomas affirming or denying 3. True and False 4. The simple Axioma 5. The copulate Axioma 6. The connexed Axioma 7. The Discreete Axioma 8. The Disiunct Axioma 9. The Sillogisme and his parts 10. The simple and contracted sillogisme 11. The first kind of the simple explicates Sillogisme 12. The simple explicate Sillogisme 13. The first connexed Sillogisme 14. The second connexed Sillogisme 15. The first disiunct Sillogisme 16. The second disiunct Sillogisme 17. The onely method according to Aristotle 18. The first illustration of Method by examples of artes 19. The second example of Poets Orators and Historiographers 20. The secrets of Method FINIS THE FIRST BOOKE OF PETER RAMVS HIS DIALECTICA of Invention CAP. 1. What Dialectica is Q. What is Dialectica A. Dialectica is the art of disputing well and in that sence is called Logicke CAP. 2. The parts of Dialectica and kinds of Arguments Q. How many ports hath Dialectica A. Dialectica hath two parts Invention and Iudgement Q. What is Invention A. Invention is a part of Dialectica of inventing Arguments Q. What is an Argument A. An Argument is that which is affected to argue any thing such as are all reasons considered a part and by themselves Q. What be the Kindes A. Artificiall and Inartificiall Q. What is an Artificiall Argument A. That which argueth of it selfe Q. What be the Kindes A First or derived from the First Q. What is First A. First is that which is of its own original Q. What be the Kindes A. Simple or Comparative Q. What is Simple A. Simple is that which is considered simply and absolutely Q. What bee the Kindes A. Agreeing or disagreeing Q. What is Agreeing A. That which agreeth with the thing which it argueth Q. What be the Kindes A. Agreeing absolutely or after a certaine manner Q. What is agreeing absolutely A. The Cause and Effect CAP. 3. The Efficient Procreant and Conservant Cause Q. What is the Cause A. The cause is that by whose force the thing is Q. What is the Profit of it A. This first place of invention is the fountaine of all knowledge and hee is beleeved to know of whom the cause is held As the Poet saith worthily The man sure happy is who cause of things doth know Q. How is the Cause divided A. Into two kindes Efficient and Matter or forme and end Q. What is the Efficient Cause A. The Efficient Cause is that from which the thing is Q. How many Kindes hath it A. There appeareth to us no true Kindes yet the great plenty of it is distinguished by certaine meanes Q. What is that which effecteth by the first meanes A. That which procreateth or defendeth Q. Give me an example out of some Poet A. Ovid first remedio amoris Therfore wheÌ„ thou shalt look in this our medsonal Art My admonition doe set Idlenes apart This causeth thee to love this doth defend it still This is the cause of Ioy as meat somtimes breeds ill Take lastly sloath away God Cupids bow is lost His torches lose their light coÌ„temd away the 'r tost
of the ship being knit together with Osiers was covered over with Leather CAP. 7. The Forme Q. The first kind of the cause in the Efficient and Matter being expounded the second followeth in the forme and the end what therefore is the forme A. The forme is the Cause by which the thing is that which it is Q. What is the benefit of it A. From hence the thing is distinguished from all other things and the Forme is ingenerated together with the thing it selfe Q. Give some example of it A. A reasonable soule is the forme of a man because by it a man is a man and is distinguished from all other creatures thereby The form of the geometricall figures is in triangles and quadrangles Heaven Earth Trees Fishes are the forme of Physicall things From whence the cheife explication of things as it is by nature so if it may be found out it shall be as in artificiall things it is more easily met withall Q. Give example out of some Orator A. Caesar lib. 7. But all the French walls are almost of this Forme the beames long and playne with equall distance betweene them about two foote are placed upon the foundation These are bound within and fastened very strongly for those spaces of which we spake are filled up to the top with great stones These placed and knit together an other rowe is also added that the same might keepe the spaces neither doe the beames touch one another but being distant by equall spaces all of them are strongly fastened great stones being placed betweene them And even so is the whole work knit together untill the iust height of the wall he fulfilled This worke therefore is not deformed as well for the comelinesse and variety beames and stones being by courses which keepe their rowes in right loynes as because it hath the cheife strength for profit and defence of Citties because it doth defend both from the mischeife of stones and the materiall ram which with its forty feet being oft bound to the long beames inward can neither be broken or drawne backe againe Q. Give an example out of some Poet A. Aeneid 1. Virgill describeth the forme of his port Betweene two seas two Islandes there doth lie Sidewayes they 'r made the water runns fast by Huge double Rocks that doe reach up to heaven Vnder the which the seas lie still and calme And by the that place green woods there are growing Forth from the same comes great blacke darknes flowing Vnder which rock a dens made very fleet Wherein 's rich living stones and waters sweet Houses for Nimphs chaines for ships there laid Which would not by the Ancor or the chaines bee staid CAP. 8. The End Q. What is the end A. The End is the Cause for whose sake the thing is Q. Give example A. To Physicall things the proposed end is man to man God There is some cheife good and last end of all artes as to speake well of Grammer to plead well of Rethoricke to dispute well of Logicke Q. Give example out of some Poet A. Aeneid 1. Iuno assumeth the end of Mariage when as she promiseth Deiopeia to Eolus to wit for solace and childrens sake Nimphs full fourteene I have of bodies rare But who so is most beautifull and faire Even Deiopeia I to thee doe give Her yeare in Mariage state with thee to live Thee to reward for thy love unto me And cause thine of spring beautifull to bee Q. Give an example out of some Orator A. Cicero pro Lig. Vrgeth Tubero his accuser when as he presseth the end of the wars taken up against Caesar And truely saith he he is come forth armed against Caesar himselfe But what did this Tubero his sword doe in the Pharsalian Armie whose sides did the sharpe point ayme at who was to feele the force of thy weapon where was thy minde eyes hands courage what didst thou desire what didst thou wish CAP. 9. The Effects Q. What is the Effect A. The Effect is that which ariseth from the causes whether begotten or corrupted or whether any thing be moved by any meanes Here the motion the thing done by motion is called the Effect Of this place are prayses disprayses of which sacred Prophane books are full Q. Give example of this out of some Poet A. Aeneid 6. The facts of diverse people are compared to the praises of the Romans Some finely carve upon the boyling brasse They 'l on the marble grave a living face They wish the causes better they 'l descry Heavens shining parts and tell the stars i th sky Remember thou Romes people brave to rule These things shall be thine art peace to impose To spare thy subiects and subdue proud foes Q. What else commeth under this head A. Hitherto are speeches and writings referd Q. Give an example A. Pericles and Hortentius did celebrate the praise of pleading well and by the same argument also Demosthenes Cicero writing wel Q. What further A. To this place are referred councells and deliberations although not brought to their end Q. Give an example A. Perâ—menio and Phylotus were beaten to death because they were suspected to be of the conspiracy against Alexander as Curtius and Arianus have remembred touching Lentulus Cethegus and others the complices of Cateline they suffered punishment by iudgement of the Senate Q. Have not vertues and vices their Effects also A. Yes Q. Give an example A. Horace after this manner describeth the Effects of drunkennesse Secrets it shews and hope it doth command Vnto the wars it drives although unarmd It takes the burden from the carefull man It teacheth art to all that will or can Who ere was drunke that wanted Eloquence Was any poore that used this defence CAP. 10. The Subiect Q. The argument agreeing after a certaine manner succeedeth what is that then A. The Subiect and Adiunct Q. What is the Subiect A. The Subiect is that to which any thing is adioined Q. Make this playner by examples A. The minde is the Subiect of science ignorance vertue vice because these happen beside the being The body of health sicknesse strength weaknesse beauty deformity Man is the Subiect of riches poverty honour infamy apparrell company The place is the Subiect of the thing placed Q. how prove you this last by testimony and example The Phylosophers attribute a place to divine beings although wanting part and greatnesse So the place of Geometry and the difference of places is in Geometrical things so of physicke it is more diligently considered in physicall things In the world in simple elements in compound things Q. Give example out of sonte Poet. A. So Virgill in his Georgicks admonisheth that the place bee diligently sought out for things proposed as come trees plants pastures Before we passe into a sea unknowne Know we the wind and various maner of heaven Our native soyle and every habitation What will refuse or grow in any nation Some beareth corn
Q. Give me a more familiar example A. The Father and Mother procreate the Nurse defendeth Q. Give an example of this out of some Poet A. 4. Aeneid Th' art no Gods Child ne Dardanus his son Thou rather from the steep hard rocks didst come Of Caucasus it seemeth of that breed Hyrcanian Tygars thee with breasts did feed Aeglog 8. Now what this whorson love is I well wot It is a little busie boy begot Not of mans seed ne sibb to one of us But farthest Garamants and Ismarus Or rockie Rhodope as it should seeme In their rough ragged hills ingendred him Q. Doe not builders and governours of Cities come under this head A. Yes Romulus the builder of the City of Rome also all other Kings Consulls and Emperors are defenders and keepers CAP. 4. The Efficient done and with others Q. What is that which effecteth by the second meanes A. That which effecteth alone or with others Q. What are those others A. Some oftentimes are Principall others are helping and Ministers Q. Give an example of the Cause that effecteth by it selfe A. Aneid 6. Nisus calleth backe both the blame the punishment of the Slaughter from Enryalus upon himselfe because he was the only author Lo here I am who only did this deed Latians against me turne your swords with speed T w'as my deceit He could it never doe Ne would his courage serve him thereunto Q. Give an example of the solitary Cause with Principalls and Fellowes out of some Orator A. The Solitary cause with many both Principalls and Fellowes is diversly set forth pro Marcello For the warlike prayses saith the Orator they are wont to extenuate truely by words and to detract them from their leaders to communicate them with many least they should bee proper to their Commanders and certainely in warre the strength of the Souldiers opportunity of places helpe of fellowes ranks provision do much availe But Fortune as it were by her own right challengeth the cheifest part to her selfe and whasoever is prosperously carried that altogether she leadeth But yet of this glory ô Caesar which a little before thou didest obtaine thou hast no companion all that how much soever it is which truely is the cheifest all I say is thine The centurion president Rankes and companies have taken from thee none of this prayse Yea even the Lady of humane affaires Fortune offereth not her self into the society of this glory to thee she giveth place and confesseth it all and wholly to be thine Q. Are not Instruments numbred among helping Causes A. Yes Q. Give an example of it A. By this Argument the impious Epicure disputeth that the world was never made Primo de Nat. For by what eyes of the minde saith hee could your Plato behold the frame of so great a worke wherby hee maketh it constructed and builded of God what labour what iron Ingens what Lever what devises what Ministers were there of so great a worke CAP. 5. The Efficient by it selfe or an Accident Q. What is that which effecteth by the third meanes A. That which effecteth by it self or an Accident Q. How effecteth it by it selfe A. When it effecteth by its owne faculty Q. How effecteth it by its owne facultie A. When it effecteth by nature or counsell Q. Give an example of that which effecteth by Nature A. The Efficient of the windes is Naturall Aeneid 1. The East and South windes on the Sea doe blow They rush through deep till on the top they show The affrick oft with these his blasts conioynes And so the floods are cast up by the windes Q. Give some example of that which effecteth by Councell A. That confession of Cicero touching himselfe is an example of Councell The warre taken in hand ô Caesar waged also for the most part not constrained by any of my Iudgement and will I came forth to those warres which were undertaken against thee Q. How doth the Efficient Cause effect by an Accident A. When it effecteth by an external faculty Q. How doth it effect by an externall faculty A. When it is done by Necessity or Fortune Q. How by Necessity A. When as the Efficient is constrained to to the Effect Q. Give an example of this A. There is one in the excuse of the Pompeians But to me truly saith the Orator if there may be sought out a proper and true name of our evill it doth seeme that we are falne into a certaine fatall calamity that hath occupied the vnprovident mindes of men that none should wonder how humane Councell is ouercome by Divine Necessity Q. How by Fortune A. When somewhat happened beyond the scope of the Efficient Q. Give an example A. So the case chanced saith Tullius tertio de Nat deo That Pherius the enemy was profitable to Iason who opened his impostume with his sword which the Physitians could by no meanes heale Q May not imprudence bee numbred amongst these kinde of Causes A. Yes Q. Give an example A. Ovid. de Trist 2. Why hurtfull light or ought else did I see The fault way mine and not unknowne to mee Wise Acteon Diana Naked saw And food became to 's Doggs devouring maw Blind fortune mongst the Gods is surely blamed Ne pardon gets the Gods shee hath so harmed Q. Doe not Deprecations then proceed from hence A. Yes Q. Give an example A. Pro P. L. Pardon ô Father he hath erred he is slipped he thought not if ever hereafter And a little after I have erred I have done rashly it repenteth me I flie to thy clemency I aske pardon for mine offence I intreat thee that thou wilt pardon me Q. What first caused the name of Fortune A. The ignorance of the Causes hath feigned this name for when as something happenned beyond Councell and Hope it was called by the common people Fortune Q. What is Iuvenals opinion of it A. Wise if we were no God should want but Fortune We place thee high and often thee importune CAP. 6. The Matter Q. What is the Matter A. The Matter is the cause of which the thing is Q. Give an example out of some Poet A. By this feigned Argument the house of the Sunne is compounded of gold carbunkles Yvory and Silver Ovid 2. Mettamorf The Suns high place was built with pillars tall The gold did shine Carbunkles flames let fall The top thereof was layd with Yvory neate And silver dores in portall shined feate Aeglog 3. A merrie Musor fram'd of beech in tree Caru'd worke by hand of divine Alcimeden 'T is round impaled with a scattering trayle Of tender Vine and over all betweene A pale greene Ivy wherewith as a vale The thick diffussed clusters shaded beene Q. Give an example out of some Orator A. Caesar 1. Bel. Civil Caesar cōmanded his soldiers to make ships of that kind which in former yeares the use of the Brittaines had taught him first they made the keyle and pinns of light matter the rest of the body