the_o earth_n do_v not_o always_o find_v gold_n 4._o in_o a_o cause_n not_o sufficient_a of_o itself_o as_o he_o be_v not_o always_o learned_a that_o be_v industrious_a nor_o that_o ground_n always_o fertile_a that_o be_v well_o till_v because_o to_o both_o these_o more_o be_v require_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v three_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o cause_n by_o accident_n as_o he_o that_o do_v not_o dig_v into_o the_o earth_n may_v find_v a_o treasure_n 2._o in_o a_o cause_n that_o may_v but_o be_v not_o as_o a_o building_n may_v stand_v though_o the_o architect_n be_v dead_a 3._o as_o oft_o as_o the_o effect_n may_v be_v produce_v by_o diverse_a cause_n as_o socrateâ—_n may_v die_v though_o he_o do_v not_o drink_v poison_n 2._o the_o effect_n be_v grant_v the_o cause_n be_v also_o grant_v and_o the_o effect_n be_v take_v away_o the_o cause_n be_v take_v away_o also_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v three_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o effect_n by_o accident_n as_o a_o treasure_n may_v be_v find_v though_o the_o earth_n be_v not_o dig_v 2._o in_o a_o effect_n that_o do_v remain_v after_o the_o cause_n as_o the_o house_n may_v remain_v though_o the_o builder_n be_v dead_a 3._o in_o a_o effect_n that_o may_v be_v produce_v by_o diverse_a cause_n as_o a_o man_n may_v die_v though_o not_o by_o poison_n the_o latter_a part_n have_v also_o three_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o effect_n by_o accident_n as_o a_o man_n may_v dig_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o not_o find_v a_o treasure_n 2._o in_o a_o effect_n which_o be_v but_o be_v not_o as_o a_o building_n may_v be_v destroy_v though_o the_o builder_n be_v live_v 3._o in_o a_o effect_n produce_v by_o a_o free_a agent_n as_o there_o may_v be_v a_o physician_n although_o he_o do_v not_o cure_v any_o disease_n 3._o such_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o be_v the_o effect_n and_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o the_o tree_n be_v good_a the_o fruit_n will_v be_v good_a and_o the_o contrary_a both_o part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v two_o limitation_n 1._o in_o aequivocal_a cause_n and_o effect_n as_o the_o draught_n may_v be_v beautiful_a though_o the_o painter_n be_v deform_v 2._o in_o a_o material_a cause_n for_o some_o thing_n that_o be_v extrinsical_a as_o ice_n be_v not_o fluid_a because_o water_n be_v so_o 4._o that_o for_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o be_v much_o more_o such_o itself_o as_o the_o air_n be_v hot_a by_o reason_n of_o fire_n do_v argue_v that_o fire_n be_v much_o hot_a than_o air_n this_o rule_n fail_v 1._o where_o both_o be_v not_o such_o as_o wine_z which_o make_v a_o man_n drink_v be_v not_o itself_o more_o drink_v because_o drunkenness_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o wine_n 2._o where_o it_o do_v not_o receive_v more_o and_o less_o as_o a_o father_n be_v not_o more_o a_o man_n than_o a_o son_n although_o he_o be_v the_o cause_n why_o the_o son_n be_v a_o man_n for_o humanity_n do_v not_o receive_v more_o and_o less_o 3._o in_o a_o cause_n not_o sufficient_a of_o itself_o as_o a_o master_n which_o make_v his_o scholar_n learned_a be_v not_o always_o more_o learned_a than_o his_o scholar_n for_o by_o his_o ingenuity_n and_o industry_n it_o sometime_o so_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o scholar_n be_v more_o learned_a than_o the_o master_n 5._o the_o cause_n be_v in_o nature_n before_o the_o effect_n as_o reason_n before_o risibility_n and_o this_o never_o fail_v for_o a_o final_a cause_n in_o which_o it_o only_o seem_v to_o fail_v although_o it_o be_v in_o act_n and_o execution_n after_o the_o effect_n yet_o it_o be_v before_o it_o in_o the_o intention_n of_o the_o agent_n for_o which_o only_a reason_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n chap._n xii_o of_o the_o topic_n from_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o accident_n we_o do_v not_o here_o take_v the_o subject_n for_o substance_n in_o which_o the_o accident_n be_v inherent_a or_o accident_n for_o that_o which_o do_v precise_o and_o adequate_o adhere_v to_o the_o substance_n but_o subject_n be_v here_o take_v for_o all_o that_o to_o which_o any_o thing_n not_o belong_v to_o its_o essence_n be_v attribute_v a_o accident_n be_v here_o take_v for_o every_o such_o attribute_n as_o number_n be_v the_o subject_n of_o equality_n that_o be_v it_o be_v a_o accident_n of_o a_o accident_n a_o accident_n may_v be_v divide_v many_o way_n and_o so_o may_v a_o subject_n for_o a_o accident_n be_v 1._o either_o proper_a or_o common_a 2._o separable_a or_o inseparable_a 3._o inherent_a or_o internal_a and_o adherent_a or_o external_a 4._o and_o chief_o it_o be_v either_o accidental_a as_o weariness_n do_v accompany_v a_o fever_n a_o pale_a moon_n rain_n and_o all_o prognosticate_a sign_n concomitant_a as_o a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o fullmoon_n and_o consequent_a as_o a_o day_n to_o the_o twilight_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n do_v also_o belong_v to_o this_o topick_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v five_o 1._o the_o subject_n be_v grant_v the_o proper_a accident_n be_v also_o grant_v and_o be_v take_v away_o the_o proper_a accident_n be_v take_v away_o also_o and_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o he_o be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v risible_a and_o the_o contrary_a and_o if_o he_o be_v not_o a_o man_n he_o be_v not_o risible_a nor_o the_o contrary_n this_o rule_n never_o fail_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o reciprocation_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o proper_a accident_n 2._o the_o subject_n be_v grant_v the_o common_a accident_n be_v also_o grant_v but_o not_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o it_o be_v snow_n it_o be_v white_a but_o if_o it_o be_v white_a it_o be_v not_o therefore_o snow_n the_o first_o part_n of_o â—his_n rule_n fail_v in_o separable_a accident_n as_o if_o â—t_a be_v water_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o cold_a and_o the_o â—atter_n part_n fail_v 1._o in_o a_o proper_a accident_n â—he_v first_o way_n as_o if_o there_o be_v knowledge_n there_o â—s_v a_o man_n 2._o in_o a_o individual_a accident_n as_o â—f_o there_o be_v this_o whiteness_n there_o be_v snow_n because_o a_o accident_n do_v not_o change_v its_o subâ—ect_n 3._o a_o common_a accident_n be_v take_v away_o â—he_v subject_n be_v take_v away_o but_o not_o the_o contraâ—y_n as_o if_o it_o be_v not_o white_a it_o be_v not_o snow_n but_o yet_o there_o may_v be_v white_a though_o there_o be_v no_o snow_n the_o first_o part_n fail_v in_o a_o separable_a accident_n the_o latter_a in_o a_o proper_a accident_n the_o first_o way_n and_o in_o a_o individual_a accident_n and_o subject_n as_o in_o the_o former_a rule_n 4._o the_o thing_n be_v grant_v the_o circumstance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n be_v grant_v and_o the_o circumstance_n be_v take_v away_o the_o thing_n be_v take_v away_o as_o if_o milo_n do_v kill_v clodius_n than_o milo_n be_v live_v and_o present_a if_o he_o be_v neither_o live_n nor_o present_n he_o do_v not_o kill_v he_o this_o rule_n never_o fail_v in_o any_o requisite_a circumstance_n necessary_o 5._o the_o antecedent_n concomitant_a &_o consequent_a be_v grant_v the_o consequent_a concomitant_a and_o antecedent_n for_o every_o exigence_n be_v also_o grant_v to_o wit_n a_o concomitant_a in_o be_v a_o antecedent_n in_o be_v or_o that_o have_v be_v a_o consequent_a in_o be_v or_o that_o will_v be_v and_o be_v take_v away_o the_o other_o be_v take_v away_o also_o as_o if_o there_o be_v a_o eclipse_n there_o be_v a_o full_a moon_n if_o there_o be_v a_o birth_n there_o be_v a_o conception_n if_o there_o be_v a_o twilight_n the_o sun_n will_v rise_v this_o rule_n fail_v 1._o in_o a_o thing_n not_o cohere_v necessary_o as_o he_o which_o be_v a_o philosopher_n must_v not_o of_o necessity_n be_v therefore_o poor_a and_o if_o there_o be_v a_o comet_n it_o do_v not_o follow_v there_o must_v be_v war_n 2._o in_o thing_n cohere_v necessary_o if_o there_o be_v not_o a_o mutual_a necessity_n for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o if_o there_o be_v a_o eclipse_n there_o be_v a_o full_a moon_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o if_o there_o be_v a_o full_a moon_n there_o must_v always_o be_v a_o eclipse_n yet_o these_o thing_n not_o necessary_a be_v of_o great_a force_n to_o beget_v belief_n especial_o if_o many_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v join_v together_o in_o one_o hence_o astrologer_n physiognomer_n and_o orator_n do_v high_o value_v this_o topick_n in_o question_n of_o fact_n especial_o chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o topic_n from_o dissentany_a and_o comparison_n dissentany_n be_v either_o opposite_n or_o disparate_v as_o a_o horse_n and_o a_o bull._n there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o opposite_n of_o which_o book_n i._n chap._n 13._o comparison_n be_v either_o in_o respect_n of_o quality_n as_o like_v and_o unlike_a or_o in_o respect_n of_o quantity_n or_o also_o of_o
more_o immediate_a â—â—use_n do_v intervene_v between_o the_o predicate_a â—nd_v the_o subject_n as_o that_o which_o be_v rational_a be_v â—â—sible_a a_o man_n be_v rational_a 12._o in_o a_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n where_o â—â—e_v middle_a term_n be_v the_o material_a or_o formal_a inâ—rnal_a cause_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o efficient_a of_o the_o â—â—fect_a by_o emanation_n the_o major_a proposition_n 〈◊〉_d immediate_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o â—f_o the_o subject_n as_o that_o which_o be_v rational_a be_v â—sible_a the_o conclusion_n be_v immediate_a in_o respect_n 〈◊〉_d the_o subject_n but_o not_o of_o the_o cause_n as_o a_o â—an_v be_v risible_a the_o minor_a be_v immediate_a in_o reâ—â—ect_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o subject_a both_o as_o a_o â—an_v be_v risible_a 13._o in_o a_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n wherâ—_n the_o middle_a term_n be_v not_o the_o internal_a cause_n of_o thâ—_n subject_n though_o both_o the_o major_a and_o conclusion_n be_v immediate_a yet_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o immediate_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o cause_n this_o happen_v in_o every_o chief_a demonstration_n from_o the_o external_a cause_n as_o also_o where_o we_o proceed_v from_o one_o affection_n predemonstrate_v to_o the_o demonstration_n of_o another_o such_o as_o be_v all_o mathematical_a demonstration_n for_o the_o most_o part_n aâ—_n zab._n de_fw-fr medio_fw-la demonst_a c._n 7._o 14._o the_o relative_a condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o reference_n to_o the_o conclusion_n be_v three_o first_o that_o the_o premise_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n second_o that_o they_o be_v before_o three_o that_o they_o be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n 15._o the_o premise_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v thâ—_n cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n as_o the_o medium_n be_v thâ—_n cause_n why_o a_o affection_n be_v not_o only_o the_o cauâ—â—_n why_o the_o conclusion_n be_v know_v but_o the_o cauâ—â—_n why_o it_o be_v true_a and_o as_o the_o medium_n be_v before_o aâ—_n affection_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n so_o the_o truâ—â—_n of_o the_o premise_n be_v first_o in_o nature_n before_o thâ—_n truth_n of_o the_o conclusion_n last_o as_o the_o medium_n be_v more_o know_v than_o a_o affection_n not_o bâ—_n a_o confuse_a knowledge_n and_o in_o respect_n of_o we_o but_o by_o a_o distinct_a knowledge_n and_o accord_v to_o nature_n so_o be_v the_o premise_n more_o knowâ—_n than_o the_o conclusion_n because_o we_o by_o reason_n 〈◊〉_d the_o premise_n receive_v the_o conclusion_n with_o full_a assent_n of_o mind_n we_o must_v needs_o assent_v to_o that_o more_o than_o to_o the_o premise_n for_o according_a to_o aristotle_n that_o for_o which_o another_o be_v such_o as_o it_o be_v must_v needs_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o lib._n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o 16._o premise_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n axiom_n and_o thesis_n 17._o a_o axiom_n be_v a_o proposition_n of_o who_o â—ruth_n no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n be_v know_v 18._o a_o thesis_n be_v a_o proposition_n who_o truth_n do_v not_o sufficient_o appear_v by_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n but_o by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n or_o any_o other_o declaration_n and_o it_o â—s_v either_o a_o definition_n or_o a_o hypothesis_n 1._o a_o definition_n be_v that_o by_o which_o we_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o hypothesis_n be_v that_o by_o which_o we_o show_v whether_o the_o thing_n be_v or_o not_o 20._o the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n ought_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o the_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_a 21._o a_o cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o either_o absolute_o or_o in_o his_o own_o kind_n here_o it_o be_v understand_v to_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_o that_o it_o be_v such_o a_o cause_n as_o do_v produce_v the_o effect_n and_o without_o which_o that_o effect_n can_v be_v for_o as_o much_o as_o there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o cause_n and_o in_o every_o kind_a some_o one_o the_o next_o of_o the_o four_o next_o cause_n there_o be_v but_o one_o that_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_o 22._o moreover_o it_o be_v require_v that_o this_o next_o cause_n shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v but_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o subject_n also_o for_o the_o question_n be_v not_o whether_o there_o be_v a_o subject_n for_o this_o be_v suppose_v but_o whether_o there_o be_v a_o predicate_v or_o whether_o it_o be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n 23._o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o the_o efficient_a or_o the_o final_a for_o when_o the_o predicate_a be_v a_o accident_n it_o have_v neither_o matter_n not_o form_v proper_o so_o call_v the_o final_a cause_n be_v use_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v make_v for_o other_o such_o as_o be_v medium_n and_o natural_a instrument_n action_n also_o and_o habit_n if_o any_o such_o can_v be_v demonstrate_v the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v use_v in_o all_o the_o rest_n sometime_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o next_o efficient_a cause_n be_v also_o the_o form_n oâ—_n matter_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o these_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n be_v indeed_o the_o most_o excellent_a but_o do_v not_o make_v a_o different_a species_n of_o themselves_o but_o these_o thing_n will_v be_v more_o clear_o understand_v by_o the_o example_n follow_v 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a 〈◊〉_d knowledge_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n therefore_o every_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o knowledge_n in_o this_o demonstration_n the_o medium_n rational_a be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_n 2._o every_o terrestrial_a thing_n do_v sink_v in_o water_n ebon_n be_v terrestrial_a therefore_o ebon_n do_v sink_v in_o water_n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_n 3._o whatsoever_o do_v consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v three_o dimension_n every_o body_n do_v consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n therefore_o every_o body_n have_v three_o dimension_n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o the_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_n 4._o that_o which_o have_v three_o dimension_n will_v not_o admit_v of_o another_o body_n in_o the_o same_o place_n with_o itself_o but_o every_o body_n have_v three_o dimension_n therefore_o etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_n 5._o that_o which_o by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n can_v be_v enlighten_v by_o the_o sunbeam_n do_v suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o sun-light_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v interpose_v can_v be_v enlighten_v by_o the_o sunbeam_n therefore_o the_o moon_n etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o external_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a 6._o whoso_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o heavenly_a thing_n aught_o to_o have_v his_o countenance_n lift_v up_o man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o heavenly_a thing_n therefore_o etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o final_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a 24._o sometime_o it_o so_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v both_o by_o the_o efficient_a and_o final_a cause_n so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o live_a creature_n do_v sleep_v either_o because_o the_o common_a â—ense_n be_v overcome_v by_o vapour_n and_o that_o the_o â—assage_n of_o the_o external_a sense_n be_v obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v a_o demonstration_n from_o the_o â—ficient_a cause_n or_o that_o the_o animal_n spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strengthen_v and_o this_o be_v a_o demonstration_n from_o the_o final_a cause_n chap._n viii_o of_o a_o imperfect_a demonstration_n or_o the_o demonstration_n what._n have_v hitherto_o speak_v of_o the_o principal_a demonstration_n or_o the_o demonstration_n â—hy_a the_o next_o be_v the_o less_o principal_a or_o the_o â—emonstration_n what_o and_o which_o leave_v a_o imperfect_a knowledge_n and_o be_v twofold_a the_o â—ne_n be_v from_o the_o effect_n the_o other_o from_o a_o remote_a â—ause_n the_o first_o of_o these_o collect_v the_o cause_n from_o â—ome_o sensible_a effect_n for_o example_n every_o thing_n that_o be_v risible_a be_v rational_a every_o man_n be_v risible_a therefore_o every_o man_n be_v rational_a here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o next_o effect_n and_o the_o predicate_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n 2._o the_o second_o of_o these_o demonstration_n collect_v the_o effect_n from_o some_o remote_a cause_n for_o example_n that_o which_o have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a soul_n do_v not_o breath_n a_o plant_n have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a
the_o presence_n of_o a_o thing_n in_o a_o fit_a subject_n but_o privation_n be_v the_o absence_n thereof_o as_o sight_n be_v a_o habit_n blindness_n privation_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v three_o 1._o habit_n and_o privation_n be_v about_o the_o same_o subject_n and_o hence_o privation_n can_v proper_o be_v but_o in_o that_o subject_n which_o be_v capable_a of_o the_o habit_n a_o man_n therefore_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v blind_a but_o a_o stone_n can_v 2._o privative_a opposition_n require_v determination_n of_o a_o certain_a time_n neither_o can_v privation_n be_v speak_v of_o a_o subject_n but_o after_o the_o time_n that_o by_o its_o nature_n and_o fitness_n it_o may_v receive_v the_o habit_n as_o none_o can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v bald_a until_o the_o time_n that_o according_a to_o nature_n they_o shall_v have_v hair_n 3._o from_o privation_n to_o habit_n there_o be_v no_o regress_n natural_o the_o privation_n be_v perfect_a that_o be_v such_o as_o do_v take_v away_o the_o act_n and_o next_o beginning_n of_o habit_n and_o leave_v nothing_o in_o the_o subject_n but_o the_o remote_a beginning_n thereof_o thus_o he_o that_o be_v once_o quite_o blind_a can_v ordinary_o and_o by_o natural_a mean_n ever_o see_v again_o 13._o contradictory_n opposition_n be_v between_o contradictory_n term_n and_o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contradictory_n which_o be_v express_o contrary_a as_o affirmation_n and_o negation_n as_o a_o thing_n and_o not_o a_o thing_n a_o man_n and_o not_o a_o man_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v two_o 1._o contradiction_n be_v the_o first_o of_o all_o opposition_n and_o so_o the_o measure_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n for_o in_o every_o opposition_n there_o be_v virtual_o include_v a_o contradiction_n and_o the_o opposition_n be_v to_o be_v think_v so_o much_o the_o great_a by_o how_o much_o it_o come_v near_a to_o a_o contradiction_n 2._o between_o contradictory_n thing_n there_o be_v no_o medium_n neither_o of_o abnegation_n or_o of_o the_o subject_n and_o therefore_o one_o of_o the_o contradictory_n thing_n be_v affirm_v of_o a_o thing_n and_o not_o a_o thing_n nor_o of_o participation_n or_o of_o the_o form_n chap._n xv._n of_o order_n and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o before_z or_o after_o order_n be_v that_o according_a to_o which_o some_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o or_o after_o another_o thing_n or_o together_o with_o it_o 2._o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o or_o after_o another_o five_o several_a way_n 1._o in_o time_n 2._o in_o nature_n 3._o in_o disposition_n or_o order_n 4._o in_o honour_n 5._o in_o causality_n 3._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o time_n that_o be_v the_o most_o ancient_a thus_o romulus_n be_v before_o cato_n and_o the_o city_n pergamus_n before_o that_o of_o rome_n 4._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o nature_n which_o can_v be_v reciprocal_o affirm_v in_o consecution_n of_o existence_n as_o there_o be_v a_o man_n therefore_o there_o be_v a_o live_a creature_n but_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v there_o be_v a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o there_o be_v a_o man_n a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o be_v in_o nature_n before_o a_o man_n and_o every_o genus_fw-la before_o its_o species_n 5._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o order_n or_o disposition_n which_o be_v near_a the_o beginning_n thus_o the_o exordium_n in_o a_o oration_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o the_o proposition_n the_o proposition_n before_o the_o narration_n the_o narration_n before_o the_o confirmation_n the_o confirmation_n before_o the_o refutation_n the_o refutation_n before_o the_o conclusion_n and_o in_o every_o science_n or_o discipline_n that_o be_v first_o which_o be_v put_v in_o the_o first_o place_n and_o thus_o letter_n be_v before_o syllable_n 6._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o honour_n or_o dignity_n that_o be_v the_o most_o worthy_a thus_o a_o king_n be_v before_o his_o subject_n a_o father_n before_o his_o son_n a_o master_n before_o his_o servant_n gold_n before_o silver_n and_o virtue_n before_o gold_n 7._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o causality_n which_o be_v any_o way_n the_o cause_n of_o another_o existence_n thus_o the_o sun_n be_v before_o light_n 8._o so_o many_o way_n as_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o another_o it_o may_v also_o be_v say_v to_o be_v after_o 9_o so_o many_o way_n as_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o another_o it_o may_v be_v also_o say_v to_o be_v together_o with_o another_o but_o two_o of_o the_o way_n be_v more_o usual_a than_o the_o rest_n together_o in_o time_n and_o together_o in_o nature_n 10._o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o in_o time_n that_o be_v existent_a at_o the_o same_o time_n 11._o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o two_o way_n primary_o and_o secundary_o 12._o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v primary_o together_o in_o time_n which_o begin_v to_o be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n and_o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v secundary_o together_o in_o time_n when_o the_o one_o begin_v to_o be_v before_o the_o other_o do_v cease_v to_o be_v thus_o aristotle_n and_o plato_n be_v say_v to_o be_v cotemporaneous_a or_o together_o in_o time_n though_o plato_n be_v bear_v before_o aristotle_n and_o do_v also_o die_v before_o he_o 13._o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o in_o nature_n two_o way_n first_o simple_o and_o absolute_o and_o then_o in_o respect_n of_o some_o three_o 14._o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o simple_o and_o absolute_o which_o be_v reciprocal_o together_o according_a to_o the_o consecution_n of_o existence_n but_o so_o that_o the_o one_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o other_o existence_n thus_o the_o relate_v and_o correlate_n be_v together_o in_o nature_n and_o two_o effect_n depend_v upon_o the_o same_o next_o cause_n as_o risibility_n and_o docibility_n in_o man_n 15._o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o in_o respect_n of_o some_o three_o thing_n which_o under_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la be_v in_o division_n oppose_v to_o one_o another_o thus_o a_o man_n and_o a_o beast_n be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o in_o nature_n not_o simple_o and_o absolute_o in_o respect_n of_o themselves_o but_o in_o respect_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n for_o a_o live_a creature_n be_v predicate_v of_o they_o both_o together_o and_o not_o of_o one_o first_o and_o another_o after_z in_o this_o a_o synonymous_n genus_fw-la be_v distinguish_v from_o a_o homonymous_a or_o aequivocal_a genus_fw-la because_o this_o be_v not_o predicate_v of_o its_o several_a species_n together_o but_o of_o one_o first_o and_o another_o after_z chap._n xvi_o of_o motion_n concern_v motion_n four_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v 1._o the_o praecognita_fw-la 2._o the_o definition_n 3._o the_o several_a kind_n 4._o the_o rule_n belong_v to_o it_o 2._o the_o praecognita_fw-la be_v either_o such_o as_o concern_v the_o definition_n or_o such_o as_o concern_v the_o division_n thereof_o 3._o the_o praecognita_fw-la concern_v the_o definition_n of_o motion_n be_v three_o 1._o the_o subject_n in_o which_o it_o be_v 2._o the_o two_o term_n from_o which_o and_o to_o what_o 3._o the_o measure_n or_o instant_a time_n and_o from_o these_o three_o every_o motion_n must_v be_v define_v 4._o the_o praecognita_fw-la concern_v the_o division_n of_o motion_n or_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o it_o be_v also_o three_o 1._o motion_n be_v take_v two_o way_n viz._n either_o general_o for_o any_o mutation_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o time_n or_o in_o a_o instant_n and_o thus_o it_o comprehend_v generation_n and_o corruption_n or_o special_o for_o some_o mutation_n which_o be_v make_v and_o measure_v by_o time_n &_o thus_o it_o comprehend_v these_o four_o species_n augmentation_n diminution_n alteration_n and_o location_n and_o not_o generation_n &_o corruption_n 2._o motion_n as_o it_o be_v divide_v here_o be_v motion_n general_o take_v and_o as_o it_o comprehend_v all_o these_o mutation_n 3._o motion_n although_o it_o be_v put_v as_o a_o postpredicament_n yet_o it_o be_v also_o in_o a_o predicament_n but_o in_o a_o diverse_a manner_n it_o be_v in_o the_o predicament_n of_o position_n as_o it_o be_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n but_o here_o as_o it_o be_v take_v in_o reference_n to_o its_o term_n from_o which_o and_o to_o what_o 5._o motion_n in_o the_o general_n be_v thus_o define_v motion_n be_v a_o mutation_n make_v in_o the_o subject_n viz._n either_o in_o the_o first_o matter_n or_o in_o the_o body_n from_o one_o term_n to_o another_o either_o in_o time_n or_o in_o a_o instant_n 6._o motion_n be_v twofold_a instantaneous_a or_o successive_a 7._o instantaneous_a motion_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v in_o a_o instant_n and_o this_o be_v generation_n or_o corruption_n 8._o generation_n be_v a_o
or_o impossible_a thing_n s_o show_v that_o that_o proposition_n in_o which_o it_o be_v sound_n must_v be_v converteâ—_n by_o simple_a conversion_n p_o note_v that_o the_o proposition_n must_v be_v convert_v by_o accident_n m_o note_v that_o the_o premise_n must_v be_v transpose_v that_o be_v the_o minor_a into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o major_n and_o the_o major_a into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o minor_a c_o note_v that_o the_o reduction_n must_v bâ—_n make_v by_o some_o absurd_a or_o impossible_a thing_n according_a to_o these_o distich_n the_o letter_n s_o simple_a conversion_n note_n but_o p_o for_o accident_n do_v spend_v its_o vote_n the_o letter_n m_o do_v transposition_n use_v c_o note_n that_o you_o the_o apponent_fw-la must_v abuse_v 9_o indirect_a reduction_n or_o reduction_n by_o bring_v the_o adversary_n to_o some_o absurdity_n have_v plaâ—_n only_o in_o these_o two_o mood_n baroco_n of_o the_o second_o figure_n and_o bâ—cardo_n of_o the_o three_o and_o to_o reduce_v these_o two_o mood_n two_o thing_n must_v be_v observe_v 1._o if_o baroco_n be_v to_o be_v reduce_v the_o minor_a proposition_n must_v be_v contradictory_n to_o the_o conclusion_n if_o bocardo_n the_o major_a proposition_n must_v be_v contradictory_n to_o the_o conclusion_n 2._o if_o baroco_n be_v to_o be_v reduce_v the_o major_n shall_v still_o be_v the_o same_o but_o if_o bocardo_n the_o minor_a according_a to_o these_o distich_n the_o major_n keep_v baroco_n to_o reduce_v and_o keep_v the_o minor_a for_o bocardo_n use_n chap._n v._o of_o a_o imperfect_a syllogism_n a_o imperfect_a syllogism_n be_v a_o syllogism_n that_o have_v some_o defect_n either_o in_o the_o number_n of_o the_o premise_n in_o the_o dispose_n they_o or_o in_o the_o inference_n from_o they_o and_o be_v fourfold_a 1._o enthymem_fw-la 2._o induction_n 3._o example_n 4._o sorite_n 1._o a_o enthymem_n be_v a_o imperfect_a syllogism_n infer_v the_o conclusion_n from_o some_o one_o proposition_n only_o as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o he_o have_v a_o soul_n in_o which_o these_o three_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v 1._o in_o a_o enthymem_n the_o first_o proposition_n be_v call_v the_o antecedent_n the_o other_o the_o consequent_a 2._o if_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o antecedent_n and_o conclusion_n the_o minor_a be_v want_v if_o the_o subject_n be_v in_o the_o antecedent_n and_o conclusion_n the_o major_n be_v want_v 3._o a_o enthymem_n be_v a_o perfect_a syllogism_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o firm_a proof_n and_o imperfect_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o evidence_n of_o the_o conclusion_n one_o of_o the_o premise_n be_v understand_v but_o not_o express_v 2._o a_o induction_n be_v a_o imperfect_a syllogism_n in_o which_o from_o many_o singular_n some_o universal_a conclusion_n be_v infer_v as_o this_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n and_o that_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n and_o so_o of_o the_o rest_n therefore_o every_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n in_o a_o induction_n four_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v 1._o by_o singular_n we_o be_v not_o only_o to_o understand_v individual_n but_o less_o universals_z special_n in_o respect_n of_o general_n and_o all_o integral_a part_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o whole_a 2._o if_o the_o enumeration_n of_o all_o the_o singular_n be_v not_o full_a the_o conclusion_n will_v be_v false_a 3._o induction_n be_v the_o most_o convenient_a instrument_n to_o find_v out_o art_n 4._o a_o induction_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o a_o hypothetical_n syllogism_n if_o peter_n be_v rational_a if_o socrates_n etc._n etc._n then_o every_o man_n be_v rational_a but_o peter_n &_o socrates_n etc._n etc._n be_v rational_a therefore_o etc._n etc._n 3._o example_n be_v a_o imperfect_a syllogism_n in_o which_o from_o one_o or_o more_o singular_n we_o infer_v another_o particular_a as_o catiline_n be_v punish_v for_o make_v sedition_n therefore_o this_o seditious_a fellow_n shall_v be_v punish_v in_o a_o exemplary_a syllogism_n four_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v 1._o a_o exemplary_a syllogism_n be_v a_o imperfect_a induction_n 2._o in_o every_o exemplary_a syllogism_n there_o be_v four_o term_n and_o therefore_o can_v be_v immediate_o reduce_v to_o a_o perfect_a syllogism_n 3._o a_o exemplary_a syllogism_n be_v but_o of_o little_a force_n to_o prove_v a_o thing_n but_o of_o great_a force_n to_o persuade_v 4._o in_o a_o exemplary_a syllogism_n this_o general_a rule_n be_v much_o observe_v in_o the_o inference_n that_o like_o do_v agree_v with_o like_a 4._o sorites_n be_v a_o imperfect_a syllogism_n in_o which_o from_o four_o or_o more_o premise_n we_o infer_v a_o conclusion_n in_o which_o the_o first_o subject_n be_v join_v with_o the_o last_o predicate_v as_o socrates_n be_v a_o man_n a_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n a_o live_a creature_n be_v a_o body_n a_o body_n be_v a_o substance_n therefore_o socrates_n be_v a_o substance_n and_o in_o this_o kind_n of_o syllogism_n three_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v 1._o a_o sorites_n contain_v as_o many_o syllogism_n as_o there_o be_v term_n between_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o first_o proposition_n and_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o last_o 2._o a_o sorite_n may_v be_v resolve_v into_o syllogism_n of_o the_o first_o figure_n 3._o a_o sorites_n be_v in_o use_n only_o in_o such_o term_n as_o be_v necessary_o subordinate_a in_o a_o causal_n or_o a_o predicamental_a subordination_n this_o way_n of_o argue_v be_v ground_v upon_o the_o first_o antepredicamental_a rule_n and_o thus_o much_o concern_v a_o syllogism_n in_o the_o general_n and_o the_o several_a kind_n or_o form_n thereof_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o first_o definition_n and_o praecognita_fw-la of_o demonstration_n i_o come_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o a_o special_a or_o material_a syllogism_n as_o it_o be_v restrain_v to_o certain_a condition_n of_o matter_n 2._o a_o special_a or_o material_a syllogism_n be_v of_o three_o sort_n apodictical_a dialectical_a and_o sophistical_a 3._o a_o apodictical_a syllogism_n otherwise_o call_v a_o demonstration_n may_v be_v define_v two_o way_n either_o from_o the_o end_n or_o from_o the_o matter_n of_o demonstration_n 4._o from_o the_o end_n of_o demonstration_n a_o apodictical_a syllogism_n may_v be_v define_v demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n beget_v knowledge_n or_o make_v to_o know_v 5._o demonstration_n among_o geometrician_n be_v a_o delineation_n by_o diagram_n in_o which_o the_o truth_n of_o their_o proposition_n be_v exhibit_v unto_o the_o eye_n but_o among_o logician_n it_o be_v sometime_o take_v for_o every_o certain_a and_o clear_a proof_n and_o here_o it_o be_v strict_o take_v for_o a_o scientifical_a syllogism_n 6._o the_o genus_fw-la in_o this_o definition_n be_v syllogism_n in_o which_o it_o agree_v with_o dialectical_a syllogism_n the_o difference_n be_v take_v from_o the_o end_n which_o be_v science_n 7._o this_o word_n science_n may_v be_v take_v three_o way_n large_o strict_o and_o most_o strict_o 1._o large_o for_o every_o cognition_n or_o true_a assent_n 2._o strict_o for_o firm_a and_o infallible_a assent_n 3._o most_o strict_o for_o the_o assent_n to_o such_o proposition_n as_o be_v know_v by_o cause_n and_o effect_n for_o firm_a and_o infallible_a cognition_n be_v either_o by_o sense_n and_o so_o we_o know_v that_o the_o sun_n do_v shine_v at_o noon_n or_o by_o understanding_n as_o when_o the_o question_n be_v concern_v universal_a proposition_n concern_v the_o truth_n of_o which_o sense_n be_v not_o able_a to_o judge_v but_o the_o cognition_n of_o universal_a proposition_n be_v attain_v by_o or_o without_o a_o syllogism_n 8._o cognition_n be_v beget_v without_o a_o syllogism_n when_o full_a assent_n be_v give_v to_o a_o proposition_n for_o the_o clearness_n of_o it_o in_o its_o self_n without_o any_o proof_n thus_o we_o know_v that_o the_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o any_o part_n thereof_o that_o god_n must_v be_v worship_v and_o such_o like_a this_o kind_n of_o cognition_n aristotle_n call_v intelligence_n and_o say_v it_o be_v distinguish_v from_o science_n by_o this_o that_o science_n do_v proceed_v from_o ratiocination_n but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o reason_n may_v be_v bring_v from_o several_a head_n that_o cognition_n be_v here_o call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o science_n which_o be_v beget_v either_o by_o the_o cause_n or_o by_o the_o effect_n and_o this_o be_v the_o most_o strict_a acception_n of_o science_n and_o proper_a to_o this_o place_n 9_o or_o thus_o science_n be_v a_o certain_a knowledge_n of_o conclusion_n to_o which_o we_o assent_v for_o our_o precede_a knowledge_n of_o the_o premise_n and_o the_o praecognita_fw-la in_o every_o science_n be_v these_o three_o the_o subject_n the_o affection_n and_o the_o cause_n by_o which_o it_o be_v demonstrate_v that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_n 10._o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v be_v compose_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o affection_n the_o premise_n by_o which_o the_o question_n
be_v demonstrate_v be_v make_v first_o by_o join_v the_o cause_n with_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o by_o join_v the_o cause_n with_o the_o subject_n in_o all_o these_o two_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v the_o precognition_n which_o precede_v the_o demonstration_n and_o the_o condition_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o demonstration_n itself_o 11._o the_o precognition_n be_v two_o 1._o that_o the_o thing_n be_v 2._o what_o it_o be_v 12._o in_o these_o precognition_n the_o thing_n which_o be_v evident_a and_o obvious_a unto_o all_o be_v so_o in_o the_o understanding_n only_o but_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o so_o evident_a but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v unknown_a be_v express_v in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o science_n 13._o and_o if_o be_v deliver_v the_o learner_n do_v present_o believe_v they_o they_o be_v proper_o call_v fupposition_n but_o if_o the_o learner_n either_o doubt_n of_o they_o or_o be_v of_o another_o opinion_n they_o be_v call_v postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n to_o which_o a_o assent_n be_v request_v 14._o the_o first_o of_o these_o precognition_n viz._n the_o quod_fw-la sit_fw-la that_o the_o thing_n be_v include_v two_o thing_n 1._o that_o the_o thing_n sougt_v have_v a_o be_v or_o a_o true_a existence_n and_o this_o answer_v to_o the_o question_n be_v there_o such_o a_o thing_n 2._o that_o the_o thing_n seek_v be_v the_o true_a predicate_v in_o a_o subject_n 15._o the_o other_o of_o these_o precognition_n namely_o the_o quid_fw-la sit_fw-la what_o it_o be_v do_v also_o include_v two_o thing_n 1._o the_o name_n or_o what_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o name_n be_v 2._o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n so_o that_o from_o these_o two_o precognition_n four_o question_n do_v arise_v of_o which_o two_o be_v simple_a and_o two_o compound_v 16._o the_o simple_a question_n be_v those_o which_o do_v equal_o agree_v to_o accident_n and_o to_o substance_n the_o first_o be_v make_v concern_v the_o essence_n or_o existence_n by_o ask_v a_o sit_v whether_o it_o be_v or_o not_o the_o second_o make_v inquiry_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o it_o and_o ask_v quid_fw-la sit_fw-la what_o it_o be_v 17._o the_o compound_a question_n chief_o agree_v with_o accident_n the_o first_o ask_v whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_n as_o whether_o man_n be_v risible_a the_o other_o ask_v why_o the_o predicate_a be_v in_o the_o subject_n as_o why_o be_v man_n risible_a 18._o of_o these_o four_o question_n the_o three_o have_v such_o reference_n to_o the_o four_o as_o the_o first_o have_v to_o the_o second_o for_o then_o in_o simple_a term_n when_o we_o know_v they_o have_v be_v we_o ask_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v and_o in_o proposition_n when_o we_o know_v they_o have_v a_o be_v we_o inquire_v why_o they_o be_v 19_o after_o these_o precognition_n and_o question_n the_o three_o praecognita_fw-la be_v next_o to_o be_v consider_v namely_o the_o subject_n affection_n and_o cause_n 20._o the_o subject_n be_v a_o simple_a term_n or_o less_o extreme_a in_o the_o demonstration_n concern_v which_o some_o accident_n be_v demonstrate_v by_o its_o next_o cause_n as_o a_o man_n concern_v who_o we_o must_v both_o know_v that_o he_o be_v and_o what_o he_o be_v first_o that_o he_o be_v or_o otherwise_o we_o seek_v the_o knowledge_n of_o he_o in_o vain_a for_o there_o be_v no_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o and_o then_o we_o must_v also_o know_v what_o he_o be_v not_o only_o in_o respect_n of_o his_o name_n but_o also_o of_o his_o nature_n for_o that_o must_v be_v the_o medium_n of_o the_o demonstration_n and_o we_o must_v know_v the_o medium_n at_o least_o confuse_o before_o we_o can_v infer_v the_o conclusion_n the_o precognition_n of_o the_o thing_n existence_n be_v call_v the_o hypothesis_n of_o its_o nature_n the_o definition_n 21._o passion_n be_v a_o proper_a accident_n which_o be_v demonstrate_v of_o the_o subject_n by_o the_o proper_a cause_n it_o be_v always_o the_o great_a extreme_a which_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o conclusion_n as_o risibility_n the_o which_o be_v necessary_a to_o be_v foreknow_v in_o respect_n of_o the_o name_n what_o it_o be_v though_o not_o in_o respect_n of_o its_o nature_n and_o that_o it_o be_v consider_v how_o it_o be_v inherent_a for_o see_v it_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_n it_o be_v in_o some_o sort_n call_v a_o substance_n arist_n lib._n 1._o post_n cap._n 27._o but_o it_o be_v not_o foreknow_v that_o it_o be_v for_o that_o be_v the_o thing_n inquire_v after_o and_o which_o we_o be_v to_o find_v by_o demonstration_n 22._o a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o which_o the_o passion_n or_o affection_n be_v demonstrate_v of_o its_o subject_n and_o be_v always_o the_o major_a proposition_n of_o the_o demonstration_n as_o every_o rational_a animal_n be_v risible_a that_o be_v know_v the_o conclusion_n be_v virtual_o know_v also_o as_o be_v virtual_o contain_v in_o it_o but_o yet_o it_o be_v not_o actual_o know_v till_o the_o minor_a be_v assume_v which_o be_v know_v the_o conclusion_n though_o after_o in_o nature_n yet_o be_v know_v at_o the_o same_o time_n also_o what_o the_o cause_n be_v can_v be_v foreknow_v because_o it_o be_v a_o compound_a proposition_n and_o what_o a_o thing_n be_v be_v only_o of_o uncompounded_a but_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v know_v that_o it_o be_v or_o have_v a_o true_a existence_n or_o else_o the_o conclusion_n can_v be_v infer_v from_o it_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n a_o demonstration_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v either_o in_o the_o respect_n of_o the_o matter_n or_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o form_n 2._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o matter_n one_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n show_v why_o the_o predicate_a be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n and_o that_o 1._o by_o a_o immediate_a intrinsical_a cause_n and_o this_o be_v either_o the_o before_o demonstrate_v matter_n or_o form_n or_o affection_n of_o the_o subject_n 2._o by_o a_o immediate_a extrinsical_a cause_n and_o this_o be_v either_o final_a or_o efficient_a by_o some_o transient_a action_n 3._o another_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o matter_n show_v that_o the_o predicate_v be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n and_o that_o either_o by_o the_o effect_n or_o by_o some_o remote_a cause_n 4._o a_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o form_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v 1._o in_o quantity_n and_o so_o it_o be_v universal_a or_o particular_a 2._o in_o quality_n and_o so_o it_o be_v affirmative_a or_o negative_a 3._o in_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o proof_n and_o so_o it_o be_v either_o a_o ostensive_a demonstration_n or_o a_o demonstration_n reduce_v to_o some_o impossible_a thing_n 5._o in_o the_o first_o of_o these_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n call_v the_o demonstration_n cur_n sit_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v the_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v do_v partly_o belong_v to_o the_o question_n partly_o to_o the_o cause_n or_o medium_n of_o the_o demonstration_n and_o partly_o to_o the_o premise_n 6._o every_o question_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o the_o first_o and_o most_o perfect_a kind_n of_o demonstration_n call_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v but_o such_o a_o question_n only_o as_o be_v true_a and_o have_v a_o certain_a and_o immutable_a cause_n of_o its_o own_o truth_n 7._o the_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o premise_n of_o a_o demonstration_n be_v absolute_a or_o relative_a 8._o those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_a condition_n which_o be_v suitable_a to_o the_o premise_n consider_v absolute_o and_o in_o themselves_o and_o those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v relative_a condition_n which_o be_v suitable_a to_o the_o premise_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o conclusion_n 9_o the_o absolute_a condition_n be_v two_o the_o first_o be_v that_o the_o proposition_n be_v necessary_o true_a and_o reciprocal_a the_o second_o be_v that_o they_o be_v immediate_a or_o first_o 10._o demonstrative_a proposition_n must_v be_v true_a for_o that_o which_o be_v false_a can_v be_v know_v â—nd_v they_o must_v be_v necessary_o so_o for_o from_o proposition_n not_o necessary_o true_a no_o necessary_a inclusion_n can_v be_v infer_v unless_o by_o chance_n or_o â—ccident_n and_o they_o must_v be_v necessary_o true_a in_o the_o â—ighest_a degree_n that_o be_v they_o must_v be_v reciproâ—l_o for_o they_o contain_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v which_o be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o be_v reciprocaâ—d_v with_o its_o effect_n 11._o a_o proposition_n be_v say_v to_o be_v immediate_a â—o_o way_n 1._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o subject_n â—hen_o there_o be_v no_o more_o immediate_a subject_n between_o the_o predicate_a and_o the_o subject_n as_o a_o â—an_v be_v rational_a a_o man_n be_v risible_a 2._o in_o reâ—ect_n of_o the_o cause_n when_o no_o
soul_n therefore_o a_o plant_n do_v not_o breath_n 3._o a_o demonstration_n from_o the_o effect_n may_v be_v affirmative_a in_o barbara_n and_o sometime_o negative_a though_o seldom_o in_o camestre_n 4._o a_o demonstration_n from_o a_o remote_a cause_n iâ—_n negative_a very_o seldom_o affirmative_a and_o consequent_o be_v restrain_v to_o the_o three_o figure_n iâ—_n camestre_n for_o example_n every_o risible_a thing_n be_v a_o animal_n no_o tree_n be_v a_o animal_n therefore_o no_o tree_n be_v risible_a 5._o demonstration_n from_o the_o effect_n 〈◊〉_d more_o excellent_a than_o from_o a_o remote_a cause_n 1._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o form_n the_o one_o be_v affirmative_a in_o barbara_n the_o other_o negatif_n in_o camestre_n 2._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o matter_n for_o in_o the_o one_o the_o proposition_n be_v most_o necessary_o true_a and_o differ_v nothing_o from_o the_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n but_o in_o place_v of_o the_o term_n and_o beget_v a_o perfect_a knowledge_n not_o simple_o but_o in_o its_o kind_n but_o the_o demonstration_n from_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v make_v of_o less_o necessary_a and_o not_o immediate_a proposition_n nor_o do_v it_o beget_v a_o knowledge_n that_o be_v perfect_a in_o its_o own_o kind_n and_o â—n_n which_o the_o mind_n may_v rest_v satisfy_v yet_o both_o of_o they_o be_v so_o perfect_a that_o they_o be_v either_o of_o they_o sufficientl_n to_o beget_v such_o a_o knowledge_n as_o to_o give_v we_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o be_v or_o not_o be_v of_o a_o thing_n chap._n ix_o of_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n of_o thâ—_n form_n and_o of_o the_o affection_n oâ—_n the_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n hitherto_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o twâ—_n kind_n of_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n 〈◊〉_d the_o matter_n we_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o they_o iâ—_n respect_n of_o the_o form_n 2._o the_o form_n of_o a_o demonstration_n be_v part_o discern_v from_o the_o quantity_n partly_o froâ—_n the_o quality_n and_o partly_o from_o the_o manner_n 〈◊〉_d the_o proof_n 3._o the_o form_n of_o a_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o quantity_n be_v universal_a or_o particular_a a_o universal_a demonstration_n be_v that_o iâ—_n which_o a_o affection_n be_v demonstrate_v of_o the_o fiâ—_n adequate_a and_o universal_a subject_n by_o a_o immediate_a cause_n as_o when_o we_o demonstrate_v risibility_n iâ—_n man_n by_o his_o rationality_n and_o all_o the_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n be_v of_o this_o kind_n wâ—_n a_o thing_n be_v so_o and_o a_o demonstration_n provinâ—_n from_o the_o effect_n that_o a_o thing_n be_v be_v of_o thâ—_n kind_a also_o a_o particular_a demonstration_n not_o so_o call_v â—s_n if_o the_o term_n be_v particular_a be_v a_o demonâ—ration_n in_o which_o a_o affection_n be_v demonstrate_v â—om_n a_o inadequate_a and_o a_o less_o universal_a subject_n or_o â—om_n one_o part_n of_o the_o first_o subject_n only_o as_o when_o â—e_v demonstrate_v a_o man_n to_o be_v sensible_a by_o his_o â—nsible_a soul_n the_o form_n of_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n â—f_a quality_n be_v affirmative_a or_o negative_a a_o affirmative_a demonstration_n be_v that_o in_o â—hose_v conclusion_n the_o predicate_a be_v affirm_v of_o â—e_a subject_n which_o happen_v in_o all_o demonstration_n accept_v the_o particular_a which_o be_v sometime_o neâ—tive_a a_o negative_a demonstration_n be_v that_o in_o who_o inclusion_n the_o predicate_a be_v deny_v of_o the_o subject_n as_o every_o thing_n that_o breathe_v be_v a_o animal_n a_o wall_n be_v not_o a_o animal_n therefore_o a_o wall_n do_v not_o breath_n and_o this_o do_v often_o come_v to_o pass_v in_o the_o â—emonstrate_v that_o from_o a_o remote_a cause_n it_o may_v â—so_o happen_v in_o all_o other_o demonstration_n â—ough_o very_o seldom_o and_o that_o by_o consequence_n only_o for_o a_o affirmation_n be_v before_o negation_n both_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o thing_n and_o â—ur_n knowledge_n of_o it_o 5._o the_o form_n of_o a_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o proof_n be_v either_o ostensive_a or_o by_o reduction_n to_o impossibility_n a_o ostensive_a demonstration_n be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o conclusion_n be_v evident_o and_o direct_o infer_v from_o former_a and_o more_o know_v premise_n etc._n etc._n of_o which_o sort_n be_v all_o the_o before_o name_v kind_n of_o demonstration_n a_o demonstration_n by_o reduction_n to_o impossibility_n be_v when_o from_o grant_v premise_n we_o prove_v thâ—_n conclusion_n to_o be_v therefore_o true_a because_o theiâ—_n contradictory_n be_v apparent_o false_a for_o example_n every_o rational_a thing_n be_v risible_a every_o man_n be_v rational_a therefore_o every_o man_n be_v risible_a here_o if_o the_o major_n be_v deny_v we_o may_v reduce_v the_o respondent_fw-la to_o a_o absurdity_n bâ—_n take_v the_o contradictory_n of_o the_o major_a thus_o no_o rational_a thing_n be_v risible_a every_o man_n be_v rational_a therefore_o no_o man_n be_v risible_a which_o conclusion_n be_v manifest_o false_a we_o infer_v that_o the_o major_a in_o the_o former_a syllogism_n 〈◊〉_d well_o as_o the_o conclusion_n be_v both_o true_a or_o thâ—_n the_o two_o contradictory_n be_v together_o true_a or_o false_a and_o this_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n be_v the_o mean_a of_o they_o all_o but_o here_o we_o must_v observe_v that_o a_o universal_a contrary_a proposition_n be_v rather_o to_o be_v take_v than_o a_o particular_a contradictory_n both_o because_o particular_a proposition_n have_v no_o place_n in_o demonstration_n as_o also_o because_o contrary_a proposition_n in_o necessary_a matter_n stand_v in_o the_o place_n of_o contradictory_n zabarel_n lib._n 1._o post_n c._n 22._o sect_n 176._o and_o thus_o have_v do_v with_o the_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n i_o come_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o speak_v of_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o chief_a and_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n and_o they_o be_v chief_o three_o analysis_n regressus_fw-la and_o conversion_n into_o a_o definition_n 1._o analysis_n be_v the_o resolution_n of_o effect_n into_o their_o first_o cause_n to_o beget_v a_o perfect_a knowledge_n thereof_o for_o when_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a chain_n and_o subordination_n of_o efficient_n and_o effect_n although_o the_o latter_a may_v be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o former_a yet_o the_o mind_n be_v not_o satisfy_v in_o that_o but_o inquire_v further_o for_o the_o cause_n of_o that_o effect_n also_o and_o so_o forward_o to_o the_o first_o cause_n which_o be_v the_o form_n of_o the_o subject_n of_o which_o no_o cause_n can_v be_v give_v and_o in_o which_o alone_a the_o mind_n be_v satisfy_v as_o if_o augmentation_n in_o all_o thing_n live_v be_v demonstrate_v by_o nourishment_n and_o that_o again_o by_o the_o vegetative_a faculty_n and_o that_o by_o the_o soul_n 1._o regressus_fw-la be_v the_o reciprocation_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o effect_n by_o demonstration_n which_o effect_n we_o do_v reciprocal_o demonstrate_v by_o that_o cause_n by_o which_o the_o say_a effect_n be_v itself_o demonstrate_v this_o affection_n or_o power_n be_v call_v regressus_fw-la because_o after_o our_o understanding_n have_v proceed_v from_o la_fw-fr kind_a of_o confuse_a and_o experimental_a knowledge_n of_o the_o effect_n as_o near_a to_o sense_n to_o the_o â—ike_a confuse_a knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o have_v ripen_v that_o knowledge_n by_o often_o meditate_v on_o and_o compare_v of_o the_o cause_n to_o the_o effect_n till_o it_o come_v from_o a_o confuse_a to_o a_o distinct_a knowledge_n than_o it_o return_v from_o that_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n to_o the_o like_a distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o effect_n progress_n be_v therefore_o make_v by_o the_o demonstration_n that_o and_o by_o a_o after_o demonstration_n and_o have_v respect_n unto_o the_o confuse_a knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n by_o the_o effect_n but_o regress_n be_v by_o the_o demonstration_n why_o and_o by_o a_o former_a demonstration_n and_o have_v respect_n unto_o the_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o effect_n by_o the_o cause_n and_o differ_v from_o that_o vicious_a demonstration_n which_o they_o call_v a_o circle_n in_o three_o thing_n 1._o in_o the_o form_n for_o a_o circle_n do_v from_o the_o premise_n demonstrate_v the_o conclusion_n and_o from_o the_o conclusion_n put_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o major_a and_o the_o minor_a simple_o convert_v it_o do_v again_o demonstrate_v the_o major_a then_o again_o from_o the_o same_o conclusion_n put_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o minor_a and_o the_o major_a simple_o convert_v in_o the_o place_n of_o that_o it_o do_v demonstrate_v the_o minor_a which_o any_o one_o that_o will_v may_v experiment_n by_o this_o instance_n every_o rational_a thing_n be_v resible_a every_o man_n be_v rational_a therefore_o every_o man_n be_v risible_a but_o in_o regress_n we_o only_o demonstrate_v the_o minor_a from_o the_o major_a simple_o convert_v and_o the_o conclusion_n put_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o minor_a and_o so_o there_o will_v be_v a_o natural_a
predication_n in_o every_o proposition_n the_o which_o be_v not_o in_o a_o circle_n 2._o in_o the_o matter_n for_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o circle_n or_o middle_a term_n be_v uniform_a in_o both_o the_o demonstration_n see_v it_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o major_a extreme_a prove_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v but_o in_o regress_n the_o effect_n do_v first_o demonstrate_v that_o there_o be_v a_o cause_n then_o after_o consideration_n have_v about_o the_o cause_n the_o cause_n do_v demonstrate_v why_o there_o be_v a_o effect_n 3._o in_o the_o end_n for_o in_o a_o circle_n the_o same_o thing_n be_v both_o beginning_n and_o end_n see_v it_o proceed_v from_o a_o cause_n distinct_o know_v to_o a_o cause_n distinct_o know_v and_o return_n from_o this_o to_o that_o but_o in_o regress_n the_o end_n be_v a_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o effect_n and_o the_o first_o progress_n be_v from_o a_o effect_n confuse_o know_v to_o a_o cause_n to_o be_v confuse_o know_v but_o from_o a_o cause_n confuse_o know_v consideration_n be_v have_v we_o come_v to_o the_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o from_o that_o once_o habituate_v and_o radicate_v in_o the_o understanding_n we_o return_v to_o the_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o effect_n 3._o conversion_n of_o a_o demonstration_n into_o a_o definition_n be_v when_o from_o the_o term_n of_o a_o demonstration_n the_o definition_n of_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v frame_v by_o transposition_n and_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v twofold_a 1._o partial_a and_o that_o be_v either_o nominal_a which_o consist_v of_o a_o genus_fw-la and_o a_o subject_n as_o a_o eclipse_n in_o the_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n causal_n which_o be_v the_o middle_a term_n in_o the_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n show_v why_o there_o be_v a_o effect_n as_o a_o eclipse_n be_v the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n 2._o total_a which_o be_v make_v of_o the_o nominal_a and_o the_o causal_n both_o do_v consist_v of_o a_o genus_fw-la a_o subject_n and_o the_o next_o cause_n as_o a_o eclipse_n be_v the_o defect_n of_o llight_n in_o the_o moon_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n a_o nominal_a definition_n be_v the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o of_o the_o demonstration_n a_o causal_n be_v the_o beginning_n a_o total_a be_v a_o entire_a or_o whole_a demonstration_n differ_v in_o nothing_o from_o it_o but_o the_o place_n of_o the_o term_n for_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v the_o great_a extreme_a the_o lesser_a extreme_a the_o subject_n and_o the_o cause_n the_o middle_a term_n chap._n x._o of_o a_o topical_a syllogism_n in_o the_o general_n hitherto_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n who_o matter_n be_v necessary_a and_o the_o end_n a_o perfect_a knowledge_n come_v we_o now_o to_o a_o dialectical_a or_o topical_a syllogism_n who_o matter_n be_v probable_a and_o contingent_a and_o the_o end_n opinion_n 2._o in_o a_o dialectical_a or_o topical_a syllogism_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v of_o problem_n proposition_n and_o the_o invention_n of_o argument_n 3._o a_o problem_n or_o question_n be_v the_o thing_n of_o which_o it_o be_v probable_o discourse_v and_o the_o conclusion_n of_o a_o syllogism_n already_o make_v but_o that_o this_o problem_n may_v be_v dialectical_a two_o condition_n be_v require_v 1._o that_o it_o be_v profitable_a either_o to_o life_n and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o moral_a problem_n as_o whether_o pleasure_n be_v good_a or_o to_o knowledge_n and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o physical_a or_o a_o natural_a problem_n as_o whether_o the_o world_n be_v eternal_a or_o to_o some_o thing_n that_o be_v subservient_fw-fr unto_o these_o and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o logical_a problem_n as_o whether_o division_n be_v a_o syllogism_n 2._o that_o it_o be_v doubtful_a in_o which_o either_o the_o common_a people_n do_v dissent_n from_o wise_a man_n as_o whether_o riches_n make_v man_n happy_a or_o the_o common_a people_n dissent_v among_o themselves_o as_o whether_o usury_n be_v lawful_a or_o the_o wise_a man_n dissent_v among_o themselves_o as_o whether_o the_o heart_n be_v the_o most_o noble_a part_n of_o man_n 4._o the_o part_n of_o a_o problem_n be_v the_o two_o term_n of_o subject_n and_o predicate_v as_o concern_v the_o subject_n i_o give_v no_o direction_n because_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v not_o restrain_v to_o any_o certain_a subject_n but_o the_o predicate_v according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v four_o genus_fw-la definition_n accident_n proper_a and_o common_a he_o adjoin_v difference_n to_o genus_fw-la if_o it_o be_v more_o comprehensive_a than_o the_o species_n or_o to_o definition_n if_o it_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o the_o species_n if_o the_o species_n chance_v to_o be_v attribute_v in_o any_o problem_n it_o be_v reduce_v to_o genus_fw-la 5._o dialectical_a proposition_n ought_v to_o be_v certain_a at_o least_o probable_a and_o not_o paradox_n 6._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a which_o not_o be_v absolute_o true_a do_v rather_o seem_v to_o be_v true_a than_o false_a there_o be_v five_o degree_n of_o probability_n for_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a which_o seem_v to_o be_v true_a either_o to_o all_o to_o most_o man_n or_o unto_o wise_a man_n and_o that_o either_o to_o all_o of_o they_o or_o to_o the_o most_o or_o to_o the_o wise_a of_o they_o 7._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o paradox_n which_o be_v true_a though_o contrary_a to_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n 8._o for_o the_o invention_n of_o argument_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v common_a place_n and_o rule_n 9_o a_o place_n be_v a_o sense_n or_o commmon_a note_n by_o who_o help_n a_o argument_n be_v find_v 10._o a_o rule_n or_o canon_n be_v a_o proposition_n contain_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o consequence_n in_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n 11._o argument_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n artificial_a and_o inartificial_a 12._o artificial_a argument_n be_v such_o as_o from_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o problem_n be_v not_o find_v but_o by_o rule_n of_o art_n 13._o inartificial_a argument_n be_v such_o as_o be_v find_v without_o any_o help_n of_o art_n and_o these_o be_v nothing_o but_o testimony_n 14._o several_a man_n do_v reckon_v the_o order_n of_o these_o head_n or_o place_n several_o aristotle_n reduce_v all_o head_n to_o the_o four_o predicate_v mention_v before_o some_o for_o the_o more_o plainness_n and_o distinction_n reckon_v up_o twenty_o and_o five_o and_o this_o number_n some_o contract_n to_o thirteen_o other_o to_o ten_o and_o perhaps_o they_o may_v without_o any_o inconvenience_n be_v reduce_v unto_o seven_o 1._o the_o cause_n and_o the_o effect_n 2._o the_o subject_n and_o the_o accident_n 3._o dissentany_a and_o comparison_n 4._o conjugate_v and_o notation_n 5._o the_o whole_a and_o its_o part_n 6._o genus_fw-la and_o species_n 7._o definition_n and_o division_n in_o every_o of_o these_o place_n i_o will_v in_o the_o propose_a order_n show_v you_o the_o canon_n to_o be_v observe_v and_o the_o restriction_n of_o they_o chap._n xi_o of_o the_o topic_n from_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o effect_n there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o cause_n efficient_a material_a formal_a and_o final_a there_o be_v several_a sub-division_n of_o they_o but_o these_o follow_a be_v the_o most_o convenient_a to_o our_o purpose_n as_o 1._o into_o total_a as_o gold_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o money_n the_o sun_n of_o the_o day_n and_o partial_a as_o timber_n in_o the_o cause_n of_o a_o house_n nature_n of_o learning_n 2._o into_o a_o cause_n actual_o as_o a_o builder_n be_v the_o cause_n â—f_o a_o house_n and_o a_o cause_n potential_o as_o a_o architect_n may_v build_v a_o house_n 3._o into_o a_o reâ—ote_a cause_n as_o a_o feast_n may_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o â—â—ckness_n and_o the_o next_o cause_n as_o crudity_n in_o â—he_n stomach_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sickness_n 4._o into_o 〈◊〉_d cause_n simple_o and_o by_o itself_o as_o the_o sun_n be_v â—he_n cause_n of_o light_n and_o a_o cause_n by_o accident_n as_o â—he_v sun_n of_o blindness_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n of_o this_o topick_n be_v â—hese_fw-mi 1._o the_o cause_n be_v grant_v the_o effect_n can_v be_v deny_v and_o if_o the_o cause_n be_v take_v away_o the_o effect_n be_v take_v away_o also_o as_o if_o the_o sun_n shine_v it_o must_v be_v day_n if_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o â—hine_v it_o be_v not_o day_n the_o former_a part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v four_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o remote_a cause_n as_o he_o that_o drink_v wine_n be_v not_o always_o make_v drink_v 2._o in_o a_o cause_n that_o be_v obstruct_v in_o its_o operation_n as_o heavy_a thing_n do_v not_o always_o descend_v because_o they_o may_v be_v hinder_v by_o some_o thing_n that_o hold_v they_o up_o 3._o in_o a_o cause_n by_o accident_n as_o he_o that_o dig_v in_o
convertible_a with_o live_a creature_n because_o it_o be_v convertible_a with_o man_n these_o be_v solve_v by_o distinguish_v that_o which_o agree_v with_o any_o thing_n of_o itself_o from_o that_o which_o do_v so_o by_o accident_n 2._o a_o fallacy_n from_o a_o thing_n speak_v in_o some_o respect_n to_o a_o thing_n speak_v simple_o and_o this_o be_v when_o from_o the_o mean_a term_n dispose_v with_o limitation_n or_o after_o a_o sort_n with_o both_o or_o either_o of_o the_o extreme_n a_o conclusion_n be_v infer_v simple_o and_o absolute_o true_a and_o this_o may_v be_v three_o way_n 1._o when_o the_o limitation_n add_v destroy_v the_o term_n to_o which_o it_o be_v add_v as_o socrates_n be_v a_o dead_a man_n therefore_o he_o be_v a_o man_n 2._o when_o the_o limitation_n add_v do_v signify_v a_o part_n as_o a_o blackamoor_n have_v white_a tooth_n therefore_o a_o blackamoor_n be_v white_a 3._o when_o the_o limitation_n ad_v do_v signify_v some_o notable_a circumstance_n of_o time_n place_n person_n and_o the_o like_a as_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o cast_v the_o merchant_n good_n into_o the_o sea_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o man_n in_o the_o ship_n therefore_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o cast_v the_o merchant_n good_n into_o the_o sea_n these_o be_v solve_v by_o distinguish_v that_o which_o be_v simple_o and_o absolute_o so_o from_o that_o which_o be_v so_o in_o some_o respect_n only_o 3._o a_o fallacy_n from_o ignorance_n of_o the_o argument_n and_o this_o be_v when_o either_o the_o state_n of_o the_o question_n be_v quite_o turn_v or_o wrest_v or_o the_o adversary_n conclusion_n be_v not_o direct_o opposite_a to_o our_o thesis_n according_a to_o the_o canon_n of_o lawful_a opposition_n this_o happen_v if_o the_o disputation_n 1._o be_v not_o to_o the_o same_o thing_n as_o socrates_n be_v rich_a if_o he_o be_v compare_v with_o codrus_n poor_a if_o compare_v with_o croesus_n therefore_o socrates_n be_v both_o poor_a and_o rich_a 2._o if_o it_o be_v not_o so_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o same_o as_o no_o blackamoor_n be_v white_a every_o blackamoor_n be_v white_a in_o reference_n to_o his_o tooth_n therefore_o a_o blackamoor_n be_v and_o be_v not_o white_a 3._o if_o it_o be_v not_o take_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o socrates_n do_v run_v free_o socrates_n do_v not_o run_v free_o therefore_o socrates_n do_v and_o do_v not_o run_v 4._o if_o it_o be_v not_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o same_o time_n as_o the_o faithful_a under_o the_o law_n do_v believe_v that_o christ_n be_v to_o come_v the_o faithful_a under_o the_o gospel_n do_v not_o believe_v that_o christ_n be_v to_o come_v but_o that_o he_o be_v exhibit_v therefore_o the_o faithful_a do_v and_o do_v not_o believe_v that_o christ_n be_v to_o come_v all_o fallacy_n may_v in_o some_o sort_n be_v reduce_v unto_o this_o of_o ignorance_n of_o the_o argument_n even_o as_o all_o opposition_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o contradiction_n these_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v the_o defect_n of_o the_o contradiction_n in_o some_o of_o the_o four_o mention_a condition_n 4._o a_o fallacy_n from_o that_o which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n and_o this_o be_v when_o that_o be_v bring_v for_o the_o true_a cause_n which_o either_o be_v no_o cause_n or_o else_o a_o cause_n only_o by_o accident_n or_o not_o like_a unto_o the_o effect_n this_o happen_v 1._o when_o that_o which_o be_v not_o the_o true_a cause_n be_v bring_v for_o the_o true_a as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v such_o a_o war_n to_o be_v a_o cruel_a war_n because_o of_o the_o appearance_n of_o a_o comet_n 2._o when_o that_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n by_o accident_n be_v bring_v for_o the_o true_a as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v that_o the_o use_n of_o wine_n be_v to_o be_v forbid_v because_o it_o make_v man_n drink_v these_o fallacy_n be_v very_o useful_a in_o such_o syllogism_n which_o drive_v the_o respondent_fw-la to_o something_o that_o be_v impossible_a and_o they_o be_v solve_v by_o deny_v the_o false_a cause_n and_o show_v the_o true_a 5._o a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o consequent_a and_o this_o be_v when_o that_o be_v infer_v from_o the_o antecedent_n as_o the_o consequent_a which_o yet_o be_v not_o the_o consequent_a this_o happen_v as_o often_o as_o the_o rule_n of_o conversion_n or_o condition_n of_o syllogism_n be_v not_o observe_v and_o these_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v the_o weakness_n of_o the_o inference_n either_o from_o the_o rule_n or_o from_o some_o other_o inference_n of_o the_o same_o form_n which_o be_v infirm_a 6._o a_o fallacy_n from_o beg_v the_o question_n and_o this_o be_v when_o that_o be_v use_v for_o the_o mean_a which_o be_v not_o grant_v or_o be_v different_a from_o that_o which_o be_v seek_v but_o as_o much_o unknown_a this_o happen_v many_o way_n 1._o when_o the_o thing_n seek_v be_v take_v in_o the_o same_o term_n as_o thus_o every_o man_n be_v rational_a every_o man_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o every_o man_n be_v rational_a 2._o when_o the_o thing_n seek_v be_v express_v in_o word_n synonymous_n or_o equivalent_a as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v that_o a_o shilling_n be_v the_o twenty_o part_n of_o pound_n because_o twelve_o penny_n be_v so_o 3._o when_o the_o question_n be_v prove_v by_o that_o which_o be_v as_o much_o or_o more_o unknown_a as_o heaven_n be_v immovable_a because_o the_o earth_n be_v movable_a 4._o when_o the_o proposition_n do_v mutual_o prove_v one_o another_o as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v that_o fire_n be_v the_o hot_a because_o the_o thin_a and_o then_o again_o that_o it_o be_v the_o thin_a because_o the_o hot_a it_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v the_o vanity_n and_o folly_n of_o such_o argue_v 7._o a_o fallacy_n of_o ask_v many_o question_n and_o this_o be_v when_o many_o question_n or_o conclusion_n be_v confound_v in_o one_o this_o may_v be_v two_o way_n 1._o when_o the_o same_o predicate_v be_v seek_v from_o diverse_a subject_n as_o be_v the_o earth_n sea_n or_o heaven_n 2._o when_o diverse_a predicate_v be_v seek_v from_o one_o and_o the_o same_o subject_n as_o be_v man_n a_o live_a creature_n and_o a_o stone_n these_o be_v solve_v not_o by_o answer_v in_o one_o answer_n to_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n together_o but_o distinct_o to_o every_o one_o and_o thus_o much_o concern_v a_o sophistical_a syllogism_n chap._n xxii_o of_o method_n i_o be_o now_o to_o speak_v of_o order_n or_o method_n which_o be_v the_o four_o and_o last_o logical_a instrument_n and_o method_n be_v the_o dispose_n of_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o matter_n or_o subject_n so_o we_o that_o they_o may_v be_v best_a understand_v and_o easy_a remember_v 2._o that_o the_o limitation_n of_o this_o definition_n may_v be_v observe_v such_o thing_n must_v be_v premise_v which_o do_v conduce_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o those_o that_o follow_v or_o those_o thing_n at_o least_o must_v be_v speak_v of_o first_o which_o be_v more_o easy_a to_o be_v understand_v than_o the_o rest_n 3._o method_n be_v twofold_a natural_a or_o arbitrary_a 4._o a_o natural_a method_n be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o order_n of_o nature_n and_o our_o distinct_a knowledge_n be_v observe_v some_o controversy_n there_o be_v here_o among_o writer_n whether_o in_o the_o write_n of_o any_o subject_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o speak_v of_o those_o thing_n first_o which_o be_v first_o in_o nature_n or_o those_o thing_n with_o which_o we_o be_v best_a acquaint_v and_o i_o think_v that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n we_o be_v best_a acquaint_v with_o that_o which_o be_v first_o in_o nature_n but_o if_o any_o time_n it_o happen_v otherwise_o than_o i_o concur_v with_o zabarel_n that_o those_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o first_o which_o come_v first_o under_o our_o cognizance_n and_o not_o those_o that_o be_v first_o in_o their_o own_o nature_n 5._o in_o a_o natural_a method_n all_o the_o part_n ought_v to_o be_v homogeneal_a we_o ought_v not_o in_o a_o natural_a method_n to_o mingle_v one_o science_n with_o another_o as_o ethic_n in_o a_o treatise_n of_o geometry_n or_o geometry_n in_o a_o treatise_n of_o ethic_n this_o must_v be_v strict_o observe_v in_o all_o precept_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o essence_n of_o any_o science_n but_o in_o the_o commentary_n or_o exposition_n of_o any_o precept_n we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o any_o other_o science_n as_o well_o as_o of_o that_o of_o which_o we_o write_v or_o speak_v as_o in_o write_v of_o physic_n we_o may_v repeat_v something_o of_o logic_n or_o in_o write_v of_o ethic_n we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o something_o in_o physic_n 6._o in_o a_o natural_a method_n we_o must_v speak_v first_o of_o general_n and_o then_o of_o particular_n and_o as_o we_o proceed_v from_o one_o thing_n to_o another_o every_o part_n must_v have_v a_o dependence_n