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cause_n effect_n produce_v sufficient_a 6,420 5 9.0959 4 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A47115 An examination of the Reflections on the theory of the earth together with a defence of the remarks on Mr. Whiston's New theory / by J. Keill... Keill, John, 1671-1721. 1699 (1699) Wing K133; ESTC R14756 75,896 185

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that_o world_n when_o from_o the_o wisdom_n and_o contrivance_n of_o what_o be_v already_o do_v we_o argue_v that_o it_o can_v not_o have_v be_v do_v in_o a_o better_a manner_n he_o go_v on_o and_o say_v that_o some_o man_n cry_v out_o mighty_o against_o reason_n and_o yet_o none_o be_v more_o fond_a of_o it_o than_o they_o when_o they_o can_v get_v it_o on_o their_o side_n some_o man_n inveigh_v against_o physical_a cause_n when_o other_o use_v they_o and_o yet_o as_o glad_o as_o any_o make_v use_v of_o they_o when_o they_o can_v make_v they_o serve_v their_o purpose_n and_o when_o they_o can_v reach_v they_o they_o despise_v they_o and_o be_v all_o for_o final_a cause_n i_o never_o know_v any_o that_o cry_v down_o either_o reason_n or_o physical_a cause_n when_o they_o be_v plain_a and_o obvious_a but_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o there_o be_v some_o that_o be_v displease_v with_o the_o reason_n and_o cause_n that_o be_v assign_v by_o a_o set_v of_o philosopher_n who_o think_v 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the_o antediluvian_n geography_n and_o the_o rise_v of_o its_o river_n yet_o it_o seem_v that_o his_o skill_n be_v not_o very_o great_a in_o the_o modern_a for_o he_o make_v nile_n in_o africa_n to_o cross_v the_o line_n whereas_o if_o he_o have_v consult_v the_o modern_a geographer_n and_o their_o observation_n he_o have_v see_v that_o the_o nile_n rise_v some_o degree_n on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o line_n as_o it_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o ludolphus_n map_n of_o aethiopia_n after_o this_o fine_a discourse_n of_o our_o author_n about_o the_o ascend_n of_o river_n towards_o the_o equator_fw-la to_o conclude_v the_o argument_n he_o say_v that_o if_o this_o difference_n of_o pendulum_n be_v find_v it_o will_v still_o bear_v a_o dispute_n from_o what_o physical_a cause_n it_o proceed_v he_o indeed_o may_v dispute_v it_o and_o perhaps_o will_v never_o come_v to_o know_v it_o as_o long_o as_o he_o live_v but_o i_o believe_v very_o few_o else_o will_v ever_o doubt_v but_o that_o it_o 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the_o earth_n turn_v round_o its_o own_o axis_n for_o all_o body_n that_o turn_v round_o a_o axis_n endeavour_v to_o recede_v from_o that_o axis_n and_o because_o at_o the_o equator_fw-la body_n move_v swift_a the_o circle_n there_o be_v great_a this_o conatus_fw-la or_o centrifugal_n force_n will_v be_v also_o great_a now_o this_o force_n at_o the_o equinoctial_a act_n direct_o against_o the_o force_n of_o gravity_n which_o it_o do_v no_o where_n beside_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o upon_o this_o account_n gravity_n must_v be_v less_o there_o than_o any_o where_o else_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o this_o diminution_n of_o gravity_n it_o must_v follow_v also_o that_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o equator_fw-la will_v be_v great_a than_o its_o axis_n or_o that_o the_o matter_n at_o the_o equator_fw-la rise_v high_a than_o at_o the_o pole_n the_o defender_n say_v that_o this_o be_v agree_v and_o own_a on_o all_o hand_n in_o case_n there_o be_v no_o impediment_n to_o hinder_v the_o rise_n or_o retrocession_n of_o the_o middle_a part_n but_o say_v he_o the_o theorist_n do_v believe_v that_o the_o vortex_n be_v of_o a_o short_a diameter_n there_o than_o through_o the_o pole_n which_o hinder_v the_o rise_n of_o the_o fluid_a what_o this_o impediment_n be_v or_o what_o shall_v occasion_v this_o straitness_n of_o the_o orb_n at_o the_o equator_fw-la i_o know_v not_o i_o hope_v the_o theorist_n do_v not_o suppose_v that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a iron_n hoop_n at_o those_o part_n a_o solid_a ring_n like_o that_o of_o satur_n which_o keep_v in_o the_o fluid_fw-la from_o rise_v yet_o how_o it_o shall_v be_v else_o keep_v in_o be_v beyond_o my_o skill_n to_o guess_v i_o wish_v he_o will_v explain_v this_o more_o at_o length_n that_o we_o may_v know_v what_o he_o mean_v by_o it_o the_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o those_o who_o affirm_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v in_o form_n of_o a_o broad_a spheroid_fw-fr will_v allow_v of_o no_o vortices_fw-la to_o the_o planet_n but_o then_o 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leisurely_o and_o to_o proceed_v by_o the_o same_o step_n that_o the_o violence_n of_o its_o heat_n decrease_v which_o will_v not_o then_o as_o he_o will_v have_v it_o be_v complete_v in_o six_o year_n nor_o indeed_o in_o as_o many_o century_n and_o the_o opake_v part_n will_v take_v so_o much_o time_n in_o descend_v and_o compose_v the_o crust_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o sun_n will_v always_o illuminate_v at_o least_o the_o upper_a region_n of_o its_o atmosphere_n as_o free_o as_o it_o do_v the_o whole_a atmosphere_n of_o comet_n while_o they_o be_v within_o our_o observation_n he_o allow_v this_o to_o be_v a_o argument_n of_o good_a force_n and_o to_o deserve_v consideration_n and_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o if_o comet_n be_v observe_v to_o have_v no_o atmosphere_n after_o their_o return_n from_o the_o region_n beyond_o saturn_n before_o they_o arrive_v at_o their_o perihelia_n again_o then_o indeed_o this_o reason_n be_v unavoidable_a but_o see_v the_o contrary_n be_v evident_a 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it_o be_v object_v against_o it_o that_o heavy_a body_n such_o as_o earth_n day_n and_o stone_n can_v not_o swim_v upon_o oil_n or_o water_n will_v it_o not_o have_v be_v easy_a for_o he_o to_o have_v say_v that_o body_n have_v then_o other_o law_n property_n and_o operation_n than_o they_o have_v now_o and_o that_o it_o be_v at_o that_o time_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n that_o the_o heavy_a body_n shall_v swim_v uppermost_a and_o the_o light_a fall_n to_o the_o bottom_n though_o one_o will_v think_v that_o it_o be_v as_o impossible_a that_o there_o shall_v be_v such_o a_o law_n of_o motion_n as_o that_o a_o proposition_n in_o euclid_n shall_v be_v false_a if_o the_o law_n of_o motion_n be_v arbitrary_a and_o changeable_a why_o shall_v the_o mathematician_n pretend_v to_o demonstrate_v they_o as_o necessary_a consequence_n from_o their_o principle_n let_v we_o suppose_v a_o vectis_fw-la in_o one_o of_o mr._n whiston_n comet_n and_o two_o power_n apply_v to_o its_o brachia_n upon_o which_o they_o act_v perpendicular_o so_o that_o the_o power_n be_v to_o one_o another_o in_o a_o proportion_n reciprocal_a to_o the_o length_n of_o their_o brachia_n it_o be_v actual_o impossible_a but_o these_o two_o power_n must_v act_v equal_o the_o one_o against_o the_o other_o or_o that_o one_o of_o they_o unassisted_a by_o any_o other_o cause_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o move_v the_o other_o against_o its_o direction_n since_o effect_n must_v be_v always_o proportional_a to_o their_o adequate_a cause_n and_o yet_o according_a to_o mr._n whiston_n position_n this_o law_n of_o nature_n perhaps_o be_v only_o true_a in_o our_o earth_n and_o not_o in_o any_o planet_n or_o comet_n whatsoever_o by_o this_o answer_n mr._n whiston_n have_v grant_v i_o all_o that_o i_o design_v to_o prove_v viz._n that_o the_o earth_n be_v not_o form_v according_a to_o the_o know_a law_n of_o mechanism_n but_o by_o the_o efficacy_n of_o the_o divine_a spirit_n which_o move_v upon_o the_o face_n of_o the_o water_n it_o be_v say_v in_o the_o remark_n that_o there_o be_v no_o need_n of_o a_o hot_a central_n solid_a to_o solve_v the_o origine_fw-la of_o spring_n and_o such_o other_o phaenomena_n of_o nature_n they_o be_v better_o account_v for_o by_o other_o mean_n to_o this_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o the_o reality_n of_o a_o internal_a heat_n within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v a_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o must_v be_v account_v for_o whatever_o become_v of_o spring_n i_o always_o allow_v a_o internal_a heat_n but_o think_v it_o may_v be_v account_v for_o without_o a_o hot_a internal_a solid_a and_o i_o refer_v he_o to_o what_o have_v be_v say_v upon_o this_o subject_n in_o the_o examination_n of_o the_o reflection_n on_o the_o theory_n mr._n whiston_n think_v that_o the_o account_n i_o refer_v to_o for_o the_o origination_n of_o fountain_n be_v not_o so_o universal_a as_o to_o stand_v in_o no_o need_n of_o subterraneous_a vapour_n but_o since_o he_o have_v give_v we_o no_o reason_n for_o this_o thought_n of_o he_o i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o to_o it_o but_o that_o i_o think_v otherwise_o i_o be_o sure_a it_o be_v evident_a by_o calculation_n that_o the_o vapour_n raise_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o the_o sea_n be_v alone_o sufficient_a to_o serve_v all_o our_o river_n and_o fountain_n with_o water_n and_o nature_n never_o make_v use_v of_o two_o distinct_a cause_n where_o one_o will_v do_v for_o then_o the_o effect_n will_v be_v great_a than_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v i_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o recede_v without_o necessity_n from_o the_o literal_a sense_n in_o suppose_v that_o the_o formation_n of_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n mention_v in_o the_o first_o of_o genesis_n be_v to_o be_v only_o understand_v of_o their_o be_v make_v visible_a and_o of_o their_o appear_v to_o a_o eye_n place_v in_o the_o earth_n but_o since_o he_o desire_v to_o know_v my_o reason_n for_o this_o opinion_n i_o must_v tell_v he_o that_o his_o interpretation_n seem_v to_o be_v extreme_o force_v and_o no_o way_n agreeable_a with_o the_o design_n of_o the_o sacred_a penman_n moses_n narration_n be_v plain_a and_o simple_a and_o throughout_o the_o whole_a he_o do_v not_o affect_v to_o speak_v either_o metaphorical_o or_o allegorical_o but_o he_o deliver_v it_o as_o certain_a matter_n of_o fact_n which_o we_o be_v firm_o to_o believe_v he_o plain_o mention_n the_o creation_n of_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n and_o make_v the_o production_n of_o they_o a_o distinct_a day_n work_v by_o its_o self_n in_o express_v their_o formation_n the_o same_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o he_o make_v be_v use_v that_o be_v find_v afterward_o in_o the_o 25_o verse_n where_o there_o be_v a_o account_n give_v of_o the_o production_n of_o beast_n and_o therefore_o moses_n seem_v to_o have_v design_v that_o the_o word_n shall_v be_v take_v in_o both_o place_n in_o the_o same_o sense_n beside_o all_o this_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o moses_n do_v not_o speak_v of_o thing_n as_o they_o appear_v or_o will_v have_v appear_v to_o a_o eye_n place_v in_o a_o muddy_a fluid_fw-la since_o there_o be_v no_o one_o then_o in_o be_v to_o who_o they_o can_v have_v appear_v from_o all_o these_o consideration_n i_o think_v it_o evident_a that_o it_o be_v moses_n intention_n to_o be_v understand_v in_o a_o real_a and_o literal_a meaning_n i_o desire_v mr._n whiston_n to_o consider_v what_o be_v say_v more_o at_o large_a upon_o this_o subject_n in_o the_o examination_n of_o the_o reflection_n on_o the_o theory_n but_o after_o all_o i_o do_v not_o see_v that_o mr._n whiston_n reason_n prove_v any_o impossibility_n in_o moses_n account_n of_o the_o creation_n all_o that_o i_o think_v he_o prove_v in_o his_o long_a discourse_n be_v that_o the_o plain_a and_o simple_a account_n that_o moses_n give_v we_o be_v not_o agreeable_a to_o his_o theory_n to_o his_o way_n of_o think_v or_o to_o the_o method_n by_o which_o he_o will_v have_v the_o world_n produce_v his_o theory_n suppose_v that_o the_o sun_n upon_o the_o second_o day_n before_o it_o become_v visible_a raise_v as_o many_o vapour_n from_o the_o earth_n as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o sill_z all_o the_o sea_n lake_n and_o river_n that_o be_v in_o the_o primitive_a earth_n here_o i_o think_v he_o assign_v a_o cause_n no_o way_n proportional_a to_o the_o effect_n for_o since_o the_o sun_n even_o when_o it_o shine_v very_o strong_o and_o direct_o upon_o our_o ocean_n do_v in_o a_o whole_a year_n raise_v but_o the_o thousand_o part_n of_o our_o present_a ocean_n into_o vapour_n how_o can_v it_o be_v suppose_v that_o it_o can_v raise_v as_o much_o vapour_n in_o that_o time_n as_o will_v fill_v the_o sea_n lake_n and_o river_n of_o our_o primitive_a earth_n when_o all_o
pass_v through_o every_o 20._o or_o 30._o foot_n of_o a_o solid_a crust_n must_v be_v at_o least_o the_o half_a of_o what_o fall_v upon_o it_o upon_o this_o supposition_n i_o show_v that_o if_o there_o be_v but_o one_o hundred_o of_o these_o surface_n the_o number_n of_o ray_n which_o fall_v upon_o the_o first_o will_v be_v to_o the_o number_n of_o ray_n which_o fall_v upon_o the_o last_o as_o 2_o 99_o to_o i_o or_o as_o the_o 99th_o power_n of_o 2._o to_o unity_n from_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o if_o we_o take_v the_o distance_n as_o the_o logarithm_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o each_o of_o these_o distance_n will_v be_v as_o the_o absolute_a number_n belong_v to_o these_o logarithm_n thus_o if_o a_o b_o represent_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o crust_n a_o c_o the_o number_n of_o ray_n which_o fall_v upon_o the_o surface_n at_o a_o d_o e_o the_o number_n of_o ray_n which_o fall_v upon_o the_o surface_n at_o d_o and_o if_o we_o draw_v through_o the_o point_n c_o and_o e_o the_o logarithmick_n curve_v to_o the_o asymptote_n a_o b_o the_o applicate_v b_o f_o will_v represent_v the_o number_n of_o ray_n which_o will_v fall_v upon_o the_o surface_n at_o b_o which_o in_o our_o present_a case_n be_v vast_o less_o than_o ac_fw-la perhaps_o the_o defender_n will_v say_v that_o the_o ray_n be_v diminish_v in_o pass_v through_o a_o medium_n but_o yet_o he_o do_v not_o see_v how_o they_o shall_v be_v diminish_v in_o the_o proportion_n i_o have_v assign_v viz._n so_o that_o the_o applicate_v to_o the_o logarithmick_a curve_v be_v always_o as_o the_o quantity_n of_o ray_n which_o pass_v through_o well_o that_o he_o may_v see_v that_o this_o be_v not_o a_o precarious_a assumption_n i_o will_v give_v he_o my_o reason_n for_o it_o though_o this_o way_n of_o reason_v by_o a_o calculus_fw-la seem_v to_o be_v plain_a and_o obvious_a enough_o to_o those_o who_o understand_v the_o common_a principle_n of_o calculation_n which_o as_o i_o think_v aught_o to_o be_v unknown_a to_o none_o that_o pretend_v either_o to_o write_v or_o defend_v a_o theory_n as_o the_o theorist_n himself_o own_v yet_o the_o defender_n do_v whatever_o he_o can_v to_o find_v shist_n and_o evasion_n for_o such_o argument_n and_o here_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o consider_v surface_n but_o pore_n well_o that_o he_o may_v see_v how_o ready_a i_o be_o to_o please_v and_o obey_v he_o i_o have_v do_v this_o already_o in_o the_o 71._o page_z of_o this_o treatise_n where_o i_o have_v show_v that_o if_o the_o sun_n shine_v upon_o any_o surface_n that_o be_v expose_v open_o to_o it_o its_o heat_n on_o that_o surface_n will_v be_v 202500._o time_n great_a than_o its_o heat_n upon_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o abyss_n when_o it_o shine_v only_o through_o the_o pore_n of_o the_o crust_n which_o disproportion_n be_v great_a enough_o to_o show_v that_o no_o great_a store_n of_o vapour_n can_v be_v rarify_v in_o the_o abyss_n but_o say_v he_o those_o that_o allow_v a_o comet_n at_o its_o near_a approach_n to_o the_o sun_n to_o be_v pierce_v through_o and_o through_o so_o as_o to_o become_v hot_a than_o red_a hot_a iron_n will_v not_o think_v it_o strange_a that_o at_o our_o distance_n it_o shall_v have_v some_o proportional_a effect_n upon_o the_o inward_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n let_v we_o illustrate_v his_o similitude_n by_o another_o those_o who_o allow_v that_o a_o ball_n of_o iron_n ten_o inch_n thick_a when_o put_v in_o a_o good_a fire_n may_v be_v make_v red_a hot_a and_o be_v pierce_v by_o the_o fire_n through_o and_o through_o will_v not_o think_v it_o strange_a that_o this_o ball_n of_o iron_n remove_v 10._o foot_n from_o the_o fire_n shall_v receive_v some_o proportionable_a heat_n even_o in_o its_o inward_a part_n as_o without_o doubt_v it_o will_v but_o the_o question_n be_v if_o this_o effect_n be_v any_o way_n sensible_a or_o if_o we_o shall_v suppose_v some_o water_n enclose_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o this_o ball_n whether_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fire_n can_v raise_v it_o into_o vapour_n at_o such_o a_o distance_n so_o that_o the_o force_n those_o vapour_n have_v to_o expand_v themselves_o will_v break_v or_o burst_v the_o ball_n i_o think_v that_o this_o gentleman_n have_v know_v so_o much_o of_o the_o new_a experimental_a philosophy_n as_o not_o to_o be_v ignorant_a that_o heat_n do_v not_o pass_v into_o the_o interior_a part_n of_o a_o solid_a of_o considerable_a thickness_n till_o it_o have_v quite_o dissolve_v the_o exterior_a part_n and_o if_o the_o solid_a be_v combustible_a as_o wood_n it_o consume_v the_o outward_a part_n before_o it_o have_v any_o sensible_a effect_n upon_o the_o interior_n but_o if_o its_o part_n be_v compact_v as_o metal_n or_o stone_n it_o loosen_v and_o dissolve_v the_o frame_n and_o texture_n of_o the_o outward_a part_n and_o so_o make_v its_o way_n to_o the_o inward_a but_o our_o philosopher_n think_v he_o have_v find_v out_o one_o remarkable_a phoenomenon_n by_o which_o he_o can_v prove_v effectual_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n peirce_v deep_a into_o the_o crust_n and_o that_o be_v in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o earthquake_n he_o consider_v the_o cause_n of_o they_o and_o their_o depth_n and_o he_o say_v that_o all_o agree_v that_o they_o arise_v from_o the_o rarefaction_n of_o vapour_n and_o exhalation_n this_o rarefaction_n say_v he_o must_v be_v make_v by_o some_o heat_n and_o no_o other_o be_v prove_v to_o we_o yet_o by_o this_o author_n than_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n why_o shall_v i_o be_v oblige_v to_o satisfy_v he_o in_o all_o his_o difficulty_n in_o philosophy_n do_v ever_o i_o set_v up_o to_o be_v a_o theorist_n and_o give_v a_o account_n of_o all_o the_o phoenomena_fw-la of_o nature_n well_o but_o it_o seem_v he_o expect_v it_o from_o i_o and_o though_o i_o be_o no_o way_n oblige_v to_o it_o yet_o out_o of_o abundance_n of_o good_a nature_n i_o will_v give_v my_o opinion_n in_o this_o matter_n i_o think_v then_o that_o the_o rarefaction_n 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