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cause_n	effect_n	produce_v	reason_n	2,611	5	5.3334	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58326	A letter of Francesco Redi concerning some objections made upon his Observations about vipers written to Monsieur Bourdelot ... and Monsieur Alexander Morus : printed in Italian at Florence, 1670 / now made English ; together with the sequel of New experiments upon vipers, and a dissertation upon their poyson ... written in French by Moyse Charas ; now likewise Englished.; Lettera di Francesco Redi sopra alcune opposizioni fatte alle sue Osservazioni intorno alle vipere. English	Redi, Francesco, 1626-1698.; Charas, Moyse, 1619-1698. Nouvelles expériences sur la vipère. Suite. English.	1673 (1673)	Wing R663; ESTC R5968	49,196	113

of the Viper irritated by the idea of revenge which she had framed to her self gives a certain motion to the spirits which cannot be expressed and pushes them violently through the Nerves and their Fibres to the cavity of the teeth as into a funnel and that from thence they are conveyed into the blood of the animal by the opening which they have made there to produce all those effects of which we endeavour to give a reason Item pag. III. However this be we must herein agree that this irritation in the fansie or in the spirits of the Viper is the main cause of the activity and piercingness of its venom and that without it the biting would not produce such surprising effects as those are of which we have related so many examples Item pag. 138. These Experiments will prove on the one hand that the yellow liquor contributes nothing to the poyson and on the other that these incensed spirits assisted by the openings which the great teeth had made for them are the sole and true cause thereof These sentiments they confirm by some Experiments all which consist in this that they had drop't a quantity of that yellow liquor into the wounds of a Pigeon a Dog and some Pullets which yet dyed not of it and that having caused a Pigeon to be bitten by a Viper not enraged the animal received thence no hurt at all For they say pag. 115. We also made a trial upon a Pigeon which we wounded under the wing and in the Leg in the same moment of time and we let into each wound some of this yellow liquor which just afore we had drawn from the gums of two enraged Vipers then we rejoyned the skin well to enclose the said liquor and we bound both wounds over with a band that nothing might run out We can assure that the Pigeon felt not any inconvenience from it and that we even found upon the wound made in the Leg a coagulated drop of the juice round and of the same colour as we had put it there and the blood of the wound dryed and that soon after both wounds were dried up and healed of themselves Pag. 116. We also made the like Experiment upon a Cat which we purposely wounded in the Leg but he received no harm at all by it We have also often experimented it on Pullets and other Pigeons but alwayes with the like success and without any offence to the Animals Ibid. The same Trial hath been thrice made at three several times and even twice in one day upon a Dog whom we had wounded on purpose towards the bottom of the Ear where he could not lick his wound and no mischief at all followed upon it Ibid. We cannot but add here an Experiment of the mortal effect of the Enraged Spirits without any intervention of the yellow liquor We made a Viper several times to bite upon a slice of bread by pressing every time its jaws against the bread and we did this so often that not only that juice was altogether exhausted but the blood began to come out of the Vessicles At the same time we vexed the Viper and made her bite a Pigeon in the most fleshy part and we observ'd that indeed the effects of the venom of the biting were not so quick the Pigeon not dying but an hour and an half after it had been bitten but then we found also that the teeth of the Viper were in a manner covered with the crums of the bread from the force of her having bitten at it and that that had hindred them from making a deep entrance and that having half stop't up the pores of the teeth a good part of the angred Spirits could not come forth so that the death of the Pigeon could not follow so fast though yet it hapned without any mixture of the juice which had been altogether emptied Pag. 138. The wound made by a Viper not vexed whose Jaws were held in and whose teeth were at the same time thrust into the body of a Pigeon which also was accompanied with store of the yellow juice and yet not attended with any ill accident To these Experiments I have nothing else to oppose but those very many ones that were made by me in the year 1664. and recited in the above-mentioned Observations of mine about Vipers and those also that I shall recite hereafter made likewise by my self not with a desire to confirm the first but indeed to discover the Truth And that I may not be put often to repeat some things I shall premise some General Observations made by me at the time when I dealt in Vipers 1. A viper more easily kills a Pigeon a Pullet a Turky-cock a Squirrel a Dormouse and generally all small Birds and Animals than a great Animal as a Sheep a Deer a Horse a Bull yea these greater ones and those that are of an hard skin very often a Viper kills not at all 2. According to the bigness of the Animal bitten and according to the place where the Viper biteth death follows sooner or later especially according as the place wounded is a clear texture or thick set with veins and arteries or those veins and arteries are very small or big 3. If from the wound of a Viper much blood issueth it sometimes happens that the Animal nor only dyeth not but does not so much as feel any great inconvenience 4. It doth also not seldom fall out that an Animal bitten by a Viper suffers grievous Symptoms from the poyson which bring it near death but yet kill it not but the creature without any help of Physick and by the sole work of nature recovers 5. Those Animals that are bitten of a Viper dye a little sooner than those into the wounds of which hath been on purpose conveyed that yellow liquor which by art hath been fetch 't out of the baggs of the teeth of that Viper 6. 'T is necessary that great dexterity be used in making the said liquor to penetrate into the wound because if the wound be narrow it pierces difficultly if large it cannot be otherwise but it will bleed and with that blood the said liquor will turn back and so the poison come out again I had then provided a good number of Vipers which I caused to be brought me cut of the Kingdome of Naples and having in this moneth of May 1670 wounded ten Pigeons of the bigger sort in the thighs I put into them some of the yellow liquor freshly taken out of the mouth of the live Vipers and all these Pigeons some within the space of one hour some in half an hour and some in two hours died This Experiment I repeated upon ten Chickens likewise wounded in their thighs with the same event that had befallen the Pigeons Then I cut off the heads of twelf Vipers and all the heads being cut off and the Vipers quite dead I thence extracted the poyson and caused them to be put into the

divers things made many more Experiments then he mentions he hath made upon this subject as appears by what he writeth p. 17 18. of his first Letter I find therefore that he hath no great cause to complain of me as he doth under the name of those Illustrious Authors to whom he ascribes my Book in his Letter for not having vouchsafed to make Experiments enow to confirm the truth of the Observations about Vipers contain'd in his first Letter of 1664. He had not I say great cause to speak of it after such a manner since I did do so but in imitation of him and because he had in the same Letter advanced and assured particulars which required not I should make more tryals then those I have described in my Book Although I can assure to have made more then I have recited He knows very well that about the end of pag. 23. of his first Letter he used these words Equel veleno shizza tutto fuora se non al primo almeno al secondo morso si che il terzo epiù volte l'ho esperimentato non è velenoso That is And that poison issues all out if not at the first at least at the second biting so that the third which I have often experimented is not venomous And if because of the respect I bear to the writings of a person of so high a reputation I thought among divers other Experiments that having made one and the same Viper every time vexed to bite five several Pigeons which all died and even the last of them sooner then the rest I might stop there I think Signor Redi hath nothing to reproach me with He had assured in his first Letter and assures the same in his latter That all the poison did lodge in the yellow liquor and that this poison was all exhausted if not at the first yet at least at the second biting and that he had often experimented that the third was no more venomous So that if I was perswaded that all the yellow Liquor must be come out by the second biting made upon the second Pigeon and if after that I have seen dye three other Pigeons by the fresh bitings of the same Viper that had bitten the two first I do not think that Sign Redi hath right to accuse me for not having done enough He might rather have done me that justice as to acknowledge that I had done more then enough to maintain my Reflexions and that I was obliged from that time to seek the poison elsewhere then in the yellow liquor in regard it did no longer intervene according to him in the three last bitings and that the three last Pigeons were as soon yea sooner dead then the two first of the death of which he could charge the yellow liquor If I could not find no more then Sign Redi in all the body of the Viper any other visible or palpable part that was venomous and that might justly be declared to be the seat of the poison and the true cause of the death which ensued upon the three last bitings he must not wonder if I have sought and found it in the vexed Spirits and if I have grounded my self upon the best evidence I could get from Experiments and Reason But since the chief motive of my tryals hath been the desire of exactly knowing the Truth concerning those matters having seen that Sign Redi pag. 31. of his last Letter hath desired I would make new experiments after his Objections against me To be the more assured of all I have been willing to give him that satisfaction in giving it to my self For in the moneth of May last in the Chymical Laboratory of the Royal Garden in the presence of two or three hundred by standers both Physitians and others capable to judge of it and worthy to be credited from amongst many live Vipers sent me out of Dauphine and divers parts of Poitou I chose a great Femal-Viper that was lusty enough notwithstanding the great way she came and having open'd her jawes I very carefully cleared and squeezed out of them at several repetitions all the yellow liquor contained in the bags of her gums and that also which might be diffused about the neighbouring parts with a fine piece of linnen cloth wound about the handle of a pen knife Which done I took the same Viper with Pincers about hér neck and angred her in making her to fasten her teeth into the end of her tail and in pressing from time to time her neck with those Pincers and immediately after I presented to her five Pigeons and two Pullets one after another to bite them in the most fleshy part of their Chest having irritated her every time of her biting I purposely wounded also six Pigeons and Pullets in divers places in the presence of all the company and let into the wounds some drops of the yellow liquor drawn from the Vesicles of newly enraged Vipers I laid both sorts a part and the company parted about an hour after before which time five of the Pigeons and Pullets that had been bitten were dead and the two remaining died about an hour after but the Pigeons and Pullets which I had wounded and in whose wounds I had put in some of the said juyce ailed nothing but that there appeared some lividness at the place wounded and such an one as might have been there from the sole wounding them and without any concurrence of that liquor Two days after I shew'd the company the same wounded Pullets and the same Pigeons which were very well and had their wounds almost perfectly healed up only there remain'd a little blewness about the wounded parts I would then have wounded the same animals again in other places and intromitted fresh yellow liquor some also of the by-standers proposed to let into one of these creatures some of this yellow liquor by that way of Transfusion that hath lately been made in divers parts of Europe of some stranger blood into the veins of men that so this juyce being mingled with the blood by the ordinary circulation it might be able to discover what ever it could do I readily complied with their motion whereupon the intromission of this liquor was attempted upon one of the same Pigeons that had been wounded two days before One Physitian and two Chirurgions did the work one after onother in making both the incision and the ligature of the most discernable vessels of the right wing But they let the Pigeon loose so much blood that it dyed soon after Seeing this I said that the Pigeon dyed only from the loss of its blood and not from the letting in of the yellow liquor and that it would be necessary one only Chirurgion of the Company shou'd make a new operation upon another of the same Animals that had been wounded 2 days before and upon whom that yellow Juyce had also been tryed The Operation was made accordingly at the same time