term_n of_o aristotle_n and_o thomas_n be_v more_o significant_a and_o fit_a i_o think_v it_o best_o to_o follow_v they_o of_o the_o essence_n by_o these_o word_n be_v set_v out_o such_o argument_n as_o be_v essential_a unto_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v now_o all_o the_o cause_n be_v of_o this_o kind_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n as_o thomas_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o he_o say_v the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n that_o be_v each_o one_o in_o its_o kind_n and_o manner_n of_o work_v for_o all_o of_o they_o do_v concur_v and_o bestow_v their_o force_n unto_o the_o procure_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v these_o argument_n be_v all_o comprehend_v in_o the_o 9_o place_n of_o argument_n viz._n to_o do_v chap._n v._o the_o definition_n of_o a_o cause_n a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o force_n whereof_o ramus_n ramus_n a_o thing_n be_v this_o argument_n which_o we_o call_v a_o cause_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o every_o thing_n whereupon_o another_o follow_v and_o so_o say_v okam_n 1_o do_v 1._o q._n 3._o lit_fw-fr n._n wherefore_o as_o the_o same_o okam_n say_v 1._o do_v 41._o light_v f._n a_o cause_n be_v take_v two_o way_n sometime_o for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v another_o thing_n as_o a_o effect_n thereof_o and_o sometime_o also_o for_o a_o proposition_n whereof_o another_o do_v follow_v thus_o far_o okam_n a_o cause_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v not_o so_o large_o as_o in_o okamâ—_n first_o and_o three_o sense_n but_o in_o the_o second_o a_o cause_n in_o this_o notion_n be_v also_o take_v for_o the_o thing_n itself_o which_o do_v cause_n and_o sometime_o also_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o cause_v or_o for_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o do_v exercise_v causallitie_n in_o act_n or_o for_o the_o relation_n of_o cause_v a_o cause_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n in_o this_o definition_n wherefore_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o of_o which_o the_o effect_n even_o by_o itself_o depend_v thus_o far_o the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o preface_n unto_o porphyrte_n by_o this_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o ramus_n and_o aristotle_n do_v full_o agree_v in_o the_o define_n of_o a_o cause_n and_o in_o the_o explication_n of_o that_o definition_n therefore_o we_o need_v not_o say_v more_o for_o the_o open_n thereof_o a_o few_o example_n will_v make_v it_o easy_o understand_v but_o we_o may_v not_o do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n lest_o we_o be_v force_v to_o repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n again_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o particular_n chap._n vi_o the_o distribution_n of_o a_o cause_n there_o be_v fourecause_n ramus_n ramus_n the_o efficient_a and_o matter_n form_n and_o end_n there_o be_v a_o universal_a agreement_n in_o this_o precept_n also_o aristotle_n make_v they_o these_o four_o as_o we_o may_v find_v in_o the_o 11._o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o postertorum_n his_o word_n be_v these_o there_o be_v 4._o cause_n 1._o that_o which_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 2._o that_o which_o must_v be_v when_o the_o thing_n be_v 3._o that_o which_o move_v first_o 4._o that_o for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v he_o have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o five_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n and_o 23_o chapter_n thomas_n do_v follow_v he_o and_o do_v teach_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o 1a._o 2_o a._n q._n 72._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o no_o man_n think_v otherwise_o therefore_o i_o will_v descend_v to_o unfold_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o particular_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n from_o which_o the_o thing_n be_v efficient_a this_o word_n import_v no_o more_o but_o to_o do_v or_o to_o bring_v to_o pass_v and_o therefore_o it_o signify_v the_o office_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o consequent_o it_o seem_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v give_v unto_o any_o one_o cause_n distinct_o yet_o notwithstanding_o we_o must_v know_v that_o there_o be_v good_a reason_n thus_o to_o call_v it_o else_o the_o learned_a of_o all_o age_n will_v not_o have_v give_v it_o that_o name_n yea_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o it_o deserve_v we_o shall_v call_v it_o so_o as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o next_o passage_n from_o which_o these_o word_n do_v set_v out_o the_o nature_n or_o office_n of_o that_o cause_n which_o be_v call_v efficient_a and_o signify_v the_o original_n or_o fountain_n from_o whence_o the_o effect_n do_v receive_v tt_n be_v i_o say_v the_o effect_n and_o i_o mean_v the_o whole_a effect_n for_o this_o cause_n do_v join_v together_o all_o the_o other_o cause_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v compound_v as_o namely_o it_o bestow_v the_o form_n upon_o the_o matter_n and_o do_v destinate_a the_o matter_n form_v unto_o the_o produce_v of_o something_o that_o be_v good_a and_o therefore_o it_o deserve_v well_o to_o be_v call_v efficient_a the_o form_n do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o kind_a the_o matter_n form_v do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v this_o or_o that_o individual_a thing_n the_o end_n make_v it_o fit_a for_o this_o or_o that_o good_a but_o the_o motion_n and_o efficacy_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n only_o do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o effect_n in_o the_o event_n we_o have_v many_o example_n of_o this_o cause_n and_o the_o operation_n thereof_o we_o find_v one_o in_o the_o second_o of_o genesis_n the_o seven_o verse_n where_o it_o be_v say_v god_n form_v man_n of_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o breathe_v into_o he_o the_o breath_n of_o life_n and_o he_o become_v a_o live_a soul_n in_o this_o example_n the_o make_n of_o man_n be_v attribute_v unto_o god_n therefore_o god_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o man_n the_o office_n of_o this_o efficiency_n be_v place_v in_o join_v the_o form_n unto_o the_o matter_n he_o frame_v he_o of_o the_o dust_n there_o be_v the_o matter_n and_o breathe_v life_n into_o he_o and_o thereby_o the_o form_n be_v impose_v on_o the_o matter_n and_o then_o god_n do_v destinate_a he_o to_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o action_n of_o life_n thereby_o he_o make_v he_o a_o live_a soul_n we_o have_v another_o the_o like_a example_n in_o the_o 11._o of_o genesis_n the_o 3._o and_o 4._o ver_fw-la where_o it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v build_v a_o high_a tower_n of_o brick_n and_o slime_n for_o a_o memorial_n of_o their_o name_n the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v make_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n and_o thereby_o they_o become_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n they_o take_v brick_n and_o frame_v it_o into_o a_o tower_n therefore_o they_o join_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n together_o they_o destinate_a the_o same_o unto_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o continuance_n of_o their_o name_n on_o earth_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v to_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o shall_v now_o divide_v a_o efficient_a cause_n into_o the_o several_a kind_n but_o that_o we_o can_v for_o as_o ramus_n true_o say_v they_o be_v unknown_a unto_o we_o therefore_o we_o will_v set_v down_o the_o divers_a and_o various_a manner_n wherein_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v for_o that_o be_v well_o know_v and_o do_v help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o office_n of_o thus_o cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v by_o itself_o by_o accident_n a_o cause_n do_v then_o work_v by_o itself_o ramus_n ramus_n when_o it_o work_v by_o force_n of_o and_o according_a unto_o the_o inbred_a fitness_n thereof_o we_o find_v this_o distinction_n and_o the_o explication_n thereof_o in_o the_o school_n of_o all_o age_n the_o efficient_a cause_n say_v thomas_n work_v by_o itself_o or_o by_o accident_n the_o first_o be_v when_o it_o month_n by_o its_o own_o proper_a virtue_n the_o second_o when_o something_o be_v remove_v therefrom_o or_o that_o which_o remain_v be_v hinder_v from_o work_v 1a._o 2d_o q._n 76._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la if_o we_o join_v okam_n unto_o thomas_n we_o shall_v find_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n say_v okam_n 1._o do_v 2._o q._n 10._o light_v b._n h._n be_v that_o which_o work_v by_o a_o thing_n different_a from_o itself_o and_o a_o cause_n which_o work_v by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o cause_v the_o effect_n according_a to_o its_o proper_a nature_n and_o not_o according_a to_o some_o other_o thing_n which_o outward_o do_v befall_v it_o the_o efficient_a do_v work_v by_o itself_o in_o natural_a thing_n when_o it_o move_v according_a unto_o the_o instinct_n and_o inbred_a disposition_n of_o nature_n as_o when_o the_o live_a
say_v rationalitie_n be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o man_n now_o 1._o rationalitie_n be_v the_o intrinsical_a part_n of_o man_n all_o other_o of_o his_o part_n be_v more_o overt_a and_o better_o know_v 2._o rationalitie_n have_v a_o force_n to_o bestow_v a_o be_v upon_o man_n for_o when_o god_n have_v draw_v together_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o earth_n man_n have_v not_o as_o then_o his_o be_v but_o he_o receive_v that_o when_o god_n breathe_v the_o breath_n of_o life_n into_o it_o at_o that_o time_n i_o say_v and_o not_o before_o man_n become_v a_o live_a soul_n 3._o rationalitie_n bestow_v upon_o man_n a_o be_v that_o be_v actual_a and_o determine_v unto_o one_o and_o active_a whereby_o he_o be_v fit_a to_o do_v the_o action_n of_o life_n 4._o there_o be_v nothing_o essential_a unto_o man_n but_o his_o rationalitie_n bestow_v it_o on_o he_o the_o body_n indeed_o do_v make_v he_o a_o singular_a man_n by_o retain_v and_o contract_v the_o soul_n unto_o one_o but_o in_o what_o respect_n he_o be_v a_o man_n that_o he_o receive_v whole_o from_o his_o soul_n and_o from_o hence_o the_o form_n be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v the_o beginning_n of_o difference_n that_o be_v hetweene_n one_o and_o another_o and_o not_o the_o difference_n itself_o thom._n 1._o do_v 25._o q._n 1._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o i_o say_v the_o difference_n of_o thing_n do_v flow_v from_o the_o form_n for_o as_o unity_n in_o substance_n do_v make_v two_o thing_n to_o be_v the_o same_o as_o okam_n do_v true_o teach_v 1._o do_v 19_o q._n 1._o lit_fw-fr b._n opinio_fw-la 1a._o and_o aristotle_n meta_fw-la lib._n 5._o cap._n 15._o text_n 20._o so_o difference_n in_o substance_n make_v two_o thing_n to_o differ_v the_o form_n be_v not_o the_o difference_n itself_o for_o a_o form_n be_v a_o subsistence_n in_o a_o unity_n but_o a_o difference_n be_v a_o dissent_v between_o the_o essence_n of_o two_o and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o formal_a cause_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o final_a cause_n the_o end_n be_v a_o cause_n for_o which_o the_o thing_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n end_v by_o end_n be_v mean_v the_o last_o notion_n which_o we_o have_v of_o the_o effect_n and_o import_v that_o whereunto_o the_o thing_n tend_v so_o aristotle_n tell_v we_o meta_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 1._o text_n 9_o a_o end_n be_v externall_n internal_a in_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o doer_n the_o thing_n itself_o natural_o impose_v a_o external_a end_n be_v the_o actual_a use_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o which_o the_o effect_n be_v fit_v thus_o the_o beatifical_a vision_n be_v man_n end_n to_o which_o he_o tend_v a_o end_n in_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o doer_n be_v no_o more_o but_o either_o the_o fitness_n it_o self_n of_o the_o effect_n think_v upon_o and_o purpose_v by_o the_o efficient_a this_o be_v the_o condition_n of_o every_o workman_n that_o devise_v and_o resolve_v upon_o the_o fashion_n and_o form_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v wrought_v or_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o workman_n and_o other_o seek_v thereby_o we_o have_v example_n of_o a_o end_n thus_o understand_v in_o those_o word_n of_o john_n 3.16_o god_n so_o love_v the_o world_n etc._n etc._n where_o the_o give_v of_o christ_n be_v a_o effect_n wrought_v by_o god_n wherein_o he_o intend_v the_o glory_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o son_n and_o the_o salvation_n of_o the_o predestinate_a thus_o the_o workman_n that_o make_v a_o axe_n intend_v that_o himself_o shall_v get_v reputation_n and_o maintenance_n thereby_o a_o end_n of_o a_o thing_n impose_v upon_o it_o be_v when_o the_o efficient_a enjoin_v that_o use_n of_o it_o which_o the_o thing_n itself_o do_v not_o yield_v and_o this_o end_n we_o find_v in_o law_n and_o money_n the_o one_o be_v appoint_v to_o be_v a_o rule_n of_o obedience_n the_o other_o to_o set_v a_o price_n of_o ware_n i_o say_v appoint_v by_o he_o that_o have_v power_n to_o do_v it_o the_o thing_n themselves_o do_v not_o yield_v it_o as_o all_o man_n do_v know_v by_o experience_n but_o the_o word_n end_n in_o this_o place_n do_v not_o signify_v either_o of_o these_o four_o thing_n the_o end_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o intent_n and_o will_n of_o the_o doer_n be_v a_o cause_n indeed_o metaphorical_o not_o proper_o and_o must_v be_v reduce_v unto_o the_o efficient_a not_o the_o final_a for_o in_o that_o sort_n it_o do_v but_o move_v and_o induâ—â—â—ice_o principal_a efficient_a unto_o work_v and_o consequent_o it_o be_v a_o efficient_a that_o work_v moral_o that_o and_z unto_o which_o the_o effect_n tend_v natural_o be_v here_o understand_v and_o define_v i_o have_v receive_v all_o these_o thing_n from_o thomas_n 2._o do_v q._n 1._o art_n 1_o 2._o &_o 3._o 1._o p._n q._n 26._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 2m._o suarez_n de_fw-fr praedest_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o no_o 2._o vega_fw-la in_o council_n trident_n lib._n 7._o cap._n 2._o a_o cause_n therefore_o the_o end_n have_v a_o active_a and_o a_o exercise_v act_n in_o the_o produce_v of_o the_o effect_n for_o that_o be_v the_o property_n of_o every_o cause_n as_o have_v be_v show_v for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v these_o word_n set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o that_o force_n and_o they_o signify_v a_o tendency_n aptitude_n and_o fitness_n which_o the_o effect_n have_v natural_o unto_o something_o without_o itself_o it_o be_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o final_a cause_n say_v okam_n actual_o to_o intend_v and_o whatsoever_o do_v not_o so_o be_v not_o true_o and_o proper_o a_o final_a cause_n in_o prologo_fw-la 1._o send_v q._n 11._o light_v f.g._n in_o the_o same_o sort_n write_v aristotle_n meta_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 1._o text_n 8._o a_o end_n say_v he_o be_v that_o for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v make_v that_o be_v who_o essence_n be_v not_o so_o for_o another_o that_o it_o follow_v that_o other_o but_o the_o essence_n of_o another_o follow_v that_o if_o any_o inquire_v how_o tendency_n etc._n etc._n can_v have_v a_o actual_a exercise_n unto_o do_v first_o i_o answer_v it_o can_v because_o that_o tendency_n flow_v from_o the_o form_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o form_n do_v determine_v the_o effect_n unto_o a_o end_n according_a to_o its_o own_o proportion_n as_o the_o form_n of_o steel_n be_v such_o as_o best_o fit_v with_o cut_v thomas_n 1a._o 2_o e._n q._n 95_o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la second_o the_o end_n import_v some_o good_a so_o say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q_o 19_o art_n 1_o ad_fw-la 1_o and_o all_o man_n grant_v it_o therefore_o it_o have_v a_o exercise_v force_n to_o constitute_v but_o herein_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o form_n that_o do_v constitute_v good_a &_o no_o more_o this_o do_v both_o constitute_v and_o diffuse_v good_a it_o do_v constitute_v in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o be_v the_o perfection_n of_o the_o effect_n i_o say_v the_o perfection_n of_o it_o because_o when_o the_o effect_n have_v attain_v thy_o her_n it_o want_v nothing_o requisite_a to_o a_o thing_n of_o that_o kind_n it_o be_v diffusive_o good_a in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a and_o apt_a to_o bestow_v good_a upon_o other_o we_o have_v many_o example_n that_o show_v we_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o argument_n fitness_n to_o rule_v the_o day_n and_o night_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n genesis_n 1.14_o as_o a_o thing_n that_o follow_v their_o nature_n by_o creation_n thus_o also_o fitness_n to_o accompany_v and_o help_v adam_n be_v affirm_v of_o evah_n genesis_n 2.18.21_o as_o the_o end_n of_o her_o creation_n man_n be_v apt_a and_o fit_a to_o love_v the_o know_v good_a and_o that_o be_v his_o end_n this_o fitness_n flow_v from_o his_o reasonable_a soul_n or_o formal_a be_v who_o property_n it_o be_v to_o judge_v true_o and_o choose_v free_o now_o this_o fitness_n have_v a_o main_a stroke_n in_o the_o constitute_n of_o man_n not_o by_o the_o way_n of_o motion_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o efficient_a nor_o by_o the_o way_n of_o reception_n and_o retention_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o matter_n but_o by_o the_o way_n of_o settle_a position_n as_o the_o form_n do_v from_o whence_o it_o flow_v 2._o by_o this_o fitness_n a_o man_n be_v make_v a_o perfect_a and_o complete_a humane_a creature_n for_o when_o he_o attain_v unto_o that_o he_o want_v nothing_o requisite_a unto_o his_o be_v until_o he_o be_v so_o fit_v we_o can_v conceive_v he_o a_o humane_a creature_n for_o he_o will_v differ_v nothing_o from_o bruit_n beast_n the_o use_n of_o this_o argument_n be_v of_o exceed_a worth_n to_o inform_v our_o understanding_n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o subject_n for_o by_o it_o we_o know_v the_o formal_a cause_n and_o consequent_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o conclude_v the_o doctrine_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n joint_o
we_o must_v not_o forget_v that_o from_o this_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n be_v derive_v knowledge_n simple_o so_o call_v we_o be_v then_o think_v to_o know_v a_o thing_n when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n thereof_o thus_o say_v ramus_n and_o to_o the_o same_o effect_n speak_v aristotle_n knowledge_n simple_o so_o call_v say_v he_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o be_v necessary_a that_o be_v when_o the_o thing_n can_v be_v otherwise_o then_o as_o we_o know_v it_o and_o we_o have_v that_o knowledge_n when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n so_o say_v the_o same_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o thomas_n also_o have_v the_o same_o thing_n knowledge_n say_v he_o opusc_n the_o demonst_a cap._n 1._o be_v to_o understand_v of_o certainty_n and_o we_o do_v so_o when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o that_o both_o as_o it_o be_v a_o cause_n and_o also_o as_o it_o be_v a_o cause_n in_o act_n of_o that_o thing_n and_o he_o give_v a_o reason_n hereof_o opusc_n 48._o de_fw-fr syllog_n cap._n 1._o viz._n then_o our_o reason_n do_v resolve_v the_o thing_n cause_v into_o its_o cause_n from_o whence_o knowledge_n do_v flow_v and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o final_a cause_n and_o all_o those_o argument_n which_o be_v predicate_v of_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o which_o consequent_o do_v absolute_o agree_v therewith_o chap._n xi_o of_o property_n we_o must_v now_o prosecute_v those_o argument_n which_o import_v thing_n without_o the_o subject_n and_o consequent_o consent_v with_o it_o after_o some_o sort_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v all_o adjunct_n as_o some_o do_v call_v they_o a_o adjunct_n be_v that_o to_o which_o something_o be_v subject_v ramus_n ramus_n and_o whatsoever_o do_v external_o belong_v or_o happen_v to_o any_o subject_n a_o adjunct_n be_v proper_a common_n a_o proper_a adjunct_n be_v that_o which_o belong_v unto_o all_o &_o alone_o &_o always_o a_o common_a adjunct_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o proper_a in_o that_o sort_n aristotle_n dissent_v from_o ramus_n in_o these_o precept_n thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 77._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 5m._o not_o every_o thing_n that_o be_v without_o the_o essence_n may_v be_v call_v a_o accident_n aristotle_n have_v not_o the_o term_n of_o proper_a and_o common_a adjunct_n nor_o the_o thing_n comprehend_v under_o they_o but_o the_o contrary_a he_o say_v top._n lb._n 1._o cap._n 5._o a_o accident_n can_v be_v proper_a otherwise_o then_o by_o relation_n as_o when_o one_o sitâ—eth_n and_o other_o stand_v then_o sit_v be_v proper_a to_o he_o last_o aristotle_n and_o other_o with_o he_o do_v make_v a_o thing_n proper_a and_o a_o accident_n to_o differ_v formal_o as_o we_o shall_v present_o find_v aristotle_n teach_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 5._o that_o argument_n which_o be_v without_o the_o subject_n be_v property_n and_o accident_n that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v proper_a that_o be_v reciprecall_v with_o the_o thing_n but_o yet_o do_v not_o declare_v the_o essence_n nor_o come_v into_o the_o definition_n thereof_o and_o of_o these_o he_o say_v also_o top._n lib._n 5._o cap._n 1._o they_o be_v property_n by_o themselves_o always_o and_o do_v separate_v and_o distinguish_v from_o all_o other_o thing_n porphyry_n also_o do_v distinguish_v and_o describe_v these_o argument_n as_o aristotle_n do_v a_o property_n say_v he_o cap._n 4._o be_v that_o which_o do_v concur_v unto_o all_o only_a and_o always_o and_o again_o cap._n 9_o a_o property_n be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o whole_a kind_n to_o which_o it_o be_v proper_a and_o only_o and_o always_o so_o as_o if_o that_o special_a kind_n be_v take_v away_o present_o the_o property_n thereof_o be_v take_v away_o also_o and_o thomas_n do_v so_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o argument_n that_o he_o give_v a_o reason_n of_o all_o this_o allege_a out_o of_o aristotle_n and_o porphyry_n a_o thing_n proper_a say_v he_o 1_o p_o q_o 77._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 5m._o be_v not_o of_o the_o essence_n but_o be_v cause_v by_o the_o essential_a principle_n of_o the_o species_n aristotle_n and_o porphyry_n give_v instance_n of_o property_n in_o this_o sentence_n he_o that_o be_v apt_a â—nto_n laugh_v be_v a_o man_n he_o that_o be_v apt_a to_o learn_v grammar_n be_v a_o man_n in_o this_o proposition_n aptness_n unto_o laugh_v and_o grammar-learning_n be_v predicate_v of_o man_n this_o aptness_n flow_v from_o his_o reasonable_a soul_n and_o that_o be_v the_o principal_a thing_n in_o his_o nature_n i_o say_v it_o flow_v therefrom_o not_o as_o a_o contingent_a motion_n but_o as_o a_o natural_a emanation_n therefore_o this_o aptness_n agree_v unto_o all_o man_n only_o and_o always_o no_o man_n want_v it_o none_o but_o man_n have_v it_o and_o all_o man_n have_v it_o always_o and_o consequent_o it_o be_v proper_a unto_o man_n and_o proper_a by_o itself_o and_o the_o nature_n thereof_o and_o not_o make_v proper_a by_o any_o outward_a efficient_a so_o as_o in_o necessary_a consecution_n it_o be_v convertible_a with_o man_n we_o may_v true_o argue_v thus_o if_o man_n then_o apt_a unto_o grammar_n skill_n if_o apt_a unto_o grammar_n skill_n than_o man_n a_o accident_n say_v aristotle_n top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 5._o be_v neither_o definition_n genus_fw-la nor_o a_o property_n and_o be_v in_o the_o thing_n but_o so_o as_o that_o it_o may_v be_v and_o may_v not_o be_v in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o porphyry_n recite_v the_o same_o in_o his_o five_o chapter_n thomas_n also_o in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v do_v so_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o accident_n that_o he_o give_v also_o a_o reason_n of_o aristotle_n doctrine_n a_o accident_n say_v he_o be_v only_o that_o which_o be_v without_o the_o subject_n and_o not_o cause_v by_o the_o essential_a principle_n thereof_o now_o this_o doctrine_n of_o aristotle_n be_v certain_o true_a therefore_o we_o ought_v to_o leave_v ramus_n and_o follow_v he_o i_o say_v it_o be_v certain_o true_a that_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n proper_a that_o be_v not_o accident_n namely_o all_o natural_a action_n as_o the_o act_n of_o see_v be_v proper_a to_o all_o live_a creature_n the_o act_n of_o discourse_v to_o man_n the_o bear_n of_o leaf_n and_o fruit_n to_o plant_n and_o the_o outward_a work_n of_o holiness_n unto_o he_o that_o have_v the_o habit_n of_o holiness_n these_o be_v proper_a because_o they_o be_v necessary_a emanation_n from_o nature_n in_o the_o one_o and_o grace_n in_o the_o other_o so_o as_o when_o all_o requisite_a circumstance_n be_v present_a man_n can_v but_o see_v and_o work_v the_o plant_n can_v but_o bring_v forth_o fruit_n and_o leaf_n wherefore_o the_o holy_a ghost_n do_v thus_o reason_n he_o that_o do_v righteousness_n be_v righteous_a 1._o john_n 3.7_o where_o the_o holy_a ghost_n do_v necessary_o join_v righteous_a action_n unto_o a_o man_n that_o be_v habituate_v with_o righteousness_n as_o proper_a unto_o he_o property_n be_v not_o adjunct_n for_o adjunct_n do_v out_o ward_o befall_v the_o subject_n and_o so_o much_o the_o word_n import_v and_o ramus_n express_o affirm_v property_n do_v not_o outward_o befall_v the_o subject_n but_o they_o be_v necessary_a emanation_n from_o the_o principle_n of_o nature_n heat_v and_o light_n do_v not_o outward_o befall_v the_o sun_n and_o fire_n neither_o do_v swim_v of_o timber_n in_o the_o water_n outward_o befall_v the_o same_o &_o such_o be_v the_o condition_n of_o property_n to_o this_o seat_n or_o place_n of_o argument_n the_o other_o seven_o set_v down_o by_o aristotle_n must_v be_v refer_v viz._n quantity_n quality_n relation_n where_o when_o the_o place_n to_o enjoy_v for_o all_o of_o they_o do_v outward_o befall_v the_o subject_n and_o be_v not_o cause_v by_o the_o principle_n of_o nature_n as_o a_o little_a labour_n will_v show_v for_o quantity_n import_v no_o more_o but_o geometrical_a measure_n or_o arithmetical_a number_n quality_n signify_v the_o manner_n how_o a_o thing_n exi_v or_o work_v relation_n be_v no_o more_o but_o the_o reference_n or_o respect_n of_o one_o thing_n to_o another_o where_o import_v the_o general_a place_n wherein_o the_o subject_n be_v as_o in_o this_o or_o that_o country_n when_o express_v the_o time_n and_o duration_n as_o this_o year_n this_o month_n etc._n etc._n the_o place_n signify_v the_o particular_a place_n as_o this_o stool_n this_o chair_n etc._n etc._n to_o enjoy_v signify_v all_o endowment_n as_o honour_n riches_n clothes_n &c_n &c_n some_o man_n perhaps_o will_v require_v i_o to_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o quantity_n and_o the_o rest_n and_o allege_v aristotle_n authority_n for_o it_o i_o answer_v that_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v do_v in_o this_o place_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o other_o art_n as_o to_o geometry_n arithmetic_n natural_a and_o moral_a philosophy_n this_o
of_o logic_n now_o we_o understand_v the_o gross_a sum_n we_o shall_v the_o better_o know_v the_o particular_n chap._n xxx_o of_o the_o division_n of_o disposition_n in_o this_o chapter_n we_o must_v divide_v a_o sunder_o what_o we_o find_v together_o in_o the_o former_a and_o so_o proceed_v till_o we_o have_v veiw_v every_o several_a precept_n judgement_n be_v axiomaticall_a ramus_n ramus_n dianoeticall_a by_o this_o sentence_n the_o precept_n belong_v to_o this_o part_n be_v divide_v into_o their_o several_a kind_n and_o it_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v these_o precept_n teach_v we_o to_o frame_v argument_n in_o a_o axiom_n &_o in_o a_o discourse_n that_o thereby_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n contain_v in_o they_o both_o these_o i_o say_v be_v several_a kind_n because_o they_o be_v distinct_a manner_n of_o dispose_v the_o first_o branch_n suppose_v that_o some_o speech_n may_v be_v call_v a_o axiom_n and_o that_o be_v true_a in_o this_o place_n the_o word_n axiom_n signify_v no_o more_o but_o a_o declarative_n or_o pronounce_v sentence_n this_o kind_n of_o speech_n deserve_v that_o name_n because_o it_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n thereof_o more_o excellent_a than_o any_o other_o speech_n of_o man._n a_o axiom_n be_v thus_o define_v a_o enunciative_a speech_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n that_o contain_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n we_o have_v this_o precept_n from_o aristotle_n de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 4._o he_o assign_v it_o the_o first_o place_n and_o well_o worthy_a for_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n be_v the_o first_o object_n of_o our_o judgement_n and_o belong_v to_o all_o axiom_n whatsoever_o and_o nothing_o but_o a_o axiom_n contain_v truth_n and_o falsehood_n speech_n this_o word_n contain_v the_o essence_n or_o nature_n belong_v to_o all_o axiom_n and_o other_o speech_n which_o be_v not_o axiom_n in_o this_o place_n it_o signify_v the_o inward_a sentence_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o the_o write_a sentence_n as_o well_o as_o the_o sentence_n pronounce_v in_o word_n enunciative_n this_o word_n import_v a_o species_n or_o one_o kind_n of_o speech_n &_o restrain_v that_o word_n which_o be_v common_a to_o many_o unto_o that_o one_o kind_n which_o belong_v to_o this_o place_n enunciate_a or_o pronounce_v impli_v that_o speech_n be_v the_o herald_n and_o proclaimer_n of_o man_n mind_n and_o so_o it_o be_v indeed_o by_o institution_n not_o of_o itself_o the_o signification_n of_o word_n follow_v the_o intent_n of_o the_o speaker_n and_o not_o otherwise_o so_o say_v aristotle_n in_o the_o four_o chapter_n allege_v truth_n and_o falsehood_n these_o word_n contain_v the_o proper_a and_o formal_a be_v of_o every_o axiom_n in_o common_a ramus_n make_v truth_n and_o falsehood_n a_o property_n belong_v to_o every_o axiom_n but_o aristotle_n do_v more_o he_o place_v the_o primary_n nature_n of_o a_o axiom_n therein_o and_o so_o he_o may_v well_o do_v for_o thereby_o all_o axiom_n be_v make_v to_o differ_v from_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o speech_n if_o there_o be_v any_o other_o thing_n that_o give_v be_v to_o a_o axiom_n from_o whence_o this_o property_n do_v flow_v either_o we_o be_v not_o able_a to_o apprehend_v it_o or_o want_v word_n to_o express_v it_o i_o say_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n do_v make_v axiom_n to_o differ_v from_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o speech_n for_o single_a term_n as_o man_n peter_n to_o run_v to_o sit_v etc._n etc._n and_o all_o command_a and_o entreat_v speech_n contain_v neither_o truth_n nor_o falsehood_n as_o aristotle_n have_v well_o observe_v de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 2.3.4_o truth_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o all_o philosopher_n signify_v the_o adequation_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o our_o understanding_n wherefore_o truth_n be_v radical_o in_o the_o thing_n and_o formal_o in_o the_o understanding_n and_o declarative_o in_o a_o proposition_n we_o must_v conceive_v of_o falsehood_n according_a hereunto_o a_o proposition_n be_v then_o true_a ramus_n ramus_n when_o it_o pronounce_v of_o a_o thing_n as_o the_o thing_n be_v indeed_o aristoile_n say_v thus_o too_o speech_n be_v then_o true_a when_o they_o pronounce_v as_o a_o thing_n be_v in_o itself_o de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 9_o quare_fw-la cum_fw-la orationes_fw-la &_o meta_fw-la lib._n 4._o cap._n 7._o text_n 27._o cum_fw-la enim_fw-la convenit_fw-la etc._n etc._n thus_o tho._n 1._o p._n q._n 21._o art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la 1._o do_v 46._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o and_o so_o all_o philosopher_n speak_v i_o will_v give_v you_o the_o word_n of_o albertinus_n a_o learned_a schooleman_n in_o stead_n of_o they_o all_o that_o proposition_n say_v he_o be_v true_a which_o be_v conformable_a to_o the_o thing_n pronounce_v of_o and_o false_a if_o it_o be_v inconformable_a fol._n 265._o col_fw-fr 1._o a_o true_a axiom_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n contingent_a necessary_a contingent_a when_o it_o be_v in_o such_o sort_n true_a that_o it_o may_v also_o at_o sometime_o be_v false_a this_o be_v call_v opinion_n a_o necessary_a axiom_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v when_o it_o be_v always_o true_a and_o can_v be_v false_a a_o axiom_n necessary_o false_a be_v call_v impossible_a aristotle_n speak_v whole_o after_o this_o sort_n every_o proposition_n say_v he_o do_v signify_v something_o to_o be_v either_o necessary_o or_o contingent_o prior._fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o and_o further_o he_o say_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o that_o be_v necessary_a that_o can_v be_v otherwise_o some_o thing_n be_v true_a and_o be_v but_o may_v be_v otherwise_o opinion_n be_v concern_v that_o that_o be_v true_a or_o false_a but_o may_v be_v otherwise_o for_o the_o full_a explication_n of_o this_o point_n we_o must_v first_o understand_v that_o axiom_n be_v necessary_a and_o contingent_a by_o reason_n that_o the_o thing_n whereof_o they_o pronounce_v be_v necessary_a and_o contingent_a now_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v necessary_a that_o be_v so_o and_o can_v be_v otherwise_o this_o be_v simple_o and_o after_o a_o sort_n simple_o when_o the_o be_v of_o a_o thing_n be_v of_o and_o by_o itself_o and_o the_o cause_n thereof_o so_o necessary_a that_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v have_v its_o be_v whole_o without_o relation_n to_o any_o other_o thing_n without_o itself_o a_o thing_n be_v necessary_a by_o supposition_n and_o after_o a_o sort_n when_o it_o be_v by_o force_n of_o another_o the_o first_o be_v call_v necessary_a simple_o and_o proper_o because_o it_o be_v whole_o impossible_a it_o shall_v be_v otherwise_o then_o it_o be_v thus_o far_o aristotle_n meta_fw-la lib._n 5._o cap._n 8._o in_o the_o first_o sense_n all_o axiom_n that_o pronounce_v of_o god_n be_v necessary_a either_o in_o their_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n in_o the_o second_o sense_n some_o proposition_n that_o pronounce_v of_o the_o creature_n be_v necessary_a and_o some_o contingent_a in_o their_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n i_o will_v show_v you_o how_o or_o when_o create_a effect_n upon_o supposition_n be_v necessary_a 1._o in_o their_o present_a be_v 2._o when_o the_o next_o cause_n be_v determine_v to_o one_o naturally_n efficient_o contingent_a when_o the_o next_o cause_n 1._o be_v indeterminate_a unto_o do_v 2._o want_v power_n for_o do_v and_o a_o proposition_n when_o it_o pronounce_v of_o create_v effect_n be_v true_a or_o falseaccord_v hereunto_o as_o we_o shall_v more_o plain_o see_v when_o we_o come_v to_o show_v the_o several_a nature_n of_o axiom_n every_o thing_n say_v aristotle_n be_v necessary_a when_o it_o be_v and_o every_o thing_n necessary_o be_v not_o when_o it_o be_v not_o but_o this_o necessity_n to_o not_o a_o necessity_n simple_o de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 9_o ergo._n quod._n i_o shall_v show_v the_o truth_n and_o use_v of_o these_o precept_n when_o i_o come_v to_o the_o special_a kind_n of_o axiom_n in_o the_o next_o chapter_n therefore_o i_o forbear_v it_o in_o this_o place_n lest_o i_o shall_v hale_v in_o something_o before_o the_o time_n or_o repeat_v what_o i_o have_v say_v sufficient_o already_o therefore_o here_o i_o will_v end_v those_o thing_n which_o belong_v to_o all_o axiom_n in_o common_a chap._n xxxi_o of_o a_o simple_a axiom_n a_o axiom_n be_v simple_a ramus_n ramus_n compound_v a_o simple_a axiom_n be_v that_o the_o band_n whereof_o be_v a_o verb_n aristotle_n speak_v whole_o after_o this_o sort_n a_o enuntiative_a speech_n be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_v of_o those_o that_o be_v simple_a a_o simple_a enunciation_n be_v a_o voice_n that_o signify_v that_o something_o be_v or_o be_v not_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o time_n and_o he_o call_v these_o axiom_n one_o speech_n because_o one_o thing_n only_o be_v predicate_v of_o another_o de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 5._o &_o 10._o now_o we_o have_v the_o definition_n of_o a_o simple_a axiom_n we_o must_v unfold_v it_o it_o contain_v three_o thing_n 1._o the_o term_n of_o it_o 2._o the_o extension_n of_o one_o
it_o consist_v of_o thing_n true_a first_o immediate_a better_o know_v precede_a and_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n those_o be_v first_o and_o true_a which_o have_v force_v to_o argue_v not_o from_o other_o but_o of_o themselves_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v true_a because_o that_o which_o be_v not_o can_v be_v know_v they_o must_v be_v first_o because_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v indemonstrable_a and_o consist_v of_o their_o own_o proper_a principle_n we_o must_v not_o inquire_v of_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n wherefore_o they_o be_v so_o but_o every_o one_o of_o they_o even_o by_o itself_o aught_o to_o be_v worthy_a of_o credit_n the_o medium_n must_v contain_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n see_v we_o know_v nothing_o unless_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n the_o medium_n ought_v to_o consist_v of_o thing_n precede_v the_o conclusion_n both_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o knowledge_n therefore_o the_o principium_fw-la of_o ad_fw-la monstration_n be_v a_o immediate_a proposition_n viz._n that_o have_v none_o before_o it_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o &_o 6._o top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o whereupon_o demonstration_n be_v make_v by_o definition_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o and_o they_o be_v the_o principle_n thereof_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o for_o a_o definition_n can_v no_o way_n be_v prove_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap_n 4.5_o 6._o &_o 7._o lib._n 1._o cap_n 9_o by_o this_o whole_a discourse_n we_o have_v rule_n to_o know_v what_o syllogisine_n contain_v a_o truth_n simple_o necessary_a and_o we_o be_v send_v unto_o they_o only_o who_o three_o argument_n comprehend_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o such_o cause_n also_o as_o be_v better_o know_v unto_o we_o then_o the_o conclusion_n itself_o wherefore_o for_o further_a explication_n hereof_o aristotle_n do_v show_v we_o what_o cause_v these_o be_v and_o how_o they_o concur_v in_o these_o word_n for_o as_o much_o as_o we_o do_v then_o know_v when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n and_o these_o be_v four_o 1._o the_o form_n 2._o the_o matter_n 3._o the_o efficient_a and_o 4._o the_o end_n then_o the_o conclusion_n have_v a_o necessary_a truth_n when_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v take_v and_o place_v as_o a_o medium_n in_o two_o proposition_n with_o that_o conclusion_n and_o by_o cause_n be_v mean_v not_o only_o the_o cause_n of_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v but_o also_o of_o those_o thing_n that_o have_v be_v or_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o post_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o &_o 12._o now_o we_o do_v full_o understand_v where_o to_o find_v necessary_a truth_n in_o a_o syllogism_n our_o next_o labour_n must_v be_v to_o set_v out_o these_o scientifical_a syllogism_n by_o other_o property_n that_o we_o may_v know_v they_o the_o more_o easy_o and_o certain_o for_o that_o cause_n aristotle_n do_v distribute_v a_o demonstration_n after_o this_o manner_n a_o demonstration_n be_v universal_a particular_a affirmative_a negative_a poster_n lib._n 1._o cap_n 24._o a_o demonstration_n universal_a excel_v a_o particular_a and_o a_o affirmative_a be_v better_a than_o a_o negative_a cap._n 24.25_o this_o distribution_n follow_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o syllogism_n for_o every_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n though_o every_o syllogism_n be_v not_o a_o demonstration_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v very_o useful_a to_o give_v we_o knowledge_n where_o to_o find_v this_o necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o it_o to_o conclude_v this_o matter_n of_o demonstrative_a science_n he_o say_v the_o first_o figure_n be_v fit_a for_o a_o demonstration_n yea_o chief_o proper_a unto_o this_o science_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v seek_v out_o only_o by_o that_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o some_o perhaps_o will_v look_v that_o i_o shall_v give_v instance_n to_o open_v the_o use_n of_o these_o precept_n and_o it_o may_v seem_v the_o more_o needful_a because_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o no_o example_n can_v be_v give_v answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n i_o answer_v this_o conceit_n be_v very_o vain_a for_o can_v any_o of_o the_o cause_n or_o all_o of_o they_o together_o serve_v to_o prove_v a_o sentence_n that_o be_v call_v into_o question_n or_o can_v the_o cause_n be_v dispose_v with_o a_o question_n into_o two_o proposition_n without_o doubt_n they_o may_v also_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o every_o proposition_n comprehend_v a_o necessary_a truth_n wherein_o the_o effect_n be_v argue_v by_o the_o cause_n for_o the_o effect_n be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o comprehension_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o when_o the_o cause_n do_v argue_v the_o effect_n the_o effect_n be_v resolve_v into_o the_o cause_n therefore_o when_o we_o know_v the_o cause_n we_o can_v but_o know_v the_o effect_n and_o consequent_o such_o proposition_n be_v necessary_a and_o what_o they_o be_v such_o the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v that_o be_v lawful_o infer_v from_o they_o if_o there_o may_v be_v premise_n and_o conclusion_n answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n than_o no_o doubt_n there_o be_v example_n of_o it_o and_o we_o may_v show_v they_o if_o need_n be_v but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n for_o this_o time_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o aristotle_n have_v do_v that_o already_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o so_o as_o he_o that_o will_v may_v make_v use_n of_o they_o 2._o this_o kind_n of_o knowledge_n can_v easy_o be_v discern_v see_v it_o be_v very_o hard_a for_o we_o to_o understand_v those_o principle_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v true_a first_o and_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n as_o aristotle_n do_v admonish_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 9_o difficile_fw-la autem_fw-la etc._n etc._n 3._o by_o a_o man_n own_o practice_n and_o observation_n he_o shall_v find_v they_o and_o their_o use_n in_o natural_a thing_n and_o in_o they_o only_o for_o in_o matter_n divine_a and_o spiritual_a such_o argument_n can_v have_v no_o place_n in_o they_o we_o understand_v by_o faith_n not_o by_o sense_n and_o faith_n have_v god_n authority_n for_o the_o principle_n thereof_o not_o the_o nature_n or_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o i_o say_v a_o man_n may_v find_v they_o by_o practice_n because_o by_o sense_n we_o get_v memory_n by_o the_o remember_v the_o do_v of_o the_o same_o thing_n often_o we_o get_v experience_n by_o our_o many_o time_n remember_v our_o experience_n be_v one_o among_o all_o these_o that_o we_o do_v remember_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n wherein_o man_n mind_n do_v rest_n satisfy_v above_o many_o that_o which_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o among_o the_o rest_n become_v a_o principium_fw-la of_o science_n if_o it_o belong_v unto_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v thus_o much_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 19_o exsensu_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n whereby_o we_o know_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v consist_v in_o some_o of_o these_o that_o follow_v 1._o of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o the_o first_o or_o immediate_a 2._o of_o thing_n mediate_v and_o no_o cause_n but_o such_o as_o be_v reciprocate_v or_o mutual_o refer_v to_o each_o other_o 3._o of_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o reciprocate_v yet_o it_o be_v better_a know_v and_o yet_o no_o cause_n 5._o of_o a_o superior_a science_n as_o geometry_n be_v to_o the_o optic_n and_o arithmoticke_a to_o music_n 6._o of_o other_o science_n whereof_o one_o be_v not_o place_v under_o another_o as_o surgery_n be_v unto_o geometry_n to_o know_v that_o a_o wound_n be_v heal_v soon_o or_o late_a belong_v to_o the_o surgeon_n but_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v heal_v soon_o for_o latter_a belong_v to_o geometry_n 7._o in_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v sometime_o also_o the_o medium_n be_v place_v without_o the_o extreme_n as_o when_o we_o say_v why_o do_v not_o the_o wall_n breath_n we_o answer_v because_o it_o be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n and_o these_o syllogism_n be_v always_o make_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n after_o this_o sort_n whatsoever_o do_v breath_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n but_o a_o wall_n be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o a_o wall_n do_v not_o breath_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 13._o thus_o far_o go_v aristotle_n precept_n to_o show_v we_o what_o syllogism_n contain_v necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n thereof_o if_o any_o expect_v example_n of_o these_o last_o i_o answer_v they_o may_v be_v give_v because_o we_o may_v have_v example_n of_o the_o former_a as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v they_o may_v be_v give_v with_o more_o ease_n than_o the_o former_a because_o the_o thing_n contain_v in_o they_o be_v near_o to_o our_o understanding_n but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n lest_o i_o make_v my_o discourse_n over_o long_o and_o the_o reader_n too_o idle_a we_o
and_o signify_v a_o notion_n which_o our_o understanding_n do_v apprehend_v a_o resultancy_n or_o reflection_n proceed_v from_o a_o be_v object_v to_o our_o understanding_n which_o have_v a_o force_n to_o argue_v that_o be_v have_v of_o its_o nature_n a_o power_n aptitude_n or_o fitness_n to_o bring_v the_o thing_n object_v unto_o our_o understanding_n into_o the_o knowledge_n and_o intuition_n thereof_o i_o omit_v to_o give_v instance_n of_o these_o thing_n because_o that_o will_v better_o be_v do_v in_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o particular_a argument_n wherefore_o now_o we_o have_v full_o do_v with_o the_o first_o precept_n of_o logic_n i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o second_o chap._n ii_o the_o distribution_n of_o logic_n logic_n have_v two_o part_n the_o find_v out_o of_o argument_n ramus_n ramus_n dispose_v of_o argument_n this_o precept_n must_v have_v the_o second_o place_n for_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o do_v require_v it_o because_o by_o this_o we_o come_v to_o know_v what_o particular_n be_v wrap_v up_o in_o the_o former_a precept_n and_o aristotle_n in_o the_o 6._o book_n of_o his_o topic_n and_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o first_o chapter_n require_v that_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v distribute_v into_o part_n ramus_n take_v this_o precept_n out_o of_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o aristotle_n category_n where_o we_o have_v these_o word_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o logic_n be_v without_o complexion_n with_o complexion_n i_o say_v ramus_n follow_v aristotle_n in_o this_o partition_n and_o the_o thing_n itself_o show_v it_o for_o they_o both_o divide_v logic_n into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o part_n in_o logic_n according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v thing_n without_o complexion_n so_o be_v they_o according_a to_o ramus_n as_o his_o own_o word_n do_v witness_v when_o he_o term_v they_o several_a respect_n of_o thing_n consider_v alone_o and_o by_o themselves_o aristotle_n give_v his_o incomplexed_a thing_n no_o name_n but_o thereby_o he_o mean_v argument_n as_o they_o be_v undispose_v as_o his_o next_o precept_n do_v show_v and_o ramus_n give_v they_o that_o name_n express_o ramus_n call_v the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n invention_n and_o so_o do_v aristotle_n too_o as_o we_o may_v gather_v from_o the_o 32._o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o priorums_fw-la where_o a_o little_a after_o the_o beginning_n he_o require_v a_o faculty_n of_o invent_v in_o he_o that_o make_v a_o syllogism_n but_o more_o plain_o and_o full_o we_o find_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o eight_o book_n of_o his_o topic_n to_o find_v out_o say_v he_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o a_o man_n may_v argue_v appertain_v to_o logic_n therefore_o unto_o the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n for_o it_o can_v have_v no_o other_o place_n ramus_n call_v the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n disposition_n so_o do_v aristotle_n also_o in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v where_o he_o require_v of_o a_o logician_n to_o dispose_v singular_a thing_n by_o themselves_o and_o he_o say_v that_o this_o disposition_n be_v proper_a to_o a_o logician_n and_o therefore_o belong_v to_o logic_n and_o consequent_o it_o be_v a_o second_o part_n thereof_o for_o it_o can_v be_v the_o first_o yea_o that_o aristotle_n mean_v thus_o do_v undoubted_o appear_v because_o he_o appoint_v his_o logician_n first_o to_o find_v out_o the_o place_n from_o whence_o tâ—_n argue_v and_o then_o in_o the_o second_o place_n to_o dispose_v they_o be_v so_o find_v out_o two_o part_v that_o be_v the_o precept_n of_o logic_n tend_v unto_o two_o thing_n or_o end_n and_o they_o be_v call_v part_n because_o all_o those_o precept_n be_v share_v or_o part_v between_o these_o two_o end_n some_o of_o they_o appertain_v to_o the_o one_o and_o the_o rest_n unto_o the_o other_o find_v out_o to_o find_v out_o sometime_o signify_v to_o discover_v a_o thing_n that_o be_v secret_a but_o here_o it_o be_v not_o so_o take_v but_o the_o meaning_n be_v that_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n do_v assign_v the_o seat_n and_o place_n of_o argument_n and_o describe_v and_o set_v forth_o the_o nature_n of_o they_o and_o so_o much_o for_o the_o general_a distribution_n of_o logic_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o general_n aristotle_n assign_v ten_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o category_n in_o these_o word_n those_o thing_n which_o we_o find_v in_o logic_n without_o all_o conjunction_n do_v signify_v 1_o substance_n as_o a_o man_n a_o beast_n etc._n etc._n 2_o quantity_n as_o two_o or_o three_o cubit_n 3_o quality_n as_o white_z etc._n etc._n 4_o relation_n as_o double_a half_a etc._n etc._n 5_o where_o as_o in_o the_o field_n etc._n etc._n 6_o when_o as_o yesterday_o the_o year_n past_a 7_o the_o place_n as_o he_o sit_v etc._n etc._n 8_o to_o enjoy_v as_o to_o be_v arm_v etc._n etc._n 9_o todoe_n as_o to_o cut_v etc._n etc._n 10_o to_o suffer_v as_o to_o be_v cut_v etc._n etc._n he_o repeat_v the_o same_o doctrine_n in_o the_o nine_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o topic_n and_o in_o both_o place_n he_o do_v explicate_v they_o by_o certain_a property_n that_o be_v common_a to_o they_o all_o joint_o viz._n 1._o they_o neither_o affirm_v nor_o deny_v 2._o they_o be_v neither_o false_a nor_o true_a 3._o a_o conjunction_n be_v add_v to_o they_o they_o contain_v negation_n or_o affirmation_n truth_n or_o falsehood_n 4._o all_o proposition_n be_v frame_v from_o they_o in_o the_o five_o chapter_n of_o his_o category_n and_o in_o his_o prior._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 27._o eorum_fw-la igitur_fw-la post_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 22._o he_o do_v divide_v they_o thus_o these_o ten_o be_v either_o subject_v only_o predicate_v only_o or_o subject_v and_o predicate_v also_o this_o distribution_n be_v fit_o set_v out_o by_o altisiodore_n in_o his_o preface_n a._n and_o b._n where_o he_o have_v these_o word_n a_o argument_n be_v that_o which_o prove_v or_o be_v prove_v this_o be_v all_o that_o i_o find_v touch_v argument_n in_o general_n aristotle_n deliver_v the_o doctrine_n of_o substance_n which_o be_v the_o first_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o five_o chapter_n allege_v which_o contain_v these_o four_o thing_n 1._o a_o substance_n be_v every_o thing_n of_o which_o we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v we_o find_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o thomas_n whatsoever_o say_v he_o be_v essential_a to_o a_o thing_n appertain_v unto_o substance_n 1._o p.q._n 77._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 1m._o 2._o substance_n be_v first_o as_o every_o singular_a &_o individual_a thing_n second_n as_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n 3._o genus_fw-la and_o species_n signify_v substance_n by_o a_o figurative_a speech_n not_o proper_o they_o signify_v rather_o the_o manner_n according_a to_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o a_o singular_a thing_n be_v most_o proper_o a_o substance_n because_o all_o other_o thing_n be_v attribute_v thereunto_o and_o that_o attribute_v unto_o none_o thus_o have_v i_o set_v down_o all_o that_o i_o find_v in_o aristotle_n touch_v the_o nature_n of_o those_o argument_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o first_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n for_o this_o time_n we_o must_v omit_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o second_o substance_n for_o that_o have_v the_o last_o place_n in_o this_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n the_o first_o substance_n come_v now_o to_o be_v handle_v thomas_n do_v whole_o subscribe_v unto_o aristotle_n for_o this_o distinction_n and_o explication_n of_o substance_n report_v out_o of_o aristotle_n and_o he_o show_v the_o same_o in_o this_o short_a sentence_n viz_o in_o the_o name_n of_o first_o substance_n be_v intend_v the_o nature_n of_o universal_a and_o part_n 1._o p.q._n 29._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 2m._o and_o for_o further_a explication_n he_o say_v 1._o p._n q_o 75._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 2m._o a_o first_o or_o individual_a substance_n may_v be_v take_v two_o way_n one_o way_n for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v a_o substance_n another_o way_n for_o a_o complete_a subsistency_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o any_o species_n from_o whence_o a_o man_n hand_n may_v be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o individual_a thing_n after_o the_o first_o sort_n but_o not_o after_o the_o second_o so_o also_o a_o man_n soul_n may_v be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o singular_a thing_n in_o the_o first_o sort_n because_o it_o be_v as_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n that_o subsi_v but_o that_o which_o be_v compound_v of_o soul_n and_o body_n be_v call_v a_o first_o substance_n or_o a_o individual_a be_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n unto_o this_o place_n must_v be_v refer_v every_o individual_a effect_n as_o it_o consist_v by_o force_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o every_o individual_a subject_n that_o receive_v any_o outward_a change_n
creature_n see_v eat_v sleep_v avoyd_v know_v danger_n the_o plant_n grow_v upright_o bring_v forth_o leave_v and_o fruit_n in_o due_a season_n so_o do_v it_o work_v by_o itself_o in_o the_o intellectual_a creature_n when_o man_n move_v himself_o unto_o do_v by_o the_o direction_n of_o true_a reason_n and_o the_o unrestrained_a and_o free_a choice_n of_o the_o will_n natural_a thing_n do_v work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o instinct_n of_o nature_n be_v suppress_v or_o divert_v the_o intellectual_a creature_n work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o judgement_n of_o reason_n be_v erroneous_a and_o the_o choice_n of_o the_o will_n carry_v by_o a_o previall_a overrule_a power_n and_o all_o these_o do_v fall_v out_o in_o case_n where_o nature_n meet_v with_o defection_n the_o understanding_n be_v possess_v with_o ignorance_n or_o the_o will_v hale_v by_o the_o naughtiness_n of_o corruption_n and_o violence_n of_o temptation_n last_o the_o secret_a providence_n of_o god_n which_o the_o heathen_a call_v fortune_n make_v the_o creature_n work_v by_o accident_n in_o all_o case_n when_o he_o work_v against_o mean_n as_o he_o do_v when_o he_o bring_v the_o people_n through_o the_o red_a sea_n exodus_fw-la the_o 14._o and_o as_o he_o do_v in_o all_o miracle_n or_o when_o man_n intend_v one_o thing_n but_o another_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v of_o this_o we_o have_v a_o example_n in_o the_o 45._o of_o genesis_n and_o 5._o vers_fw-la &_o 37._o &_o 27._o verse_n in_o this_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o sell_v joseph_n because_o they_o will_v be_v rid_v of_o he_o and_o in_o that_o joseph_n say_v god_n send_v he_o into_o egypt_n to_o preserve_v their_o life_n they_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o their_o own_o preserve_n when_o they_o sell_v joseph_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n through_o god_n secret_a providence_n that_o wrought_v contrary_a to_o their_o intent_n the_o jew_n likewise_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o christ_n glory_n and_o man_n salvation_n when_o they_o deliver_v he_o to_o death_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n because_o god_n himself_o do_v create_v light_n out_o of_o darkness_n and_o make_v their_o evil_a intention_n serve_v unto_o that_o good_a there_o be_v many_o example_n wherein_o we_o find_v that_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v on_o this_o manner_n but_o these_o be_v enough_o for_o this_o present_a the_o efficient_a do_v work_v physical_o morral_o this_o distinction_n be_v receive_v in_o all_o the_o logic_n school_n and_o be_v of_o frequent_a use_n in_o the_o question_n touch_v sanctification_n and_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o grace_n in_o man_n conversion_n the_o reader_n may_v find_v it_o in_o suarez_n opusc_fw-la 1._o lib._n 3._o cap._n 10._o no._n 1._o and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n a_o physical_a operation_n be_v a_o real_a influence_n into_o the_o effect_n we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o in_o man_n creation_n he_o form_v he_o and_o that_o of_o the_o dust_n and_o pour_v life_n into_o he_o all_o these_o be_v real_a influence_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n of_o babel_n they_o make_v brick_n and_o rear_v a_o build_n with_o brick_n and_o stone_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o workman_n that_o labour_v with_o their_o hand_n and_o tool_n the_o strength_n of_o nature_n do_v immediate_o flow_v into_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v wrought_v make_v a_o real_a and_o sensible_a change_n in_o the_o matter_n where_o on_o they_o work_v a_o moral_a work_n be_v a_o motion_n offer_v to_o the_o understanding_n and_o serve_v to_o allure_v and_o draw_v it_o on_o with_o reason_n and_o persuasion_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v be_v all_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v object_v to_o the_o understanding_n as_o namely_o the_o testimony_n of_o god_n and_o man_n by_o command_v forbid_a promise_a threaten_a persuade_v therefore_o so_o often_o as_o we_o find_v any_o of_o these_o attribute_v to_o god_n or_o man_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o then_o they_o be_v efficient_a cause_n that_o work_v moral_o ramus_n do_v call_v testimony_n exhortation_n commandment_n etc._n etc._n inartificiall_a argument_n because_o they_o argue_v not_o of_o their_o own_o force_n but_z by_o the_o authority_n of_o he_o that_o do_v testify_v but_o this_o be_v altogether_o unfit_o speak_v for_o inartificiall_a and_o argument_n imply_v a_o contradiction_n if_o inartificiall_a than_o no_o argument_n if_o a_o argument_n then_o artificial_a for_o a_o argument_n be_v a_o member_n of_o art_n 2._o these_o thing_n themselves_o be_v no_o argument_n unless_o they_o be_v refer_v unto_o the_o testator_n but_o then_o they_o argue_v as_o property_n or_o adjunct_n and_o otherways_o they_o be_v never_o attribute_v to_o any_o subject_n in_o this_o place_n affirmation_n persuasion_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o bring_v as_o moral_a cause_n in_o themselves_o but_o the_o causalitie_n be_v refer_v to_o he_o that_o affirm_v persuade_v etc._n etc._n which_o make_v it_o very_o plain_a that_o they_o belong_v to_o this_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n god_n and_o his_o servant_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o man_n holiness_n when_o they_o command_v good_a and_o forbid_v ill_a when_o they_o promise_v good_a and_o threaten_v ill_a when_o they_o persuade_v unto_o obedience_n and_o dissuade_v from_o sin_n thus_o our_o saviour_n christ_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o all_o supernatural_a thing_n when_o by_o his_o obedience_n he_o deserve_v that_o god_n shall_v bestow_v they_o upon_o we_o he_o by_o merit_v i_o say_v be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o god_n gift_n because_o by_o his_o merit_n he_o move_v god_n to_o bestow_v they_o and_o so_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o this_o distinction_n a_o physical_a efficient_a be_v principal_a first_o second_o instrumental_a this_o distinction_n be_v very_o ancient_a in_o the_o school_n and_o of_o great_a use_n when_o we_o desire_v to_o know_v how_o man_n will_n be_v wrought_v upon_o and_o work_v with_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o god_n grace_n alvarez_n receive_v it_o from_o thomas_n and_o make_v use_v of_o it_o disp_n 68_o no._n 5._o etc._n etc._n where_o he_o do_v thus_o describe_v each_o member_n of_o it_o a_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n or_o form_n as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 18._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la a_o first_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n thus_o god_n only_o work_v of_o who_o it_o be_v say_v he_o sit_v in_o heaven_n and_o do_v what_o he_o will_n he_o be_v the_o universal_a cause_n for_o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o moan_n and_o have_v our_o be_v a_o second_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o be_v so_o move_v by_o another_o that_o it_o move_v itself_o by_o a_o power_n of_o its_o own_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v man_n mind_n which_o be_v move_v by_o god_n yet_o neverth_n less_o it_o work_v out_o of_o a_o active_a beginning_n remain_v in_o itself_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o those_o say_n in_o the_o scripture_n which_o attribute_v man_n good_a work_n as_o his_o conversion_n and_o the_o like_a sometime_o unto_o god_n alone_o and_o other_o sometime_o unto_o man_n alone_o a_o instrument_n proper_o take_v and_o so_o we_o speak_v of_o it_o here_o be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o a_o power_n receive_v from_o the_o principal_a efficient_a of_o this_o kind_n be_v all_o instrument_n without_o life_n as_o namely_o the_o tool_n of_o a_o carpenter_n or_o smith_n &c_n &c_n thus_o hot_a water_n heat_v another_o thing_n that_o be_v cold_a by_o the_o heat_n receive_v from_o the_o fire_n to_o conclude_v the_o point_n touch_v the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o the_o efficient_a ramus_n ramus_n always_o work_v after_o one_o of_o these_o way_n whether_o it_o work_v alone_o or_o with_o other_o whether_o it_o begin_v the_o work_n or_o preserve_v it_o be_v already_o make_v chap._n viii_o the_o matter_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v a_o cause_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v matter_n this_o word_n be_v often_o time_n use_v to_o set_v out_o every_o bodily_a substance_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o take_v in_o this_o place_n for_o as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o matter_n as_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n remain_v only_o in_o power_n or_o capacity_n to_o receive_v many_o form_n and_o therefore_o according_a to_o itself_o have_v no_o be_v nor_o can_v be_v object_v to_o our_o understanding_n 1._o p._n q._n 15._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 3m._o in_o this_o place_n it_o signify_v a_o bodily_a substance_n inform_v or_o some_o intellectual_a thing_n answerable_a unto_o that_o a_o cause_n these_o word_n do_v attribute_v a_o active_a power_n and_o actual_a efficacy_n unto_o the_o matter_n whereby_o the_o effect_n be_v produce_v of_o which_o these_o word_n show_v the_o nature_n of_o that_o efficacy_n and_o
the_o manner_n how_o the_o matter_n do_v concur_v unto_o the_o effect_n and_o import_v the_o thing_n that_o so_o receive_v the_o form_n that_o it_o rest_v and_o remain_v in_o it_o this_o we_o see_v in_o a_o house_n wherein_o the_o timber_n stone_n etc._n etc._n be_v frame_v and_o fashion_v together_o and_o make_v fit_a for_o habitation_n so_o do_v a_o piece_n of_o timber_n receive_v the_o picture_n make_v upon_o it_o by_o a_o carver_n a_o thing_n be_v by_o thing_n be_v mean_v the_o effect_n produce_v by_o be_v be_v mean_v essential_o so_o as_o the_o matter_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o essence_n viz._n in_o a_o second_o degree_n or_o notion_n we_o conceive_v the_o timber_n etc._n etc._n of_o a_o house_n to_o be_v a_o part_n of_o it_o but_o we_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o other_o part_n thereof_o more_o principal_a before_o that_o namely_o the_o form_n &_o fashion_n thereof_o a_o thing_n signify_v a_o individual_a effect_n so_o as_o the_o office_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o effect_n unto_o asingular_a or_o individual_a be_v thus_o all_o philosopher_n do_v conceive_v of_o it_o the_o matter_n be_v the_o principium_fw-la of_o individuation_n say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 86._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o again_o the_o essence_n be_v restrain_v unto_o one_o individual_a thing_n by_o the_o matter_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la we_o have_v a_o instance_n of_o this_o in_o every_o singular_a creature_n peter_n be_v a_o singular_a man_n by_o his_o body_n every_o plant_n be_v singular_a by_o the_o stem_n that_o grow_v up_o for_o they_o enjoy_v all_o other_o thing_n in_o common_a with_o there_a of_o their_o kind_n the_o soul_n of_o peter_n have_v the_o same_o rationalitie_n with_o all_o other_o man_n soul_n no_o singular_a tree_n differ_v from_o other_o tree_n in_o vegititie_n sanctity_n make_v man_n christian_n peter_n sanctity_n make_v peter_n a_o christian_n because_o the_o holy_a ghost_n dwell_v in_o his_o mortal_a body_n this_o argument_n bring_v the_o subject_n to_o which_o it_o be_v attribute_v unto_o our_o clear_a understanding_n and_o it_o be_v of_o singular_a use_n to_o make_v we_o know_v the_o nature_n and_o distinction_n of_o particular_a being_n yea_o of_o absolute_a necessity_n for_o that_o i_o may_v use_v the_o word_n and_o reason_n of_o aristotle_n meta._n lib._n 2._o cap._n 1_o text_n 11_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o know_v until_o we_o come_v unto_o individuall_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o know_v until_o we_o ataine_v unto_o those_o thing_n which_o do_v not_o admit_v division_n for_o thing_n that_o be_v infinite_a can_v possible_o be_v comprehend_v by_o our_o understanding_n we_o have_v a_o pregnant_a example_n of_o it_o in_o the_o 1._o cor._n 15.39_o etc._n etc._n where_o the_o apostle_n do_v describe_v and_o distinguish_v diverse_a kind_n of_o singular_a body_n and_o say_v some_o be_v celestial_a as_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n other_o some_o be_v terrestrial_a and_o those_o be_v spiritual_a as_o man_n body_n that_o be_v raise_v other_o some_o be_v natural_a viz_o the_o flesh_n of_o man_n beast_n and_o bird_n and_o from_o hence_o he_o deliver_v the_o nature_n and_o difference_n of_o glory_n that_o these_o particular_a being_n do_v enjoy_v likewise_o the_o holy_a ghost_n revel_v 21_o 18._o etc._n etc._n make_v we_o know_v what_o the_o new_a jerusalem_n be_v by_o the_o matter_n thereof_o the_o example_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v very_o frequent_a and_o well_o know_v to_o every_o man_n therefore_o i_o take_v this_o to_o be_v sufficient_a for_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o material_a cause_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o formal_a cause_n a_o form_n be_v a_o cause_n ramus_n ramus_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v form_n as_o i_o say_v of_o the_o matter_n so_o must_v i_o say_v of_o the_o form_n if_o it_o be_v consider_v in_o itself_o abstract_v from_o all_o matter_n and_o individualitie_n it_o be_v a_o certain_a thing_n common_a unto_o many_o so_o thomas_n true_o say_v 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la 2._o under_o the_o name_n form_n sometime_o be_v comprehend_v a_o figure_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o termination_n of_o a_o quantity_n this_o also_o i_o have_v from_o thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o but_o we_o take_v not_o this_o word_n at_o this_o time_n in_o either_o of_o these_o sense_n by_o form_n than_o we_o here_o understand_v the_o intrinsicall_a part_n of_o the_o compound_a effect_n so_o say_v suarez_n meta_fw-la disp_n 10._o sect_n 1._o no._n 7._o that_o be_v receive_v of_o the_o matter_n inform_v the_o same_o thus_o say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la a_o form_n say_v thomas_n be_v general_n a_o form_n say_v thomas_n be_v special_a a_o special_a form_n be_v that_o which_o inform_v the_o subject_n but_o itself_o be_v not_o inform_v by_o any_o other_o form_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n as_o one_o colour_n be_v not_o inform_v by_o another_o colour_n 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o form_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n not_o in_o the_o first_o we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o in_o the_o rationalitie_n of_o man_n and_o vigiditie_n of_o plant_n both_o of_o they_o be_v form_n and_o distinct_a being_n not_o receive_v any_o thing_n from_o other_o form_n of_o their_o kind_n be_v a_o cause_n that_o be_v it_o have_v actual_a exercise_v force_n to_o infer_v the_o effect_n by_o which_o these_o word_n do_v show_v that_o the_o force_n of_o the_o form_n be_v not_o receptive_a nor_o retentive_a nor_o restrictive_a as_o the_o force_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v but_o it_o be_v active_a for_o as_o aristotle_n say_v meta._n lib._n 9_o cap._n 6._o text_n 17._o the_o form_n be_v a_o act_n that_o be_v a_o actual_a determinate_a and_o active_a be_v the_o reader_n may_v see_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v by_o gillius_fw-la col_fw-fr 467._o a_o thing_n be_v by_o these_o word_n the_o essence_n of_o every_o individual_a effect_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o formal_a cause_n every_o thing_n that_o do_v actual_o exist_v say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la have_v some_o form_n and_o again_o every_o be_v be_v cause_v by_o the_o form_n thereof_o 1._o p._n q._n 51._o art_n 4._o in_o cor_fw-la that_o which_o these_o word_n do_v attribute_v the_o whole_a effect_n unto_o the_o form_n and_o this_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o the_o learned_a in_o all_o age_n each_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v by_o its_o form_n thus_o thomas_n think_v 1._o p._n q_o 5._o art_n 5._o &_o add_v 3m._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o whole_a compound_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o form_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o okam_n 1._o do_v 32._o q._n 1._o &_o 2._o light_v c._n and_o this_o sentence_n agree_v well_o with_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n for_o the_o matter_n do_v finite_a and_o contract_v the_o amplitude_n of_o the_o form_n and_o thereby_o it_o become_v the_o determinate_a form_n of_o this_o or_o that_o individual_a effect_n the_o form_n on_o the_o other_o side_n do_v perfect_a and_o determine_v the_o matter_n and_o bring_v it_o from_o power_n to_o act_v by_o give_v a_o essence_n thereunto_o in_o so_o much_o that_o by_o the_o form_n the_o essence_n be_v termine_v unto_o some_o special_a kind_n and_o thus_o much_o we_o receive_v from_o thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o et_fw-la 3_o in_fw-la cor_fw-la q._n 14._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o this_o argument_n be_v of_o necessary_a use_n to_o instruct_v our_o understanding_n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o subject_n to_o which_o it_o be_v attribute_v for_o how_o can_v we_o know_v a_o thing_n more_o clear_o and_o certain_o then_o when_o we_o find_v the_o intrinsicall_a primary_n and_o proper_a nature_n and_o be_v thereof_o it_o be_v all_o one_o say_v aristotle_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o to_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n of_o its_o nature_n we_o have_v example_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o cause_n in_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o creature_n when_o god_n will_v show_v we_o what_o sin_n be_v he_o do_v set_v it_o out_o by_o the_o form_n thereof_o sin_n say_v the_o apostle_n john_n 1_o epist_n chap._n 3._o v._n 4._o be_v a_o vary_a from_o the_o law_n the_o apostle_n paul_n when_o he_o will_v set_v out_o what_o the_o righteousness_n of_o faith_n be_v he_o do_v describe_v it_o in_o his_o epistle_n to_o the_o roman_n ch_z 4._o v._n 6.7.8_o by_o forgiveness_n of_o sin_n the_o holy_a ghost_n do_v yield_v we_o many_o of_o these_o example_n but_o these_o shall_v suffice_v in_o man_n we_o have_v a_o full_a representation_n of_o every_o part_n of_o this_o argument_n we_o
those_o opposite_n which_o bear_v this_o title_n be_v thus_o define_v disparate_v be_v opposite_n ramus_n ramus_n one_o of_o which_o be_v alike_o oppose_v to_o many_o aristotle_n call_v these_o opposite_n by_o the_o name_n of_o contrary_n and_o do_v set_v they_o out_o by_o these_o property_n 1._o they_o may_v be_v and_o not_o be_v in_o the_o subject_n 2._o a_o three_o thing_n come_v in_o the_o mean_a or_o middle_a between_o they_o 3._o this_o three_o either_o partake_v of_o both_o the_o opposite_n or_o be_v of_o itself_o and_o partake_v of_o neither_o now_o it_o be_v plain_a both_o aristotle_n and_o ramus_n do_v speak_v of_o one_o kind_n of_o opposite_n for_o both_o of_o they_o do_v instance_n the_o opposite_n they_o speak_v of_o in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o example_n viz_o black_a and_o white_a if_o we_o apply_v that_o instance_n unto_o they_o both_o we_o shall_v see_v that_o they_o disagree_v not_o 1._o these_o colour_n be_v opposite_a 2._o they_o may_v be_v and_o not_o be_v in_o the_o same_o subject_n 3._o they_o have_v a_o three_o thing_n that_o come_v between_o they_o as_o green_a red_a and_o all_o other_o colour_n 4._o these_o middle_a colour_n do_v partake_v of_o black_a and_o white_a 5._o each_o one_o of_o they_o be_v alike_o or_o equal_o oppose_v to_o the_o rest_n a_o man_n may_v true_o say_v he_o that_o be_v black_a be_v not_o red_a nor_o green_a &c_n &c_n and_o so_o of_o the_o rest_n 6._o many_o do_v oppose_v one_o for_o he_o that_o be_v any_o one_o of_o they_o be_v deny_v to_o be_v all_o the_o rest_n aristotle_n do_v also_o instance_n these_o opposite_n in_o good_a and_o bad_a and_o thereby_o their_o nature_n be_v fit_o resemble_v for_o experience_n tell_v we_o that_o between_o good_a and_o bad_a action_n there_o be_v some_o which_o be_v both_o good_a and_o bad_a and_o therefore_o they_o partake_v of_o both_o the_o opposite_n there_o be_v also_o a_o cessation_n or_o omision_n of_o action_n and_o that_o come_v between_o they_o both_o and_o partake_v of_o neither_o thomas_n give_v these_o opposite_n a_o seven_o property_n viz_o they_o import_v a_o positive_a nature_n sometime_o in_o both_o and_o sometime_o but_o in_o one_o and_o do_v instance_n the_o first_o in_o black_a and_o white_a and_o we_o may_v instance_n the_o second_o in_o good_a and_o evil_a thus_o we_o see_v these_o author_n conspire_v in_o one_o every_o one_o of_o they_o bring_v a_o part_n and_o all_o of_o they_o together_o do_v make_v a_o full_a and_o complete_a exposition_n of_o the_o thing_n in_o hand_n the_o use_n of_o this_o argument_n be_v very_o needful_a and_o come_v often_o we_o find_v it_o in_o the_o word_n of_o god_n the_o holy_a ghost_n do_v argue_v the_o church_n of_o laodicea_n revel_v 3.17_o with_o this_o argument_n thou_o be_v say_v he_o wretched_a miserable_a poor_a blind_a and_o naked_a therefore_o thou_o be_v not_o rich_a nor_o increase_v with_o good_n nor_o need_v nothing_o as_o thou_o vain_o brag_v where_o all_o the_o thing_n deny_v be_v oppose_v unto_o the_o wretched_a laodicean_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o come_v to_o relative_n chap._n xvi_o of_o relative_n relative_n be_v affirm_v contrary_n ramus_n ramus_n the_o one_o whereof_o consist_v by_o the_o mutual_a relation_n to_o the_o other_o we_o find_v this_o precept_n deliver_v by_o aristotle_n in_o the_o 10._o chap._n of_o his_o category_n those_o argument_n say_v he_o which_o be_v oppose_v as_o relative_n the_o one_o opposite_a be_v refer_v to_o the_o other_o mutual_o and_o thomas_n deliver_v the_o same_o thing_n when_o say_v he_o 1_o p._n q._n 28._o art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la thing_n be_v speak_v relative_o than_o a_o certain_a relation_n or_o reference_n of_o one_o opposite_a to_o another_o be_v signify_v relative_n this_o word_n import_v thing_n that_o be_v refer_v the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o relative_n say_v thomas_n 1_o p._n q._n 28._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la do_v signify_v according_a to_o their_o proper_a nature_n only_o a_o respect_n of_o one_o thing_n to_o another_o affirm_v this_o word_n be_v bring_v to_o set_v out_o unto_o we_o that_o both_o term_n oppose_v do_v comprehend_v positive_a being_n aristotle_n agree_v with_o ramus_n in_o it_o in_o the_o place_n allege_v when_o he_o say_v that_o relative_n even_o in_o the_o thing_n that_o they_o be_v be_v refer_v so_o also_o he_o give_v instance_n of_o relative_a opposition_n in_o knowledge_n and_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v know_v and_o both_o of_o they_o do_v signify_v positive_a being_n and_o thomas_n do_v teach_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o the_o 14._o chapter_n the_o only_a doubt_n be_v what_o the_o term_n in_o relative_a opposition_n do_v affirm_v thomas_n do_v resolve_v this_o doubt_n 1._o p._n q._n 28._o on_o this_o manner_n in_o relative_n there_o be_v their_o foundation_n relation_n relative_n be_v found_v upon_o either_o quantity_n or_o action_n and_o passion_n art_n 1_o in_o cor_fw-la in_o this_o sense_n relation_n do_v import_v a_o accidental_a be_v in_o the_o subject_a art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la or_o thing_n assist_v outward_o affix_v art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o proper_a nature_n of_o relation_n consist_v in_o a_o respect_n of_o one_o thing_n to_o another_o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 1m._o which_o respect_n do_v after_o a_o sort_n befall_v the_o thing_n relate_v in_o that_o it_o tend_v from_o itself_o into_o another_o art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la contrary_n that_o be_v one_o single_a term_n do_v oppose_v another_o single_a term_n aristotle_n teach_v the_o same_o thing_n when_o he_o put_v knowledge_n and_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v know_v as_o a_o instance_n of_o relative_n opposition_n the_o one_o etc._n etc._n in_o these_o word_n the_o proper_a nature_n of_o relative_n opposition_n be_v set_v out_o and_o they_o import_v such_o a_o opposition_n as_o wherein_o the_o term_n oppose_v do_v mutual_o constitute_v each_o other_o aristotle_n teach_v the_o same_o when_o he_o affirm_v that_o the_o term_n oppose_v be_v mutual_o refer_v each_o to_o other_o and_o deny_v that_o mutual_a reference_n to_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o opposite_n thomas_n also_o have_v the_o same_o thing_n relative_n say_v he_o 1._o p._n q._n 42._o be_v 3._o ad_fw-la 2m._o be_v together_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o understanding_n in_o asmuch_o as_o the_o one_o be_v comprehend_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o other_o wherefore_o ramus_n conclude_v true_o in_o these_o word_n because_o of_o this_o mutuull_a relation_n ramus_n ramus_n relative_n be_v say_v to_o be_v together_o in_o nature_n so_o that_o he_o which_o perfect_o know_v the_o one_o know_v the_o other_o also_o to_o conclude_v this_o point_n of_o relative_n opposition_n it_o may_v be_v demand_v whether_o all_o relative_n be_v opposite_n i_o answer_v first_o the_o foundation_n of_o relative_n be_v adjunct_n or_o cause_n and_o effect_n therefore_o in_o that_o respect_n no_o relative_n be_v opposite_n second_o the_o proper_a nature_n of_o relation_n consist_v only_o in_o a_o respect_n that_o one_o thing_n have_v unto_o another_o without_o itself_o and_o so_o also_o no_o relative_n be_v opposite_n for_o which_o cause_n aristotle_n make_v relative_n to_o be_v consent_v argument_n as_o i_o have_v show_v chap._n 3._o forego_v three_o the_o thing_n comprehend_v in_o the_o term_n relate_v or_o refer_v be_v such_o that_o they_o agree_v not_o unto_o the_o same_o subject_n in_o the_o same_o respect_n part_n and_o time_n and_o thus_o all_o relative_n be_v opposite_n four_o the_o opposition_n that_o be_v between_o the_o term_n relate_v be_v make_v relative_o that_o be_v each_o term_n oppose_v have_v a_o respect_n and_o relation_n the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o so_o as_o we_o conceive_v the_o one_o be_v against_o the_o other_o and_o the_o one_o do_v constitute_v the_o other_o neither_o of_o they_o can_v be_v in_o themselves_o nor_o know_v to_o we_o but_o by_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o yet_o when_o they_o be_v they_o oppose_v one_o another_o and_o thus_o all_o relative_n be_v opposite_n this_o i_o gather_v from_o tho._n 1._o p._n q._n 28._o relative_n say_v he_o signify_v a_o certain_a relation_n of_o one_o term_v unto_o its_o opposite_a art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o nature_n of_o relation_n be_v a_o respect_n of_o one_o to_o another_o according_a to_o which_o one_o thing_n be_v oppose_v unto_o another_o relative_o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la thus_o i_o hope_v this_o doubt_n be_v full_o clear_v we_o find_v the_o nature_n of_o these_o argument_n full_o lay_v open_a in_o this_o sentence_n he_o that_o be_v father_n to_o socrates_n be_v not_o son_n to_o socrates_n in_o the_o same_o respect_n and_o time_n here._n i_o father_n and_o son_n be_v term_n refer_v the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o as_o thing_n that_o respect_v one_o another_o 2._o this_o respect_n go_v out_o of_o the_o one_o to_o
picture_n with_o the_o thing_n picture_v and_o thus_o we_o understand_v the_o word_n compare_v in_o this_o place_n a_o single_a term_n become_v a_o compare_v argument_n when_o it_o have_v such_o a_o force_n to_o argue_v or_o set_v out_o the_o subject_n as_o be_v receive_v from_o another_o thing_n that_o it_o be_v compare_v withal_o and_o herein_o these_o argument_n have_v a_o opposite_a nature_n unto_o positive_a for_o they_o borrow_v no_o force_n to_o argue_v from_o the_o quality_n or_o quantity_n of_o any_o other_o argument_n these_o argument_n have_v these_o four_o property_n 1._o they_o be_v equal_o know_a that_o be_v the_o two_o thing_n compare_v have_v in_o themselves_o no_o priority_n or_o antecedency_n to_o argue_v and_o be_v argue_v as_o we_o find_v in_o the_o effect_n and_o cause_n thereof_o in_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o property_n and_o accident_n annex_v thereunto_o 2._o some_o man_n do_v know_v the_o one_o better_a than_o the_o other_o that_o be_v in_o the_o event_n by_o reason_n they_o be_v acquaint_v with_o the_o one_o and_o not_o with_o the_o other_o 3._o they_o be_v take_v sometime_o from_o thing_n feign_v and_o so_o they_o may_v well_o be_v for_o such_o thing_n have_v a_o be_v in_o our_o understanding_n and_o that_o be_v enough_o to_o make_v they_o rational_a being_n as_o we_o learn_v from_o thomas_n 1_o part_n q._n 16._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 2m._o that_o be_v enough_o also_o to_o give_v they_o a_o place_n in_o logic_n for_o every_o be_v as_o well_o rational_a as_o real_a be_v object_v thereunto_o 4._o comparison_n take_v from_o feign_a thing_n do_v argue_v and_o set_v out_o the_o subject_n because_o the_o force_n that_o all_o comparison_n have_v to_o argue_v arise_v from_o the_o apprehension_n of_o our_o understanding_n and_o not_o from_o any_o real_a relation_n or_o consent_n that_o the_o one_o have_v to_o the_o other_o now_o because_o the_o reader_n may_v know_v how_o to_o find_v a_o comparison_n in_o a_o discourse_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o sometime_o they_o be_v set_v out_o by_o certain_a word_n which_o be_v proper_a to_o they_o and_o sometime_o they_o lie_v open_a in_o sentence_n that_o be_v fit_a to_o express_v they_o in_o this_o case_n the_o first_o sentence_n be_v call_v the_o proposition_n the_o second_o the_o reddition_n therefore_o when_o he_o find_v they_o he_o need_v no_o other_o direction_n sometime_o also_o they_o be_v set_v down_o without_o note_n or_o mark_n and_o the_o part_n be_v invert_v or_o contract_v then_o the_o matter_n itself_o must_v direct_v he_o these_o be_v all_o that_o belong_v to_o comparison_n in_o common_a chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o distribution_n of_o comparison_n comparison_n be_v in_o quantity_n equal_a unequal_a the_o great_a lesser_n ramus_n ramus_n quality_n like_a unlike_a aristotle_n have_v every_o branch_n of_o this_o division_n in_o his_o categorte_n in_o the_o sixth_o chapter_n he_o place_v comparison_n in_o quantity_n as_o proper_a thereto_o and_o divide_v it_o into_o equal_a and_o unequal_a in_o the_o 8._o chapter_n he_o place_v comparison_n in_o quality_n and_o do_v divide_v it_o irto_o like_a and_o unlike_a and_o make_v this_o kind_n of_o comparison_n to_o be_v find_v only_o in_o quality_n last_o cap._n 6._o at_o horum_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o cap._n 7._o omnta_fw-la vero_fw-la he_o divide_v unequal_a into_o great_a and_o less_o and_o the_o thing_n themselves_o that_o these_o two_o author_n bring_v be_v receive_v in_o the_o school_n of_o all_o age_n therefore_o i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o particular_n chap._n xxii_o of_o equality_n quantity_n be_v that_o by_o which_o thing_n compare_v be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o great_a ramus_n ramus_n or_o so_o little_a aristotle_n do_v teach_v the_o same_o thing_n top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 9_o exit_fw-la his_fw-la etc._n etc._n quantity_n say_v he_o import_v magnitude_n quantity_n in_o the_o first_o place_n we_o ought_v to_o understand_v what_o quantity_n be_v else_o we_o shall_v not_o understand_v what_o be_v mean_v by_o a_o comparison_n in_o quantity_n that_o which_o &c_n &c_n these_o word_n set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o quantity_n and_o place_n it_o in_o a_o magnitude_n for_o according_a to_o magnitude_n thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v great_a or_o lesser_a now_o magnitudeis_n not_o take_v here_o geometrical_o nor_o arithmetical_o but_o in_o a_o large_a sense_n even_o for_o every_o magnitude_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v thus_o or_o so_o much_o whether_o it_o be_v speak_v of_o body_n number_n or_o virtue_n of_o thing_n real_a or_o intellectual_a for_o this_o logic_n require_v because_o it_o have_v to_o do_v with_o all_o thing_n wherein_o our_o understanding_n have_v any_o thing_n to_o do_v those_o thing_n be_v equal_a ramus_n ramus_n that_o have_v the_o same_o quantity_n one_o in_o quantity_n make_v equal_a so_o say_v okam_n 1_o do_v 19_o q_o 1._o light_v b._n opinio_fw-la 1a._o i_o do_v not_o find_v this_o sentence_n in_o aristotle_n express_o yet_o he_o imply_v thus_o much_o as_o we_o shall_v see_v when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o comparison_n of_o likeness_n chap._n 25._o and_o no_o man_n think_v otherways_o therefore_o we_o must_v esteem_v this_o sentence_n to_o be_v a_o precept_n of_o art_n those_o thing_n be_v equali_fw-la that_o be_v two_o thing_n lay_v together_o be_v of_o equal_a quantity_n or_o magnitude_n which_o have_v the_o same_o quantity_n that_o be_v which_o be_v adequate_a in_o magnitude_n as_o when_o two_o line_n be_v of_o the_o same_o length_n the_o one_o be_v neither_o long_o nor_o short_a than_o the_o other_o when_o neither_o end_n of_o the_o scale_n weigh_v down_o the_o other_o when_o two_o number_n agree_v together_o as_o two_o and_o two_o four_o and_o four_o for_o thus_o every_o magnitude_n be_v one_o in_o quantity_n now_o we_o have_v the_o nature_n of_o equal_n define_v and_o set_v out_o unto_o we_o we_o must_v know_v how_o to_o find_v and_o use_v they_o the_o mark_n ramus_n ramus_n and_o sign_n of_o equality_n be_v these_o 5_o viz._n one_o equal_a as_o much_o as_o and_o so_o denial_n of_o inequallitie_n as_o and_o so_o be_v sign_n of_o this_o comparison_n but_o not_o proper_a to_o they_o for_o many_o time_n they_o be_v find_v in_o comparison_n of_o likeness_n i_o do_v not_o find_v that_o aristotle_n or_o other_o school_n do_v thus_o punctual_o show_v we_o how_o to_o find_v out_o these_o comparison_n only_o i_o find_v that_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 42._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la then_o a_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v equal_a when_o it_o be_v deny_v to_o be_v unequal_a that_o be_v more_o or_o less_o and_o i_o find_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o aristotle_n meta._n lib._n 10._o text_n 15.16_o from_o whence_o we_o may_v infer_v their_o agreement_n with_o okam_n that_o place_v the_o equallitie_n of_o thing_n in_o be_v one_o in_o quantity_n we_o have_v example_n wherein_o comparison_n of_o equallitie_n be_v set_v out_o by_o these_o mark_n or_o sign_n namely_o 1._o both_o the_o cherube_n be_v of_o one_o measure_n 1_o king_n 6.25_o 2._o thou_o have_v make_v they_o equal_a to_o we_o mat._n 20.12_o 3._o sinner_n lend_v to_o sinner_n to_o receive_v as_o much_o again_o luke_o 6.34_o 4._o the_o length_n of_o the_o city_n be_v as_o large_a as_o the_o breadth_n revel_v 21.16_o 5._o i_o can_v do_v less_o or_o more_o than_o god_n word_n command_v numb_a 21.18_o 6._o you_o be_v not_o inferior_a to_o other_o church_n 2._o cor._n 12.13_o sometime_o the_o proposition_n and_o reddition_n be_v distinct_o set_v down_o 7._o as_o his_o part_n be_v that_o go_v to_o the_o batile_a so_o shall_v his_o part_n be_v that_o tarry_v by_o the_o â—uffe_n 1._o sam._n 30.34_o 8._o how_o much_o she_o have_v glorify_v herself_o and_o live_v delictous_o so_o much_o torment_n and_o sorrow_n give_v she_o revel_v 18.7_o in_o these_o example_n we_o find_v two_o cherube_n to_o be_v one_o in_o dimension_n two_o labourer_n one_o in_o wage_n a_o lender_n and_o a_o borrower_n one_o in_o quantity_n of_o money_n the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o the_o city_n one_o in_o measure_n the_o corinth_n and_o other_o church_n one_o in_o grace_n etc._n etc._n they_o that_o go_v to_o war_n and_o they_o that_o guard_v the_o stuff_n one_o in_o the_o quantity_n of_o prey_n the_o whore_n of_o babylon_n delight_n and_o sorrow_n one_o in_o extent_n by_o this_o we_o see_v how_o to_o find_v out_o such_o comparison_n as_o be_v mark_v out_o unto_o us._n i_o will_v also_o set_v down_o some_o comparison_n that_o want_v those_o sign_n or_o mark_n viz._n what_o force_n virtue_n have_v to_o happiness_n that_o force_n vice_n have_v to_o cursedness_n the_o jew_n answer_v we_o can_v not_o tell_v christ_n answer_v neither_o tell_v i_o you_o mat._n 21.23_o in_o the_o first_o vice_n and_o virtue_n be_v one_o in_o efficacy_n in_o
themselves_o for_o thus_o he_o write_v those_o be_v call_v denominate_v which_o have_v the_o appellation_n of_o a_o name_n from_o some_o other_o but_o so_o as_o they_o differ_v in_o case_n as_o from_o grammar_n man_n be_v call_v a_o grammarian_n from_o strength_n he_o be_v call_v strong_a categor_n cap._n 1._o these_o be_v the_o same_o argument_n with_o the_o former_a for_o grammarian_n import_v the_o skill_n of_o grammar_n and_o be_v a_o accident_n because_o it_o may_v be_v and_o not_o be_v in_o man_n it_o be_v a_o formal_a quality_n see_v it_o do_v constitute_v and_o denominate_v a_o man_n a_o grammarian_n grammar_n be_v a_o abstract_n and_o signify_v nothing_o logical_o be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o comprehension_n of_o precept_n if_o we_o refer_v it_o to_o man_n it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o grammarian_n namely_o the_o same_o precept_n literal_o and_o habitual_o distribution_n be_v when_o the_o whole_a be_v divide_v into_o part_n ramus_n ramus_n distribution_n be_v call_v the_o divide_v of_o the_o whole_a the_o gather_n of_o the_o part_n together_o to_o make_v up_o the_o whole_a be_v call_v induction_n when_o we_o say_v a_o man_n have_v two_o part_n soul_n and_o body_n live_v creature_n be_v reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a than_o we_o make_v a_o distribution_n and_o aristotle_n do_v acknowledge_v these_o distribution_n top._n lib._n 6._o cap._n 1._o but_o in_o a_o different_a sense_n although_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o a_o distribution_n do_v formal_o consist_v in_o a_o axiom_n and_o therefore_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n yet_o i_o will_v not_o now_o insist_v thereupon_o because_o the_o argument_n predicate_v in_o a_o distribution_n be_v mere_o the_o cause_n themselves_o and_o we_o can_v find_v a_o compound_a effect_n more_o clear_o resolve_v into_o its_o cause_n then_o in_o a_o distribution_n in_o the_o first_o example_n of_o distribution_n before_o go_v we_o find_v the_o matter_n inform_v argue_v the_o whole_a effect_n constitute_v by_o that_o matter_n in_o the_o second_o we_o have_v the_o specifical_a form_n inform_v each_o several_a kind_n and_o argue_v that_o whole_a effect_n which_o comprehend_v both_o kind_n the_o reader_n shall_v find_v this_o answer_n full_o explicate_v and_o prove_v chap._n 38._o etc._n etc._n in_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o distribution_n aristotle_n do_v acknowledge_v a_o division_n belong_v to_o logic_n prior._n cap._n 31._o but_o he_o make_v it_o a_o syllogism_n because_o something_o be_v always_o conclude_v therfrom_o though_o a_o weak_a one_o because_o it_o preâ—umes_v what_o it_o ought_v to_o prove_v he_o do_v acknowledge_v induction_n also_o top._n lib._n 8._o cap._n 2._o lib._n 1._o cap._n 12._o prio_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 23._o and_o by_o a_o induction_n he_o understand_v a_o collection_n of_o all_o the_o singular_n to_o make_v the_o total_a therefore_o he_o do_v acknowledge_v it_o in_o the_o present_a sense_n but_o according_a to_o he_o it_o be_v one_o species_n kind_n or_o form_n of_o dispute_v little_o differ_v from_o a_o syllogism_n for_o thus_o he_o say_v of_o it_o a_o syllogism_n be_v for_o logician_n a_o induction_n for_o the_o multitude_n top._n lib._n 8._o cap._n 2._o second_o it_o be_v a_o instrument_n more_o apt_a to_o persuade_v more_o open_a better_o know_v to_o sense_n and_o be_v common_a among_o the_o multitude_n but_o a_o syllogism_n have_v great_a force_n to_o urge_v and_o be_v more_o effectual_a against_o they_o that_o be_v apt_a to_o gain_v say_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 12._o therefore_o according_a to_o he_o division_n and_o induction_n belong_v to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n not_o to_o the_o first_o and_o consequent_o a_o distribution_n must_v be_v refer_v thither_o also_o for_o both_o division_n and_o induction_n be_v comprehend_v or_o employ_v in_o a_o distribution_n according_a to_o ramus_n a_o definition_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n when_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v therefore_o a_o perfect_a definition_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o general_a mark_n or_o badge_n of_o the_o cause_n which_o make_v the_o essence_n or_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o have_v a_o little_a to_o say_v touch_v this_o four_o seat_n for_o i_o have_v do_v enough_o in_o the_o last_o to_o satisfy_v this_o for_o what_o appertain_v to_o that_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o this_o aristotle_n do_v acknowledge_v definition_n and_o that_o in_o the_o present_a sense_n too_o but_o give_v they_o a_o place_n in_o the_o second_o part_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v cap._n 35._o etc._n etc._n the_o argument_n dispose_v in_o a_o definition_n belong_v to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n because_o as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o do_v 25._o q._n 1._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o a_o definition_n according_a to_o the_o intent_n thereof_o do_v lâ—aâ—_n to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o thing_n definea_fw-mi and_o this_o be_v the_o case_n with_o all_o axiom_n whatsoever_o the_o predicate_v in_o a_o definition_n belong_v to_o the_o seat_n of_o cause_n even_o in_o the_o judgement_n of_o ramus_n himself_o for_o the_o predicate_v do_v set_v out_o what_o the_o subject_n or_o thing_n define_v be_v and_o nothing_o can_v do_v that_o but_o the_o cause_n therefore_o a_o definition_n deserve_v no_o other_o place_n in_o logic_n but_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o cause_n upon_o these_o premise_n we_o may_v well_o conclude_v these_o four_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o question_n be_v superfluous_a because_o art_n have_v give_v they_o place_n already_o in_o the_o precept_n before_o go_v therefore_o we_o must_v not_o seek_v it_o here_o the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n come_v in_o the_o next_o rank_n the_o second_o part_n chap._n xxix_o of_o disposition_n or_o judgement_n either_o to_o we_o have_v handle_v the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n call_v invention_n ramus_n ramus_n we_o come_v now_o to_o the_o second_o term_a judgement_n judgement_n be_v a_o part_n of_o logic_n teach_v the_o manner_n of_o dispose_v argument_n that_o we_o may_v judge_v well_o for_o every_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v judge_v according_a to_o certain_a rule_n of_o disposition_n hence_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n be_v call_v both_o judgement_n and_o disposition_n the_o same_o thing_n be_v signify_v by_o both_o term_n the_o substance_n of_o all_o this_o matter_n be_v already_o set_v down_o in_o the_o second_o chapter_n and_o repeat_v here_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o reader_n there_o be_v no_o great_a difficulty_n in_o the_o part_n nor_o difference_n in_o the_o whole_a from_o aristotle_n i_o have_v show_v the_o consent_n of_o both_o author_n in_o the_o place_n aleadge_v and_o i_o will_v now_o give_v my_o opinion_n of_o the_o sense_n of_o every_o thing_n that_o seem_v not_o clear_a enough_o judgement_n disposition_n these_o word_n be_v use_v for_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o that_o fit_o for_o they_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n various_o consider_v the_o second_o intend_v the_o first_o and_o the_o first_o proceed_v from_o the_o second_o the_o second_o be_v the_o fountain_n the_o first_o be_v the_o stream_n and_o they_o make_v one_o continue_a thing_n the_o first_o be_v the_o supreme_a the_o second_o the_o subordinate_a end_n and_o mean_n unto_o the_o supreme_a in_o that_o respect_n they_o vary_v and_o not_o otherwise_o apart_z logic_n have_v part_n even_o by_o itself_o for_o the_o precept_n thereof_o be_v of_o distinct_a nature_n as_o member_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o therefore_o we_o must_v so_o conceive_v of_o they_o the_o precept_n that_o be_v contain_v under_o this_o name_n make_v a_o second_o part_n for_o the_o dispose_n of_o thing_n do_v suppose_v that_o the_o thing_n themselves_o have_v a_o be_v already_o dispose_v these_o word_n and_o the_o rest_n that_o follow_v do_v contain_v the_o whole_a shot_n or_o general_a sum_n that_o arise_v from_o all_o the_o precept_n belong_v to_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n and_o it_o signify_v a_o join_v together_o of_o distinct_a thing_n in_o a_o orderly_a frame_n argument_n viz._n those_o single_a or_o incomplexed_a term_n whereof_o we_o speak_v in_o the_o former_a part_n judge_n judgement_n be_v a_o act_n of_o the_o understanding_n whereby_o we_o determine_v in_o ourselves_o that_o this_o or_o that_o be_v true_a or_o false_a this_o word_n set_v out_o the_o end_n of_o those_o precept_n which_o belong_v to_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n namely_o the_o thing_n they_o be_v fit_a for_o and_o the_o profit_n we_o receive_v by_o they_o well_o that_o be_v not_o doubtful_o but_o even_o as_o the_o thing_n be_v in_o themselves_o and_o this_o be_v the_o perfection_n of_o judgement_n this_o first_o and_o universal_a precept_n may_v fit_o be_v express_v in_o these_o term_n 1._o some_o precept_n of_o logic_n do_v teach_v we_o to_o dispose_v argument_n fit_o that_o thereby_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n clear_o and_o certain_o 2._o these_o precept_n make_v up_o a_o second_o part_n
not_o only_o for_o one_o difference_n of_o time_n but_o for_o all_o time_n whatsoever_o so_o as_o the_o predicate_a can_v possible_o be_v sever_v from_o the_o thing_n define_v quest_n de_fw-fr resumpta_fw-la lit_fw-fr q._n unto_o they_o two_o i_o will_v join_v richardus_fw-la de_fw-fr sancto_fw-it victore_fw-la for_o he_o be_v most_o full_a in_o explicate_v of_o a_o definition_n de_fw-fr trinitate_fw-la lib._n 4._o cap._n 21._o fol._n 108._o that_o a_o definition_n may_v be_v perfect_a it_o ought_v to_o comprehend_v the_o total_a and_o only_a essence_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v for_o as_o it_o borrow_v its_o name_n from_o the_o thing_n so_o it_o ought_v to_o extend_v itself_o unto_o the_o uttermost_a limit_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v neither_o must_v it_o exceed_v it_o it_o ought_v to_o agree_v unto_o all_o and_o only_o unto_o the_o thing_n define_v and_o so_o far_o that_o it_o may_v be_v convert_v into_o itself_o thus_o far_o he_o i_o may_v show_v the_o same_o out_o of_o late_a author_n but_o i_o spare_v that_o labour_n because_o these_o for_o their_o judgement_n may_v go_v in_o stead_n of_o all_o such_o be_v their_o learning_n and_o antiquity_n other_o say_v the_o same_o and_o none_o do_v dissent_v from_o they_o by_o these_o authority_n we_o find_v what_o a_o definition_n be_v and_o thereby_o we_o be_v resolve_v that_o a_o definition_n be_v a_o necessary_a axiom_n in_o the_o sense_n lay_v down_o cap._n 34._o and_o consequent_o we_o see_v how_o to_o find_v out_o a_o definition_n from_o other_o sentence_n and_o to_o judge_v of_o the_o truth_n of_o it_o when_o we_o have_v find_v it_o but_o because_o all_o this_o do_v show_v we_o the_o very_a secret_n of_o nature_n as_o i_o may_v say_v and_o they_o can_v be_v understand_v neither_o speedy_o nor_o easy_o therefore_o it_o will_v be_v very_o profitable_a if_o i_o set_v out_o a_o definition_n by_o other_o note_n or_o mark_n that_o be_v better_o know_v to_o we_o that_o when_o we_o have_v they_o altogether_o the_o one_o will_v lead_v to_o the_o other_o and_o both_o together_o will_v give_v we_o certain_a knowledge_n of_o this_o root_n and_o original_a of_o all_o knowledge_n yea_o of_o that_o knowledge_n whereby_o we_o know_v single_a term_n in_o themselves_o as_o aristotle_n cales_fw-la it_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 3._o nos_fw-la vero_fw-la and_o that_o knowledge_n be_v no_o less_o than_o angelical_a aristotle_n have_v do_v so_o much_o in_o the_o thing_n we_o seek_v for_o that_o the_o assistance_n of_o any_o other_o author_n may_v seem_v needle_n he_o show_v we_o positive_o how_o to_o know_v a_o perfect_a definition_n and_o lest_o we_o shall_v sorget_v he_o show_v we_o also_o the_o naughtiness_n and_o fault_n in_o a_o definition_n he_o do_v the_o first_o in_o these_o term_n 1._o a_o definition_n be_v constitute_v of_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o the_o difference_n top_n lib_n 1._o cap._n 8._o namely_o the_o specifical_a difference_n who_o office_n it_o be_v to_o make_v a_o definition_n complete_a and_o to_o design_n that_o which_o be_v more_o general_a unto_o one_o special_a kind_n and_o this_o it_o do_v by_o reason_n that_o they_o be_v take_v from_o the_o proper_a form_n of_o the_o thing_n difference_v as_o the_o root_n and_o original_a from_o whence_o they_o flow_v in_o â—â—e_z judgement_n of_o thomas_n 1._o p._n q_o 29_o aâ—_n 3._o ad_fw-la 4m._o 1._o do_v 25._o q._n 1._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o 2._o in_o a_o definition_n the_o end_n whereto_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v refer_v be_v not_o to_o be_v omit_v top._n lib_n 6_o cap._n 8._o 3._o a_o definition_n must_v be_v universal_a and_o affirmative_a poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o 4._o he_o that_o define_v must_v use_v word_n so_o far_o as_o he_o can_v that_o shall_v be_v of_o clear_a sense_n because_o a_o definition_n be_v make_v for_o the_o get_n of_o knowledge_n top._n lib._n 6._o cap._n 1._o he_o abound_v in_o skor_v up_o the_o fault_n of_o a_o evil_a definition_n i_o will_v bring_v some_o of_o they_o to_o further_a our_o understanding_n i_o will_v not_o bring_v all_o lest_o i_o be_v tedious_a he_o refer_v they_o unto_o two_o head_n viz._n obscurity_n and_o superfluity_n the_o obscurity_n be_v set_v down_o top._n lib._n 6_o cap._n 2._o and_o they_o be_v 4_o in_o number_n first_o when_o the_o thing_n define_v that_o admit_v divers_a sense_n be_v not_o distinguish_v second_o when_o it_o be_v express_v by_o a_o borrow_a speech_n three_o when_o any_o word_n be_v use_v that_o be_v rude_a and_o unproper_a four_o when_o the_o definition_n be_v so_o make_v that_o we_o can_v find_v how_o it_o differ_v from_o another_o that_o be_v contrary_a to_o it_o or_o what_o the_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v define_v for_o than_o it_o be_v like_o a_o picture_n that_o can_v be_v know_v who_o it_o be_v unless_o it_o be_v show_v by_o write_v the_o superfluity_n of_o a_o definition_n be_v 6._o he_o set_v they_o down_o in_o the_o three_o chapter_n of_o the_o same_o book_n and_o these_o they_o be_v first_o when_o one_o thing_n be_v repeat_v often_o second_o when_o a_o definition_n be_v make_v of_o argument_n that_o in_o nature_n do_v follow_v and_o in_o our_o knowledge_n be_v less_o know_v than_o the_o thing_n define_v three_o when_o in_o the_o definition_n the_o thing_n define_v be_v bring_v cap._n 4._o four_o if_o a_o superior_a be_v define_v by_o a_o inferior_a five_o when_o more_o be_v bring_v in_o the_o definition_n than_o aught_o cap_n 1._o six_o every_o thing_n be_v superfluous_a that_o may_v be_v take_v away_o yet_o the_o rest_n that_o remain_v do_v make_v the_o thing_n define_v to_o be_v evident_a and_o declare_v the_o essence_n thereof_o i_o will_v conclude_v in_o aristotle_n word_n by_o these_o thing_n we_o may_v sufficient_o know_v when_o a_o definition_n be_v right_o make_v and_o when_o it_o be_v not_o top._n lib._n 6._o cap._n 3._o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v need_v to_o say_v no_o more_o to_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o definition_n or_o what_o manner_n of_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o it_o perhaps_o some_o man_n will_v require_v i_o to_o set_v forth_o when_o a_o definition_n contain_v untruth_n but_o i_o think_v that_o request_n needle_n because_o every_o definition_n contain_v a_o necessary_a truth_n that_o follow_v these_o rule_n and_o that_o be_v untrue_a which_o do_v not_o observe_v they_o but_o commit_v the_o fault_n against_o they_o although_o these_o thing_n may_v seem_v sufficient_a to_o give_v we_o knowledge_n of_o a_o definition_n and_o the_o necessary_a truth_n thereof_o yet_o i_o think_v it_o very_o needful_a to_o set_v down_o a_o definition_n and_o apply_v it_o to_o the_o rule_v allege_v a_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n endue_v with_o reason_n this_o be_v a_o definition_n in_o all_o man_n judgement_n that_o it_o agree_v to_o the_o former_a rule_n be_v very_o manifest_a for_o herein_o first_o life_n and_o rationalitie_n be_v attribute_v to_o all_o man_n and_o at_o all_o time_n second_o they_o be_v attribute_v not_o by_o accident_n or_o the_o application_n of_o a_o three_o but_o by_o themselves_o in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o essence_n of_o life_n and_o rationalitie_n even_o of_o itself_o have_v a_o relation_n unto_o man_n and_o we_o apprehend_v the_o one_o by_o apprehend_v the_o other_o three_o life_n and_o rationalitie_n be_v attribute_v unto_o man_n universal_o that_o be_v not_o only_o unto_o all_o man_n and_o at_o all_o time_n but_o adaequat_o so_o as_o all_o that_o be_v in_o life_n and_o rationalitie_n be_v say_v to_o belong_v to_o man_n and_o all_o that_o be_v in_o man_n be_v denote_v and_o set_v out_o by_o life_n and_o rationalitie_n the_o one_o be_v as_o large_a and_o no_o large_a than_o the_o other_o four_o they_o be_v attribute_v unto_o man_n first_o that_o be_v they_o have_v no_o reflection_n or_o relation_n to_o any_o thing_n before_o man_n neither_o be_v man_n receptive_a of_o any_o thing_n before_o life_n and_o rationalitie_n but_o the_o first_o act_n that_o they_o do_v be_v to_o give_v be_v to_o man_n and_o the_o first_o be_v that_o man_n receive_v be_v from_o life_n and_o rationalitie_n 5._o life_n and_o rationalitie_n even_o such_o as_o they_o be_v in_o themselves_o such_o reference_n they_o have_v unto_o man_n in_o so_o much_o that_o man_n be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o effect_n compound_v of_o life_n and_o reason_n and_o they_o no_o more_o but_o a_o effect_n resolve_v into_o all_o the_o cause_n i_o say_v all_o the_o cause_n for_o animalitie_n join_v to_o rationalitie_n comprehend_v all_o the_o cause_n in_o it_o whereupon_o the_o thing_n define_v exceed_v not_o the_o definition_n nor_o the_o definition_n be_v large_a than_o the_o thing_n define_v but_o they_o be_v convertible_a we_o may_v true_o say_v if_o man_n then_o a_o live_a creature_n endue_v with_o reason_n
etc._n etc._n both_o these_o proposition_n be_v compound_v according_a to_o aristotle_n for_o each_o of_o they_o be_v make_v one_o by_o a_o conjunction_n they_o may_v be_v call_v copulative_a because_o that_o conjunction_n be_v copulative_a the_o forename_a axiom_n be_v compound_v of_o simple_a axiom_n the_o first_o of_o two_o axiom_n the_o other_o of_o five_o but_o according_a to_o ramus_n both_o of_o they_o be_v simple_a because_o their_o band_n be_v a_o verb_n neither_o of_o they_o a_o compound_n for_o their_o conjunction_n tie_v not_o the_o part_n of_o the_o proposition_n together_o for_o it_o neither_o affirm_v nor_o infer_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n it_o ty_v one_o part_n of_o the_o axiom_n together_o and_o make_v it_o one_o by_o the_o knit_n together_o of_o divers_a part_n and_o no_o more_o if_o we_o take_v a_o view_n of_o they_o as_o they_o lie_v we_o shall_v see_v all_o these_o thing_n plain_o in_o the_o first_o instance_n christ_n be_v the_o subject_n death_n and_o resurrection_n be_v make_v the_o predicate_a both_o of_o these_o be_v join_v together_o by_o the_o word_n and_n and_o thereby_o they_o be_v make_v one_o that_o be_v not_o one_o thing_n but_o one_o truth_n together_o this_o one_o predicate_v be_v refer_v unto_o that_o subject_n by_o the_o verb_n that_o be_v include_v in_o they_o both_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n the_o first_o contain_v two_o axiom_n christ_n die_v christ_n do_v rise_v from_o death_n and_o we_o find_v the_o same_o truth_n in_o they_o both_o be_v take_v apart_o that_o we_o do_v when_o both_o the_o predicate_v be_v put_v together_o into_o one_o axiom_n the_o same_o be_v the_o case_n with_o the_o second_o when_o it_o stand_v in_o due_a form_n thus_o whoremonger_n i_o dolater_n liar_n etc._n etc._n have_v no_o right_n to_o heaven_n in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n this_o be_v a_o simple_a axiom_n as_o the_o former_a be_v the_o predicate_a damnation_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o subject_a whoremonger_n etc._n etc._n by_o a_o verb_n the_o subject_n consist_v of_o divers_a part_n distinct_a between_o themselves_o whoremonger_n i_o delater_v etc._n etc._n all_o those_o part_n be_v make_v one_o by_o the_o word_n and._n i_o say_v one_o not_o in_o themselves_o but_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n so_o as_o if_o we_o refer_v damnation_n to_o they_o all_o joint_o it_o contain_v a_o certain_a truth_n if_o that_o predicate_v be_v refer_v unto_o whoremonger_n alone_o liar_n alone_o etc._n etc._n each_o one_o of_o they_o do_v contain_v a_o truth_n no_o less_o certain_a and_o undoubted_a a_o contradiction_n be_v make_v to_o this_o kind_n of_o axiom_n by_o deny_v the_o word_n and_n for_o thereby_o we_o say_v all_o the_o part_n unite_v together_o do_v not_o agree_v unto_o the_o other_o part_n to_o which_o they_o be_v refer_v this_o precept_n be_v make_v evident_a by_o either_o of_o the_o example_n allege_v if_o i_o say_v damnation_n belong_v not_o to_o whoremonger_n christ_n suffer_v not_o death_n i_o put_v a_o express_a contradiction_n to_o they_o both_o if_o these_o be_v true_a those_o be_v false_a if_o they_o be_v true_a these_o be_v false_a but_o this_o contradiction_n be_v the_o same_o with_o simple_a axiom_n for_o one_o and_o the_o same_o predicate_v be_v deny_v of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o singular_a subject_n therefore_o we_o may_v conclude_v these_o sentence_n be_v compound_v copulative_a proposition_n in_o their_o present_a form_n but_o simple_a proposition_n in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n if_o you_o take_v they_o as_o man_n do_v speak_v they_o than_o they_o be_v compound_v if_o you_o take_v they_o as_o man_n ought_v to_o speak_v than_o they_o be_v simple_a and_o this_o shall_v suffice_v for_o copulative_a axiom_n chap._n xliiii_o of_o connexe_v axiom_n a_o connext_v axiom_n come_v next_o the_o nature_n whereof_o may_v be_v thus_o set_v out_o a_o axiom_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v then_o connex_v when_o a_o connexive_a conjunction_n be_v the_o band_n thereof_o this_o kind_n of_o compound_v axiom_n be_v easy_a to_o be_v find_v and_o fit_o thus_o name_v it_o be_v in_o frequent_a use_n among_o man_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o consist_v in_o composition_n there_o be_v precedent_n of_o it_o that_o seem_v much_o to_o differ_v i_o will_v propound_v example_n of_o they_o both_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v be_v full_o open_v 1._o if_o in_o this_o life_n we_o enjoy_v all_o our_o happiness_n than_o we_o only_o be_v miserable_a 2._o if_o righteousness_n be_v by_o the_o law_n than_o christ_n die_v in_o vain_a these_o proposition_n be_v compound_v according_a to_o aristole_n and_o ramus_n too_o for_o each_o of_o they_o be_v make_v one_o by_o a_o conjunction_n that_o so_o tie_v both_o the_o part_n together_o that_o they_o contain_v such_o truth_n as_o the_o part_n do_v not_o when_o they_o be_v take_v in_o sunder_o and_o each_o one_o by_o itself_o second_o they_o be_v compound_v of_o simple_a axiom_n in_o the_o first_o we_o have_v these_o two_o first_o all_z our_o happiness_n be_v in_o this_o life_n second_o we_o only_o be_v miserable_a in_o the_o second_o we_o have_v the_o like_a first_o justice_n be_v by_o the_o law_n second_o christ_n die_v in_o vain_a last_o these_o 2_o simple_a axiom_n be_v make_v one_o proposition_n by_o the_o conjunction_n if_o and_o then_o i_o say_v they_o be_v one_o not_o by_o mixture_n but_o by_o voice_n that_o pronounce_v the_o latter_a certain_o to_o be_v where_o the_o former_a be_v these_o compound_a axiom_n be_v call_v conditional_a in_o the_o common_a phrase_n of_o the_o school_n because_o the_o first_o part_n be_v put_v conditional_o not_o absolute_o but_o i_o think_v the_o term_n of_o connex_v be_v more_o fit_a because_o the_o latter_a part_n be_v infer_v from_o the_o former_a and_o therefore_o it_o be_v make_v to_o have_v a_o be_v together_o with_o the_o former_a and_o consequent_o it_o be_v annex_v and_o knit_v unto_o the_o former_a the_o part_n knit_v together_o in_o this_o kind_n of_o axiom_n be_v name_v antecedent_n and_o consequent_a and_o they_o be_v so_o in_o themselves_o for_o the_o first_o in_o place_n be_v the_o first_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o apprehension_n else_o it_o can_v have_v no_o force_n to_o infer_v the_o second_o the_o second_o follow_v the_o first_o and_o receive_v its_o be_v therefrom_o all_o argument_n may_v be_v dispose_v in_o this_o axiom_n that_o have_v place_n in_o a_o simple_a axiom_n because_o this_o serve_v to_o conclude_v all_o question_n that_o may_v be_v conclude_v by_o a_o simple_a axiom_n so_o also_o they_o may_v be_v dispose_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n in_o this_o that_o they_o may_v in_o a_o simple_a that_o be_v consent_v argument_n affirmative_o and_o disent_v negative_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o axiom_n depend_v upon_o the_o connexion_n of_o the_o part_n so_o as_o if_o the_o one_o do_v follow_v upon_o the_o other_o than_o the_o axiom_n be_v true_a otherwise_o it_o be_v false_a therefore_o if_o the_o one_o do_v necessary_o infer_v the_o other_o than_o the_o truth_n of_o it_o be_v also_o necessary_a if_o the_o one_o do_v infer_v the_o other_o contingent_o than_o it_o contain_v but_o opinion_n only_o or_o a_o contingent_a truth_n the_o inference_n that_o this_o rule_n contain_v be_v most_o certain_a and_o undoubted_a the_o antecedent_n part_n of_o it_o be_v agree_v upon_o in_o the_o school_n i_o will_v avow_v it_o by_o two_o author_n of_o credit_n and_o they_o shall_v be_v in_o stead_n of_o all_o the_o first_o of_o they_o be_v gregory_n de_fw-fr arim_n lib._n 1._o do_v 42_o q._n 2._o art_n 1._o in_o aecisio_fw-la questionis_fw-la conditional_a speech_n may_v be_v true_a and_o their_o part_n false_a these_o be_v his_o word_n and_o they_o imply_v that_o the_o truth_n of_o condition_n all_o speech_n depend_v upon_o their_o connexion_n not_o their_o part_n the_o second_o be_v alvarez_n de_fw-fr auxilijs_fw-la disp_n 72._o no._n 5._o ad_fw-la 3_o m_o there_o be_v require_v unto_o the_o truth_n of_o a_o conditional_a proposition_n that_o the_o consequent_a follow_v upon_o the_o autecedent_n whether_o the_o antecedent_n be_v the_o adequate_a cause_n of_o the_o consequent_a or_o a_o effect_n thereof_o or_o a_o condition_n presuppose_v another_o cause_n it_o be_v enough_o if_o the_o consequent_a follow_v by_o virtue_n of_o that_o condition_n thus_o far_o his_o word_n and_o they_o be_v so_o plain_a and_o so_o full_a that_o we_o can_v require_v no_o more_o authority_n for_o this_o question_n yet_o that_o i_o may_v conceal_v nothing_o that_o may_v give_v light_n unto_o this_o main_a and_o important_a rule_n i_o will_v proceed_v a_o little_a further_o we_o must_v understand_v the_o illation_n or_o consequence_n of_o a_o connexe_n or_o condstionall_a proposition_n be_v either_o formal_a or_o material_a the_o sentence_n allege_v out_o of_o gregory_n and_o alvarez_n be_v