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cause_n	effect_n	necessary_a	produce_v	6,956	5	9.5140	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A11334	Opiologia: or, A treatise concerning the nature, properties, true preparation and safe vse and administration of opium For the comfort and ease of all such persons as are inwardly afflicted with any extreame griefe, or languishing paine, especially such as depriue the body of all naturall rest, and can be cured by no other meanes or medicine whatsoeuer. Dedicated to the illustrious, high and mighty lords, the estates generall of the vnited prouinces in the Netherlands. By Angelus Sala Vincentinus Venitus. And done into English, and something inlarged by Tho. Bretnor. M. M.	Sala, Angelus, 1576-1637.; Bretnor, Thomas, fl. 1607-1618, tr., ed.	1618 (1618)	STC 21594; ESTC S101645	41,817	118

are alwaies good seeing without thē no man can liue we may easily perceiue the v●ritie hereof by the example of any man who hauing watched and trauailed moderately vntill at last hee become drowsie and faint who after a little sleepe and repose being awakened becommeth as liuely and frolicke as at first But if this man returne to his labour and redouble his paines watching in such sort that hee surpasse the limits of his strength and so long vntill his vitall animall and naturall functions be vtterly disbanded and weakned making such an exceeding alteration in his body and turning it quite vpside-downe so that a dangerous and mortall disease insue Now in this case if he betake himselfe to this Medicine for rest and sleepe thinking to finde like benefit and comfort as before he shal be so farre from enioying the same that quite contrary he must needs pay the price of his life for his vaine excesse and intemperance After the very same manner may wee iudge of such a sicke person as hath wanted sleepe beyond measure indured intollerable paines taken no food or nourishment and become extreame weake and at point of death who afterwards falling into a little sleepe of himselfe or by meanes of a little Laudanum or a spoone-full or two of some restauratiue liquor to comfort him insteed of recouering his life by any of these hee doubtlesse dies the cause of his death notwithstanding ought not to bee imputed to the little sleepe hee had nor to the taking of the Cordiall seeing that sleepe and nourishment are two necessary things for the preseruation of life but rather in regard that death hauing seized vpon them these things could not produce those good effects which by natures intention they were ordained and appointed for Let this suffice then to confute the third obiection aforesaid in defence of well prepared and discreetly administred Laudanum For if any man vsing Opium as the Turkes doe or Henbane Mandrage or any other Narcotiall thing so crude raw il-prepared or vncorrected hath or doth cōmit any notable error in that behalfe it is farre from my scope or intention to defend any such abuse my desire is rather that Physitions should beware how they deale with simple people and lest the Art should bee slaundered there ought to bee a fit time elected for the giuing of Laudanum that is at the first incounter of the disease when there is good hope of cure considering that wee must not onely haue regard to purge Phlebomize prescribe a Dyet c. to our Patients but also to comfort and restore to aduance and bring them to their naturall rest and to cease and qualifie their torments Moreouer wee should omit no occasion at any time to ease and succour our neighbour euen vntill the point of death in all things wee may or can possibly euen as wee would bee serued our selues in the like ●ase and that with all conuenient exceptions and protestation for the reason aforesayd And this shall suffice for conclusion of this present Treatise Now I protest to euery one that shall read this same that I haue no pretension in this discourse to iniure or detract from those which worthily make profession of Physick but onely desire to amplifie the knowledge of this medicine for the benefit of such persons as are ignorant thereof as I haue before sayd in my Preface And also to manifest the paines which I take and the diligence I bestow to find out the properties preparation and true vse of such things as are especially conuenient and necessary in Physicke and consequently to make it appeare that those which mooued with their owne proper passions shall speake any thing against me deceiue themselues and derogate from that Noble name whence they are called Christians thinking it no wrong to detract from anothers honour so they may by that meanes or any other augment their owne which I would haue construed with all modest exception intending not to touch any one mans name more than another if their owne tongues bee not their owne accusors wherby if they chance to manifest themselues they shall haue no occasion to blame me and therefore I commit my right to him which only knowes the hearts of men and who administreth Iustice Equity Mercie and Grace vnto all his Creatures to whom bee glorie for euer and euer Amen FINIS Faults escaped in the Printing IN the Epistle Dedicatory Pag. 12. line 10. reade Calci●ing In the Authors Preface p. 12. l. 6. r. iucundé In the treatise p. 2. l. 1. r. Dioscorides p. 11. l. 12. r nuisance p. 15. l. 1. r. Complicentur p. 19. l. 17. for amongst r. against p. 49. l. 16. r. Mellis LICENSED Feb. 21. 1669. Roger L'Estrange

ingenerall become not only more able bodied and stronger thereby but also more apt and able to eate and digest diuers things which the tender and nice Christians cannot iudure and that the truth is so Let vs but consider a little the difference of naturall toughnes and strength betweene a Christian Paysant or Carle here amongst vs and a Gentleman or Citizen do not we see I pray you that the Paysant can more easily indure a purgation made of White Hellebore Tithymalls Euphorbium or Colocynthis which are accompted violent and venemous Medicines then these tender sparkes aforesayd can brooke Rheubarbe Mechoacan Sena Aloes or the Damaske rose But why the Turkes deuoure Opium on this fashion ought rather to be imputed vnto an ordinarie custome and common vsage among them then to any other cause whatsoeuer euen as the Indians are accustomed to take Tobacco which is a plant not onely Narcoticke and stupefactiue but of a violent and extreame vomitiue quality also Notwithstanding we see that Christians all Europe ouer by little and little haue brought themselues into such a custome and habit thereunto that they feele no alteration or preiudice at all as they thinke by the vse thereof I make no question but a man might finde a number of people among Christians that if they cannot alreadie could easily accustome themselues to eate Opium as familiarly as they take Tobacco although they could not vse ●t in such quantitie nor so often in regard it is a pure essence and extract which Nature hath seperated from its plant For essentiall things are alwaies farre more effectuall then grosse bee for confirmation whereof we neede not doubt that if a man should separate the rosinous and sulphurous substance of Tobaccao and bring it into such a consistence as Opium is and afterwards giue it vnto such as vsually take Toba●co they could not possibly indure the tenth part so much of this as of the leaues as hath beene alreadie practised and tried There be some Empericks I know which giue crude Opium to their Patiens in as great or greater quantitie at a time then Discorides hath limitted and that without any great daunger or hazard of life at all onely correcting it a little with the powder of Caraway-seed and in case of necessitie I my selfe would not sticke or make any scruple to vse it yea I durst if neede were take two or three graines thereof at a time my selfe for although I neuer did eate thereof hitherto indeed yet haue I often tasted the same and also receiued great quantitie of the sulphurous vapours both into my stomacke and head in time of the preparation thereof without any perceiuance or the least touch of any offence in the world neuerthelesse it is not my counsell that any Physition should vse it crude in this maner seeing we haue Art and meanes to prepare it otherwise The second assurance that wee haue concerning the vse of Opium is in that wee finde and see that the most expert and wisest Physitions of olde found it good and therefore prescribed this Medicine as a principall ingredient and as one of the most important bases in their chiefest compositions Alexiteries Diaphoretickes Anodynes Cordialls which naturally resist the most grieuous and violent diseases that can any waies happen to humaine bodies for which cause they vsually call them Opiate Confections as that of their Tre●cle of Andromachus their Mithridate of Danocrates their Triphera magna Aurea Alexandrina Philomuim romanum Requies Nicholai and others which they haue vsed as principall Medicines for these many hundred yeares and yet doe for they are indeed the most pretious and necessarie compositions their ordinarie Apothecaries haue The causes which moued Ancient Physitions to put Opium vnto the foresayd confections are not few seeing that its properties are to asswage all inward paines strengthē the passages conduits which are open loose disbanded precipitate disperse and consume these venemous vapours which are raised from one part to another incrassat and thicken al subtill corros●ue humors by correcting their malignitie and acrimonie stop and stay all fluxes as well Dysenterick as Menstruall appease and extinguish all extremities in burning Feuers prouoke naturall rest and sleepe to Distressed and Lunaticke persons and finally like a Balme defend the partes from corruption which operations and effects are required in all compositions which are generally ordayned to resist the violence of diuerse diseases in appeasing and repelling whereof some of these properties before named are ordinarily desired as Quercetanus in his Pharmacop●a intreating of the vetues of Opium affirmeth in these wordes saying Pauci en●m sunt morbi qui non simul complacentur vel ardoribus vel inflammationibus vel inquietudinibus commotiomibus la●guoribus oppressionibus vigilijs de●luxionibus vel var●● generis doloribus capitis pectoris ventricul● ventris vel cu●scunque alterius Patris ad quorum omnium Symptomatum ferociam compescendam Opium specificam peculiarem quandam habet proprietatem qua vel vnum exhis Symptomatis seorsim vel plura cum malo coniuncta Simul cum admirabili astantium ipsorum aegrorum admiratione euincit ac subigit vnde saepeumerò in e●usmodi casibus tam mirandos sanationum effectus prodere videmus Theriacam Muhridatium Antidotos Esdrae similes quae Opium exciiunt c. For there bee very few diseases which are not either accompained with heates inflammations inquietude preturbation languishing oppressions watching fluxes c. for mitigating and ●epressing of which Symptomes Opium hath a specificall and a certaine peculiar proprietie c. And this may serue to assure vs that wee may boldly vse Opium inwardly without any preiudice to life yea rather for its better conseruation being administred with iudgement and discretion as all other Medicines whatsoeuer ought to be CHAP. III. Concerning the good and euill affects which Opium may produce in mens bodies THat Opium as aforesaid being wisely administred to the diseased produceth in them many good effects and contrariwise abused exciteth diuers dangerous and mortall accidents is in no sort doubted among discreet Physitions but touching the cause why Opium doth worke these effects in mens bodies is disputable for most Physitions impute it to that extremitie of the fourth degree of coldnesse wherewith it is endowed and for proofe and confirmation hereof they produce an argument drawne from the effects of its operation in this manner Opium say they prouoketh a vigilant or watchfull man to sleepe and incrasseth thin and subtill humours vigilancie then proceeding for the most part from a hot and drie cause with matter or without and the dissolution also of the humours from the like distemprature Opium therefore contrarying and impugning the causes of these effects must needes bee of the qualitie aforesayd and for the further confirmation hereof they alledge Galen Plini● and others who in like manner witnesse that when Opium is vndiscreetly vsed it causeth Lethargicke sleepe priuation of sense stupe● faction of

substance of the bodie as all other vegetable and animall Medicines may easily doe in regard of that Symbolization they haue with the foresaid substances so that the stomacke may reduce them into chyle at pleasure which is the cause also that the poysons of euill plants serpents and other venemous creatures are more actiue sodaine and piercing then Arsink it selfe or Realgar minerall I could produce a number of other reasons to demonstrate that Chymicall Medicines of a vehement nature as principally the two before named against which all this controuersie doth particularly arise are more gentle then any violent vomitiue Medicine which our Ancients prescribed yea farre more safe then any vomitorie vnder Hellebore or any aboue named but to auoide long discourse let these suffice at this time Now let vs come to resolue our selues whether those ordinarie Medicines which be naturally gentle and without any offensiue qualitie after chymicall preparation change their naturall mildenesse into that which is euill and so become vehement and dangerous Concerning which point wee haue in this discourse alreadie spoken some thing in defence of purgatiue Medicines as those of more frequent vse then others among diseased persons and therefore wil be contented to determine the whole matter in the generall defence of Diaphoretickes Diureticks Alexiteries c. chymically prepared First therefore it must of necessity be granted of all opponents that euery Medicine ingenerall bereaued of its earthinesse and seculencie and made pure cleane and well digested by fire must of consequence be lesse hurtfull lesse dangerous and lesse offensiue and is also farre more apt to worke ci●òtutò miundè as the Physitions wish then any crude earthie impure or ill prepared Medicine may or can doe by any meanes ' possible the reason is that when such ill-prepared stuffe is once gotten into the stomacke of any diseased person nature alreadie strugling against the disease becommeth thereby more wearied ouer-cloyed and oppressed in concocting and seperating the pu●enesse from the impurenesse of such drugges then it was before and therefore can receiue very little or no comfort at all by such Medicines whereas on the contrary part other medicines made subtill actiue pure and well prepared by art doe begin to disperce and dilate themselues gently into all parts of the bodie as soone as they are receiued thereinto and being neuer so little exagitated or moued by naturall heate assist nature her selfe without any alteration or disturbance at all and like a good friend aide and promone her whereas the other wearieth and tormenteth the body like a Tyrant Moreouer wee may consider that Chymicall Medicines being pure and neate as aforesaid leaue no feculent residence or corruption in the bodie at all as others commonly doe But if it commeth to passe as it is not vnlikely that some should deny these reasons obiecting that Chymicall Medicines being subtill and pure can more easily disturbe nature and moue the body more sodainely then other Medicines do to whom we answere that although among our Chymicall Medicines there bee some of a subtill Nature as our distilled oyles the quintessence of wine and other vegetables and as there be diuers liquors we acknowledge very sharpe and piercing so in like manner be there some diseases wherein such Medicines be very requisite and necessary whereas others of a crosse seculent and clammy substance can yeeld no ease or comfort at all in regard whereof wee ought not to accompt them daungerous or hurtfull but rather very beneficiall and wholesome especially being well applyed and vsed a● all Medicines of what nature soeuer ought to bee But vnder colour of these no man ought to comprehend other Chymicall Medicines or proclaime them to bee of such a piercing nature for comming to purgatiue Medicines extracted being of a sappie thicke and condense forme wee know well that they are not nor cannot bee so subtill or piercing as oyles nor are called subtill in regarde of their penetratiue vertue but rather because they are farre more easily conuerted into Liquors then the substances from whence they are extracted and therefore ought in no ease to be called irritatiues Experience her selfe teacheth vs that the extract of Mechoacan Rheubarbe or Sena being gentle Med●cines duely administred shew themselues farre more milde gentle and effectuall then when they are exhibited after an entire and grosse preparation But what need many words doe we not plainely see that our Chymicall Art bringeth Colocynthis and Scammonie acrimonious and venemous purgatiues ●o bee so gentle and milde in operation that a man may as safely and freely administer them as Rheubarbe hauing onely regard to the qualitie of the disease and the humour they naturally purge as namely that of Scammonie whereof a man may boldly giue to one of a strong constitution twentie graines at a time in sugar rosat or any other conserue And this will worke easily and well without any touch of paine perturbance or inflammation in the bowells as otherwise it would surely do And this is a Maxime that not only Scammonie but euerie other purgatiue Medicine of such venemous and vehemēt nature as Hellebore Tithymalls c. loose their acrimonie and maligne qualitie and by meanes of this Art become gentle and effectuall in the extirpation of all such diseases as they naturally concerne or respect without any inconuenience or danger at all and this is no vaine coniecture of mine owne braine for I can produce a hundred sage and learned Physitions which can will testifie and make this good as well as my selfe And this is all which I purposed to speake at this time in defence of Chymicall Medicines against the suggestions of scandalous tongues not meaning or intendeng hereby to disgrace or vilipend those ordinarie Medicines wherewith the world is and hath beene furnished and serued for so many ages together for both the one and the other may be found good or euill according to the diuersitie of their vsage notwithstanding I haue at all times indeuored my selfe to the vttermost of my power to amplifie and illustrate the Art of Physicke for the comfort of the diseased as euery one ought without any passion or malice in condemning things newly inuented for Paradoxes and Heresies before due examination and triall Ad Authorem EXcuse me worthy Sala if I chance For want of iudgement thy intent to misse In fitting that for England which for France Thou paines hast tane and labour to Iwis For which and others thou deseruest blisse I wish I were thy neighbour or that I With such a one might spend my daies and die But now the world is such we cannot find A man with whom we freely may conuerse Some proud some stately others so vnkind That 't greeues my heart their manners to reherse Or talke of such selfe-louers in my verse When men by nature friendly creatures borne Doate on themselues and others foulely scorne But thou Patauian-like I heare dost ioy To do poore schollers good and to

of them in manner as followeth The Obiections 1 First that Laudanum being principally composed of Opium and still re●eyning its Somniferous propertie might consequently suffocate naturall heate and benum and stup●fie all the senses 2 Seeing Laudanum doth incrassate thicken the subtill humors it followed that although it did cease paine for the time yet afterwards it made the cause of the sicknesse malignant fixed and incurable 3 That it hath beene obserued that some sicke people haue died some few houres after the taking of Laudanū inconsideration wherof we should abstaine from its vse altogether The Answere Concerning the first obiection I am of opinion that if such men as goe about to propose any such thing would either giue place to the authority of great Physitions or experience-self both which assuring vs that c●ude Opium taken in small quantity neither suffocateth naturall hea●e nor dulleth the senses as hath beene already sufficiently proued in the beginning of this discourse they would neither blame nor so basely esteeme of it but suppose that a very smal Dose of crude Opium did produce such effects must it therefore doe the same when it is depriued of the superfluity of its narcotical Sulphur his Acrimonie corrected and after mixed with such Bezoardick and Cordiall things as aforesaid No man of iudgement or of any experience in the Mysteries of nature can deny that Opiū the principall ingredience or Basis of Laudanum being thus altered both in forme and substance becōmeth likewise changed in its vertues and operations and therefore can with no reason censure so hardly thereof as when it is crude And notwithstanding that Laudanū doth prouoke the diseased to sleepe yet daily experience teacheth vs that it doth not suffocate naturall heate but rather preserue it when it is about to consume and in danger to be suddainely extinct by reason of its violent motion extreame paines and extraordinary watching whereby it is as rudely handled as a lampe or burning-torch is in a mightie tempest which causeth a greater wasting of oyle and losse of light then it would doe if it were defended from such an accident 2 For the second obiection Laudanum is so farre from aggrauating impairing or making worse the causes of the disease by reason of its incrassating faculty that quite contrary it prepareth some offending humours and maketh them far more apt and easie to be expelled as in the 21. passage before cōcerning Gouts we haue something declared For is it not the consent and verdict of the best Physitions in the world that the preparation of humors before purgation doth chiefly consist in two operations that is in subtilizing and attenuating of those which are Viscouse thick and clammy and incrassating and thickning indifferently those which are too subtill virulent windy vagant in the body Now the greatest part of extreame paines and inward heates proceeding from some dissolued matter that is either salt sharpe or corroding or from such as doth excoriate inflame and alter the member affected whereby malignant vapors arise which passing vnto the adioyning parts doe by consent produce sūdry tormēts many euil accidents as by experience is manifest what better course can a man obserue then by meanes of Laudanum to thicken and digest the sayd humors sequestring consuming the aforesayd vapours in such sort that they can by no means exercise their cruelty as before And in case of superfluity if it be any waies requisite to be purged a man may doe it afterwards farre more warily and safely then in the former estate is not this represented to any mans vnderstanding by sundry outward vlcers which being inflamed and distilling from some subtill and corrosiue humour cause great Pricking Dolour and paines and oftentimes by consent a Feuer to the Patient so that the true remedie in such a case to take away such accidents is some excellent Anodyne which may mitigate and asswage that vnnaturall heate and suddenly ripen and indifferently thicken the offending humor which was so subtill and corrosiue which being done al other Symptomes cease whatsoeuer Laudanum then not onely producing these effects by its naturall propertie but also mundifying resisting putrifaction and healing and comforting the weakened parts as it were Balsame may by good consequence take away or extinguish the cause of many euill Symptomes rather then impaire and make them incureable for although it doth moderately incrassate yet notwithstanding it doth not coagulate the bloud nor fixe the substances which in their owne proper nature are liquid in stone nor soder or glue the parts together as Gypsum doth for which cause onely men should blame it in such maner as before 3 Thirdly we will not deny but that some sick person may chance to die soone after the receipt of Laudanum but that Lauda●um was the cause of their death that in regard therof its vse is vtterly to be abandoned and forsaken is the matter now in question First therefore it is very apparant by our former discourse that Laudanum is not a thing of such a venemous quality as will cause death to the receiuer for albeit the obseruation be true that some haue died soone after the taking thereof yet that ought not to supersede all other reasons attestations experience concerning the good effects and safe vse of Laudanum for as it is an absurd and foolish thing for a man to say ● did see certaine graines of Bezoar-stone Vnicornes-horne Pearles or such like pretious Cordials giuen to a sicke person who died not long after ergo that was the cause of his death and therf●re take heed of vsing any such thing hereafter or I saw one giue a Clister to such a sicke person who died soone after Ergo Clisters are dangerous remedies and ought not to be vsed as many simple people are accustomed to argue Euen so it is as absurd a thing to hold Laudanum in suspition because such a one tooke it after dy●d for although it doe principally and speedily cause all torments to cease and prouoke the diseased to sleepe yet that is no consequence that it can preserue a man from death when by God his secret decree his houre is come for neither that nor no other Medicine in the world can doe sleepe and exemption from paines are necessary things as well for sound as sicke men the one with distinction the other without all exception but that these two doe sometimes serue for the maintenance and strengthening of mans life and other sometimes are vnnecessary and of no vse this proceeds not through any fault in themselues but in nature which doth not receiue them for her owne good and benefit as other times she vseth to doe which thing is liuely represented vnto vs by the vse of meate drinke and all other things called Medicines not naturall which sometimes are good and profitable to the bodie and sometimes quite contrary euen as nature disposeth of them for our good or euill howsoeuer in themselues they