overcame two Kings The second Praxis is the contrary unto this when a thing is diminished either in quantity or estimation and in a doubtfull sence The third Praxis is when this Sharpness doth actually contain the cause or doubtfully insinuate some truth of a contrary effect The fourth Praxis is from the ambiguity of some word or sentence as when it doth in truth signifie one thing but it is intended to signifie another Thus when Julius Montanus was repeating his verses and having described the rising of the Sun and began to describe the manner of his setting one of the company would have gone his way and being asked the reason said Could I heare him any longer than from Sunrise to Sunset The fifth Praxis is when that is applied to an inanimate thing which is proper to a thing that hath life yet so as that the sence and meaning is understood by some action of the thing of which we speak being applied to something of a contrary nature Thus Pliny speaking to one that went to plough after he had gotten the victory in battaile saith The earth rejoyceth to shew it self to one that is victorious and being tilled by a conquerour she waxeth proud with her early fullness of princely fruites And thus Saint Augustin upon these words of Christ I am the true light saith Rise then thou sluggard the way it self doth come unto thee and rouzeth thee from sleep rise and walk He also speaketh acutely who applieth naturall things to things artificial Thus the Poet of one that had a long nose saith Si tuus ad Solem statuatur nasus hiante Ore bene ostendet dentibus hora quota est Hold ope your mouth your nose to th' Sun direct So will your teeth the hour of th' day detect The Sixt Praxis is when that which doth agree with real persons is applied to those that are not real So he in Plautus Our hands have eyes and think they see But this way is most pleasing when in one and the same thing the application is both true and false such is that of Augustus Caesar when he said that he had two nice daughters which he was compelled to beare with the one was his daughter Julia and the other the common wealth There is yet another way of Inventing that which is sharp and witty that is by comparing the matter with the Oratorical heads and Topicks this may be done three wayes First by comparing the matter in hand with every topick severally by considering what the thing is which we are to speak what the Parts the Genus Species adjuncts and the rest Thus doth that Prince of Roman Eloquence deride the consulship of Vatinius by reckoning up the parts of the year in which he was not Consul There happened saith he a wonderfull thing in the year of Vatinius for while he was Consul there was neither Spring nor Autumn neither Summer nor Winter Secondly by comparing one head of the matter in hand with another different head of the same thing as the definition of the thing with its adjuncts or of the effects with the Causes Thus Valerius Maximus by comparing the Material cause with the Formal that is by comparing the body with the soul finds out this smart commendation of Lucretia Lucretia saith he that mirrour of Roman chastitie whose manlike courage was by an evil mistake of fortune confined to a female body Thirdly by comparing the Topicks of one order with other Topicks of the same order as definition with definition cause with cause c. as for example The King whom Mutius Scaevola could not conquer by his â—rmed hand he made to fly by setting his hand on fire Here the acuteness lies in comparing of one cause with another that is his armed hand with his hand in the flames And thus much concerning Invention CHAP. IV. Of Disposition DIsposition is the orderly placing of those things which are Invented It is two fold First Natural in which things are discoursed in that order in which they were done or in which according to nature they should be done as if you were to commend a person you should first begin with his childhood next his youth and so to the other degrees of his age The second way is Artificial which doth either for delight or profit diversly mingle and confound the matter putting that in the end which should be in the beginning and the beginning in the end that so he may both delight the Auditours and hold them in suspence which in an unexpected event doth not a little please and delight the hearers Thus doth Virgil do in his Aeneades in which he speaketh of Aeneas his voyage into Italy but not in the same order in which he began thus doth Barclay in his Argenes and thus do all that write either Comedies or Tragedies The Orator then having resolved of his proposition must first consider of what Nature it is whether single or consisting of several parts and which of the parts should be first handled which next Secondly He must choose some few of the best arguments he hath invented and place some solid argument in the beginning those that are less forcible in the midst reserving still the best and most convincing argument for the conclusion because the Auditor at the first being greedy of knowing must be prepossessed and convinced but in the end he must be strongly confirmed and forced And the most perswasive arguments are those which proceed from the Definition Distrubution Genus Causes and Effects of the thing discoursed of for these explain the nature thereof The less forcible arguments are such as are collected from some trivial adjuncts and conjectures Thirdly He must Logically dispose of these reasons and arguments first into Syllogisms and then consider how to enlarge them in an Oratorical manner Fourthly He must consider into what parts his Oration should be divided Concerning the two last I will a little enlarge my self And First of the Logical Disposition of those reasons and arguments which are invented by way of Syllogisms and the enlarging of those Syllogisms in an Oratorical manner A logical argumentation is the disposition or explication of the argument which when it is perfect doth consist of three parts of which that which is put in the first place Logicians call the Major Rhetoricians the Proposition That which is put in the second place philosophers call the Minor Orators the Assumption That which is put in the third place is by Logicians called the conclusion by Rhetoricians the complexion or inference And these three propositions when they are regularly placed are called a Syllogism which must be framed from that proposition and cause or reason which was before invented For example the proposition was That Clodius is justly put to death the Argument or reason given for it is because he was a treacherous person Now then form your Syllogism thus Take this cause and joyn it with the predicate of your proposition saying
inventor of any thing is put for those things which they have effected or of which he is Author as Mars for war Vulcan for fire Neptune for the Sea Ceres for bread Bacchus for wine Venus for love Livie for the History written by Livie Virgil for the poems or works composed by Virgil. And thus the instrument is also put for the thing effected by it As the tongue for speech the hand for writing the sword for slaughter Arms for war A Metonymy of the Material Cause is when the name of the matter is put for the effect as Brass for brass mony Silver for Silver mony Gold for goldcoin they worshipped wood and stone i. e. Idols made of wood and stone the iron entered into his soul i. e. fetters A Metonymy of the effect is when the efficient cause is signified by the effects as Victory is by nature proud and insolent that is it maketh men proud and insolent Pale death which maketh pale Note That is called the effect which dependeth upon the efficient cause Thus Wickedness is put for the ungodly 〈…〉 r of wicked actions the work for the Quas meruit poenas jam dedivillud opus The work hath received that punishment which it did deserve that is Ovid the Author of the work A Metonymy of the Subject is when the proper name of any subject is made to signifie the adjunct Note That is said to be a Subject in which a thing may be any way said to be or adhere There may be a Metonymy of the subject these nine several ways 1. When a Subject is put for an inherent accident as Curii for Victory Curius being the name of a certain victorious Captain 2. When the thing conteining is put for the conteined As the Cup for the drink in the Cup the purse for the mony 3. When the place is put for the inhabitants as The City for the Citizens They smote the city with the sword i. e. the men in it 4. When the place is put for the things done in the place as Psal 68. 29. Because of thy Temple at Jerusalem where by Temple is understood the holy exercises and divine worship used in the Temple 5. When the possessor is put for the thing possessed by him as Joel 3. 20. Judah shall be inhabited for ever where Judah the Son of Jacob is put for the Land of Jury which was promised to his posterity and by them possessed 6. When the Captain is put for his army as Annibal is conquered that is Annibal's army 7. When a Patron or advocate is put for his client as The cause will go against the Attorney General that is against his client 8. When a thing which is done in time is put for the time in which it was done as Harvest for Summer Job 32. 7. I said days should speak and multitude of years should teach wisdom i. e the aged who have seen many days 9. When the name of the thing signified is put for the sign as Ovid. Fast 1. vers 201. Juppiter angust a vix totus stabat in aede Inque Jovis dextra fictile fulmen erat In narrow court Jove could scarce upright stand And held an earthen thunderbolt in 's hand Virg. Eclog. 3. Orpheaque in medio posuit sylvasque sequentes In the midst he set Orpheus and the woods fâ—llowing that is the carved images of Orpheus and the woods A Metonymy of the adjunct is when the adjunct is put for the subject Gen. 31. 53. Jacob sware by the fear of his father Isaac i. e. by God whom Isaac feared There may be a Metonymy of the adjunct eight several ways 1. When the names of vertues are put for good men of vices for wicked and of many other things for the persons to whom they belong or to whom they may be called Adjuncts as on this side modesty contendeth impudence on that where modesty is put for modest men and impudence for impudent men 2. When the thing conteined is put for the thing conteining as Psal 11. 7. The righteous Lord loveth righteousness i. e. righteous men 3. When the adjunct of the time is put for the subject Thus the night is put for sleep which is usually taken in the night Ephes 5. 16. The days are evil i. e. the hearts and conversations of the men of these days are evil 4. When the Sign is put for the thing signified as The Scepter for the Kingdome a gown for peace Arms for war 5. When the thing placed is put for the place it self we sought thee in all books that is in booksellers shops 6. When the Antecedent is put for the consequent as pray hear meaning pray observe 7. When the consequent is put for the antecedent as He is buried instead of he is dead 8. When one Concomitant is put for another as Annibal staid there that is the Army of Annibal An Irony is a Trope from one opposite to another or in which we speak by contraries An Irony may be perceived three ways 1. by the manner of pronunciation 2. by the person 3. by the nature of the thing for if any of these do differ from the words it is clear that the intention doth differ from them also Opposites are of two sorts Unlike or Contrary All things of different natures are said to be unlike as A man a Stone a Book a Dog and therefore one particular thing may be equally opposed to many things All things are said to be contrary to one another that are of contrary natures as light and darkness heat and cold and therefore one particular thing may be equally opposed to another particular An Irony of a thing unlike is when any thing is spoken of one person and understood of another whether it be affirmed of both or denyed of one as Virgil Eclog. 3. Tum credo cum me arbustum videre Myconis Atque malâ vites incidere falce novellas Sure 't was when I in Mycon's ground was took Pruning his vines with an unwelcome hook Where Menalcas naming himself means Dametas Denied of one as Ovid Metam 13. Nec in his quisquam damnatus exul None of these were either hanged or banished Where Ulysses accusing Ajax tells him that none of his kindred were either hanged or banished thereby intimating that some of Ajax's generation were to wit his father Telamon and his Uncle Peleus for killing of Phocas An Irony from the contrary is when one contrary is signified by another as O Salve bone vir curâsti probe O thou art an honest man thou hast done very well meaning that he was a very rogue and had been very careless Paralepsis is a kind of Irony by which we seem to pass by or take no notice of such things which yet we strictly observe and remember The forms of this figure are these I let pass I am silent I omit I will leave out I say not c. as thus I say nothing of your licentious life incestuous marriage or
given The subject matter in this case is every contingent thing every thing which is in our own power More particularly if it be a publick â—ase there are five things in which according to Aristotle deliberation is required 1. In publick taxations 2. In making of War and Peace 3. In the guarding of Countries 4. In importation and exportation of goods 5. In the dispensing or not dispensing with Laws But in private cases the particular matters in which we should deliberate cannot be assigned beacuse of the great variety there being nothing concerning our selves or families in which deliberation is not convenient if not necessary The Judicial case may be so called from the delivering of our Judgment or opinion of the matter propounded whether for or against whether by way of Accusation or by way of Defence And the heads from whence Arguments may be raised in these severall kinds of cases are eiâ—her such as are common to them all or such as 〈…〉 e peculiar to each kind I will here speak of such general wayes of inventing Arguments from the very matter propounded as are common to all three cases or causes and they being well understood the Ingenious and Judicious Oratour will need no direction for each severall kind of causes in particular The Topicks or Heads for invention in the General are these following 1. Definition 2. Division 3. Notation 4. Conjugation 5. Genus 6. Species 7. Similitude 8. Dissimilitude 9. Contraries 10. Opposites 11. Comparison 12. Causes 13. Effects 14. Adjuncts 15. Antecedents 16. Consequents All other Topicks from whence Intrinsical or Artificial arguments may be raised are contained in these or may be derived from them The first of these Topicks I call Definition And Definition is a speech explaining or declaring what a thing is The parts of a Definition according to the Logicians are these two 1. The Genus or general name that is a name that doth agree with the thing defined and also with several other things besides 2. The Difference or 〈…〉 ticular name that is a name which doth only agree with that which is defined for example Man is a living Creature endued with Reason But such Definitions are seldome used by Orators because they afford but little matter for an Oration but other wayes of Defining things which may be called Descriptions rather and such are these that follow One way of Defining things much used by Oratours is to describe it by the parts thereof which may be sometimes large and yet elegant of this way we have an â—xample in Causinus who doth describe a Butterflie in this manner A Butterflie saith he is a small Animal seldome seen in Cities but very frequently in the fields it is of a full tender soft and flexible body growing smaller and smaller to a little length on which a dispersed gentle down doth neatly shine there stand out as it were extended Horns small as thrids between which a pleasant light of his shining eyes doth sparkle but a special wonder is in his Wings far beyond the bulk of his little body they are bedecked with flowers adorned with Purple shine like Gold and glitter with stars being poysed with these he â—â—ies as it were with Oares into the air disporting himself and cleaving almost to every stalke sometimes he sucks the juice of leaves with his most delicate trunk sometimes he sweetly reposeth amongstdelightfull odors other while with a renewed flight he soars aloft and escapes the hands of insulting boyes drawing in the air six hundred Meanders A Second way by which Oratours do define or rather describe things is by such effects as do proceed from the four causes and this way doth as it were open a gate to a large field only you must take heed that you reckon not every minute or small matter for an effect according to this way Saint Ambrose doth describe drunkenness to be an incentive of madness the fomenter of lust and the poyson to wisdome A Third way is by similitude but not according to the usual way of expressing them by the particle As but by bare affirmation omitting the usual way of comparison for example What is our life It is a market in which we buy and sell in which one deceiveth another and in which every one doth mind his own business and hath a care of his own wealth it is a Comedie in which every one doth act his own part this man the part of a King and that of a peasant A Fourth way is by Synonomie as thus What else is a Lilly but an ornament to thâ— Earth the glory of Plants the very eye of Flowers the Jewel of the meadowes and Star of the Fields adorning the Earth aâ— the Stars do Heaven giving as great a luster to other flowers as the Jasper stone doth to Gold and as much delighting the eye as the Sun the world A Fifth way is by those causes by which effects are produced as the Material formal efficient and finall causes For example the Edifice which Daedalus hath raised with his own hand of strong and hewed stone in a round form is not only fortified against the injury of weather but hath also so much gracefullness in it that it easeth the mind of all care yea and filleth it with delight it is so neatly built that you would think it Heaven upon Earth A Sixth way is by negation when we first shew what a thing is not and then what it is Thus Babusius Lâ—b 3. Epigr. doth describe a Friend A Friend is not a bare voice or empty nutshel but a Friend is known by his affection and behaviour by his words and actions A Seventh way is by adjuncts and proprieties Thus our blessed Saviour is called The Assertor of humane liberty the master of Sanctitie and absolute perfection the everlasting fountain of all vertues Thus Solomon is described Solomon that great miracle and Oracle of humane Wisdome the Master or Tutor of the World An Eighth way is first to describe the thing Ironically according to the opinion of some and then to explain the same as in truth it is or at least according to your own thoughts and apprehensions of it The Second Topick for Invention is Division or Distribution of the matter propounded into its parts thus the life of Man may be divided into Infancy Childhood Youth middle age old-age Arguments may be raised from the parts unto the whole three wayes 1. By affirming that of the whole which may be affirmed of all the parts as if you would prove the whole Fabrick of a Huse to be defective you may divide the house into the walls the roofe and floores and shew the defects in each of these 2. By denying that of the whole wh 〈…〉 may be denied of all the parts as if you were to shew the inconvenience of sending Children to travell you may enumâ— rate the several places adjoyning and shew the inconveniencies that may be iâ— sending them to any of those places
spared not the Angels tha 〈…〉 sinned how then shall he spare man Secondly when we argue from the less to the greater As he will not let one sin go unpunished much more will he therefore punish 〈◊〉 multitude of sins Comparison doth differ from Similitude in that two things are compared together in respect of some third but in Similitude there is no respect unto a third bu 〈…〉 to one another only as thus It is lawful 〈…〉 for M. Antony to defend Clodius why may not Tully then defend Milo Here the comparison is between Tully and Anthony but it is in respect of a third that is in respect of Defence But in this As they that are sick thinke all things loathsome though never so sweet so they that are wicked cannot relish the best Societies Here the sick in body are compared to the sick in mind that is to the wicked but not in respect of a â—hird but in respect of their own corrupted tastes The twelvth Topick is from the caus 〈…〉 s of things And that is said to be a cause from whence a thing may in any sort be said to be produced We commonly reckon four sorts of causes Efficient Material Formal and Fi 〈…〉 all The efficient cause is that which maketh a thing Thus the Sun causeth or maketh the Day to this may instruments and all other things be referred which do only assist in the making as well as those which make the thing as a Pen is an assistant in writing From this cause we argue thus If the cause be denied we deny the effect if the cause be granted we grant the effect also if it be praised or dispraised we praise or dispraise the effect also The Material cause is that of which a thing is made or is imployed in as money of Gold and an Oratour about every matter or thing From this cause we argue thus If matter be afforded there may be such an effect and the goodness or the badness of the effect depends upon the goodness or the badness of the matter The formal Cause is that by which the thing is what it is or that by which it is distinguished from other things Thus a Ship and a Timber house do differ by the diverse disposing of the parts In this cause we argue from the excellence or the meaness of the form the more excellent the form is the better is the thing and any deficiency in the form doth make it the worse and every thing should be proportionable to his sorm and hence a man should aim at immortal things because his soul which is his form is made immortal The final cause is that for which a thing is made and the end for which we do any thing is generally one of these three because it is either honest profitable or delightfull From this cause we argue according to these Axiomes Such as the end is such are the things that are done to that end If the end be good or bad the things referred to that end are good or bad also The thirteenth Topick is from the Effects and those are said to be Effects which are produced by their causes From these we argue either by inferring the cause the effect being granted or by denying the cause the effect being denied or by commending the cause if the effects be good 〈…〉 r by condemning it if the effects be bad â—nd these heads drawn from the causes and â—ffects do afford great plenty of matter â—or discourse The fourteenth Topick is from the Adjuncts and those are said to be adjuncts which are joyned with the thing but not of necessity to wit such as are joyned to persons or things Tully reckons up twelve of the first sort viz. Of the Person as the Name the Nature the Habit the Fortune the Life the Affection the studies Councells Actions Chances and Speeches The Adjuncts of a thing are commonly six Place Time Occasion Manner Faculty and Instrument but some there are which do reduce them to these seven Quis quid ubi quibus auxiliis cur quomodo quando In English thus First ask Who What and Where and then What Aide with Why and How and When. Quis who doth signifie the quality of the Person in which there must be considered his nature sex age nation kindred and estate in respect of his body mind and fortune Quid what importeth an enquiry after the nature of the thing as whether it be of importance or not whether great or small noble or ignoble Ubi where denotes the place Quibus auxiliis with what aide notes an enquiry concerning the person that joyned with him in that action or other instruments by which it was effected Cur why denotes the finall cause with what intent or to what end it was done Quomodo how shewes the manner of doing it as namely with what ease or how hardly Quando when notes the time in which it was done and this head doth many times afford great plenty of matter The fifteenth and the sixteenth Topicks are the Antecedents and the Consequents Those are called Antecedents which go before the thing as you made him tremble therefore he is sensible They are called consequents which do necessarily follow the thing as he that is thrust through the heart must needs dye From the Antecedents we argue thus The Antecedent being granted the consequent must needs follow as he is wounded in the heart therefore he will dye But from the Consequents we argue thus If the consequent be affirmed the antecedent is affirmed as It is a great gash therefore it was a great blow that made it if the Consequent be denied the antecedent is denied also as he is not dead therefore he is not wounded in the heart And these are the Intrinsecal or Artificial Topicks from whence arguments may be raised on any Theam or matter propounded For illustration sake I will shew you how from these Topicks a matter for an Oration may be raised from this Theam or proposition Clodius laid snares for Milo The Praxis Every Theam or proposition doth consist of three parts a Subject a Predicate and a Copula That is called the Subject of which we speak The Predicate that which is spoken of the Subject and the Copula is some Verbe which joynes the subject with the predicate In this proposition Clodius is the Subject because it is of him that we are to speak to lay snares is the predicate because that is the thing which is said of Clodius Now therefore if you would find out arguments on this Subject Consider well which is the Subject and which is the Predicate in your proposition Then take the Subject and go through every Topick first go to Definition and ask what it is what is the nature of it and how it is distinguished from other things Then go to Division and see into how many parts the Subject may be divided and so forward from Topick to Topick And still observe to your self every
Every treacherous person doth deserve to be put to death and this is your Major Then take the subject of your proposition and joyn that with the given cause and say Clodius was a treacherous person and that is your Minor then bring in the proposition it self saying therefore Clodius deserveth death which is the conclusion and maketh up the whole Syllogism The like may be done in any other but alwayes consider with what reasons examples sentences or similitudes your Major or Minor may be again confirmed especially if they be in themselves weak but probably true for if they be certain they are not then to be proved but handsomely expressed This done consider how these Syllogisms may be handled Oratorically the which besides many others may be effected nine several wayes The first and most usual is so to place the parts of the Syllogism as Logicians do that is the Major first and the arguments by which it may be proved The Minor next with the arguments for that And lastly the Conclusion Example Imagine that some King through ambition of raigning had killed his brother Prince And so make this proposition The King ought to be deposed The Reason beâ—ause he is wicked place this Logically thus We ought not to endure a wicked man in the Kingdom The King is awicked man Therefore he is not to be endured in the King dome The Reason of the Major is because otherwise we shall blemish our reputation among forreigners by whom we have been alwaies esteemed honourable and promoters of vertue but shall now be calâ—ed patrons and servants of wickedness The Reason of the Minor is that he through ambition having deceitfully killed his broâ—her hath been injurious to nature and to â—s This proposition may Rhetorically be â—hus handled The Major Have we the Citizens of N. now at â—ength made such progress in the love of wickedness as that we are not ashamed to see the power of our lives and liberties put â—nto the hands of a desperately wicked person Shall we now any longer honour the Prince in wickedness or wickedness in the Prince till we our selves are reckoned among the wicked The Reason of the Major Ah woe is me O Citizens of N. Ah thâ— glory of our name bought with the blooâ— of our Ancestors which we have so ras 〈…〉 prostituted through our own inadvertency That we who were formerly reputâ—â— the patrons of vertue should now be reckoned the servants of wickedness Whaâ— will be said by the bordering what by thâ— more remote nations Behold shall theâ— say the men for whose vertuous acts thâ— world it self was too narrow who coulâ— imbrace nothing nor do any thing buâ— what was contained within or did noâ— exceed the bounds of vertue beholâ— them now so far fallen into naughtiness that laying aside all modesty they are noâ— ashamed to adore wickedness in thâ— Throne And what is the guise of the reâ—â— of the Citizens What is the reputatioâ— of the nobles if by their approbation baseness doth thus triumph in the highest placâ— of dignity Certainly they cannot but love wickedness who do not only permit it buâ— also honour it The Minor Had our King gloried in a wicked act 〈…〉 ommitted upon one of the meanest of his Subjects he might perhaps have had â—ome small pretence for his cruelty though â—t had been accomplished with bloudy â—ands The Reason of the Minor But to be so inhumanely enraged against â—he Prince his brother who was setled in â—he Kindome by our free and generall consent what is it but to proclaime a Warre against us and nature it self and by this one â—mpietie to offend the tribunals of all Nations Approbation Truly if we do well in judging of the day by the morning we may be no false Prophets in foreseeing what kind of Nero he will prove to us who begins to feed his cruelty with the blood of his own relations and hath there made an entrance to his cruelty where others have ended theirs Awake therefore O ye generous progeny of all vertue and if you have any respect to your 〈◊〉 based name or the glory of your Nation depose that wicked person from thâ— Throne let it be heard in the world let 〈◊〉 be known to all posterity that wickedne 〈…〉 might be in the Kingdom but could noâ— goe unpunished no not in the Prince 2. The second way of Rhetoricall arguing is to put the Minor with the Reasonâ— thereof in the first place the Major next and the Reasons thereof and lastly the Conclusion Example Let the proposition be the contrary to the former Namely That the King ought not to be deposed or put to death for any hainous offence committed by him The Reason is because in so doing we shall blemish our own reputation Place it Logically thus We who are Citizens ought not to blemish our own reputation but if we depose the King or put him to death we shall blemish our owne reputation Therefore we ought neither to depose the King nor put him to death The Reason of the Major is Because Reputation is the publick treasure and noble patrimony of a Common wealth which we all ought highly to regard The Reason of the Minor is Because that 〈…〉 itherto we have been famous for that 〈…〉 e never did depose our Prince or put 〈…〉 im to death and this honour we shall now 〈…〉 se if we do either The Approbation Because our Ancestors 〈…〉 ave also had wicked Princes and yet 〈…〉 ey did let them alone And this propoâ—â—tion may be Rhetorically handled in this 〈…〉 anner The Minor I Wish O Citizens of N. that they who â—hrough accursed and disloyal boldnesse â—ave by their cruel suffrages decreed to 〈…〉 ob the Prince not only of his Throne but also of his life would but consider the consequence of it in after ages I would have â—hem consider that our â—ame shall be more stained by their rashness than it could have been by a patient submission to his cruelty The Reason of the Minor For hitherto it hath been our peculiar honour that our natural Princes have been ours not more by their birth-right 〈◊〉 than by our affection neither hath the world ever heard that our hands have been stained with the blood of any of our Princes which as it is our peculiar honour above other Nations so 〈◊〉 ought to be our great studie to continue it But now if we should lay wicked handâ— on our Prince shall we not fall headlong from the glory of our reputation And be with the rest deservedly hissed at for paracides for ever The Approbation Or look back upon your Ancestours and let it be your care to tread in their footsteps Whose Kings although they were Heroes yet they were also men and that they were all of them free from vice or that none of them did burthen the Throne with wickedness doth seem to me unlikely yet they rather endured the wickedness of their Prince than to make themselves
or whether he come in the morning of our life when our bones are full of marrow and our bloud runs briskly in our veines which is his case whose funerall obsequies we are now to perform As a green Apple is sometimes rudely pulled from off that tree on which it grew so was this branch cut down before he had lived one half of the age of man He was indeed born of noble and unspotted Parents but as if that wisedome were not tied to years his discretion did adorn his birth more than his birth him c. The third way First Propound some opinion contrary to your own either with or without a reason for it Then Secondly Deliver your own opinion with a reason or two or without any reason also Thirdly Deliver the contrary reason if it shall be necessary and so come to your proposition that is propound something in your preceding words from whence you may inferre your proposition either plainly or obscurely Let the proposition for example be Wisdome is most suteable to Noble men That you may deduce this first lay down the contrary opinion namely There are many think that Wisdom becometh none but common people The Reason of this contrary opinon Because Nâ—ble men are born for the Warrs not for the Schools and have their commendations from their estates Your own proper opinion This is an evill opinion and to be confused The Reason and answer to this contrary opinion Because it is mischievous to the world Access to your proposition I will therefore shew that Wisdom is most proper for a Noble man The Topicks or heads from whence matter for an Exordium may best be had the most famous Rhetoricians have reduced unto these First An enumeration of causes when the Oratour shewes the causes which moved him to speak as if he were to commned some Noble person he might begin his Exordium thus You need not wonder that I should speak in the commendation of this worthy person these reasons have induced me and here lay down the reasons Therefore I shall speake c. Secondly The Adjuncts of the Person either of the Orator himself or of the Auditor or of him of whom you are to speak Example of the first If you were to praise some body you might thus begin To express the just praises of this person there should be indeed a more skilfull Orator than my selfe but yet I thought my selfe obliged thereto not only for my affection to him but also to expresse my gratitude for the many favours which I have received from him Example of the second Although my weakness might command me silence yet courteous Auditors the wonted candor which you have shewed to others doth both invite and encourage me to speak Therefore c. Example of the third Though the things to be commended in this person are so many and so great that they would require a Demosthenes or a Tully to set forth his worth yet I will endeavour c. Thirdly The Adjuncts of place Example If I had considered the dignity of this place I should not have undertaken to speak unto you this day and here shew the Reasons but I considered more your humanity and the necessity of the thing and therefore c. Fourthly The Adjuncts of Time as thus The time requires that I should speak this day unto you here shew the reasons Fiftly The Adjuncts of person time manner and place together Sixthly The opinions and affections of men for men do either rejoyce or are sad or angry c. And according to these or the like passions or affections you may find matter for an Exordium Seventhly Some passions with which the Oratour himself may be affected as anger or grief or admiration or gratitude c. Eighthly The difficulty of the thing of which you are to speake Ninthly Contradiction or Accusation Example if you would contradict another you may say I like not this mans opinion because c. and here shew the reasons If you would accuse another you may say It is not for ill will to you or any mind to do mischief which hath perswaded me to accuse you but the love I have to the common for Justice sake and for necessity Tenthly Preterition as thus I could speak of many things but because I will not tire you with them I will only mention one or two Eleventhly You may find matter for an Exordium from what hath either been said or done before as if you were to accuse some person you may say This is not the first time that this person hath been thus accused found guilty and yet born with but now it cannot be sure thought fit that he should be born with any longer Twelvthly Comparing and opposing opinions and persons as suppose you were to speak for peace you migh say Many are for War and shedding of blood But I believe that we can have no greater blessing than the blessing of Peace Or if you would compare persons you may do it thus Some worthy and learned men have heretofore spoken of this subject with whom I am in no wise to be compared but because the matter concernes the Common wealth I also will speake freely c. This for Exordiums The second part of an oration is the Proposition And the Proposition is that part of the Oration in which the Orator doth briefly deliver the summe of the whole matter of which he intends to speak and bespeaks the hearers attention if need be Sometimes it doth immediately follow the Exordium sometimes it follows the Narration in what place soever it be put it must be short and clear and fit for Confirmation And here it is to be observed first that a Proposition may de delivered two waies First Openly when the Orator doth plainly declare the matter of which he meanes to speak Secondly Darkly when the matter of his Oration is sufficiently known before hand or may easily be discerned from the content or when the thing to be proved is not laid down as a distinct part from the Exordium but is insinuated as a member thereof annexed and further to be proved afterwards Secondly it is to be observed that when a proposition is longer than usual it ought to be divided into certain parts that so the Orator may the more fully explain the matter and the Auditor the better remember it Narration is another part of an Oration by which a relation is made of the matter or thing done And this is either a distinct part of the Oration and then for the most part it doth immediately follow the Exordium that the Proposition with the Confirmation thereof may be collected from it Or else it is joyned with the Confirmation which is to be done in such Orations which assume the explanation of the thing done to prove the matter in hand for example if you were to prove that some valiant person had been a Souldier in some warre it is necessary that you should declare what the
did the Romans many mischiefs Which may be thus Amplified The Romans bewail the loss of three armies which Antonius destroyed They stand in need of wise men and those Antonius hath deprived them of Their Authority and reputation is much weakened and impaired and that they may thank Antonius for 5. When many similitudes are brought for example sake let this be the proposition If small falts be not corrected they will hardly be mended when they are greater Which you may amplifie in this manner Extinguish those sparks of wickedness unless you purpose to be consumed stop up those fountains unless yoâ— mean to be overflowed with those violent waters take Physick in time if you fear the approach of some mortal disease For as fire which is kindled by small embers doth many times destroy whole Cities as a River is by the droppings of small springs increased to such a heap of waters as overfloweth the whole land as light distempers do occasion great diseases and sweep away whole families so the vices of young men unless they be timely suppressed will be more and more rooted in them until they have bereft their minds of all vertue and common honesty Confutation is a part or kind of Confirmation in which we answer all objections it doth either preceed or follow confirmation or may be here and there used in all the parts of the Oration And these objections may be either all answered together or those first which are first made and then the latter or those first which are most material and the rest may fall of themselves or the weakest first that they being avoided the strongest arguments may be somewhat weakned And the manner of doing this is by shewing that the Adversaries allegation is either false impossible uncertain or impertinent and the like and because this part of an Oration is full of heat and sometimes of fury it doth admit of Dialogisms or conferences Ironies illusions interrogatiâ—ns execrations and other like vehement figures and affections These objections are sometimes rejected with great scorn sometimes eluded not so much by strength of argument as by voice and gesture The Adversary is sometimes vexed with chiding sometimes pressed with Questions and the dint of all his arguments sometimes blunted with the like objections sometimes there is no answer given to that which he requireth of us sometimes the answer is not given presently but first suspended for a long time Peroration or Conclusion is the last part of an Oration in which the Orator should very much endeavour to set an edge in the minds of his Auditors and incline them to be of his side and here he should therefore use such figures as are most proper to move the affections it doth chieflly consist of two parts Enumeration and Amplification Enumeration is required that the chief arguments more largely opened in the former discourse may be briefly and clearly repeated in a new form of words Amplification desires that this repetition may be made by some serious expressions adorned with sentences and figures This part of the Oration ought therefore to be more exactly composed because by this the Orator is commonly the more or less valued for this the Auditors do best remember and from hence do pass their judgments of us CHAP. VI. Of Elocution OF all the parts of Rhetorick Elocution in my judgment is the most excellent for that it is but to little purpose to have a good invention and an excellent way of methodizing or disposing of arguments unless we can also express them in apt and fitting words and handsomely adorn them with Tropes and Figures In the wording therefore of an Oration care must be had that the words thereof be first plain and significant and then neat and elegant and hence this part of Rhetorick may be thus defined Elocution or the garnishing of speech is an 〈…〉 rt by which the speech is beautified with the e 〈…〉 gancy of words and sentences And this is performed two ways by the â—ine manner of words called a Trope or by â—he fine frame of speech called a Figure A Trope is such an Elocution or manner of speech as doth change the signification of a word into a different signification from the natural In a Trope two things are to be consideâ—ed 1. The Affections 2. The Kinds The Affections of a Trope are 4. Catachresis Hyperbole Metalepsis Allegoria Catachresis is a harsh and unpleasant change of a word as namely when one word or name is put for another not by any proper relation but by a kind of force He threatens me a good turn Enoch was translated that he should not see death Hyperbole is a very false relation of a thing or a more bold excess of a Trope which doth exceed belief either by augmentation or by diminution Note that though an Hyperbole doth vary from the truth yet doth it not deceive us through fiction or such variation An Hyperbole is twofold Auxesis or Meiosis An Auxesis is when for augmentation sake or Amplification we interpose a more vehement expression in his proper place as when we say Magnificent for Liberal Cruel for Severe Sacrilegious for Wicked A Meiosis or a Tapinosis is when for extenuation sake we use a milder or more favourable expression than the matter requireth as when we say a Flatterer is a courteous and an affable person A Metalepsis is that which conteineth many Tropes in one expression as when we by an improper speech signifie first that which is improper and by that improper speech perhaps another and so forward till we come to that which is proper making way for transition by interposing a mean degree as All the City was moved Math. 21. 10. where the City is put for Jerusalem by a Synecdoche Generis and Jerusalem for its inhabitants by a Metonymy of the subject An ALLEGORY is the continuation of a Trope as where many Tropes of the same kind are joyned together as put on the whole armour of God Ephes 6. 11. He shall be as a Tree planted by the rivers of water Psalm 1. In an Allegory observe to end with the same kind of Trope with which you begin or else the inconsequence will be absurd The several kinds of Tropes are these four 1. A Metonymy 2. An Irony 3. A Metaphore and 4. A Synechdoche A Metonymy is a Trope of the Cause to the effect of the subject to the adjunct and the contrary of the effect to the cause or of the adjunct to the subject 4. There are four kinds of Causes 1. The Efficient cause by which a thing is 2. The Material cause of which a thing is made 3. The Formal cause by which a thing is what it is 4. The Final cause for which a thing is of which the two first only belong to our present purpose A Metonymy of the Cause is twofold 〈…〉 at is of the Efficient or of the Material Cause A Metonymy of the efficient Cause is when the Author or
expressed in a sentence is supposed to be referred to several others of divers genders numbers or persons agreeing with that which is nearest as lust overcometh modesty boldness fear and passion reason This is threefold Prozeugma when this common word is set in the beginning as For neither art thou he Cataline whom shame could at any time call back from dishonesty fear from perils or reason from madness Mesozeugma when in the middle as what a shame is this that neither hope of reward nor fear of reproach could any thing move him the perswasion of his friends nor the love of his Country Hypozeugma when in the end as the foundation of freedome the fountain of equity the safeguard of wealth and custody of life is preserved by law An Antithesis is when the things opposed do answer one another as Flattery procureth friendship truth hatred A Graecismus is when the proper Idiom of the Greek is used in another speech or language as Edm. Spencer Chap. 13. For not to have been dipt in Lethe lake could save the son of Thetis from to die that is Achilles To these may be added An Hyperologia or an Hyteron Proteron when that which in the natural order should be first spoken is brought in last as he is in health and alive for he is alive and in health An Antiptosis when one case is put for another An Hypallage when two words do commute or change cases with one another as Thou hast hid their heart from understanding Job 17. 4. that is thou hast hid understanding from their heart The Secundary figures in a sentence are ten 1. Parrhésia 2. Erotesis 3. Parenthesis 4. Parathesis 5. Periphrasis 6. Synonymia 7. Hypotyposis 8. Praemunitio 9. Transitio 10. Rejectio Parrhesia is a free and a bold speaking of such things in their presence whom we should fear or reverence as are displeasing or may provoke them to envy And this is either when we confidently acknowledge and defend a fault not proved against us or when we boldly upbraid and rebuke others for faults by them committed Erotesis is a manner of speech whereby we either 1. Demand a question as How oft shall â—ny brother sin against me and I forgive him till seven times Matth. 18. 21. Or when we 2. Earnestly affirm and reprehend as O faithless Generation how long shall I be with you how long shall I suffer you Mark 9. 19. Or when we 3. Vehemently avouch the contrary whether the interrogation be affirmative or negative as can the blind lead the blind shall they not both fall into the ditch that is the blind cannot lead the blind they shall both fall Parenthesis is the interposing of one or more words of perfect sence within another sentence for the perfecting thereof without which interposition the sence would yet be perfect and entire Concerning which two rules are observeable viz. 1. That the interposition should neither be long nor frequent because it will render the sentence obscure 2. That one Parenthesis be but seldome inserted within another as Are they ministers of Christ I speak as a fool I am more 2 Cor. 11. 23. Parathesis is a figure of construction whereby one substantive is for declaration and distinction sake added unto another in the same case as the river Isis or the river Wye Judas saith unto him not Iscariot John 14. 22. Periphrasis is the explication of a thing by more words which may be expressed by one This figure is principally made four ways 1. When some notable enterprise ones native countrey or some strange sect or opinion is put instead of the proper name as The writer of the Trojan war for Homer 2. In Etymology when the cause or reason of a name is unfolded as a man studious of wisdom for a Philosopher 3. In Annotation when by certain marks or tokens something is described as Anger is a vehement heat of the mind which brings paloness to the countenance burning to the eyes and trembling to the parts of the body 4. When a thing is described by definition as the art of speaking eloquently for Rhetorick An oppressor of the laws and liberties of the people for a Tyrant Synonymia or Palilogia is a heaping together of many words of one signification as Wisdome in a poor man lyes as a thing despised rejected oppressed buried and utterly extinct Hypotypoois is a figure by which a whole matter is particularly and orderly expressed as that it seems to be represented unto ocular inspection as It is a place which now humbling it self in fallowed plains now proud in well husbanded hills marries barren woods to cultivated valleys and joyns neat gardens to delicious fountains c. Praemunition or preparation is when we presuppose what may be said by way of defence for those whom we intend to reprehend or reprove Transition is that by which the parts of an oration are joyned together And this is 1. Perfect by which is declared what hath been spoken and what remaineth to be said as hitherto we have spoken of tillage and Astronomy now we will treat of c. 2. Imperfect by which is declared either what hath been said or what remaineth to be spoken This may be done eight several ways 1. By something that is equal or parallel as Those are most pleasant nor are these less delightful 2. By something that is unequal you have heard very sad things but I shall now tell you sadder things than these 3. By something that is like 4. By something that is contrary These things he did when he was young hear now his vertuous progress in his elder days 5. By something that is divers as you have heard of his behaviour I will now inform you of his learning 6. By preoccupation as We will now hasten to the rest only give me leave to adde this one thing 7. By reprehension Why should I dwell on this subject I hasten to that which is the cause of all 8. From some consequent or relative as you have heard what I have done for him hear now how he hath required me Rejection is when we deferre a thing to some other time or place or wholly reject it as absurd and impertinent and by no means to be admitted of as But of Luculus I will speak in some other place and I will speak so as that my speech shall not falsely accuse him or yet derogate from his just praise And thus much concerning Elocution As for Memory and Pronunciation which are the other two parts of Rhetorick I purposely omit them as being natural endowments which may be better improved by constant practice than by any precepts which can be given Laus Deo An Alphabetical Table in which the Tropes and Figures which are of a Greek Original are interpreted and explained ALlegoria 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 inversion or changing when one thing is propounded in the words and another in the sence it comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aliud