so generally acknowledg'd that I cannot imagine what should make some men deny it except it be that they find all others to confess it For though in other cases they are wont to pretend Experience for their quitting the receiv'd Opinions yet here they quit Experience it self for singularity and chuse rather to depart from the Testimony of their senses then not to depart from the Generality of Men. 2. And to evince that this is not said gratis I might observe to you That there are no less then three grand inducements that have lead both the Vulgar and Philosophers two sorts of men that seldom agree in other things to consent in the acknowledgment of Antiperistasis Authority Reason and Experience But though I think fit to name them all three yet since the first of them by having as I just now noted invited our Adversaries to dissent from the Truth is a somewhat unlikely Medium to prevail on them to acknowledge it I shall insist only on the two latter having once declar'd that I lay aside the first not as worthless in it self but needless to my cause 3. To begin then with the Arguments afforded us by Reason What can there be more agreeable to the wisdom and goodness of Nature who designing the Preservation of things is wont to be careful of fitting them with requisites for that preservation then to furnish cold and heat with that self invigorating power which each of them may put forth when 't is environ'd with its contrary For the order of the universe requiring that cold and heat should reside in those Bodies that often happen to be mingled with one another those two noble and necessary Qualities would be too often destroy'd in the particular subjects that harboured them if provident Nature had not so ordered the matter that when a Body wherein either of them resides happens to be surrounded by other Bodies wherein the contrary Quality is predominant the besieg'd Quality by retiring to the innermost parts of that which it possesses and there by recollecting its forces and as it were animating it self to a vigorous defence is intended or increased in its degree and so becomes able to resist an Adversary that would otherwise easily destroy it 4. To illustrate as well as supply this Argument drawn from Reason we shall need but to subjoyn the other afforded us by Experience which does almost every day give us not only opportunity to observe but cause to admire the effects of this self invigorating power which when occasionally exerted we call Antiperistasis And these Phaenomena ought the more to be acquiesced in because they may safely be looked upon as genuine Declarations which Nature makes of Her own accord and not as confessions extorted from Her by Artificial and compulsory Experiments when being tortured by Instruments and Engines as upon so many Racks she is forced to seem to confess whatever the Tormentors please 5. To proceed then to the spontaneous Phaenomena of Nature I was recommending we see that whereas in Summer the lowest and highest Regions of the Air are made almost unsufferable to us by their heat the cold expelled from the earth and water by the Suns scorching beams retires to the middle Region of the Air and there defends it self against the heat of the other two though in the one that Quality be assisted by the almost perpendicular reflection of the Sun-beams and in the other it 〈◊〉 rendered very confiderable by the vastness of the upper Region of the Air and its Vicinity to the Element of fire And as the cold maintains it self in the middle Region by vertue of the intensness which it acquires upon the account of Antiperistasis so the Lightning that flashes out of the Clouds is but a fire produc'd in that midle Region by the hot Exhalations penn'd up and intended in point of heat by the ambient Cold to a degree that amounts to ascension 6. But though these be unquestionably the effects of that excessive coldness yet we need not go so far as the tops of mountains to fetch proofs of our doctrine since we may find them at the bottom of our Wells For though Carneades perhaps will not yet the earth as well as the Air doth readily acknowledge the power of Antiperistasis And if the reason above alledged did not evince it our very senses would For as in Summer when the Air about us is sultry hot we find to our great refreshment that the Air in Cellars and Vaults to which the cold then retreats is eminent for the opposite Quality so in Winter when the outward Air freezes the very Lakes and Rivers where their surfaces are expos'd to it the internal Air in Vaults and Cellars in Winter which becomes the sanctuary of heat as in Summer it was of Cold is able not only to keep our Bodies from freezing but to put them into sweats And not only Wells and Springs upon the account of their resting in or coming out of the deepest parts of the earth continue fluid whilest all the waters that are contiguous to the Air are by the excessive cold hardened into ice but the water freshly drawn from such Wells feels warm or at least tepid to a mans hand put into it And as if Nature design'd men should not be able to contradict the doctrine of Antiperistasis without contradicting more then one of their own senses she has taken care that oftentimes the water that is freshly drawn out of the deeper sorts of Wells and Springs should manifestly as I have seen it smoak as if it had been but lately taken off the fire And this may be said without a Metaphor to demonstrate ad ocnlum the reality of Antiperistasis there being no other cause to which this warmth can be attributed then the retiring of the heat from the cold external Air to the lower parts of the earth and water since both these Elements themselves being naturally cold and one of them in the supreme degree the heat we are mentioning is so far from being likely to be generated in so unfit a place that if it were not very great it must be extinguished there by the coldness of the superior Air and that of the inferior parts of the Earth Eleutherius 7. That Carneades may have but one trouble to answer the Allegations to be made in favour of Antiperistasis I hope he will give me leave according to my custom of siding with either party as occasion invites me to add to the familiar Observations mentioned by Themistius some others that are less obvious For I franckly confess to you that when I consider what interest the unheeded dipositions of our own Bodies may have in the estimates we make of the degrees of cold and heat in other Bodies I should not lay much weight upon the Phaenomena that are wont to be urg'd as proofs of Antiperistasis if some instances somewhat less lyable to suspicion did not countenance the doctrine they are urg'd for I know
I must freely 〈◊〉 that though in living creatures and especially in the bodies of the perfecter sorts of Animals I do in divers cases allow arguments drawn from final causes yet where only inanimate bodies are concern'd I do not easily suffer my self to be prevail'd upon by such Arguments Nor is there any danger that Cold and Heat whose causes are so radicated in Nature should be lost out of the World in case each parcel of matter that happens to be surrounded with bodies wherein a contrary quality is predominant were not endowed with an incomprehensible faculty of self invigoration And Nature either does not need the help of this imaginary power or oftentimes has recourse unto it to very little purpose since we see that these Qualities subsist in the world and yet de facto the bottles of Water Wine and other Liquors that are carried up and down in the Summer are regularly warmed by the Ambient Air. And in Muscovy and other cold Northern Countries Men and other Animals have oftentimes their Vital Heat destroyed by the cold that surrounds them being thereby actually frozen to death And I somewhat wonder that the followers of Aristotle should not take notice of that famous Experiment which he himself delivers where he teaches that hot water will sooner congeal then cold For if the matter of fact were true it would sufficiently manifest that the heat harboured in the water is destroyed not invigorated by the coldness of the Air that surrounds it so that Themistius must I fear on this occasion take sanctuary in my observation and to keep Aristotle from destroying his own opinion with his own Experiment had best say as I do that it is not true And though it is not to be denied that white surrounded with black or black with white becomes thereby the more conspicuous yet 't is acknowledged that there is no real increase or intension of either quality but only a comparative one in reference to our senses obtain'd by this Collation Nor does a Pumice-stone grow more dry then it was in the fire or earth by being transferred into the Air or Water and consequently environed with either of those two fluids which Themistius and his Schools teach us to be moist Elements neither will you expect to find a piece of dim glass become really more transparent though one should set it in a frame of Ebony though that wood be so opacous as to be black And whereas 't is commonly alledged as a proof of the power Nature has given Bodies of flying their contraries that drops of water falling upon a Table will gather themselves into little globes to avoid the contrary quality in the Table and keep themselves from being swallowed up by the dry wood the cause pretended has no interest in the effect but little drops of water where the gravity is not great enough to surmount the action of the ambient fluid if they meet with small dust upon a Table they do as they roul along gather it up and their surfaces being covered with it do not immediately touch the board which else they would stick to And to show you that the Globular figure which the drops of water and other Liquors sometimes acquire proceeds not from their flying of driness but either from their being every way press'd at least almost equally for in some cases also they are not exactly round by some ambient fluid of a disagreeing Nature or from some other cause differing from that the Schools would give I shall desire you to take notice that the drops of water that swim in Oyl so as to be surrounded with it will likewise be Globular and yet Oyl is a true and moistening liquor as well as water And the drops of Quicksilver though upon a Table they are more disposed then water to gather themselves into a round figure yet that they do it not as humid Bodies is evident because Quicksilver broken into drops will have most of them Globular not only in Oyl but in Water And to show you that 't is from the incongruity it has to certain bodies that its drops will not stick upon a Table nor upon some other bodies but gather themselves into little sphaeres as if they designed to touch the woodden Plain but in a Point To manifest this I say we need but take notice that though the same drops will retain the same figure on Stone or Iron yet they will readily adhere to Gold and lose their Globulousness upon it though Gold be a far drier body then Wood which as far as distillation can manifest must have in it store of humid parts of several kinds I mean both watery and unctuous But this may relish of a digression my task being only to examine the Antiperistasis of cold and heat concerning which I think I had very just cause to pronounce the vulgar conceit very unconsonant to the nature of inanimate beings For the Peripateticks talk of Cold and Heat surrounded by the opposite quality as if both of them had an understanding and foresight that in case it did not gather up its spirits and stoutly play its part against the opposite that distresses it it must infallibly perish and as if being conscious to its self of having a power of self invigoration at the presence of its Adversary it were able to encourage it self like the Heroe in the Poet that said Nunc animis opus est Aenea nunc pectore firmo which indeed is to transform Physical agents into Moral ones 12. Eleuth The validity of the Peripatetick Argument drawn from Reason considered abstractedly from Experience I shall leave Themistius to dispute out with you at more leisure And since you well know that the only Arguments I alledge to countenance Antiperistasis were built upon Experience as judging them either the best or the only good ones I long to hear what you will say to the Examples that have been produced of that which you deny 13. Carneades That Eleutherius which I have to answer to the examples that are urged either by the Schools or by you in favour of Antiperistasis consists of two parts For first I might show that as reason declares openly against the common Opinion so there are Experiments which favour mine and which may be opposed to those you have alledged for the contrary doctrine And secondly I might represent that of those examples some are false others doubtful and those that are neither of these two are insufficient or capable of being otherwise explicated without the help of your Hypothesis But for brevities sake I shall not manage these two replies apart but mention as occasion shall serve the Experiments that favour my opinion among my other answers to what you have been pleased to urge on the behalf of Aristotle 14. To begin then with that grand Experiment which I remember a late Champion for Antiperistasis makes his leading Argument to establish it and which is so generally urged on that occasion
ingenious modern Naturalists who acknowledging that the Air has a weight which Mr. Hobs also does in effect admit though he make not so good use of it as they do by that explicate the ascension of water in Weather-glasses teaching that the Cold of the Ambient Air making the included Air shrink into far less room then it possest before the water in the subjacent Vessel is by the weight of the incumbent Air which presses on it more forcibly in all the other parts of its surface then it is press'd upon in that included in the shank impell'd up into that part of the shank which was newly deserted by the self-contracting Air. But though this Account be preferable by far to those which we mention'd before it and though it be not only ingenious but as far as it reaches true yet to me I confess it seems not sufficient and therefore I would supply what is defective by taking in the pressure and in some cases the spring of the external Air not only against the surface of water for That the newly mention'd explication likewise does but also against the internal or included Air. For the recited Hypothesis gives indeed a rational account why the water is impell'd into the place deserted by the Air but then supposes that the Air is made to contract it self by cold alone when it makes room for the water that succeeds in its place whereas I am apt to think that both the effects may proceed at least in great part from the same cause and that the pressure of the contiguous and neighbouring Air does according to my Conjecture eminently concur to reduce the cool'd Air shut up in the Weather-glass into a narrower space This it does in common Weather-glasses because the Ambient Air retains the whole pressure it has upon the Account of its weight whereas the internal Air by its refrigeration even when but equal to that of the External Air looses part of the pressure it had upon the account of its now weakned spring But this as I newly intimated is not the sole account upon which the Air may in some sorts of Weather-glasses impel up the water and contribute to the condensation of the Air incumbent on the water For in some circumstances one or two of which we shall produce by and by it may so happen that the rest of the Air that bears upon the water to be rais'd will not be so much refrigerated as the included Air that is to be condens'd and consequently the other Air will have a stronger spring then this last mention'd Air will retain and therefore the former will have a greater pressure then the latter will be able to resist We shall not now examine whether the spring of the Air depend upon the springy structure of each aerial Corpuscle as the spring of wool does upon the Texture of the particular hairs it consists of or upon the agitation of some interfluent subtile matter that in its passage through the aerial particles whirles each of them about or upon both these causes together or upon some other differing from either of them but this seems probable enough that as when Air being seal'd up in a Glass is afterwards well heated though it acquire not any greater dimensions as to sense then it had before yet it has its spring much increased by the Heat as may appear if the seal'd Tip be broken under water by the eruption of Bubbles by the indeavour of the imprison'd Air to expand it self so upon the refrigeration of the Air so seal'd up though the additional spring if I may so speak which the Heat gave it will be lost upon the recess of that Heat or as soon as the effect of that heat is distroy'd yet there will remain in the included Air a considerable spring and sufficient to make it as well fill at least as to sense the cavity of the seal'd Glass as it did when its spring was stronger And proportionably we may conceive that though Cold at least such as we meet with in this climate of ours do make the spring of an included parcel of Air weaker then it was before the refrigeration of that Air yet it may not make it so much weaker but that the aerial Corpuscles may be kept so far extended as not at all or scarce sensibly to quit the room they possest before in case there be not contiguous to them any other Body which by its pressure indeavours to thrust them inwards and so make them desert part of that space which clause I therefore add because that if the case propos'd do happen 't is obvious to conceive that the weakned spring of the Air cannot retain so much force to resist an external pressure as it would have if the Cold had not debilitated it and consequently this cooled Air must yield and suffer it self to be condens'd if it come to be expos'd to a pressure to which it was but equal before its being weakned And such in common Weather-glasses is the pressure that is constantly upon the surface of the water without the Pipe upon the account of the gravity of as much of the Air or Atmosphaere as comes to bear upon it Having thus explain'd our conjecture we will now proceed to the Experiments we made to countenance it as we find them entred in our loose notes In one of which I find what follows We took a Viol capable of containing five or six ounces of water and having fill'd it almost half full with that Liquor we inverted into it a Glass-pipe of about 10. Inches long and much bigger then a large Swans Quill seal'd at one end and at the other fill'd top full with water so that the open Orifice being immers'd under the Vessell'd water of the Viol there remain'd no Air at the Top of the Pipe Then as much of the Orifice of the Viols neck as was not fill'd by the pipe being carefully clos'd with Cement that no Air could get in or out the Viol was plac'd in snow and salt till the vessell'd water began to freez at the Top and Bottom And according to our expectation we found that notwithstanding this great degree of infrigeration of the Air in the Viol the water in the Pipe did not at all descend So that either the Air did not shrink by so great a Cold or the water whether to avoid a vacuum or otherwise did not remove out of the Pipe to possess the place deserted by the refrigerated Air. Afterwards we endeavoured to repeat the Experiment with the same Glasses but having had occasion to be absent a little too long though not very long we found at our return the upper and seal'd part of the pipe beaten out which we suppos'd to have been done by the intumescence of the water in the Viol upon its glaciation Wherefore we fastned into the same Viol another Pipe some Inches longer then the former and drawn very slender at the seal'd end that it might
we must not here treat indefinitely the strange effects of cold upon other bodies being most of them produc'd by the intervention of the cold first diffus'd in the Air and those are treated of in a distinct Section wherefore we shall now give two or three instances of the sudden operations of the Cold harbour'd in the Air. The formerly mention'd English Ambassador into Russia Dr. Fletcher gives us two instances very memorable to our present purpose When you pass says he out of a warm Room into a Cold you will sensibly feel your breath to wax stark and even stifling with the cold as you draw it in and out So powerfully and nimbly does the intensely refrigerated Air work upon the Organs of respiration And whereas a very credible person now chief Physician to the Russian Emperor being ask'd by me concerning the truth of what is reported sometimes to happen at Musco and is reputed the eminentest proof that is readily observable of the extreme coldness of the air assur'd me that he himself saw the water thrown up into the air fall down actually congeal'd into ice Dr. Fletcher confirms this Report For our Ambassador also says That the sharpness of the Air you may judge of by this for that water dropped down or cast up into the Air congeal'd into Ice before it come to ground And I remember that inquiring about the probability of such Relations he answered me That being at the famous Seige of Smolensko in Russia he observ'd it to be so extremely cold in the fields that his Spittle would freez in falling betwixt his mouth and the ground and that if he spit against a Tree or a piece of wood it would not stick but fall to the foot of it 17. Among the Phaenomena of Cold relating to the air I endeavour'd to observe whether upon the change of the Weather from warm or mild to cold and frosty there would appear any difference of the weight of the Atmosphere by its being plentifully furnish'd with a new stock of such frigorifick Corpuscles as several of the modern Philosophers ascribe its coldness to but though I several times observ'd by comparing a good Barometer and sometimes also unseal'd Weather-glasses furnish'd one with a tincted Liquor and the other with Quicksilver with a good seal'd Weather-glass furnished with pure spirit of Wine that upon the coming in of clear and frosty weather the Atmosphere would very early appear sensibly heavier then before and continue so as long as the cold and clear weather lasted yet by reason of some considerations and Trials that breed some scruple in me I refer the matter to more frequent and lasting observations then I yet have been able to make in which it will concern those that have a mind to prosecute such Trials not only to consider whether or no the increased gravity of the Atmosphere may not proceed from some other Cause then the coming of frigorifick Atoms into the Air but to have a special care that their Barascopes be more carefully freed from the Air that is wont to lurk in Quick silver it self as well as other Liquors then those in the making of the Torricellian Experiment Tubes usually are least that Air getting up into the deserted part of the Tube do by its expansion and contraction obtain an unsuspected interest in the rising and falling of the subjacent Mercurial Cylinder and so impose upon them 18. Another Effect that the Cold especially in Northern Countries has oftentimes upon the Atmosphere is the making the Air more or less clear then usually it is For in the Northern Voyages the Seamen frequently complain of thick and lasting Fogs whose causes I shall not now consider but some help to guess at them may be given by what we are about to add namely that it very frequently happens on the contrary That when the cold is very intense the air grows much clearer then at other times probably because the Cold by condensing precipitates the vapours that thicken the air and by freezing the surface of the earth keeps in the steams that would else arise to thicken the air Not to dispute 〈◊〉 it may not also somewhat repress the vapours that would be afforded by the water it self since some of our Navigators observe that even when it was not cold enough to freez the surface of the Sea it would so far chill and infrigidate it that the snow would lye on it without melting 19. I remember a Swedish extraordinary Ambassador and a very knowing person whom I had the honour to be particularly acquainted with would say when he saw a frosty day accompanied with great clearness that it then look'd like a Swedish winter where when once the frosty weather is setled the sky is wont for a very long time to be very serene and 〈◊〉 and here in England we usually observe the sharpest frosty nights to be the clearest But to confirm our Observation by a very remarkable instance I shall borrow it 〈◊〉 a Navigator very curious of Celestial Observations which circumstance I mention to bring the greater credit to the following observation of Captain James which in his Journal is thus delivered The thirtieth and one and thirtieth of January there appeared in the beginning of the night more Stars in the Firmanent then ever I had before seen by two thirds I could see the Cloud in Cancer full of small Stars 20. To determine what effect the coldness of the air may have upon the Refractions of the Luminaries and other Stars I look upon as a work of no small difficulty and that would require much consideration as well as time wherefore I shall only add two or three narratives supplied me by Navigators without adding at present any thing to the matters of fact 21. The first is that famous Observation of the Dutch in Nova Zembla who take great pains to evince by several circumstances some of them highly probable that they were not mistaken in their account of time according to which they concluded that they saw the Sun whom they had lost sight of eleven weeks before about fourteen days sooner then he ought to have appear'd to them which difference has been for ought I know to the contrary by all that have taken notice of it ascrib'd to the strangely great Refraction in that Gelid and Northern air 22. And as for that other extremely cold Country where Captain James wintered it appears by his Journal that he there made divers Celestial and other observations which gave him opportunity to take notice of the Refraction and he seems to complain that he found it very great though among the particulars he takes notice of there are some that seem not very strange nor are there any that are near so wonderful as that newly mention'd of the Hollanders in Nova Zembla however in regard of the extreme coldness of the Winter air in Charleton Island it may be worth while to take notice of the following passages
known in the Hot Countries where he liv'd made those that were bitten by them either become or think themselves very cold But that will perhaps seem more remarkable which I shall further add namely that I know a Nobleman who follow'd the Wars in several Countries and has signaliz'd his Valour in them and yet though his stature be proportionate to his courage yet when this person falls as frequently he has done in a fit of the stone he feels an universal cold over his whole body just like that which begins the fit of an Ague And though he assures me that the stones that torment him and which he usually voids are but very small yet whilest the fit continues which oftentimes lasts many hours he does not only feel an extraordinary Coldness but which is more strange and which I particularly inquir'd after cannot by clothes or almost any other means keep himself warm 10. I elsewhere take notice of some other Observations agreeable to these by some of which we may be perswaded that there may be other ways besides those already mention'd of perceiving cold though the outward parts of our bodies were not prest inwards And whereas Mr. Hobs infers that He who would know the cause of cold must find by what motion or motions the exterior parts of any body indeavour to retire inwards that seems but an inconsiderate direction For in compressions that are made by surrounding bodies there is produc'd an indeavour inward of the parts of the comprest body though no Cold but sometimes rather Heat be thereby generated And I hope Mr. Hobs will not object that in this case the parts do not retire but are thrust inwards since according to him no body at all can be moved but by a body contiguous and mov'd But what I have hitherto taken notice of being chiefly design'd to shew that the notion of cold in general is not so obvious a thing to be rightly pitch'd upon as many think and that therefore it needs be no wonder that it hath notbeen accurately and warily propos'd by Mr. Hobs I shall not any further prosecute that discourse but proceed to what remains Next then the Cause he assigns why a man can blow hot or cold with the same breath is very questionable partly because he supposes in part of the breath such a simple motion as he calls it of the small particles of the same breath as he will not easily Prove and as eminent Astronomers and Mathematicians have Rejected and partly because that without the suspected supposition I could by putting together the Conjectures of two learned Writers and what I have elsewhere added of my own give a more probable account of the Phaenomenon if I had not lome scruples about the matter of Fact it self which last clause I add because though I am not sure that further Trials may not satisfie me That the Wind or Breath that is blown out at the middle of the compress'd Lips has in it such a real coldness as men have generally ascrib'd to it yet hitherto some Trials that my jealousie led me to make incline me to suspect there may be a mistake about this matter and that in estimating the Temper of the produc'd Wind our senses may impose upon us For having taken a very good and tender seal'd Weather-glass and blown upon it through a glass-Pipe of about half a yard long that was chosen slender to be sure that my breath should issue out in a small stream by this wind beating upon the ball of the Weather-glass I could not make the included spirit of Wine subside but manifestly though not much ascend though the Wind that I presently blew through the same Pipe seem'd sensibly cold both to the hand of by-standers and to my own and yet mine was then more then ordinarily cold So that having no great enencouragement to enter into a dispute about the cause of a Phaenomenon whose Historical circnmstances are not yet sufficiently known and cleared I will now proceed to add that whatever be the cause of the effect there are divers things that make Mr. Hobs's Hypothesis of the Cause of Cold unfit to be acquiesc'd in For we see that the grand cause he assigns of cold and its effects is wind which according to him is Air moved in a considerable quantity and that either forwards only or in an undulating motion and he tells us too that when the breath is more strongly blown out of the mouth then is the direct motion prevalent over the simple motion which says he makes us feel cold for says he the direct motion of the breath or air is wind and all wind cools or diminishes former heat To which words in the very next line he subjoyns that not only great but almost any ventilation and stirring of the Air doth refrigerate But against this doctrine I have several things to object 11. For first we see there are very hard frosts not only continued but 〈◊〉 begun when the Air is calm and free from winds and high and boisterous Southerly winds are not here wont to be near so cold as far weaker winds that blow from the North-east 12. Next if Mr. Hobs teach us that 't is the direct motion of the stream of breath that is more strongly blown out that makes us feel Cold he is obliged to render a reason why in an Aeolipile with a long neck the stream that issues out though oftentimes far stronger then that which is wont to be made by compressing the Lips at a pretty distance from the hole it issues out of is not cold but hot 13. Thirdly Mr. Hobs elsewhere teaches that when in our Engine the pump has been long imploy'd to exhaust as we say the Receiver there must be a vehement wind produc'd in that Receiver and yet by one of our other Experiments it appear'd that for all this in a good seal'd Weather-glass plac'd there before the included Air begins to be as we say emptied there appear'd no sign of any intense degree of cold produc'd by this suppos'd wind so that either the wind is but imaginary or else Mr. Hobs ascribes to winds as such an infrigidating efficacy that does not belong to them 14. Fourthly we find by experience that in hard frosts water will freez not only though there be no wind stirring in the ambient Air but though the liquor be kept in a close room where though the wind were high abroad it could not get admittance and some of our Experiments carefully made have assured us that water seal'd up in one glass and that glass kept suspended in another glass carefully stopt to keep out not only all wind but all Adventitious Air may nevertheless be not only much cool'd but turn'd into ice 15. Fifthly we found by other Experiments that a frozen Egg though suspended in and perfectedly surrounded with water where no wind can come at it will be every way crusted over with ice in which case