morrow_n he_o begin_v a_o ship_n and_o in_o twenty_o day_n finish_v it_o the_o twenty_o fifth_z he_o set_v sail_n and_o after_o a_o voyage_n of_o twenty_o day_n be_v cast_v upon_o the_o island_n of_o corfu_n there_o he_o tarry_v three_o day_n with_o alcinous_n all_o this_o make_v one_o and_o fifty_o day_n from_o the_o first_o open_v of_o the_o poem_n to_o the_o arrival_n of_o ulysses_n in_o his_o own_o country_n eight_o and_o twenty_o of_o they_o he_o spend_v with_o calypso_n reckon_v the_o four_o that_o precede_v the_o build_n of_o his_o ship_n three_o and_o twenty_o day_n more_o he_o be_v upon_o his_o journey_n part_n of_o which_o he_o spend_v at_o sea_n and_o part_n with_o alcinous_n a_o night_n after_o he_o arrive_v in_o ithaca_n four_o day_n he_o remain_v incognito_o at_o eumeus_n country_n house_n on_o the_o five_o he_o go_v to_o his_o own_o palace_n where_o he_o be_v in_o disguise_n two_o day_n take_v a_o account_n of_o what_o have_v happen_v and_o square_n his_o action_n according_o the_o next_o night_n he_o kill_v his_o rival_n and_o on_o the_o morrow_n make_v a_o end_n of_o discover_v himself_o and_o re-adjusting_a all_o his_o affair_n therefore_o add_v these_o seven_o day_n to_o the_o one_o and_o fifty_o before_o the_o duration_n of_o the_o narration_n in_o this_o poem_n amount_v to_o eight_o and_o fifty_o day_n as_o for_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o poet_n give_v we_o a_o occasion_n to_o guess_v something_o about_o it_o in_o the_o iliad_n where_o there_o be_v more_o action_n and_o violence_n the_o day_n be_v long_o than_o the_o night_n and_o the_o season_n very_o hot_a and_o on_o the_o contrary_a homer_n have_v assign_v long_o and_o cool_a night_n to_o the_o prudence_n of_o ulysses_n place_v the_o maturity_n of_o autumn_n in_o the_o odysseis_n as_o he_o have_v the_o contagious_a heat_n of_o the_o summer_n in_o the_o iliad_n the_o practice_n of_o homer_n then_o be_v without_o doubt_n to_o reduce_v the_o duration_n of_o the_o epic_a narration_n into_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o campaign_n of_o a_o few_o month_n but_o the_o difficulty_n of_o know_v the_o design_n and_o intention_n of_o virgil_n be_v the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v question_v whether_o one_o may_v not_o advance_v it_o to_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o whole_a year_n or_o more_o and_o whether_o the_o winter_n season_n ought_v in_o reason_n to_o be_v exclude_v thence_o i_o find_v myself_o insensible_o engage_v in_o the_o examen_fw-la of_o this_o particular_a question_n i_o find_v it_o a_o great_a deal_n large_a than_o i_o imagine_v and_o i_o have_v discourse_v very_o ample_o upon_o it_o from_o whence_o several_a thing_n may_v be_v deduce_v that_o in_o my_o mind_n be_v of_o no_o small_a use_n for_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o aeneid_n i_o here_o propose_v this_o question_n about_o the_o time_n by_o way_n of_o problem_n and_o free_o leave_v other_o to_o determine_v and_o judge_v what_o they_o please_v but_o yet_o i_o say_v that_o in_o this_o uncertainty_n two_o reason_n rather_o incline_v i_o to_o a_o single_a campaign_n than_o a_o whole_a year_n the_o first_o be_v the_o practice_n of_o homer_n which_o the_o latin_a poet_n common_o propose_v as_o his_o exemplar_n and_o who_o by_o wise_a man_n have_v be_v esteem_v the_o most_o excellent_a model_n for_o poet_n to_o imitate_v this_o reason_n make_v so_o much_o the_o more_o for_o i_o in_o this_o treatise_n of_o the_o epic_a poem_n because_o it_o be_v found_v upon_o that_o relation_n that_o be_v observable_a between_o the_o practice_n of_o virgil_n and_o that_o of_o homer_n the_o rule_n of_o horace_n and_o those_o of_o aristotle_n the_o other_o reason_n be_v still_o more_o to_o my_o purpose_n and_o that_o be_v that_o this_o reduce_n of_o it_o to_o one_o single_a campaign_n be_v more_o conformable_a to_o that_o idea_n i_o have_v propose_v concern_v the_o fable_n and_o the_o design_n of_o virgil_n in_o this_o poem_n we_o have_v already_o consider_v aeneas_n as_o a_o legislator_n and_o founder_n of_o the_o roman_n religion_n he_o be_v so_o exact_a in_o observe_v all_o the_o ceremony_n which_o be_v perform_v for_o the_o dead_a that_o there_o be_v not_o the_o least_o colour_n he_o shall_v omit_v one_o so_o considerable_a as_o be_v that_o of_o mourn_v especial_o for_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n for_o which_o he_o spare_v no_o cost_n this_o high_a veneration_n he_o have_v for_o he_o make_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a quality_n of_o his_o character_n and_o almost_o throughout_o the_o whole_a regulate_v the_o general_a character_n of_o the_o poem_n now_o the_o mourn_a of_o the_o roman_n consist_v in_o two_o thing_n the_o one_o be_v its_o duration_n which_o last_v ten_o month_n the_o other_o be_v that_o the_o roman_n in_o this_o ominous_a and_o inauspicious_a time_n never_o undertake_v any_o thing_n of_o consequence_n how_o then_o can_v aeneas_n dare_v to_o undertake_v his_o settlement_n in_o italy_n which_o be_v then_o a_o business_n of_o the_o high_a consequence_n to_o he_o so_o then_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o stay_v in_o sicily_n full_a ten_o month_n after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n and_o have_v stay_v less_o than_o two_o month_n at_o carthage_n he_o return_v to_o sicily_n to_o celebrate_v the_o anniversary_n of_o his_o death_n on_o the_o same_o day_n he_o arrive_v there_o this_o agree_v very_o well_o with_o the_o expression_n of_o the_o poet_n which_o we_o have_v already_o cite_v for_o the_o anniversary_n happen_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o seven_o summer_n a_o little_a more_o than_o a_o month_n after_o the_o solstice_n and_o rise_n of_o orion_n aeneas_n then_o leave_v sicily_n in_o summer_n during_o the_o rise_n of_o this_o constellation_n which_o raise_v the_o tempest_n in_o the_o first_o book_n he_o can_v not_o leave_v it_o the_o same_o summer_n anchises_n die_v but_o must_v needs_o have_v leave_v sicily_n the_o summer_n follow_v which_o be_v the_o seven_o as_o the_o poet_n say_v and_o the_o same_o in_o which_o he_o return_v to_o the_o anniversary_n by_o this_o mean_n he_o must_v needs_o have_v pass_v the_o autumn_n the_o winter_n and_o the_o spring_n in_o sicily_n and_o have_v tarry_v there_o more_o than_o nine_o month_n before_o his_o part_n for_o carthage_n but_o he_o go_v out_o and_o come_v back_o again_o to_o it_o the_o same_o summer_n in_o the_o other_o opinion_n i_o neither_o find_v the_o conformity_n of_o virgil_n with_o homer_n nor_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o roman_a mourn_v to_o which_o i_o real_o think_v aeneas_n be_v oblige_v as_o much_o as_o he_o be_v to_o the_o other_o ceremony_n in_o which_o he_o be_v so_o punctual_a but_o these_o reason_n which_o make_v for_o i_o may_v not_o perhaps_o make_v for_o other_o i_o only_o propose_v they_o as_o i_o be_v oblige_v it_o be_v for_o philosopher_n and_o critic_n to_o examine_v thing_n to_o propose_v reason_n and_o to_o make_v they_o intelligible_a and_o it_o be_v for_o the_o reader_n to_o draw_v his_o inference_n mounseur_fw-fr bossu's_fw-fr treatise_n of_o the_o epic_a poem_n book_n iu._n concern_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o epic_a poem_n chap._n i._o concern_v the_o manner_n in_o general_n under_o the_o name_n of_o manner_n we_o comprehend_v all_o the_o natural_a or_o acquire_v inclination_n which_o carry_v we_o on_o to_o good_a bad_a or_o indifferent_a action_n this_o definition_n contain_v three_o thing_n the_o first_o be_v the_o manner_n themselves_o which_o we_o call_v inclination_n whether_o they_o have_v their_o source_n and_o origin_n in_o our_o soul_n such_o as_o the_o love_n of_o science_n and_o virtue_n or_o whether_o they_o proceed_v from_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o body_n as_o anger_n and_o the_o rest_n which_o we_o have_v in_o common_a with_o the_o brute_n the_o second_o thing_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o those_o manner_n which_o be_v either_o nature_n or_o our_o choice_n and_o industry_n according_a as_o they_o be_v either_o natural_a or_o acquire_v the_o three_o thing_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o manner_n namely_o action_n whether_o good_a as_o that_o of_o aeneas_n or_o bad_a as_o that_o of_o achilles_n or_o indifferent_a as_o that_o of_o ulysses_n those_o manner_n be_v good_a which_o incline_v we_o to_o virtue_n and_o virtuous_a action_n those_o bad_a which_o incline_v we_o to_o vice_n and_o sin_n and_o those_o be_v indifferent_a which_o incline_v we_o to_o indifferent_a quality_n and_o action_n a_o right_a distinction_n shall_v be_v make_v between_o real_a virtue_n and_o those_o that_o appear_v such_o and_o be_v only_o mere_a quality_n the_o real_a virtue_n such_o as_o piety_n prudence_n and_o the_o like_a make_v those_o who_o be_v master_n of_o they_o good_a praiseworthy_a and_o honest-man_n but_o real_a vice_n such_o as_o impiety_n injustice_n fraud_n and_o the_o like_a corrupt_a and_o vitiate_v those_o who_o be_v taint_v with_o they_o
interest_n prompt_v he_o to_o the_o humour_n and_o the_o inclination_n belong_v to_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o moral_n which_o we_o shall_v treat_v of_o particular_o in_o the_o four_o book_n we_o only_o join_v they_o here_o to_o the_o two_o other_o cause_n we_o mention_v and_o of_o all_o three_o we_o affirm_v this_o in_o general_a that_o the_o poet_n ought_v to_o inform_v his_o reader_n of_o they_o and_o make_v they_o conspicuous_a in_o his_o principal_a personage_n when_o he_o introduce_v they_o or_o even_o before_o he_o make_v they_o appear_v homer_n have_v ingenious_o begin_v his_o odysseïs_n with_o the_o transaction_n at_o ithaca_n during_o the_o absence_n of_o ulysses_n if_o he_o have_v begin_v with_o the_o travel_n of_o his_o hero_n he_o will_v scarce_o have_v speak_v of_o any_o one_o else_o and_o a_o man_n may_v have_v read_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o poem_n without_o conceive_v the_o least_o idea_n of_o telemachus_n penelope_n or_o her_o suitor_n who_o have_v so_o great_a a_o share_n in_o the_o action_n but_o in_o the_o beginning_n he_o have_v pitch_v upon_o beside_o these_o personage_n who_o he_o discover_v he_o represent_v ulysses_n in_o his_o full_a length_n and_o from_o the_o very_a first_o open_v of_o the_o action_n one_o see_v the_o interest_n which_o the_o god_n have_v therein_o the_o skill_n and_o care_n of_o the_o same_o poet_n may_v be_v see_v likewise_o in_o introduce_v his_o personage_n in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o iliad_n where_o he_o discover_v the_o humour_n the_o interest_n and_o the_o design_n of_o agamemnon_n achilles_n nestor_z ulysses_n and_o several_a other_o nay_o and_o of_o the_o god_n too_o and_o in_o his_o second_o book_n he_o make_v a_o review_n of_o the_o grecian_a and_o trojan_a army_n which_o be_v full_a evidence_n that_o all_o we_o have_v here_o say_v be_v very_o necessary_a but_o last_o since_o the_o epic_a poem_n be_v doubtless_o much_o long_a than_o the_o dramatic_a and_o since_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o manage_v the_o incident_n and_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o personage_n in_o that_o than_o in_o the_o other_o one_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o introduce_v all_o of_o they_o at_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o epopéa_n with_o as_o much_o exactness_n as_o in_o the_o first_o act_n of_o a_o theatral_n piece_n where_o at_o least_o one_o be_v oblige_v to_o give_v some_o item_n of_o all_o those_o who_o have_v any_o considerable_a part_n in_o the_o intrigue_n i_o mention_v this_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o virgil_n practice_n he_o have_v be_v less_o exact_a than_o the_o greek_a poet_n for_o he_o say_v nothing_o of_o turnus_n latinus_n amata_n and_o other_o italian_n till_o the_o middle_n of_o his_o poem_n but_o it_o be_v true_a likewise_o that_o he_o have_v so_o dispose_v his_o action_n as_o seem_v to_o justify_v this_o delay_n he_o have_v divide_v the_o aeneid_n into_o two_o part_n more_o sensible_o than_o homer_n have_v his_o iliad_n and_o odysseïs_n he_o not_o only_o make_v this_o division_n at_o the_o first_o and_o in_o his_o proposition_n by_o say_v that_o 1._o aeneas_n suffer_v much_o when_o he_o be_v toss_v about_o from_o this_o sea_n to_o that_o and_o from_o one_o province_n to_o another_o and_o suffer_v also_o a_o great_a deal_n more_o in_o the_o war_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o but_o he_o likewise_o when_o he_o begin_v his_o second_o part_n advertise_v his_o reader_n of_o it_o and_o 8._o propose_v the_o thing_n he_o be_v about_o to_o mention_v as_o all_o new_a and_o quite_o of_o another_o make_n from_o the_o former_a thus_o in_o the_o first_o book_n he_o introduce_v the_o principal_a personage_n of_o his_o first_o part_n and_o he_o only_o speak_v of_o those_o who_o be_v to_o appear_v afresh_o in_o the_o second_o part_n in_o his_o six_o seven_o and_o eight_o book_n and_o here_o in_o my_o mind_n he_o be_v less_o fortunate_a than_o the_o greek_a poet._n beside_o these_o more_o general_a cause_n of_o the_o action_n and_o of_o the_o main_a intrigue_n there_o be_v still_o some_o incident_n and_o some_o episodes_n more_o particular_a of_o which_o the_o poet_n must_v give_v a_o account_n this_o happen_v common_o not_o in_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o action_n but_o only_o when_o the_o poet_n be_v about_o to_o make_v one_o of_o his_o lesser_a recital_n the_o reader_n can_v not_o guess_v how_o the_o wound_n of_o ulysses_n come_v which_o discover_v he_o to_o his_o friend_n not_o why_o camilla_n shall_v be_v in_o love_n with_o war_n nor_o how_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o aeneas_n meet_v with_o several_a person_n in_o the_o shade_n below_o who_o be_v to_o come_v into_o the_o world_n many_o age_n after_o etc._n etc._n therefore_o the_o poet_n must_v tell_v he_o the_o cause_n of_o all_o this_o these_o cause_n must_v be_v good_a and_o suitable_a to_o the_o subject_a all_o the_o action_n of_o the_o iliad_n be_v found_v upon_o the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n the_o cause_n of_o this_o anger_n be_v the_o displeasure_n apollo_n conceive_v against_o agamemnon_n because_o agamemnon_n likewise_o in_o his_o anger_n have_v affront_v the_o priest_n of_o this_o god_n all_o these_o passion_n have_v probable_a cause_n and_o such_o as_o be_v suitable_a to_o the_o general_n subject_a of_o the_o trojan_a war._n for_o as_o this_o general_n cause_o be_v heten'_v be_v ravish_v from_o menelaus_n so_o the_o other_o cause_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n chryseïs_n be_v ravish_v from_o her_o father_n and_o briseïs_n from_o achilles_n in_o short_a all_o be_v stamp_v with_o the_o same_o character_n of_o injustice_n and_o violence_n in_o these_o hero_n if_o the_o hero_n be_v a_o man_n of_o probity_n the_o cause_n of_o all_o his_o design_n shall_v be_v just_a and_o commendable_a as_o those_o in_o the_o odysseïs_n and_o the_o aeneid_n and_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o persecution_n he_o meet_v with_o must_v not_o lessen_v the_o esteem_n which_o the_o poet_n will_v raise_v of_o his_o probity_n neptune_n persecute_v ulysses_n because_o ulysses_n have_v blind_v his_o son_n polypheme_n but_o this_o monster_n have_v already_o devour_v six_o of_o the_o comerade_n of_o ulysses_n and_o be_v just_a upon_o serve_v ulysses_n himself_o and_o the_o rest_n the_o same_o trick_n aeneas_n make_v a_o more_o particular_a profession_n of_o his_o piety_n and_o according_o virgil_n use_v he_o more_o honourable_o the_o cause_n juno_n have_v to_o persecute_v he_o do_v either_o not_o touch_v his_o person_n or_o else_o be_v much_o to_o his_o glory_n since_o the_o only_a one_o which_o concern_v he_o be_v the_o choice_n which_o fate_n make_v of_o he_o to_o lay_v in_o italy_n the_o foundation_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o world_n 4._o juno_n be_v so_o far_o from_o have_v any_o scornful_a or_o hateful_a thought_n for_o this_o hero_n person_n that_o she_o be_v willing_a to_o trust_v he_o with_o all_o that_o be_v most_o dear_a to_o she_o on_o earth_n and_o make_v he_o lord_n over_o her_o own_o carthage_n she_o can_v never_o have_v give_v a_o more_o considerable_a token_n of_o her_o love_n and_o esteem_v for_o any_o man._n chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o intrigue_n and_o the_o vnravel_v thereof_o in_o what_o be_v say_v about_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o action_n one_o may_v have_v observe_v two_o opposite_a design_n the_o first_o and_o most_o principal_a be_v that_o of_o the_o hero_n the_o second_o comprehend_v all_o their_o design_n that_o oppose_v the_o pretension_n of_o the_o hero_n these_o opposite_a cause_n produce_v likewise_o opposite_a effect_n viz._n the_o endeavour_n of_o the_o hero_n for_o the_o accomplish_n his_o design_n and_o the_o endeavour_n of_o those_o who_o be_v against_o it_o as_o these_o cause_n and_o design_n be_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o action_n so_o these_o contrary_a endeavour_n be_v the_o middle_a of_o it_o and_o form_v a_o difficulty_n and_o intrigue_n which_o make_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o poem_n it_o last_v as_o long_o as_o the_o reader_n be_v mind_n be_v in_o suspense_n about_o the_o event_n of_o these_o contrary_a endeavour_n the_o solution_n or_o the_o vnravel_n begin_v when_o one_o begin_v to_o see_v the_o difficulty_n remove_v and_o the_o doubt_n clear_v up_o our_o poet_n have_v divide_v each_o of_o their_o three_o poem_n into_o two_o part_n and_o have_v put_v a_o particular_a intrigue_n and_o the_o solution_n of_o it_o in_o each_o part._n the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o iliad_n be_v the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n who_o be_v for_o revenge_a himself_o upon_o agamemnon_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o hector_n and_o the_o trojan_n the_o intrigue_n comprehend_v the_o three_o day_n fight_v which_o happen_v in_o the_o absence_n of_o achilles_n and_o it_o consist_v on_o one_o side_n in_o the_o resistance_n of_o agamemnon_n and_o the_o grecian_n and_o on_o the_o other_o in_o the_o revengeful_a and_o inexorable_a humour_n of_o achilles_n which_o will_v not_o
wind_n against_o aeneas_n let_v he_o learn_v a_o historian_n to_o write_v that_o a_o young_a prince_n behave_v himself_o upon_o all_o occasion_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o wisdom_n and_o discretion_n and_o let_v he_o say_v with_o homer_n that_o minerva_n lead_v he_o by_o the_o hand_n in_o all_o his_o enterprise_n let_v a_o historian_n relate_v that_o though_o agamemnon_n fall_v out_o with_o achilles_n yet_o he_o can_v not_o but_o acknowledge_v that_o he_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o his_o assistance_n for_o the_o take_n of_o troy_n and_o let_v a_o poet_n say_v that_o thetis_n disgu_v at_o the_o affront_n offer_v to_o her_o son_n go_v up_o to_o heaven_n demand_v satisfaction_n of_o jupiter_n and_o that_o this_o god_n to_o satisfy_v she_o send_v the_o god_n of_o sleep_n to_o agamemnon_n who_o put_v the_o cheat_n upon_o he_o by_o make_v he_o believe_v he_o must_v take_v troy_n that_o very_a day_n plutarch_n livy_n and_o other_o author_n of_o the_o roman_a history_n will_v tell_v we_o 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this_o point_n especial_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o aristotle_n and_o horace_n have_v treat_v of_o machine_n more_o express_o in_o this_o than_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o poem_n 15._o aristotle_n speak_v of_o tragedy_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o solution_n of_o the_o fable_n shall_v proceed_v from_o the_o fable_n itself_o and_o not_o from_o any_o machine_n as_o in_o the_o medea_n horace_n seem_v less_o severe_a he_o only_o say_v that_o the_o god_n shall_v not_o appear_v but_o when_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o plot_n require_v their_o presence_n but_o this_o be_v only_o design_v for_o the_o theatre_n this_o be_v observable_a by_o the_o consequence_n of_o these_o quotation_n if_o aristotle_n have_v intend_v in_o this_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o epopéa_n he_o shall_v have_v produce_v for_o his_o instance_n the_o vnravel_v of_o the_o iliad_n and_o that_o of_o the_o odysseïs_n in_o both_o of_o which_o the_o god_n be_v concern_v minerva_n fight_v close_o to_o ulysses_n against_o the_o gallant_n of_o penelope_n she_o help_v he_o to_o kill_v they_o and_o on_o the_o morrow_n clap_v up_o a_o peace_n between_o ulysses_n and_o the_o ithacan_n and_o so_o conclude_v the_o odysseïs_n in_o the_o iliad_n the_o god_n meet_v to_o appease_v the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n and_o jupiter_n send_v iris_n thetis_n and_o mercury_n on_o this_o errand_n minerva_n likewise_o help_v achilles_n in_o his_o last_o fight_n with_o hector_n she_o stop_v hector_n that_o flee_v from_o he_o and_o when_o both_o have_v cast_v their_o javelin_n at_o each_o other_o without_o do_v the_o least_o hurt_n the_o goddess_n take_v up_o the_o lance_n of_o achilles_n and_o give_v it_o he_o whilst_o hector_n be_v upon_o unequal_a term_n arm_v only_o with_o his_o sword_n virgil_n have_v imitate_v these_o example_n aeneas_z as_o well_o as_o achilles_n be_v clad_v in_o divine_a armour_n juturna_n give_v turnus_n his_o sword_n again_o and_o venus_n help_v aeneas_n to_o his_o spear_n and_o at_o last_o jupiter_n send_v a_o fury_n which_o drive_v away_o juturna_n and_o frighten_v turnus_n so_o that_o he_o scarce_o know_v where_o he_o be_v nor_o what_o he_o do_v in_o this_o last_o battle_n chap._n v._o how_o the_o machine_n be_v to_o be_v use_v the_o use_n of_o the_o machine_n in_o the_o epopéa_n be_v quite_o contrary_a to_o that_o which_o horace_n prescribe_v for_o the_o theatre_n this_o critic_n will_v not_o have_v they_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o tragedy_n but_o when_o needs_o must_v and_o on_o the_o contrary_a it_o be_v requisite_a that_o a_o epic_a poet_n shall_v not_o make_v use_n of_o they_o but_o when_o they_o may_v be_v let_v alone_o and_o then_o he_o shall_v order_v they_o so_o that_o his_o action_n stand_v in_o no_o need_n of_o they_o how_o many_o god_n and_o machine_n do_v virgil_n make_v use_n of_o to_o raise_v the_o storm_n which_o cast_v aeneas_n upon_o carthage_n and_o yet_o this_o do_v not_o hinder_v but_o that_o this_o miraculous_a action_n may_v be_v look_v upon_o as_o the_o 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that_o be_v more_o particular_o subject_a to_o they_o the_o four_o we_o read_v of_o in_o the_o aeneid_n do_v all_o happen_v during_o the_o rise_n of_o orion_n the_o first_o cast_v aeneas_n upon_o carthage_n the_o second_o surprise_v he_o a_o hunt_n with_o dido_n the_o three_o oblige_v he_o to_o put_v into_o sicily_n where_o he_o celebrate_v the_o anniversary_n of_o anchises_n and_o the_o four_o close_v the_o fine_a day_n he_o have_v choose_v for_o the_o sport_n and_o quench_v the_o fire_n that_o burn_v his_o fleet._n the_o poet_n inform_v we_o that_o all_o these_o storm_n which_o surprise_v aeneas_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o cause_n 4._o for_o dido_n chide_v aeneas_n for_o prepare_v to_o leave_v she_o whilst_o this_o dangerous_a constellation_n have_v still_o a_o inuflence_n over_o the_o sea_n and_o she_o conjure_v he_o the_o o_o in_o vain_a to_o stay_v till_o this_o bad_a season_n be_v over_o according_a to_o this_o practice_n a_o poet_n will_v be_v very_o cautious_a how_o he_o make_v use_n of_o a_o machine_n to_o help_v he_o out_o of_o a_o difficulty_n wherein_o his_o own_o unskilfulness_n have_v cast_v he_o but_o he_o will_v call_v in_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o god_n to_o honour_v his_o poem_n and_o hero_n and_o no_o one_o will_v object_v against_o he_o that_o it_o be_v for_o want_v of_o art_n and_o invention_n that_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o implore_v the_o aid_n of_o these_o supernatural_a power_n no_o one_o will_v cast_v these_o reproach_n upon_o virgil_n in_o the_o example_n we_o have_v cite_v nor_o in_o his_o other_o machine_n it_o be_v not_o for_o want_v of_o skill_n or_o invention_n that_o he_o have_v recourse_n to_o juno_n and_o neptune_n either_o to_o raise_v a_o storm_n upon_o the_o fleet_n
very_a well_o separate_v these_o two_o nature_n from_o one_o another_o and_o say_v that_o the_o fable_n be_v that_o which_o constitute_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o epopéa_n and_o that_o the_o poem_n tell_v we_o how_o to_o manage_v the_o fable_n and_o comprehend_v the_o thought_n the_o expression_n and_o the_o verse_n the_o matter_n of_o it_o be_v a_o action_n feign_v with_o probability_n and_o draw_v from_o the_o action_n of_o king_n prince_n and_o go_n this_o tell_v we_o two_o thing_n the_o action_n and_o the_o person_n and_o therein_o it_o do_v not_o at_o all_o differ_v from_o tragedy_n the_o form_n of_o it_o be_v that_o the_o person_n be_v not_o here_o introduce_v to_o the_o spectator_n view_n act_v by_o themselves_o without_o the_o poet_n as_o in_o tragedy_n but_o that_o the_o action_n be_v recite_v by_o the_o poet._n the_o end_n of_o the_o epic_a poem_n be_v to_o lay_v down_o moral_a instruction_n for_o all_o sort_n of_o people_n both_o in_o general_a and_o in_o particular_a this_o 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speak_v still_o less_o of_o the_o poem_n and_o versification_n but_o i_o shall_v write_v very_o full_o of_o the_o fable_n as_o be_v the_o most_o essential_a part_n of_o the_o epopéa_n so_o likewise_o i_o shall_v concern_v it_o a_o form_n and_o its_o matter_n nay_o more_o i_o shall_v handle_v distinct_o the_o moral_n of_o the_o person_n and_o last_o i_o shall_v distinguish_v the_o god_n from_o the_o men._n the_o god_n be_v usual_o express_v by_o the_o name_n of_o machine_n because_o the_o poet_n make_v use_v of_o such_o to_o let_v they_o down_o upon_o the_o theatre_n from_o whence_o the_o epopéa_n have_v likewise_o borrow_v the_o name_n according_a to_o this_o account_n this_o treatise_n will_v be_v divide_v into_o six_o part_n or_o book_n the_o first_o will_v be_v concern_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o epic_a poem_n where_o we_o shall_v treat_v of_o the_o fable_n the_o second_o book_n will_v treat_v of_o the_o matter_n or_o of_o the_o epic_a action_n the_o three_o of_o the_o form_n or_o the_o narration_n the_o four_o of_o the_o manner_n and_o character_n of_o humane_a personage_n the_o five_o of_o machine_n or_o of_o the_o presence_n and_o action_n of_o the_o go_n and_o the_o six_o of_o the_o thought_n and_o expression_n chap._n v._o of_o the_o poem_n a_o poem_n be_v a_o discourse_n in_o verse_n and_o a_o verse_n be_v a_o part_n of_o a_o discourse_n measure_v by_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o long_a and_o short_a syllable_n with_o a_o grateful_a cadence_n that_o be_v constant_o repeat_v this_o repetition_n be_v necessary_a to_o distinguish_v the_o notion_n we_o have_v of_o verse_n from_o that_o of_o prose_n for_o in_o prose_n as_o well_o as_o verse_n every_o period_n and_o clause_n be_v so_o many_o part_n of_o a_o discourse_n measure_v by_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o long_a and_o short_a syllable_n but_o prose_n be_v ever_o and_o anon_o alter_v its_o cadence_n and_o measure_n which_o verse_n never_o do_v the_o repetition_n which_o the_o poet_n make_v use_v of_o seem_v still_o the_o same_o in_o the_o way_n of_o write_v for_o when_o one_o verse_n be_v finish_v they_o come_v back_o again_o to_o the_o begin_n of_o another_o line_n to_o write_v the_o next_o verse_n and_o this_o come_n back_o again_o be_v that_o which_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o versus_fw-la verse_n and_o this_o name_n in_o latin_a be_v common_a to_o verse_n and_o several_a other_o thing_n that_o be_v range_v as_o they_o be_v in_o different_a line_n as_o tree_n for_o instance_n which_o be_v set_v in_o row_v the_o latin_n call_v verse_n likewise_o by_o the_o name_n of_o carmina_fw-la but_o this_o be_v a_o equivocal_a term_n for_o beside_o its_o signify_v verse_n or_o poem_n it_o may_v be_v use_v to_o express_v other_o thing_n it_o be_v a_o term_n that_o be_v give_v to_o the_o 4._o sing_v of_o bird_n to_o the_o 8._o charm_n of_o magic_n to_o certain_a 1._o form_n of_o law_n to_o 3._o inscription_n or_o device_n to_o 5._o epitaph_n and_o other_o such_o like_a thing_n for_o the_o make_n 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these_o bold_a expression_n so_o proper_a to_o verse_n when_o use_v in_o a_o discourse_n that_o have_v not_o foot_n nor_o poetical_a number_n do_v give_v it_o such_o a_o air_n of_o verse_n that_o it_o be_v not_o so_o proper_o prose_n as_o a_o kind_n of_o poesy_n without_o number_n and_o as_o horace_n say_v disjecti_fw-la membra_fw-la poetae_fw-la as_o poet._n nature_n do_v not_o inspire_v into_o we_o the_o rule_n of_o poetry_n and_o verse_n so_o neither_o do_v art_n and_o study_n help_v we_o to_o that_o air_n that_o force_n and_o that_o elevation_n in_o which_o horace_n discover_v something_o that_o be_v divine_a and_o which_o only_o make_v a_o man_n deserve_v the_o name_n of_o poet._n this_o be_v a_o accomplishment_n a_o man_n shall_v be_v bear_v with_o owe_v either_o to_o the_o excellency_n of_o his_o nature_n or_o to_o some_o happy_a transport_v but_o withal_o so_o extraordinary_a that_o the_o ancient_n and_o 17._o aristotle_n himself_o style_v they_o fit_v of_o enthusiasm_n or_o frenzy_n yet_o still_o there_o be_v to_o be_v suppose_v a_o exact_a and_o solid_a judgement_n to_o master_v this_o frenzy_n and_o imagination_n of_o the_o poet._n from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v we_o may_v conclude_v that_o the_o end_n of_o poetry_n be_v to_o please_v that_o its_o cause_n be_v either_o the_o excellency_n of_o the_o poet_n nature_n or_o the_o poetic_a frenzy_n and_o these_o transport_v of_o spirit_n that_o be_v to_o be_v govern_v by_o judgement_n it_o be_v matter_n be_v the_o long_a and_o short_a syllable_n the_o number_n it_o be_v make_v up_o of_o and_o the_o word_n which_o grammar_n furnish_v it_o with_o as_o well_o as_o prose_n and_o its_o form_n be_v the_o range_v of_o all_o these_o thing_n in_o such_o exact_a and_o charm_a verse_n as_o may_v best_o
misfortune_n of_o king_n and_o the_o moral_a instruction_n that_o be_v most_o in_o vogue_n at_o that_o time_n be_v such_o a_o one_o as_o do_v beget_v in_o man_n a_o aversion_n to_o monarchy_n and_o a_o love_n to_o democracy_n which_o they_o call_v liberty_n what_o the_o poet_n feign_v of_o oedipus_n contain_v all_o these_o thing_n and_o be_v very_o proper_a to_o prevent_v the_o grandee_n from_o aspire_a to_o tyranny_n and_o to_o inspire_v other_o with_o a_o resolution_n never_o to_o endure_v it_o this_o fable_n be_v thus_o conceive_v have_v very_o natural_o these_o five_o part_n the_o first_o comprehend_v the_o misfortune_n of_o the_o people_n the_o second_o be_v the_o enquiry_n into_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o remedy_n of_o these_o misfortune_n the_o three_o be_v the_o discovery_n thereof_o the_o four_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o this_o discovery_n and_o the_o performance_n of_o what_o the_o god_n require_v namely_o the_o punish_v those_o crime_n that_o have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o ill_n which_o the_o people_n suffer_v and_o the_o five_o be_v the_o cure_n and_o joy_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v the_o consequence_n of_o the_o repentance_n and_o punishment_n of_o oedipus_n but_o this_o last_o part_n be_v very_o improper_a for_o the_o theatre_n the_o calm_a and_o languish_v passion_n of_o which_o the_o spectator_n upon_o this_o occasion_n be_v hardly_o capable_a will_v have_v enervate_v and_o spoil_v the_o beauty_n of_o those_o violent_a passion_n so_o proper_a to_o tragedy_n and_o with_o which_o the_o audience_n be_v to_o be_v inspire_v the_o poet_n then_o be_v not_o to_o make_v a_o exact_a episode_n of_o this_o last_o part_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n he_o have_v divide_v the_o second_o part_n into_o two_o and_o have_v supply_v his_o five_o act_n in_o the_o follow_a method_n 1._o the_o plague_n rage_v in_o the_o city_n of_o thebes_n and_o bring_v so_o many_o misery_n and_o dreadful_a death_n upon_o they_o that_o king_n oedipus_n touch_v with_o the_o misfortune_n of_o his_o subject_n will_v free_o have_v leave_v the_o kingdom_n but_o he_o hope_n for_o some_o relief_n from_o the_o oracle_n he_o have_v send_v to_o consult_v and_o attend_v its_o answer_n 2._o creon_n bring_v he_o the_o answer_n and_o inform_v he_o that_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o theban_n misfortune_n be_v the_o murder_n commit_v upon_o the_o person_n of_o his_o predecessor_n king_n laïus_n and_o that_o the_o remedy_n be_v the_o punish_v of_o the_o murderer_n oedipus_n set_v himself_o upon_o his_o duty_n of_o punish_v the_o offence_n and_o to_o discover_v who_o this_o murderer_n be_v who_o no_o body_n as_o yet_o know_v he_o order_v tiresias_n to_o be_v send_v for_o this_o priest_n begin_v by_o a_o sacrifice_n but_o that_o make_v no_o discovery_n of_o the_o thing_n in_o question_n 3._o he_o then_o have_v recourse_n to_o more_o powerful_a mean_n he_o call_v up_o from_o the_o shade_n below_o the_o ghost_n of_o laïus_n who_o discover_v to_o he_o that_o king_n oedipus_n be_v the_o assassin_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v punish_v and_o moreover_o that_o this_o prince_n who_o think_v himself_o innocent_a be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n guilty_a of_o incest_n and_o parricide_n but_o oedipus_n inform_v of_o this_o only_a by_o creon_n and_o suppose_v he_o be_v bear_v at_o corinth_n son_n to_o king_n polybus_n and_o queen_n merope_n be_v very_o confident_a of_o his_o own_o innocence_n and_o give_v no_o credit_n to_o the_o report_n creon_n make_v he_o he_o be_v persuade_v it_o be_v a_o falsehood_n invent_v to_o out_o he_o of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o which_o creon_n be_v next_o heir_n 4._o but_o at_o last_o he_o understand_v that_o he_o do_v kill_v laïus_n and_o be_v his_o son_n and_o jocasta_n who_o he_o have_v ignorant_o marry_v 5._o he_o punish_v himself_o severe_o pluck_v out_o his_o own_o eye_n go_v into_o exile_n and_o so_o restore_v health_n and_o quietness_n to_o his_o people_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o several_a sort_n of_o episodes_n and_o what_o be_v mean_v by_o this_o term._n the_o word_n episode_n pass_v from_o the_o theatre_n to_o the_o epopéa_n do_v not_o change_v its_o nature_n all_o the_o difference_n 17._o aristotle_n make_v between_o they_o be_v that_o the_o episodes_n of_o tragedy_n be_v short_a and_o the_o episodes_n in_o these_o great_a poem_n be_v by_o much_o the_o long_a so_o slight_a a_o difference_n shall_v be_v no_o hindrance_n to_o our_o speak_n of_o both_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n this_o word_n according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v capable_a of_o three_o distinct_a meaning_n the_o first_o arise_v from_o that_o enumeration_n of_o all_o the_o part_n of_o tragedy_n which_o we_o mention_v for_o if_o there_o be_v only_o four_o part_n viz._n the_o prologue_n the_o chorus_n the_o episode_n and_o the_o epilogue_n it_o follow_v that_o the_o episode_n in_o tragedy_n be_v whatever_o do_v not_o make_v up_o the_o other_o three_o and_o that_o if_o you_o subtract_v those_o three_o the_o episode_n necessary_o comprehend_v all_o that_o remain_v and_o since_o in_o our_o time_n they_o make_v tragedy_n without_o either_o chorus_n prologue_z or_o epilogue_n this_o term_n episode_n signify_v all_o the_o tragedy_n which_o be_v make_v nowadays_o so_o likewise_o the_o epic_a episode_n will_v be_v the_o whole_a poem_n there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v substract_v thence_o but_o the_o proposition_n and_o the_o invocation_n which_o be_v instead_o of_o the_o prologue_n in_o this_o sense_n the_o epopéa_n and_o tragedy_n have_v each_o of_o they_o but_o one_o single_a episode_n or_o rather_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o episode_n and_o if_o the_o part_n and_o incident_n of_o which_o the_o poet_n compose_v his_o work_n have_v a_o ill_a connexion_n together_o than_o the_o poem_n will_v be_v episodical_a and_o defective_a as_o we_o hint_v before_o but_o as_o all_o that_o be_v sing_v in_o tragedy_n be_v according_a to_o aristotle_n expression_n call_v the_o chorus_n in_o the_o singular_a number_n and_o yet_o its_o be_v in_o the_o singular_a be_v no_o reason_n why_o each_o part_n when_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o several_a shall_v not_o be_v call_v the_o chorus_n too_o and_o so_o several_a chorus_n be_v introduce_v just_o so_o in_o the_o episode_n each_o incident_a and_o each_o part_n of_o the_o fable_n and_o the_o action_n be_v not_o only_o style_v a_o part_n of_o the_o episode_n but_o even_o a_o entire_a episode_n it_o be_v in_o this_o sense_n that_o 17._o aristotle_n say_v the_o madness_n of_o orestes_n and_o his_o cure_n by_o expiatory_a sacrifice_n be_v two_o episodes_n this_o term_n take_v in_o this_o sense_n signify_v each_o part_n of_o the_o action_n express_v in_o the_o model_n and_o first_o constitution_n of_o the_o fable_n such_o as_o the_o absence_n and_o travel_n of_o ulysses_n the_o disturbance_n of_o his_o family_n and_o his_o presence_n which_o re-adjusted_n all_o thing_n aristotle_n tell_v we_o of_o a_o three_o sort_n of_o episodes_n when_o he_o say_v that_o whatever_o be_v comprehend_v and_o express_v in_o the_o first_o platform_n of_o the_o fable_n be_v proper_a and_o the_o other_o thing_n be_v episodes_n ibid._n this_o be_v what_o he_o say_v just_a after_o he_o have_v propose_v the_o model_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n we_o must_v then_o in_o the_o odysseïs_n itself_o examine_v what_o this_o three_o sort_n of_o episode_n be_v the_o better_a to_o know_v wherein_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o second_o we_o shall_v see_v how_o the_o incident_n he_o call_v proper_a be_v absolute_o necessary_a and_o how_o those_o which_o he_o distinguish_v by_o the_o name_n of_o episodes_n be_v in_o one_o sense_n necessary_a and_o probable_a and_o in_o another_o sense_n not_o at_o all_o necessary_a but_o such_o as_o the_o poet_n have_v liberty_n to_o make_v use_n of_o or_o not_o after_o homer_n have_v lay_v the_o first_o groundwork_n of_o the_o fable_n and_o prepare_v the_o model_n such_o as_o we_o have_v observe_v it_o to_o be_v it_o be_v not_o then_o at_o his_o choice_n to_o make_v or_o not_o make_v ulysses_n absent_a from_o his_o country_n this_o absence_n be_v essential_a ibid._n aristotle_n style_v and_o place_n it_o among_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o fable_n but_o the_o adventure_n of_o antiphates_n that_o of_o circe_n of_o the_o siren_n of_o scylla_n of_o charybdis_n etc._n etc._n he_o do_v not_o call_v such_o the_o poet_n be_v leave_v at_o his_o full_a liberty_n to_o have_v make_v choice_n of_o any_o other_o as_o well_o as_o these_o thing_n so_o that_o they_o be_v only_o probable_a and_o such_o episodes_n as_o be_v distinct_a from_o the_o main_a action_n to_o which_o in_o this_o sense_n they_o be_v neither_o proper_a nor_o necessary_a but_o now_o let_v we_o see_v in_o what_o sense_n they_o be_v necessary_a thereto_o since_o the_o absence_n of_o ulysses_n be_v necessary_a it_o follow_v that_o not_o be_v at_o home_n he_o
the_o unity_n of_o the_o epic_a action_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o integrity_n of_o the_o action_n aristotle_n not_o only_o say_v that_o the_o epic_a action_n shall_v be_v one_o but_o 23._o he_o add_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v entire_a perfect_a and_o complete_a and_o for_o this_o purpose_n it_o must_v have_v a_o beginning_n a_o middle_a and_o a_o end_n herein_o these_o action_n differ_v from_o those_o of_o aesop_n fable_n for_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n that_o these_o last_o shall_v be_v entire_a and_o complete_a witness_v the_o 7._o fable_n of_o the_o meager_a hunger-starve_a fox_n who_o convey_v himself_o through_o a_o very_a small_a hole_n into_o a_o granary_n full_a of_o corn._n when_o he_o have_v cram_v his_o gut_n he_o be_v for_o march_v the_o same_o way_n out_o again_o but_o he_o find_v himself_o too_o corpulent_a a_o weasel_n at_o a_o distance_n see_v he_o in_o such_o a_o quandary_n tell_v he_o he_o come_v empty_a in_o and_o must_v go_v as_o empty_v out_o now_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o finish_v this_o action_n reynard_n be_v very_o regular_o leave_v in_o this_o place_n without_o tell_v what_o happen_v to_o he_o afterward_o and_o without_o trouble_v one_o head_n whether_o he_o be_v kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n or_o pinch_v his_o gut_n to_o save_v his_o carcase_n or_o whether_o he_o escape_v at_o some_o other_o hole_n this_o action_n than_o be_v not_o a_o whole_a because_o it_o have_v only_o a_o beginning_n and_o middle_a but_o not_o a_o end_n these_o three_o part_n of_o a_o whole_a be_v too_o general_o and_o universal_o denote_v by_o the_o word_n begin_v middle_a and_o end_v we_o may_v interpret_v they_o more_o precise_o and_o say_v that_o the_o cause_n and_o design_n which_o one_o take_v for_o do_v a_o action_n be_v the_o beginning_n of_o this_o action_n that_o the_o effect_n of_o these_o cause_n and_o the_o difficulty_n that_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o execution_n of_o these_o design_n be_v the_o middle_a of_o it_o and_o that_o the_o unravel_v and_o resolution_n of_o these_o difficulty_n be_v the_o end_n of_o the_o action_n this_o end_n and_o this_o unravel_v may_v happen_v after_o different_a way_n and_o so_o form_v several_a sort_n of_o action_n for_o sometime_o the_o action_n end_v by_o the_o discovery_n of_o some_o person_n who_o be_v unknown_a before_o as_o in_o the_o tragedy_n of_o oedipus_n this_o prince_n think_v himself_o the_o son_n of_o polybus_n and_o merope_n king_n and_o queen_n of_o corinth_n and_o he_o discover_v himself_o to_o be_v a_o theban_a the_o son_n of_o laius_n and_o jocasta_n sometime_o without_o any_o discovery_n there_o be_v a_o great_a change_n of_o fortune_n in_o some_o person_n or_o other_o who_o think_v himself_o happy_a all_o on_o a_o sudden_a fall_n into_o a_o misery_n he_o never_o dream_v of_o or_o else_o on_o the_o contrary_a become_v from_o a_o miserable_a a_o very_a happy_a person_n beyond_o all_o expectation_n the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v agamemnon_n case_n after_o the_o ruin_n of_o troy_n who_o think_v himself_o in_o quiet_a possession_n of_o his_o acquire_v glory_n be_v miserable_o butcher_v by_o his_o wife_n 11._o these_o change_n or_o alteration_n from_o one_o kind_n of_o fortune_n to_o the_o contrary_a be_v call_v by_o a_o greek_a name_n peripetias_n sometime_o likewise_o there_o be_v neither_o a_o discovery_n nor_o a_o peripetia_n but_o the_o action_n cease_v and_o passes_z if_o i_o may_v so_o say_v from_o motion_n to_o rest_n after_o a_o simple_a manner_n without_o any_o incident_a but_o such_o as_o may_v be_v expect_v in_o the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o affair_n thus_o in_o the_o troad_n of_o seneca_n hecuba_n and_o the_o trojan_n appear_v at_o first_o as_o in_o captivity_n and_o under_o a_o long_a series_n of_o affliction_n which_o make_v they_o complain_v with_o their_o tongue_n and_o despair_v in_o their_o heart_n the_o ghost_n of_o achilles_n require_v polixena_n shall_v be_v sacrifice_v to_o he_o and_o before_o they_o part_v calchas_z will_v make_v they_o kill_v astyanax_n too_o both_o be_v put_v in_o execution_n and_o so_o the_o tragedy_n end_v 17._o these_o different_a way_n make_v two_o sort_n of_o action_n or_o fable_n the_o one_o simple_n the_o other_o complex_fw-la the_o simple_a action_n be_v such_o as_o end_v without_o a_o discovery_n and_o a_o peripetia_n the_o complex_n have_v either_o a_o discovery_n or_o a_o perpetia_n or_o both_o the_o integrity_n of_o the_o action_n comprehend_v all_o these_o thing_n let_v we_o now_o take_v a_o particular_a view_n of_o they_o chap._n x._o that_o the_o action_n ought_v to_o be_v a_o whole_a this_o proposition_n seem_v contrary_a to_o what_o aristotle_n teach_v we_o when_o he_o say_v 23._o that_o the_o war_n of_o troy_n be_v a_o just_a and_o perfect_a whole_a that_o homer_n have_v take_v but_o a_o part_n of_o it_o that_o therein_o he_o be_v very_o judicious_a and_o that_o those_o who_o instead_o of_o imitate_v he_o have_v take_v this_o whole_a for_o the_o subject_a of_o their_o poem_n have_v take_v too_o much_o matter_n and_o have_v be_v very_o indifferent_a artist_n do_v he_o pretend_v by_o this_o doctrine_n and_o by_o these_o instance_n to_o overthrow_v what_o we_o have_v cite_v out_o of_o that_o very_a treatise_n of_o poetry_n will_v he_o teach_v we_o that_o the_o subject_a and_o matter_n of_o a_o poem_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v a_o whole_a and_o a_o entire_a and_o complete_a action_n but_o only_o a_o part_n of_o a_o action_n sure_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a he_o shall_v contradict_v himself_o thus_o we_o may_v reconcile_v this_o that_o appear_v so_o contradictory_n in_o the_o term_n by_o make_v this_o reflection_n that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o action_n may_v be_v consider_v as_o in_o the_o fable_n where_o the_o poet_n make_v use_v of_o it_o or_o else_o as_o in_o the_o history_n whence_o he_o take_v it_o when_o the_o poet_n be_v upon_o the_o search_n after_o matter_n for_o his_o fable_n he_o light_v upon_o several_a sort_n of_o action_n some_o have_v several_a part_n which_o may_v be_v regular_o connect_v in_o one_o body_n and_o then_o he_o may_v take_v one_o of_o these_o action_n entire_a as_o it_o be_v but_o there_o be_v other_o who_o part_n be_v so_o independent_a to_o one_o another_o that_o a_o man_n can_v with_o any_o probability_n join_v they_o together_o so_o as_o they_o shall_v seem_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n and_o the_o consequence_n of_o each_o other_o and_o this_o be_v what_o aristotle_n condemn_v under_o the_o name_n of_o many-limbed_a fable_n to_o which_o he_o oppose_v those_o which_o have_v but_o one_o only_a part_n he_o do_v not_o absolute_o forbid_v the_o multiplicity_n of_o part_n but_o he_o common_o take_v such_o sort_n of_o word_n in_o the_o worst_a sense_n which_o may_v of_o themselves_o be_v understand_v in_o a_o more_o favourable_a one_o thus_o we_o observe_v that_o he_o condemn_v the_o vicious_a plurality_n of_o fable_n and_o episodes_n under_o the_o term_n of_o polymythia_n and_o episodical_a although_o a_o man_n may_v lawful_o put_v several_a fable_n into_o a_o poem_n and_o there_o be_v none_o but_o have_v several_a episodes_n in_o it_o therefore_o it_o be_v in_o this_o sense_n that_o he_o condemn_v the_o plurality_n of_o the_o part_n in_o a_o epic_a action_n we_o be_v not_o to_o suppose_v that_o he_o condemn_v it_o absolute_o and_o that_o this_o action_n make_v use_v of_o can_v be_v a_o whole_a he_o explain_v his_o own_o meaning_n sufficient_o in_o the_o follow_a word_n 8._o as_o say_v he_o in_o other_o imitation_n that_o which_o a_o man_n imitate_v be_v one_o single_a thing_n so_o likewise_o the_o fable_n be_v the_o imitation_n of_o a_o action_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o this_o action_n be_v one_o entire_a and_o a_o whole_a and_o that_o the_o part_n be_v so_o join_v to_o and_o dependent_a on_o each_o other_o that_o one_o can_v so_o much_o as_o remove_v any_o one_o out_o of_o its_o place_n either_o to_o transpose_v or_o retrench_v it_o quite_o without_o make_v a_o change_n in_o the_o whole_a for_o whatever_o can_v be_v so_o place_v or_o omit_v that_o one_o can_v perceive_v the_o alteration_n can_v by_o no_o mean_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o action_n so_o then_o it_o be_v only_o the_o plurality_n of_o part_n in_o this_o last_o sense_n which_o aristotle_n condemn_v and_o he_o have_v commend_v homer_n for_o have_v take_v only_o a_o part_n of_o all_o that_o pass_v in_o the_o trojan_a war._n but_o yet_o we_o be_v to_o take_v special_a notice_n that_o this_o retrenchment_n of_o all_o the_o other_o part_n do_v not_o hinder_v the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n which_o be_v only_o retain_v from_o be_v a_o whole_a in_o the_o poem_n it_o be_v only_o a_o part_n with_o respect_n to_o the_o whole_a war_n and_o in_o the_o history_n whence_o homer_n take_v it_o but_o it_o
be_v in_o itself_o neither_o the_o beginning_n nor_o the_o end_n this_o middle_a must_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o something_o that_o go_v before_o and_o the_o cause_n of_o some_o other_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o come_v after_o 7._o this_o make_v three_o part_n each_o of_o which_o take_v single_o be_v imperfect_a and_o always_o suppose_v one_o or_o both_o of_o the_o other_o the_o beginning_n suppose_v nothing_o before_o itself_o and_o require_v something_o after_o it_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o end_n require_v nothing_o after_o itself_o but_o suppose_v something_o that_o go_v before_o and_o the_o middle_a suppose_n something_o that_o go_v before_o and_o require_v something_o to_o follow_v after_o we_o will_v explain_v this_o doctrine_n of_o aristotle_n by_o the_o instance_n we_o produce_v eteocles_n and_o polynices_n be_v equal_o the_o son_n and_o heir_n of_o oëdipus_fw-la king_n of_o thebes_n they_o make_v a_o contract_n to_o reign_v a_o year_n by_o turn_n eteocles_n begin_v and_o his_o year_n expire_v refuse_v to_o quit_v his_o throne_n to_o his_o brother_n polynices_n meet_v with_o assistance_n at_o argos_n and_o come_v to_o dispute_v his_o title_n at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o army_n this_o be_v a_o exact_a beginning_n it_o require_v a_o consequence_n but_o not_o any_o thing_n antecedent_n thereto_o therefore_o it_o be_v irregular_o do_v to_o place_n before_o this_o beginning_n the_o recital_n of_o whatever_o happen_v from_o the_o sound_n of_o thebes_n and_o the_o rape_n of_o europa_n down_o to_o that_o time_n the_o quarrel_n of_o these_o two_o brother_n end_v with_o their_o death_n which_o be_v a_o exact_a end_n the_o reader_n do_v not_o desire_v one_o shall_v relate_v what_o become_v of_o creon_n the_o successor_n of_o eteocles_n therefore_o statius_n be_v in_o the_o wrong_n when_o he_o make_v that_o a_o part_n of_o his_o poem_n he_o be_v no_o less_o to_o blame_v for_o put_v in_o the_o middle_a of_o his_o poem_n the_o story_n of_o hypsipyle_n for_o this_o narration_n have_v no_o dependence_n on_o the_o theban_a action_n and_o suppose_v nothing_o before_o it_o and_o require_v nothing_o after_o it_o and_o by_o consequence_n this_o action_n be_v neither_o the_o middle_a nor_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o quarrel_n between_o the_o two_o brother_n or_o of_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o poem_n these_o be_v example_n to_o be_v avoid_v now_o we_o will_v produce_v such_o as_o be_v to_o be_v imitate_v homer_n design_n in_o the_o iliad_n be_v to_o relate_v the_o anger_n and_o revenge_n of_o achilles_n the_o beginning_n of_o this_o action_n be_v the_o change_n of_o achilles_n from_o a_o calm_a to_o a_o passionate_a temper_n the_o middle_a be_v the_o effect_n of_o his_o passion_n and_o all_o the_o illustrious_a death_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o end_n of_o this_o same_o action_n be_v the_o return_n of_o achilles_n to_o his_o calmness_n of_o temper_n again_o all_o be_v quiet_a in_o the_o grecian_a camp_n when_o agamemnon_n their_o general_n provoke_v apollo_n against_o they_o who_o he_o be_v willing_a to_o appease_v afterward_o at_o the_o cost_n and_o prejudice_n of_o achilles_n who_o have_v nothing_o to_o do_v with_o his_o fault_n this_o then_o be_v a_o exact_a beginning_n it_o suppose_v nothing_o before_o and_o require_v after_o it_o the_o effect_n of_o this_o anger_n achilles_n revenge_n himself_o and_o that_o be_v a_o exact_a middle_a it_o suppose_v before_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n who_o be_v provoke_v this_o revenge_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o it_o then_o this_o middle_a require_v after_o it_o the_o effect_n of_o this_o revenge_n which_o be_v the_o satisfaction_n of_o achilles_n for_o the_o revenge_n have_v not_o be_v complete_a unless_o achilles_n have_v be_v satisfy_v by_o this_o mean_n the_o poet_n make_v his_o hero_n after_o he_o be_v glut_v as_o i_o may_v so_o say_v by_o the_o mischief_n he_o have_v do_v to_o agamemnon_n by_o the_o death_n of_o hector_n and_o the_o honour_n he_o do_v his_o friend_n by_o insult_v over_o his_o murderer_n he_o make_v he_o i_o say_v to_o be_v move_v by_o the_o tear_n and_o misfortune_n of_o king_n priam._n we_o see_v he_o as_o calm_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o poem_n during_o the_o funeral_n of_o hector_n as_o he_o be_v at_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o poem_n whilst_o the_o plague_n rage_v among_o the_o grecian_n this_o end_n be_v just_a since_o the_o calmness_n of_o temper_n achilles_n re-enjoyed_a be_v only_o a_o effect_n of_o the_o revenge_n which_o ought_v to_o have_v go_v before_o and_o after_o this_o no_o body_n expect_v any_o more_o of_o his_o anger_n thus_o have_v homer_n be_v very_o exact_a in_o the_o beginning_n middle_a and_o end_n of_o the_o action_n he_o make_v choice_n of_o for_o the_o subject_a of_o his_o iliad_n his_o design_n in_o the_o odysseis_n be_v to_o describe_v the_o return_n of_o ulysses_n from_o the_o ruin_n of_o troy_n and_o his_o arrival_n at_o ithaea_n he_o open_v this_o poem_n with_o the_o complaint_n of_o minerva_n against_o neptune_n who_o oppose_v the_o return_n of_o this_o hero_n and_o against_o calypso_n who_o detain_v he_o in_o a_o island_n far_o from_o ithaca_n be_v this_o a_o beginning_n no_o doubtless_o it_o be_v not_o the_o reader_n will_v fain_o know_v why_o neptune_n be_v displease_v with_o ulysses_n and_o how_o this_o prince_n come_v to_o be_v with_o calypso_n he_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o know_v how_o he_o come_v from_o troy_n thither_o the_o poet_n answer_v his_o demand_n out_o of_o the_o mouth_n of_o ulysses_n himself_o who_o relate_v these_o thing_n and_o begin_v the_o action_n by_o the_o recital_n of_o his_o travel_n from_o the_o city_n of_o troy_n it_o signify_v little_a whether_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o action_n be_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o poem_n as_o we_o shall_v take_v notice_n in_o the_o follow_a book_n where_o we_o shall_v treat_v express_o of_o the_o order_n our_o poet_n have_v observe_v in_o their_o narration_n the_o beginning_n of_o this_o action_n than_o be_v that_o which_o happen_v to_o ulysses_n when_o upon_o his_o leave_v of_o troy_n he_o bend_v his_o course_n for_o ithaca_n the_o middle_a comprehend_v all_o the_o misfortune_n he_o endure_v and_o all_o the_o disorder_n of_o his_o own_o government_n the_o end_n be_v there_o instant_v of_o this_o hero_n in_o the_o peaceable_a possession_n of_o his_o kingdom_n where_o he_o discover_v himself_o to_o his_o son_n his_o wife_n his_o father_n and_o several_z other_o the_o poet_n be_v sensible_a he_o shall_v have_v end_v ill_o have_v he_o go_v no_o far_a than_o the_o death_n of_o these_o prince_n who_o be_v the_o rival_n and_o enemy_n of_o ulysses_n because_o the_o reader_n may_v have_v look_v for_o some_o revenge_n which_o the_o subject_n of_o these_o prince_n may_v have_v take_v on_o he_o who_o have_v kill_v their_o sovereign_n but_o this_o danger_n over_o and_o these_o people_n vanquish_v and_o quiet_v there_o be_v nothing_o more_o to_o be_v expect_v the_o poem_n and_o the_o action_n have_v all_o their_o part_n and_o no_o more_o the_o order_n of_o the_o odysseis_n differ_v from_o that_o of_o the_o iliad_n in_o that_o the_o poem_n do_v not_o begin_v with_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o action_n that_o of_o the_o aeneid_n be_v still_o more_o different_a since_o the_o very_a end_n of_o the_o poem_n be_v not_o the_o end_n of_o the_o action_n of_o aeneis_n but_o we_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o of_o this_o at_o present_a the_o design_n of_o virgil_n be_v to_o conduct_v aeneas_n into_o italy_n there_o to_o establish_v his_o god_n and_o religion_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n there_o be_v this_o difference_n between_o the_o return_n of_o ulysses_n and_o the_o voyage_n of_o aeneas_n that_o no_o one_o ever_o question_n why_o a_o man_n return_v to_o his_o own_o country_n though_o homer_n have_v make_v no_o mention_n of_o the_o natural_a affection_n he_o bear_v to_o his_o country_n yet_o the_o reader_n will_v never_o have_v fell_a out_o with_o he_o for_o this_o omission_n this_o be_v a_o well_o know_v cause_n it_o be_v neither_o a_o action_n of_o which_o one_o ought_v to_o make_v a_o narration_n nor_o a_o thing_n which_o precede_v this_o return_n but_o aeneas_n act_v contrary_a to_o this_o natural_a affection_n he_o abandon_v his_o own_o country_n to_o go_v in_o search_n after_o a_o strange_a land_n the_o reader_n than_o will_v have_v the_o poet_n tell_v he_o why_o this_o hero_n leave_v troy_n beside_o ulysses_n be_v bear_v a_o king_n but_o aeneas_n be_v not_o so_o that_o the_o embarking_a of_o ulysses_n be_v sufficient_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n but_o the_o embarking_a of_o aeneas_n from_o troy_n on_o board_n the_o admiral_n of_o a_o fleet_n of_o twenty_o sail_n can_v be_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o action_n of_o aeneas_n aeneas_n abandon_v
troy_n because_o it_o be_v take_v by_o the_o greek_n and_o be_v king_n of_o the_o trojan_n because_o priam_n be_v dead_a and_o he_o elect_v in_o his_o room_n but_o if_o the_o take_n of_o troy_n be_v the_o consequence_n of_o a_o ten_o year_n siege_n shall_v not_o this_o war_n have_v be_v relate_v as_o the_o necessary_a cause_n of_o the_o take_n and_o ruin_n thereof_o this_o be_v what_o the_o poet_n have_v admirable_o provide_v for_o by_o bring_v it_o about_o that_o neither_o the_o war_n nor_o the_o long_a and_o tedious_a siege_n shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o take_n of_o this_o city_n 2._o therefore_o he_o say_v at_o first_o that_o the_o greek_n be_v worsted_n that_o they_o utter_o despair_v of_o be_v master_n of_o the_o city_n by_o any_o of_o those_o measure_n they_o have_v hitherto_o take_v and_o that_o so_o many_o year_n spend_v in_o the_o war_n be_v but_o so_o much_o time_n lose_v so_o that_o the_o take_v of_o troy_n depend_v not_o upon_o any_o thing_n that_o go_v before_o the_o greek_n form_n another_o design_n which_o be_v a_o exact_a beginning_n of_o a_o action_n for_o it_o suppose_v nothing_o before_o it_o the_o poet_n give_v it_o likewise_o the_o other_o qualification_n of_o a_o beginning_n which_o be_v the_o require_v something_o after_o it_o before_o ever_o the_o grecian_n become_v master_n of_o the_o city_n and_o before_o ever_o king_n priam_n be_v kill_v aeneas_n be_v destine_v to_o re-establish_a a_o more_o noble_a religion_n and_o a_o more_o illustrious_a empire_n elsewhere_o wherefore_o the_o burn_a of_o troy_n be_v not_o a_o entire_a action_n nor_o the_o downfall_n of_o a_o empire_n but_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o alteration_n of_o a_o state_n and_o it_o require_v a_o new_a establishment_n to_o succeed_v it_o the_o ship_n off_o of_o aeneas_n his_o voyage_n his_o battle_n and_o all_o the_o obstacle_n he_o meet_v with_o compose_v a_o just_a middle_a they_o be_v a_o consequence_n of_o the_o destruction_n of_o troy_n and_o of_o the_o choice_n they_o make_v of_o he_o to_o transport_v they_o into_o italy_n and_o these_o same_o incident_n require_v a_o end_n the_o end_n comprehend_v the_o death_n of_o amata_n that_o of_o turnus_n the_o change_n of_o juno_n mind_n and_o the_o term_n of_o the_o peace_n which_o contain_v all_o that_o aeneas_n pretend_v to_o for_o his_o establishment_n but_o for_o the_o better_a judge_v of_o the_o unity_n and_o integrity_n of_o the_o action_n of_o which_o we_o have_v already_o speak_v we_o must_v add_v that_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o design_n the_o first_o sort_n have_v no_o manner_n of_o consequence_n but_o end_n with_o the_o action_n the_o other_o beside_o the_o action_n have_v likewise_o some_o necessary_a consequence_n and_o in_o this_o last_o case_n these_o consequence_n must_v be_v relate_v if_o one_o will_v have_v the_o poem_n be_v as_o entire_a and_o as_o complete_a as_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v our_o poet_n furnish_v we_o with_o instance_n of_o both_o these_o design_n the_o anger_n and_o revenge_n of_o a_o man_n require_v necessary_o nothing_o more_o after_o it_o when_o it_o be_v satisfy_v and_o over_o all_o be_v at_o a_o end_n when_o achilles_n be_v revenge_v when_o he_o have_v receive_v satisfaction_n for_o the_o affront_v put_v upon_o he_o and_o when_o he_o be_v once_o quiet_a a_o man_n never_o inquire_v what_o become_v of_o he_o afterward_o it_o be_v the_o same_o case_n with_o the_o return_n of_o a_o prince_n into_o his_o own_o country_n when_o he_o be_v come_v thither_o have_v put_v a_o end_n to_o those_o disorder_n which_o his_o absence_n have_v cause_v and_o enjoy_v peace_n again_o the_o reader_n be_v satisfy_v nor_o have_v homer_n make_v any_o episode_n that_o have_v transgress_v these_o bound_n virgil_n practice_n have_v be_v otherwise_o because_o he_o undertake_v a_o design_n of_o another_o nature_n the_o establishment_n of_o any_o state_n do_v of_o necessity_n draw_v great_a consequence_n after_o it_o if_o the_o poet_n have_v take_v they_o all_o for_o his_o action_n it_o will_v have_v be_v of_o a_o monstrous_a extent_n because_o the_o roman_a government_n be_v not_o full_o settle_v till_o after_o the_o ruin_n of_o carthage_n which_o have_v so_o long_o dispute_v with_o it_o for_o empire_n and_o liberty_n and_o this_o very_a state_n arrive_v not_o to_o its_o grandeur_n and_o perfection_n till_o under_o augustus_n who_o be_v its_o last_o as_o aeneas_n be_v its_o first_o founder_n therefore_o virgil_n have_v not_o take_v this_o for_o the_o matter_n of_o his_o poem_n but_o 6._o he_o relate_v it_o by_o such_o recital_n as_o homer_n make_v use_v of_o in_o his_o odysseïs_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o of_o the_o wound_n ulysses_n receive_v on_o the_o top_n of_o parnassus_n upon_o this_o account_n we_o observe_v that_o the_o poet_n may_v relate_v such_o incident_n as_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o matter_n of_o his_o poem_n but_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v not_o the_o matter_n thereof_o it_o be_v thus_o that_o virgil_n practice_n in_o the_o machine_n make_v jupiter_n in_o the_o first_o and_o anchises_n in_o the_o six_o book_n to_o make_v these_o prophetical_a recital_n there_o be_v something_o still_o more_o noble_a in_o the_o episode_n of_o dido_n where_o by_o a_o allegory_n and_o a_o conduct_n which_o one_o can_v never_o sufficient_o admire_v he_o bring_v into_o the_o body_n of_o his_o action_n all_o the_o succeed_a history_n of_o carthage_n and_o this_o so_o natural_o too_o that_o one_o will_v think_v the_o poet_n shall_v have_v make_v dido_n say_v and_o act_n just_a as_o she_o do_v though_o there_o have_v never_o be_v any_o quarrel_n between_o these_o two_o state_n and_o though_o there_o have_v never_o be_v such_o a_o man_n as_o hannibal_n chap._n xii_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o action_n a_o historian_n do_v not_o make_v his_o subject-matter_n himself_o he_o speak_v nothing_o but_o what_o he_o know_v and_o in_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o state_n we_o often_o see_v effect_n who_o cause_n be_v never_o know_v those_o who_o act_n in_o it_o keep_v all_o thing_n in_o private_a and_o the_o more_o they_o do_v so_o the_o great_a regnare_fw-la politician_n be_v they_o account_v so_o that_o on_o one_o side_n the_o historian_n be_v oblige_v to_o declare_v all_o the_o cause_n he_o know_v because_o these_o circumstance_n be_v very_o instructive_a but_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n he_o be_v just_o dispense_v from_o relate_v several_a cause_n because_o he_o can_v come_v to_o any_o knowledge_n of_o they_o a_o poet_n have_v the_o same_o reason_n to_o tell_v all_o the_o cause_n of_o his_o action_n and_o he_o be_v likewise_o more_o oblige_v to_o it_o than_o a_o historian_n since_o it_o be_v more_o proper_a and_o essential_a for_o poetry_n to_o instruct_v than_o it_o be_v for_o history_n but_o the_o poet_n have_v not_o the_o same_o reason_n to_o excuse_v his_o omission_n of_o any_o cause_n whatever_o he_o make_v his_o matter_n himself_o and_o if_o he_o take_v any_o thing_n from_o history_n it_o be_v but_o so_o far_o as_o history_n suit_v thereto_o he_o must_v feign_v whatever_o be_v not_o there_o or_o else_o change_v what_o be_v not_o suit_v to_o his_o purpose_n if_o it_o be_v propose_n that_o some_o thing_n may_v lie_v conceal_v from_o he_o because_o no_o man_n can_v know_v every_o thing_n he_o than_o be_v instruct_v by_o the_o god_n who_o do_v know_v every_o thing_n virgil_n be_v my_o warrant_n in_o the_o case_n before_o we_o 1._o he_o invoke_v a_o deity_n that_o he_o may_v come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o his_o action_n and_o he_o relate_v such_o thing_n as_o he_o can_v never_o know_v but_o by_o revelation_n since_o he_o say_v they_o happen_v to_o dido_n alone_o and_o which_o she_o never_o make_v any_o one_o no_o not_o so_o much_o as_o her_o sister_n acquaint_v with_o thus_o be_v the_o poet_n oblige_v to_o tell_v all_o the_o cause_n not_o only_o that_o he_o may_v instruct_v as_o we_o hint_v before_o but_o likewise_o that_o he_o may_v please_v for_o without_o doubt_v this_o be_v very_o grateful_a there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o cause_n some_o be_v more_o general_a and_o undetermined_a such_o as_o the_o humour_n of_o any_o one_o for_o it_o be_v upon_o humour_n that_o every_o one_o common_o regulate_v his_o conduct_n and_o act_n upon_o occasion_n other_o be_v more_o precise_a such_o as_o the_o interest_n of_o those_o that_o act._n and_o last_o there_o be_v other_o which_o be_v more_o immediate_a such_o as_o the_o design_n which_o one_o take_v to_o promote_v or_o hinder_v any_o thing_n these_o different_a cause_n of_o a_o action_n be_v likewise_o frequent_o the_o cause_n of_o one_o another_o every_o one_o take_v up_o those_o interest_n which_o his_o humour_n engage_v he_o in_o and_o form_v such_o design_n as_o his_o humour_n and_o
hero_n it_o seem_v as_o if_o he_o alone_o be_v more_o proper_o the_o subject-matter_n of_o the_o poem_n than_o all_o the_o rest_n homer_n name_v achilles_n particular_o and_o add_v agamemnon_n to_o he_o as_o we_o hint_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n ulysses_n and_o aeneas_n be_v not_o name_v but_o only_o imply_v and_o that_o in_o such_o general_a term_n that_o we_o shall_v not_o know_v they_o have_v we_o not_o information_n otherways_o that_o they_o be_v the_o person_n for_o what_o do_v the_o proposition_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n say_v concern_v the_o return_n of_o ulysses_n from_o the_o ruin_n of_o troy_n but_o what_o may_v be_v in_o the_o proposition_n of_o a_o poem_n that_o treat_v of_o the_o return_n of_o diomedes_n this_o practice_n may_v have_v perhaps_o some_o respect_n to_o the_o primary_n invention_n of_o the_o poet_n who_o ought_v at_o first_o to_o feign_v his_o action_n without_o name_n and_o relate_v not_o the_o action_n of_o alcibiades_n as_o aristotle_n say_v nor_o consequent_o the_o action_n of_o achilles_n ulysses_n aeneas_n or_o any_o other_o in_o particular_a but_o of_o a_o universal_a general_n and_o allegorical_a person_n but_o since_o homer_n have_v do_v otherwise_o in_o his_o iliad_n and_o have_v mention_v achilles_n by_o his_o own_o name_n and_o that_o of_o his_o father_n too_o one_o can_v condemn_v the_o practice_n of_o name_v the_o person_n in_o the_o proposition_n beside_o the_o character_n which_o the_o poet_n will_v give_v his_o hero_n and_o all_o his_o work_n be_v take_v notice_n of_o likewise_o by_o homer_n and_o virgil._n all_o the_o iliad_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o heat_n and_o passion_n and_o that_o be_v the_o character_n of_o achilles_n and_o the_o 〈◊〉_d first_o thing_n the_o poet_n begin_v with_o the_o odysseïs_n in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d first_o verse_n present_v we_o with_o the_o prudence_n dissimulation_n and_o artifice_n that_o ulysses_n make_v use_v of_o to_o so_o many_o different_a person_n and_o in_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o latin_a poem_n we_o see_v the_o virum_fw-la meekness_n and_o piety_n of_o aeneas_n these_o character_n be_v keep_v up_o by_o another_o such_o like_a quality_n namely_o that_o of_o a_o warrior_n the_o proposition_n of_o the_o iliad_n say_v that_o the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n cost_v a_o great_a many_o hero_n their_o life_n that_o of_o the_o odysseïs_n represent_v ulysses_n as_o victor_n of_o troy_n from_o the_o destruction_n of_o which_o he_o come_v and_o that_o of_o the_o aeneid_n begin_v with_o arm_n i_o have_v already_o observe_v that_o horace_n speak_v of_o war_n and_o general_n in_o the_o subject_a matter_n of_o the_o epopéa_n as_o for_o the_o way_n of_o make_v the_o proposition_n horace_n only_o prescribe_v modesty_n and_o simplicity_n he_o will_v not_o have_v we_o promise_v too_o much_o nor_o raise_v in_o the_o reader_n be_v mind_n too_o large_a idea_n of_o what_o we_o be_v go_v to_o relate_v poet._n his_o word_n be_v these_o begin_v not_o as_o the_o old_a poetaster_n do_v troy_n famous_a war_n and_o priam_n '_o s_o fate_n i_o sing_v in_o what_o will_v all_o this_o ostentation_n end_n the_o mountain_n labour_n and_o a_o mouse_n be_v bear_v how_o far_o be_v this_o from_o the_o maeonian_a style_n muse_n speak_v the_o man_n who_o since_o the_o siege_n of_o troy_n so_o many_o town_n such_o change_n of_o manner_n saw_n one_o with_o a_o flash_n begin_v and_o end_n in_o smoke_n the_o other_o out_o of_o smoak_n bring_v glorious_a light_n and_o without_o raise_v expectation_n high_a surprise_v we_o with_o dazzle_v miracle_n the_o bloody_a lestrygon_n in_o humane_a feast_n with_o all_o the_o monster_n of_o the_o land_n and_o sea_n how_o scylla_n bark_v and_o polyphemus_n roar_v horace_n art_n of_o poetry_n english_v by_o roscommon_n and_o in_o truth_n what_o can_v be_v more_o simple_a and_o modest_a than_o the_o proposition_n of_o the_o odysseïs_n which_o do_v not_o promise_v we_o any_o great_a action_n of_o this_o hero_n but_o only_o the_o danger_n and_o the_o continual_a fatigue_n of_o his_o voyage_n and_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o miserable_a companion_n we_o shall_v find_v the_o very_a same_o simplicity_n and_o modesty_n in_o the_o proposition_n of_o the_o aeneid_n the_o poet_n do_v not_o say_v his_o hero_n have_v do_v much_o but_o only_o that_o he_o have_v suffer_v much_o tho'_o he_o speak_v of_o alba_n and_o the_o roman_a empire_n yet_o he_o propose_v neither_o as_o part_n of_o his_o matter_n but_o as_o consequence_n which_o other_o hero_n have_v bring_v to_o perfection_n a_o great_a while_n after_o so_o homer_n in_o his_o odysseïs_n have_v speak_v of_o the_o destruction_n of_o troy_n but_o withal_o as_o a_o action_n already_o do_v and_o which_o his_o reader_n be_v not_o to_o expect_v will_v be_v rehearse_v in_o the_o sequel_n of_o the_o poem_n the_o proposition_n of_o the_o iliad_n be_v something_o more_o lofty_a in_o that_o it_o mention_n the_o death_n of_o so_o many_o hero_n but_o this_o be_v so_o far_o the_o matter_n of_o this_o poem_n that_o it_o seem_v as_o if_o it_o can_v not_o have_v be_v whole_o omit_v and_o beside_o art_n may_v oblige_v the_o poet_n to_o make_v some_o kind_n of_o conformity_n between_o the_o character_n of_o the_o proposition_n and_o that_o of_o the_o whole_a poem_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o long_a series_n of_o heat_n and_o violence_n but_o to_o conclude_v the_o poet_n acquit_v himself_o of_o these_o obligation_n with_o so_o much_o simplicity_n and_o modesty_n that_o one_o can_v charge_v upon_o he_o the_o transgress_a of_o horace_n rule_n for_o he_o do_v not_o say_v that_o these_o heroe_n death_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o his_o heroe_n valour_n and_o courage_n he_o only_o say_v that_o he_o sing_v the_o anger_n of_o achilles_n which_o have_v bring_v so_o many_o disaster_n upon_o the_o greek_n and_o have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o death_n of_o so_o many_o home_n who_o be_v expose_v as_o a_o prey_n to_o bird_n and_o beast_n certain_o if_o there_o be_v any_o thing_n of_o grandeur_n here_o it_o be_v not_o so_o much_o in_o any_o glory_n or_o splendour_n as_o in_o that_o trouble_n and_o smoke_n which_o will_v scarce_o let_v we_o see_v it_o beside_o this_o sort_n of_o bombast_n which_o thing_n propose_v with_o too_o much_o glaze_v produce_v or_o which_o arise_v from_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o personage_n that_o at_o the_o very_a first_o be_v praise_v unreasonable_o and_o set_v off_o with_o too_o great_a idea_n there_o be_v yet_o another_o that_o respect_v the_o person_n of_o the_o poet._n he_o shall_v speak_v as_o modest_o of_o himself_o as_o of_o his_o hero_n or_o his_o subject_n virgil_n in_o plain_a term_n say_v that_o he_o sing_v the_o action_n of_o aeneas_n homer_n beg_v his_o muse_n to_o inspire_v the_o action_n into_o he_o or_o to_o sing_v it_o for_o he_o this_o be_v all_o claudian_n have_v not_o follow_v these_o exemplar_n etc._n he_o say_v his_o song_n shall_v be_v full_a of_o boldness_n that_o the_o poetical_a fury_n and_o the_o whole_a divinity_n of_o apollo_n have_v so_o swell_v his_o mind_n and_o possess_v his_o sense_n that_o they_o have_v not_o leave_v any_o thing_n human_a about_o he_o that_o the_o rest_n of_o mankind_n be_v profane_a who_o conversation_n he_o can_v no_o long_o endure_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o such_o like_a stuff_n these_o rapture_n well_o manage_v will_v look_v well_o enough_o in_o a_o ode_n a_o pastoral_n or_o some_o such_o piece_n that_o be_v short_a enough_o to_o preserve_v they_o to_o the_o last_o and_o where_o we_o may_v suppose_v they_o to_o have_v be_v utter_v all_o in_o a_o breath_n but_o a_o poem_n so_o long_o as_o a_o epopéa_n admit_v not_o these_o rhapsodical_a proposition_n from_o a_o poet_n that_o be_v well_o in_o his_o wit_n this_o be_v horace_n doctrine_n who_o will_v have_v the_o proposition_n of_o the_o epic_a poem_n be_v simple_a and_o modest_a and_o yet_o he_o stick_v not_o in_o one_o of_o his_o 1._o ode_n to_o do_v what_o claudian_n do_v in_o the_o proposition_n we_o cite_v this_o poem_n of_o claudian_n that_o begin_v so_o ill_o justify_v the_o rule_n which_o horace_n have_v draw_v from_o the_o practice_n of_o homer_n one_o may_v even_o there_o observe_v that_o those_o who_o be_v so_o dare_v in_o what_o they_o propose_v be_v so_o more_o out_o of_o lightness_n and_o vanity_n than_o out_o of_o any_o knowledge_n of_o their_o ability_n and_o art_n and_o that_o common_o they_o be_v the_o least_o able_a to_o keep_v up_o to_o it_o claudian_n be_v not_o able_a to_o carry_v the_o terror_n which_o he_o propose_v as_o the_o subject_a of_o his_o poem_n any_o far_a than_o the_o middle_n of_o his_o first_o book_n and_o that_o internal_a darkness_n which_o shall_v have_v eclipse_v the_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n can_v not_o take_v off_o from_o the_o lustre_n of_o the_o
contend_v beside_o these_o sort_n of_o probability_n there_o be_v still_o another_o particular_a one_o which_o we_o may_v call_v a_o accidental_a probability_n it_o consist_v not_o in_o make_v use_n of_o several_a incident_n each_o of_o which_o in_o particular_a be_v probable_a but_o in_o order_v they_o so_o that_o they_o shall_v happen_v all_o together_o very_a probably_n a_o man_n for_o instance_n may_v probably_n die_v of_o a_o apoplexy_n but_o that_o this_o shall_v happen_v exact_o when_o the_o poet_n have_v occasion_n to_o unravel_v his_o plot_n be_v not_o so_o easy_o grant_v the_o fault_n against_o this_o probability_n be_v of_o a_o large_a extent_n for_o they_o comprehend_v the_o multitude_n of_o marvellous_a thing_n each_o of_o which_o may_v have_v be_v regular_a in_o the_o particular_a but_o which_o in_o all_o probability_n can_v be_v heap_v up_o in_o so_o great_a a_o number_n and_o so_o small_a a_o space_n it_o be_v likewise_o a_o fault_n against_o this_o probability_n when_o a_o incident_a not_o due_o prepare_v though_o it_o need_v it_o be_v bring_v in_o all_o on_o a_o sudden_a a_o desire_n of_o surprise_v the_o auditor_n by_o the_o sight_n of_o some_o beauty_n which_o they_o never_o expect_v cast_v poet_n of_o little_a judgement_n into_o these_o error_n but_o the_o effect_n thereof_o be_v of_o very_o ill_a consequence_n when_o a_o man_n set_v himself_o to_o seek_v for_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o event_n in_o what_o he_o have_v already_o see_v this_o application_n of_o thought_n take_v away_o all_o the_o pleasure_n it_o will_v vex_v a_o man_n to_o take_v too_o much_o pain_n to_o find_v out_o these_o cause_n but_o much_o more_o if_o he_o can_v not_o find_v they_o out_o at_o all_o and_o when_o at_o last_o the_o poet_n do_v discover_v they_o the_o passion_n be_v weaken_a or_o destroy_v by_o these_o misplace_a instruction_n the_o comedian_n make_v use_v of_o these_o surprise_v more_o frequent_o and_o can_v reap_v some_o advantage_n from_o they_o but_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o epopéa_n will_v not_o away_o with_o these_o petty_a amusement_n all_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v manage_v after_o a_o natural_a way_n so_o that_o the_o incident_n thereof_o must_v be_v due_o prepare_v or_o else_o be_v such_o as_o need_v no_o preparation_n virgil_n be_v exact_a in_o this_o juno_n prepare_v the_o tempest_n which_o she_o raise_v in_o the_o first_o book_n venus_n in_o the_o same_o book_n prepare_v the_o amour_n of_o the_o four_o the_o death_n of_o dido_n which_o happen_v at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o four_o book_n be_v prepare_v from_o the_o very_a *_o first_o day_n of_o her_o marriage_n lethi_fw-la helenus_z in_o the_o three_o book_n prepare_v all_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o six_o in_o the_o six_o sibyl_n foretell_v all_o the_o ensue_a war_n the_o outrages_a of_o turnus_n the_o misfortune_n which_o be_v to_o happen_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o lavinia_n and_o likewise_o the_o voyage_n of_o aeneas_n with_o evander_n we_o shall_v be_v too_o tedious_a if_o we_o take_v notice_n of_o every_o thing_n of_o this_o nature_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o admirable_a or_o the_o marvellous_a admiration_n be_v oppose_v to_o probability_n it_o be_v the_o business_n of_o the_o last_o to_o reduce_v every_o thing_n into_o the_o most_o simple_a and_o most_o natural_a order_n whereas_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n we_o never_o admire_v any_o thing_n but_o what_o appear_v extraordinary_a and_o out_o of_o the_o common_a road._n this_o be_v that_o which_o deceive_v some_o who_o to_o make_v their_o hero_n admire_v raise_v they_o to_o what_o be_v impossible_a this_o practice_n meet_v with_o a_o quite_o contrary_a effect_n for_o if_o we_o will_v have_v a_o thing_n admire_v we_o shall_v make_v it_o so_o probable_a that_o it_o may_v be_v conceive_v and_o credit_v we_o never_o admire_v that_o which_o we_o think_v have_v actual_o never_o be_v and_o all_o extravagant_a flight_n put_v we_o upon_o this_o thought_n and_o yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v i_o may_v yield_v too_o much_o to_o reason_n and_o probability_n contrary_a to_o aristotle_n mind_n who_o prefer_v the_o admirable_a by_o far_o before_o they_o let_v we_o see_v what_o he_o say_v about_o it_o and_o let_v the_o world_n agree_v to_o it_o as_o they_o see_v cause_n 24._o it_o be_v requisite_a say_v he_o that_o the_o marvellous_a shall_v be_v in_o tragedy_n but_o much_o more_o in_o the_o epopéa_n which_o in_o this_o go_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o reason_n for_o since_o they_o do_v not_o see_v the_o person_n act_n as_o they_o do_v upon_o the_o stage_n that_o which_o transgress_v the_o bound_n of_o reason_n be_v very_o proper_a to_o produce_v the_o marvellous_a that_o which_o homer_n say_v of_o hector_n pursue_v by_o achilles_n will_v have_v be_v very_o ridiculous_a upon_o the_o stage_n where_o one_o shall_v have_v see_v so_o many_o person_n in_o a_o fight_n look_v on_o hector_n as_o he_o be_v fly_v without_o pursue_v he_o and_o only_o one_o person_n follow_v give_v a_o signal_n to_o the_o rest_n to_o stand_v off_o but_o this_o be_v not_o discernible_a in_o the_o epopéa_fw-la aristotle_n say_v further_a ibid._n that_o these_o addition_n that_o be_v make_v to_o reason_n and_o truth_n for_o the_o raise_n of_o admiration_n be_v likewise_o pleasant_a and_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a how_o natural_a this_o be_v by_o the_o ordinary_a practice_n of_o most_o people_n who_o to_o make_v their_o story_n the_o more_o divert_v and_o something_o or_o another_o of_o their_o own_o invention_n but_o that_o homer_n outdo_v all_o man_n in_o teach_v we_o how_o to_o tell_v these_o sort_n of_o yes_o with_o a_o bon_fw-fr grace_n these_o fiction_n of_o homer_n be_v among_o other_o thing_n such_o as_o horace_n commend_v in_o the_o odysseïs_n and_o which_o he_o find_v to_o be_v equal_o beautiful_a and_o surprise_a join_v together_o these_o two_o qualification_n the_o pleasant_a and_o the_o marvellous_a after_o the_o same_o manner_n that_o we_o have_v observe_v aristotle_n do_v but_o though_o this_o philosopher_n may_v have_v say_v thus_o much_o certain_o he_o never_o design_v to_o allow_v man_n a_o full_a licence_n of_o carry_v thing_n beyond_o probability_n and_o reason_n beside_o without_o do_v he_o the_o least_o injustice_n and_o without_o abate_v any_o thing_n of_o his_o due_a authority_n it_o may_v be_v question_v whether_o the_o example_n of_o homer_n which_o he_o propose_v will_v have_v be_v exact_a enough_o for_o virgil_n imitation_n for_o the_o custom_n of_o speak_v by_o fable_n and_o allegory_n even_o in_o prose_n and_o before_o the_o people_n be_v not_o in_o vogue_n at_o rome_n in_o the_o latin_a poet_n time_n so_o that_o beside_o the_o allegorical_a sense_n he_o be_v far_o oblige_v to_o insert_v some_o other_o which_o one_o may_v understand_v simple_o without_o any_o more_o ado_n last_o that_o which_o i_o infer_v from_o the_o doctrine_n of_o aristotle_n be_v that_o he_o prescribe_v the_o marvellous_a and_o the_o probable_a to_o both_o the_o epic_a and_o the_o dramatic_a poet_n but_o in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o dramatic_a have_v a_o great_a regard_n to_o the_o probable_a than_o the_o marvellous_a and_o that_o the_o epic_a on_o the_o contrary_n prefer_v the_o admirable_a the_o reason_n of_o this_o difference_n be_v that_o we_o see_v what_o be_v do_v in_o tragedy_n and_o only_o hear_v by_o recital_n the_o adventure_n of_o the_o epopéa_n it_o be_v upon_o this_o consideration_n that_o horace_n order_n poet._n that_o in_o tragedy_n themselves_o the_o two_o surprise_v incident_n such_o as_o the_o transformation_n of_o progne_n into_o a_o bird_n or_o of_o cadmus_n into_o a_o serpent_n shall_v be_v keep_v from_o the_o spectator_n view_n there_o needs_o only_o simple_a narration_n to_o be_v make_v of_o these_o thing_n it_o be_v likewise_o for_o this_o reason_n that_o the_o epopéa_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o machine_n which_o be_v as_o so_o many_o miracle_n and_o exceed_v natural_a probability_n but_o they_o be_v not_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n allow_v upon_o the_o theatre_n we_o add_v further_o that_o if_o for_o the_o better_a please_a the_o auditor_n by_o a_o surprise_v incident_a one_o shall_v transgress_v the_o boundary_n of_o reason_n and_o truth_n their_o mind_n ought_v to_o be_v dispose_v thereto_o by_o something_o that_o may_v set_v they_o so_o far_o beside_o themselves_o that_o they_o be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o perceive_v that_o they_o be_v impose_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o that_o they_o may_v thank_v the_o poet_n for_o have_v surprise_v they_o so_o pleasant_o this_o be_v what_o mounseur_fw-fr corneille_n have_v observe_v in_o his_o cid_n he_o know_v well_o enough_o that_o he_o can_v not_o bring_v rodrigues_n into_o the_o earl_n house_n who_o he_o have_v but_o just_a then_o murder_v without_o transgress_v against_o reason_n and_o probability_n but_o then_o he_o know_v as_o well_o that_o
mere_a quality_n in_o their_o own_o nature_n produce_v neither_o of_o these_o two_o effect_n such_o as_o valour_n art_n the_o knowledge_n of_o science_n and_o the_o like_a solomon_n can_v still_o preserve_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o science_n even_o when_o he_o be_v become_v a_o idolater_n aencas_n and_o mezentius_n be_v both_o valiant_a yet_o one_o be_v a_o pious_a and_o a_o good_a man_n the_o other_o a_o atheistical_a and_o profane_a fellow_n it_o be_v far_a observable_a that_o among_o the_o inclination_n there_o be_v some_o which_o belong_v more_o peculiarly_a to_o some_o particular_a adventure_n and_o that_o be_v only_o of_o use_n upon_o certain_a occasion_n such_o for_o instance_n be_v valour_n clemency_n and_o liberality_n other_o be_v more_o universal_a and_o appear_v in_o every_o thing_n such_o as_o be_v good_a nature_n and_o a_o passionate_a temper_n for_o a_o man_n may_v be_v passionate_a and_o violent_a not_o only_o in_o war_n but_o at_o a_o council_n board_n and_o upon_o all_o other_o occasion_n as_o achilles_n be_v or_o he_o may_v be_v mild_a and_o good-natured_a even_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o battle_n as_o aeneas_n we_o shall_v call_v this_o last_o species_n of_o general_a and_o universal_a manner_n the_o character_n of_o such_o or_o such_o a_o person_n and_o will_v treat_v of_o it_o more_o particular_o the_o cause_n of_o our_o manner_n be_v either_o whole_o external_n or_o whole_o internal_a or_o they_o may_v be_v consider_v as_o partly_o external_n partly_o internal_a the_o external_n cause_n be_v god_n the_o star_n and_o our_o native_a country_n the_o mix_a cause_n be_v our_o parent_n and_o education_n the_o internal_a cause_n be_v the_o complexion_n the_o sex_n the_o passion_n and_o the_o action_n whereby_o we_o contract_v these_o habit_n the_o effect_n of_o our_o manner_n be_v the_o discourse_n the_o design_n and_o the_o essay_n we_o make_v to_o do_v such_o or_o such_o a_o thing_n and_o the_o good_a bad_a or_o indifferent_a action_n poetry_n be_v not_o the_o only_a thing_n where_o the_o manner_n be_v of_o use_n philosopher_n historian_n geographer_n and_o rhetorician_n treat_v of_o they_o as_o well_o as_o poet_n each_o of_o these_o in_o his_o own_o way_n but_o the_o poet_n have_v need_n of_o all_o and_o beside_o these_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o thing_n which_o he_o be_v indispensible_o oblige_v to_o be_v acquaint_v with_o that_o he_o may_v make_v his_o personage_n speak_v and_o act_v regular_o whatsoever_o have_v be_v say_v on_o this_o subject_a yet_o i_o can_v whole_o pass_v it_o over_o i_o shall_v only_o content_v myself_o to_o apply_v it_o to_o the_o practice_n of_o virgil._n therefore_o before_o i_o treat_v of_o the_o poetical_a manner_n i_o will_v explain_v at_o large_a what_o i_o have_v propose_v concern_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n and_o i_o shall_v say_v something_o concern_v the_o manner_n that_o be_v foreign_a to_o poetry_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n god_n be_v the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o cause_n in_o general_a we_o shall_v look_v upon_o he_o here_o in_o particular_a as_o the_o most_o universal_a and_o first_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n he_o be_v the_o author_n of_o nature_n and_o dispose_v of_o all_o thing_n as_o he_o think_v fit_a this_o cause_n render_v the_o manner_n of_o aeneas_n good_a even_o to_o admiration_n it_o be_v superfluous_a to_o show_v how_o this_o hero_n be_v favour_v by_o jupiter_n since_o we_o see_v juno_n who_o prosecute_v he_o love_n and_o esteem_v his_o person_n the_o star_n and_o principal_o the_o sign_n and_o planet_n be_v the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n the_o 1._o poet_n take_v notice_n what_o influence_n they_o have_v upon_o men._n when_o in_o the_o person_n of_o dido_n he_o prove_v from_o they_o that_o the_o tyrian_n be_v not_o so_o dull_a but_o that_o they_o know_v what_o esteem_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v for_o virtue_n but_o be_v it_o by_o chance_n think_v you_o that_o this_o poet_n who_o elsewhere_o be_v so_o skilful_a in_o astronomy_n cause_v the_o planet_n to_o act_v in_o favour_n of_o his_o hero_n conformable_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o astrologer_n of_o the_o seven_o there_o be_v three_o that_o favour_n he_o jupiter_n venus_n and_o the_o sun_n all_o three_o act_n visible_o in_o the_o poem_n in_o behalf_n of_o aeneas_n there_o be_v three_o other_o who_o influence_n be_v malignant_a saturn_n mars_n the_o moon_n or_o diana_n if_o they_o act_v it_o be_v indeed_o against_o the_o hero_n but_o they_o appear_v so_o obscure_o that_o one_o may_v say_v virgil_n have_v hide_v they_o below_o the_o horizon_n last_o mercury_n who_o planet_n be_v say_v to_o be_v good_a with_o the_o good_a and_o bad_a with_o the_o bad_a act_v visible_o as_o the_o good_a planet_n do_v but_o he_o never_o act_v alone_o it_o be_v jupiter_n that_o always_o send_v he_o out_o and_o this_o be_v the_o horoscope_n which_o the_o poet_n make_v for_o the_o birth_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n the_o three_o external_a cause_n of_o the_o manner_n be_v the_o country_n in_o which_o one_o be_v born_n virgil_n bestow_v great_a commendation_n on_o the_o country_n of_o his_o hero_n and_o advance_v it_o far_o above_o greece_n 2._o as_o long_o as_o troy_n be_v assault_v fair_o by_o force_n it_o always_o remain_v victorious_a it_o be_v only_o the_o fraud_n and_o treachery_n of_o the_o grecian_n that_o gain_v the_o mastery_n over_o the_o generosity_n of_o the_o trojan_n so_o that_o according_a to_o their_o country_n the_o one_o party_n be_v brave_a and_o generous_a the_o other_o knave_n and_o cheat_n the_o one_o civil_a the_o other_o barbarous_a the_o one_o hardy_n the_o other_o nice_n etc._n etc._n after_o these_o cause_n that_o be_v proper_o external_a follow_v next_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n who_o blood_n be_v derive_v down_o to_o their_o child_n we_o can_v say_v that_o the_o parent_n be_v such_o cause_n as_o be_v altogether_o foreign_a to_o the_o inclination_n of_o those_o who_o be_v form_v from_o their_o substance_n let_v we_o apply_v this_o to_o our_o subject_n aeneas_n spring_v from_o the_o royal_a blood_n of_o troy_n the_o first_o prince_n of_o this_o family_n be_v as_o virtuous_a as_o powerful_a but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n these_o two_o thing_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o different_a branch_n ilus_n leave_v the_o crown_n to_o laomedon_n and_o his_o virtue_n to_o assaracus_n priam_n and_o paris_n be_v heir_n to_o the_o first_o anchises_n and_o aeneas_n to_o the_o second_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o poet_n bestow_v upon_o his_o hero_n the_o good_a inclination_n of_o his_o ancestor_n before_o ever_o he_o restore_v to_o he_o the_o regal_a power_n his_o piety_n deserve_v the_o sceptre_n of_o his_o father_n and_o the_o perfidiousness_n of_o the_o other_o branch_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o priam_n family_n be_v extirpate_v the_o innocent_a themselves_o feel_v likewise_o the_o smart_n of_o it_o as_o 3._o virgil_n observe_v of_o polydore_n this_o be_v more_o clear_o express_v by_o the_o greek_a poet._n iliad_n he_o lay_v down_o the_o genealogy_n of_o priam_n and_o aeneas_n and_o add_v that_o jupiter_n hate_v the_o family_n of_o priam_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o aeneas_n be_v to_o command_v the_o trojan_n and_o transmit_v the_o empire_n to_o his_o posterity_n these_o be_v the_o advantage_n aeneas_n derive_v from_o his_o father_n his_o mother_n be_v the_o goddess_n from_o who_o he_o derive_v the_o character_n of_o good_a nature_n and_o meekness_n which_o be_v the_o fine_a ornament_n of_o his_o manner_n parent_n likewise_o hand_n down_o to_o their_o child_n their_o nobility_n which_o often_o make_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o difference_n between_o those_o that_o be_v noble_a and_o those_o that_o be_v not_o now_o that_o which_o happen_v often_o or_o ordinary_o in_o these_o thing_n be_v the_o rule_n which_o the_o poet_n ought_v to_o go_v by_o it_o will_v argue_v ignorance_n or_o childishness_n to_o do_v otherwise_o and_o one_o shall_v fall_v under_o these_o censure_n if_o for_o instance_n one_o shall_v cause_v a_o poetical_a person_n to_o be_v bear_v under_o a_o unlucky_a constellation_n to_o who_o we_o will_v give_v good_a inclination_n and_o a_o happy_a fortune_n whatsoever_o instance_n may_v be_v oppose_v against_o the_o pretend_a doctrine_n of_o astrologer_n yet_o that_o which_o be_v admirable_a and_o extraordinary_a in_o poet_n do_v not_o consist_v in_o contradict_v the_o common_a receive_v opinion_n about_o these_o thing_n education_n be_v another_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n which_o depend_v upon_o the_o two_o former_a to_o wit_n the_o care_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o parent_n virgil_n have_v not_o forget_v this_o cause_n those_o likewise_o with_o who_o one_o converse_v contribute_v very_o much_o towards_o those_o various_a inclination_n that_o proceed_v from_o education_n whether_o one_o suit_v himself_o to_o their_o humour_n or_o whether_o that_o conformity_n
of_o humour_n make_v these_o conjunction_n and_o preside_v over_o the_o choice_n of_o friend_n the_o companion_n of_o aeneas_n be_v good_a sage_a and_o pious_a person_n 12._o japis_n his_o physician_n prefer_v his_o skill_n in_o physic_n beyond_o the_o glory_n of_o arm_n even_o in_o that_o only_a design_n of_o prolong_v the_o life_n of_o his_o old_a father_n education_n depend_v likewise_o on_o the_o government_n and_o the_o state_n under_o which_o one_o be_v bring_v up_o one_o conceive_v quite_o different_a sentiment_n under_o a_o monarchy_n than_o one_o shall_v do_v under_o a_o commonwealth_n this_o point_n be_v of_o some_o moment_n to_o our_o poet_n who_o be_v willing_a to_o change_v the_o inclination_n of_o his_o audience_n it_o be_v upon_o this_o account_n that_o the_o inclination_n of_o all_o the_o personage_n in_o the_o aeneid_n be_v unanimous_o for_o a_o monarchy_n and_o though_o the_o tuscan_n who_o be_v use_v cruel_o by_o mezentius_n revolt_n from_o he_o and_o drive_v he_o thence_o yet_o this_o be_v not_o as_o the_o first_o brutus_n do_v to_o change_v the_o face_n of_o the_o state_n by_o banish_v both_o the_o king_n and_o his_o power_n together_o but_o in_o order_n to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o a_o more_o just_a monarch_n we_o may_v take_v into_o the_o number_n of_o mix_a cause_n the_o riches_n the_o dignity_n the_o alliance_n and_o the_o other_o good_n of_o fortune_n which_o we_o possess_v upon_o which_o i_o will_v only_o make_v this_o reflection_n that_o a_o king_n or_o general_n of_o a_o army_n do_v not_o always_o act_v in_o that_o character_n achilles_n be_v both_o but_o he_o preserve_v nothing_o of_o his_o sovereignty_n but_o that_o independency_n by_o which_o he_o refuse_v to_o obey_v agamemnon_n as_o otherwise_o he_o ought_v the_o fable_n require_v only_o this_o and_o homer_n have_v say_v no_o more_o of_o it_o his_o achilles_n be_v rather_o a_o private_a man_n and_o a_o single_a volunteer_n who_o only_o fight_v in_o his_o own_o quarrel_n than_o a_o king_n or_o a_o general_n so_o that_o nothing_o of_o all_o the_o good_a that_o be_v do_v any_o where_o else_o but_o where_o he_o be_v present_a be_v owe_v either_o to_o his_o valour_n or_o his_o good_a conduct_n virgil_n hero_n be_v quite_o of_o another_o make_v he_o never_o dive_v himself_o of_o his_o dignity_n he_o act_v in_o the_o full_a character_n of_o a_o general_n and_o this_o advance_v his_o martial_a achievement_n to_o a_o high_a pitch_n of_o glory_n than_o those_o of_o achilles_n the_o absence_n of_o both_o these_o hero_n give_v their_o enemy_n great_a advantage_n against_o they_o and_o be_v a_o evidence_n how_o great_a and_o necessary_a the_o valour_n of_o both_o of_o they_o be_v but_o this_o be_v peculiar_a to_o aeneas_n that_o whatever_o good_a be_v do_v in_o his_o absence_n be_v owe_v to_o his_o conduct_n two_o thing_n preserve_v the_o trojan_n from_o the_o rage_n of_o turnus_n the_o one_o be_v the_o rampart_n and_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n they_o be_v entrench_v in_o aeneas_n himself_o design_v and_o over-looked_n these_o work_n the_o other_o be_v the_o good_a order_n they_o observe_v to_o defend_v themselves_o and_o in_o this_o they_o do_v no_o more_o than_o what_o he_o order_v they_o at_o part_v and_o here_o be_v a_o glory_n which_o the_o hero_n in_o the_o iliad_n can_v make_v no_o pretension_n to_o and_o if_o one_o will_v compare_v both_o together_o achilles_n be_v a_o valiant_a soldier_n and_o aeneas_z a_o complete_a commander_n the_o last_o cause_n of_o the_o manner_n which_o we_o propound_v be_v pure_o internal_a the_o chief_a and_o most_o general_a of_o these_o be_v the_o complexion_n poet_n place_n high_a character_n upon_o body_n of_o the_o large_a size_n and_o the_o fine_a make_v 1._o virgil_n give_v his_o hero_n the_o stature_n and_o visage_n of_o a_o god_n and_o he_o observe_v *_o that_o virtue_n be_v most_o charm_a when_o a_o good_a soul_n be_v lodge_v in_o a_o body_n 5._o that_o resemble_v it_o the_o complexion_n vary_v according_a to_o the_o difference_n of_o age_n and_o sex_n turnus_n be_v young_a than_o aeneas_n because_o aeneas_n ought_v to_o be_v sage_a and_o prudent_a and_o turnus_n furious_a and_o passionate_a like_o another_o achilles_n i_o will_v not_o transcribe_v here_o what_o horace_n have_v write_v concern_v the_o manner_n that_o be_v proper_a to_o every_o age._n as_o for_o the_o sex_n aristotle_n say_v in_o his_o poetry_n that_o there_o be_v few_o good_a woman_n than_o bad_a and_o that_o they_o do_v more_o mischief_n than_o good_a in_o the_o world_n virgil_n be_v but_o too_o exact_a in_o copy_v this_o thought_n venus_n be_v the_o mother_n and_o protectress_n of_o aeneas_n she_o seem_v to_o be_v good-natured_a through_o the_o whole_a sibyl_n likewise_o favour_v he_o cybele_n and_o andromache_n be_v wellwisher_n to_o he_o and_o wish_v he_o no_o harm_n but_o they_o appear_v but_o little_a for_o this_o small_a number_n of_o good_a woman_n how_o many_o bad_a one_o be_v there_o or_o 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