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cause_n	effect_n	natural_a	nature_n	4,625	5	5.6875	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A38593	Geologia Norvegica, or, A brief instructive remembrancer concerning that very great and spacious earthquake, which hapned [sic] almost quite through the south parts of Norvvay upon the 24th day of April, in the year 1657 also physical, historical, and theological grounds and reasons concerning the causes and significations of earthquakes / written in the Danish tongue by Michael Peterson Escholt ... ; and Englished by Daniel Collins.; Geologia Norvegica. English	Escholt, Michel Pedersøn, d. 1666.; Collins, Daniel, 17th cent.	1663 (1663)	Wing E3252; ESTC R15886	31,029	106

chapter more plainly and particularly discourseth And that there is no little Air or Wind in the hollow places of the earth we may apparently perceive when it breaks forth in Earthquakes for then we see that it can cast great stones up into the Air and lift up the earth yea great Mountains and make such a terrible quaking of the earth that mighty Citys and Towns Castles Fortresses high Towers and Walls great Churches and Buildings have been thereby utterly overthrown sunk and lost as it is Recorded concerning the great and mighty City of Antioch in Asia which in the year of Christ 528. was wholly destroyed by an Earthquake and there was 4870 persons killed by the fall of its Towers Spires Walls and Buildings Likewise in the year of Christ 1509. the 14th of September the City of Constantinople was very much defaced and spoiled by a dreadful Earthquake which continued 18 days for it overthrew that long thick and strong wall which stood along by the water-side and all the houses that stood neer it to the ground and fill'd up the Motes and Ditches without the walls with Rubbish Stones and Chaulk that one might have gone dry-shod over them The same Earthquake shook down that part of the Grand-Signiors Pallace where the Treasury was and five great and strong Towers quite and clean and besides all the mischief that it did by Sea and Land which could not be repaired for many Tun of Gold it killed and destroyed 13000 persons Munster lib. 4. Likewise in the year 1517. the 16th of June There hapned a terrible Earthquake at Norlingen 40 miles from Nuremburg in High Germany which overthrew St. Emerania's Church to the ground and 2000 houses besides within and without the City for about the space of eight miles and the same Earthquake did also overthrow many great trees both in Orchards and Woods Munster lib. 3. de Suevia CHAP. V. Concerning the Physical description of Earthquakes with their species operation and natural effects THere are certain Divines which will by no means grant that Earthquakes should proceed from natural causes but only from the particular power appointment and dispensation of God according to the Testimony of Job chap. 9. ver 5 6. He removeth Mountains and they know not He shaketh the earth out of her place and the pillars thereof do tremble These I do in equity allow the retention of their received opinions But other Divines do acknowledge that Earthquakes have also their natural causes by which God Almighty doth occasion their production and to speak Physically to this Naturalists do describe it thus An Earthquake is a violent moving stirring shaking or quaking of the earth occasioned by the subterraneous salt-peterish moisture and damps inclosed together with the Air or wind in the hollow places of the earth Now when such damps and moistures grow so great strong and thick by length of time that they cannot continue with the subterraneous Air any longer in one hole together then they do forcibly expell the subterraneous Air from thence which by nature always giveth way to solid and thicker bodies and then there is a kind of civil conflict between them which of them shall give way and depart from those hollow places in the earth if the earth then be poreous sandy or loose the inclosed Air and Wind gets out thorough those Pores or sweating holes and is seen above the earth like a smoaky Fogg or Mist as is touched before in the last preceding chapter But if the earth be so hard close and tight that the inclosed Damps and Air cannot by its thinnesse and subtilty penetrate exhale and force it selfe thorough the pores and sweating holes of the earth then it breaks thorough the earth violently by its natural force and strength and thereby causes the earth to shake and quake until it can split and burst assunder in some certain place to give them room And hence it is that such Earthquakes do seldom happen in those countreys or places where the earth is porous loose or sandy because there the inclosed air damps and moistures can easily penetrate and force themselves through the earth and make their way without the shaking or moving of the earth which cannot be where there is close tight and solid earth round about them Now as touching the several kinds and species of Earthquakes it is certain truth found by experience That all Earthquakes do not happen after one and the same but after divers kinds and manners Aristotle in libello de mundo reckons up and describes seven sorts of Earthquakes each by its particular properties and fashion according to the strength or weakness of the subterraneous contest of Nature 1. Amongst which by some Earthquakes whole Citys and Mountains with Houses and People sink quite down into the earth as Pliny writes lib. 2. cap. 48 That in Asia in the time of the Reign of the Emperor Tiberius there sunk twelve great Citys and principal Towns quite and clean down in one night by an Earthquake Eusebius in Chronic. ad Annum Christi 33. Nicephorus lib. 1. cap. 14. do suppose that this was the great Earthquake that hapned at the time of Christs death which was in the 18th year of the Reign of the Emperour Tiberins 2. By some Earthquakes the earth is swoln and heaved up high above its natural shape and proportion so that great Mountains and Hills are made there where before it was plain and even ground Freeburgum Brisgojae was destroyed by such an Earthquake in the year 1509. And there are many great Islands and places incompassed with water often thus made for when this kind of Earthquake happens under the waters it heaves and raiseth up the earth sometimes and in some places so high that it reaches up above the water and there it remains and in time is changed and comes to be an inhabitable Island It is Recorded that the Island Delus Rhodus Alone Thera and Therasia c. came up so and also the Islands of Echinades were so lifted up out of the River Acheloo and certain others in Egypt out of the River Nilus as Pliny witnesseth lib. 2. cap. 87. 3. Some Earthquakes do raise and lift up the earth very high above its natural shape but assoon as the Earthquake is past it presently sinks and settles down and recovers its former natural shape again and doth not much hurt 4. By some Earthquakes the earth is torn and divided assunder in a certain place so that there is a horrible great Hiatus or open hole made as it hapned in Moses his time when such a Hiatus rending or opening of the earth swallowed up Moses seditious adversarys such were Korah Dathan and Abiram with certain other men of the children of Israel 250 Princes of the Assembly famous in the Congregation and men of renown with their Houses Goods and all the men that appertained to Korah sunk alive down into Hell with all that they had and the earth closed upon

the mouth of the hole in the top of it was choakt by the smoak and damp of the said fire and lost his life In Sycillia there is also such a Mountain called Etna which in old time was and is yet much spoken of for its continual casting up of fire and brimstone whose fire is only seen at nights and nothing but smoak a days except when it breaks out very vehemently then the fire may be seen day and night In the year 1537. the same Mountain cast up a great piece of burning Brimstone into the Air which fell down again in several places in pieces and spoiled the adjacent Countreys Woods and Villages The precedent year namely 1536. the 22. of March did this Mountain of Etna begin to cast out a most terrible fire so that the whole Countrey was amazed and trembled at it and there was such a dreadful Earthquake with a crackling and ratling noise that many dyed for very fear and the ashes which that same fire cast up cover'd over not only Sycillia but also Calabria a Province in Italy like a great Snow The Learned Philosopher Empedocles was choak't and destroy'd by this mountains fire and smell when he to satisfie his curiosity concerning the nature and qualities thereof went too neer the hole Philosophers give the reason and cause of such wonderful and continual burnings to be this viz. That the Earth is hollow in many places within it selfe as shall be further declared in the fourth chapter and is full of Brimstone Bitumen and other kind of substances which can feed the fire As also unslakt Lime and Water by which the subterraneous fire is easiest and oftnest kindled Now the fire cannot burn except it have Air or as we may say a breathing place And therefore it is thought that Therma or those hot Baths that are found in several Countreys must be certain Spiracula or breathing holes by which the subterraneous fire doth in some kind get air unto it and when the air by what means soever it be gets into the hollow places in the earth where the fire is Then that fire increaseth into a flame and maketh burning coals or living Embers as it were even in the innermost parts of the earth Therefore it cannot be doubted but there must needs be great and wonderful yet natural Meatus ways or passages in and under the earth through which the heat and flame of the oft named subterraneous fire hath in several places its passage until it gets an open Spiraculum or breathing hole through such flaming mountains Here it is to be noted that those flaming mountains do not burn always alike outwardly but sometimes more and sometimes lesse for such reasons as this When the Hiatus or hole which is above in the mountain is stopt with any kind of stuff so that the fire is smother'd and cannot have its free air or breathing-place then it goes out though not quite but burns notwithstanding below in the earth and only sends forth some few sparkles or small flame and sometimes nothing but only smoak and a stinking burnt damp smell above the earth which sheweth that the fire below in the earth is not dead or wholly quenched but burns and works faintly under the earth as long as till either the former hole opens again or it cannot break through and make another Hiatus or breathing hole and then breaks out afresh again with so much the greater power and vehemence not without doing great mischief and dammage to the adjacent places as is afore declared Now from hence may any man sufficiently understand and observe that by the power operation and force of such fire in and under the earth there must needs be a boyling working distilling and changing of several Minerals and Metals especially considering that the Sun with the rest of the Planets have also their influence and do work effectually under the earth and this must needs be no small cause of great and terrible Earthquakes How Minerals and Metals are wrought decocted and prepared by nature under the Earth shall be handled in the following chapter CHAP. III. Concerning several Minerals Metals and substances in and under the earth and how they are wrought and changed TOuching Minerals which are wrought by nature below in the earth it is according to Physical judgement thus When any dry substance in and under the earth mixeth it selfe with any wet or moist substance by what means soever it hapneth whether by the Airs Fires or Waters passage under the earth and the same mixture either by the powerful influence of the Planets or by the heat of the oft named subterraneous Fire and warm waters is decocted and well boiled together then there is produced a Mineral according to the nature of the substances which are mixt together Also when the subterraneous waters in their several passages or courses under the earth do happen to cover over soak or steep any kind of mettal so long that they do contract gather a thickness to themselves from it and become like unto troubled waters above the earth and the same waters afterwards comes where the fire is or the heat of the subterraneous fire doth penetrate and force it selfe through to the same waters then there is boiled of that water a certain moist substance or matter which in time comes to be a hard and solid Mineral according to the nature of that mettal which the waters did so cover soak or steep and from which it had gathered its quality or thickness under the earth Moreover when such thick troubled and changed subterraneous waters continue long in a place without motion then that quality with which it is so thickned mixt or changed settles it self to the bottom as any thick and troubled water naturally doth where it remains and when the water gets any kind of passage out it runs away and that which is left behind in the bottom is dryed and hardned by the power and influence of the Sun and Planets and also by the subterraneous air or heat wrought into a Mineral suitable to the nature and quality of that from whence the subterraneous waters that are run away had gathered and received its thickness And this may now be more easily apprehended and understood by the following examples When the waters have their courses and passage through that earth which is full of Copper and such like Ore and covers soaks or steeps it so long and often that it becomes thick and muddy and its nature throughly altered and changed or infected by the quality thereof And the same waters afterward by the heat of the fire or the power and influence of the Planets is boyled and distilled in the earth then it becomes a Succus or natural green moist substance whereof being dryed comes the Mineral called Chrysocolla that is Mountaingreen and Virdigrease In like manner when the subterraneous waters covers over soaks or steeps pyriten aerosum friabilem that is a rusty Firrstone

which is easily ground to pieces and is called in High-Dutch Kys then it becomes a bitter Succus which afterwards turns to Victril and Alumen liquidum that is Allom. Likewise where the subterraneous waters or liquid substances have their courses and passage thorough or into Gold and Silver Ore then it becomes Lithargyrium Aureum Argenteum that is Litharidge of Gold and Silver Nor must we think that all Minerals are produced in the earth after this manner now spoken of but some after this manner and some otherwise by the influence of the Planets and other occult natural causes which ought to put us in mind of the omnipotency of God who by nature worketh the rough and unshapen earth and earthish liquid substances into such several very necessary and precious Minerals and Mettals for the great benefit and good of Mankind And it is also found by experience that many Minerals are so perfectly decocted and wrought below in the earth that they do afterwards spring up of themselves thorough the Clefts and Cranies of the Rocks like a pot that seeths and runs over As touching Mettals they are by nature wrought and produced below in the earth after divers secret and incomprehensible ways and manners yea even amongst and within the hard stones and mighty mountainous Rocks by which in like manner we have cause given to consider the omnipotency and bounty of God whereby he in so wonderful and inconceivable a manner doth change earth and stone into Gold Silver Iron Copper Tinn Lead and other very necessary Mettals for the profit and benefit of man And as the Fish is never so deep in the main Sea and other great waters streams but it is brought up for the food and sustentation of man in like manner is Gold Silver Iron Brass Tinn Lead c. never so deep below in the earth nor so hard fastned in and between the hard rocks under it but that by the Almighty power of God and the Art and Labour of those that work in the Mines it is brought up to light for the use and great benefit of Man Concerning which Job in his 28 chap. 1 2 verses writes thus The Silver hath its secret passage and the Gold its place Iron is taken out of the earth and Stone is melted into Copper Such favour hath the goodness and omnipotency of God shewed now in these last times of the world unto this Land and Kingdom of Norway especially since the year 1623. when that rich and famous Silver Mine in Sanswerd and since that time after time the rich Copper-Mine in Ewster-dale and Gulbrands-dale as well as the excellent Iron-Mine in Hedemarken and other places were found out improved to the great and profitable advancement of Trade And here is especially to be noted that Mettals are not discovered and brought to light and use in all places alike soone but some in one seculo or century of years and some in another After two three or more hundred years time and the reason is because they are not ripe all alike soone or perfectly wrought and prepared as the fruits of Trees or Herbs of the field are some of them sooner and some later ripe and that because some Metals are so deep below in the earth that they cannot so soon grow up and show themselves above or upon the earth nor can be perfectly wrought and prepared so soon as those Metals that are placed higher up in the earth and it is also partly because many Countreys and places that are full of Ore and metallish substances do yet lie so far from the Suns and Planets Courses which principally works and prepares them yea even in the deepest and innermost places of the earth that they cannot come so soon to maturity or be discovered and brought to use so soon as those Mines that are in the Southern Countreys either neerer or under the Suns and Planets courses And hence it is that the Mines in these Northern Countreys especially here in Norway and Sweden whose Southermost borders lie not above 34. degrees from the Artick or North-pole but the Northermost reaches up to 71. degrees of North Latitude lying far from the Sun and the other Planets courses and operations have not so soon come to maturity as those Mines in the South countreys and also in the East and West Indies which lye but 30 or 40 degrees from the Equinoctial on both sides from whence great quantities of Gold and Silver hath been and is now yearly brought into these Norther Countreys For the heat of the Sun and the power of the Planets by their presence there have a far greater force and influence in their operation then they have here with us where they never come so neer and besides their power and influence is much obstructed by that natural frost and cold which is here so neer under the Pole It is therefore well worth the notice that when any Ore-Mine is found here in Norway as happens often and in many places which upon tryal is found to yield good and fine Metal or Ore though not so rich as to defray all charges that therefore such Mines ought not to be wholly neglected and slighted but diligently registred and taken notice of for the benefit of our posterity because the Ore sheweth that there is good and fine Metal preparing in that Mine and possibly being deeper searcht into would be found rich enough but if it should not then be able to bear the charges it is because the Metal so found is not yet ripe enough and come to perfect maturity which in time may be wherein Nature and the Planets may do very much in halfe a hundred or a hundred years so that what is not yet ripe enough and come to full perfection in our time may be more ripe and come to better maturity in processe of the time of our posterity to the great profit benefit and advantage of these Kingdoms hereafter Now when Metals are thoroughly prepared and come to their maturity and perfection under the earth then they do discover themselves above the earth like as the fruits of trees when they are ripe enough fall down of themselves shewing thereby that they are now ripe or fit to be digged up and used And it is related amongst us that the rich Silver-Mine in Sanswerd by Dram did discover it selfe by shewing and putting forth its Ore through the cracks and clefts of the stones in that rocky Mountain in the year 1623. And it happens often that when the Countrey people here do burn the wood off from such great places where they intend to sow Corn that the force and vehemence of the fire reaches into the Rocks and makes them glowing hot and then the melted Ore or Metal runs out of their clefts and cracks whereby they are often discover'd and in time improved It is also to be admired how wonderfully nature doth prepare and produce several sorts of Ore in strange forms and