a_o essay_n concern_v self-murder_n wherein_o be_v endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v unlawful_a according_a to_o natural_a principle_n with_o some_o consideration_n upon_o what_o be_v pretend_v from_o the_o say_a principle_n by_o the_o author_n of_o a_o treatise_n entitle_v biathanatos_n and_o other_o by_o j._n adam_n rector_n of_o st._n alban_n woodstreet_n and_o chaplain_n in_o ordinary_a to_o his_o majesty_n london_n print_v for_o tho._n bennet_n at_o the_o half-moon_n in_o st._n paul_n churchyard_n 1700._o to_o the_o reverend_n dr._n godolphin_n provost_n of_o eton_n college_n sir_n there_o be_v few_o address_n of_o this_o kind_n where_o the_o writer_n consider_v the_o reputation_n of_o the_o person_n he_o apply_v to_o half_o so_o much_o as_o his_o own_o for_o though_o the_o gratitude_n from_o whence_o they_o flow_v may_v be_v sincere_a yet_o they_o be_v likewise_o very_o glad_a that_o the_o world_n shall_v know_v their_o friend_n or_o patron_n if_o something_o of_o this_o shall_v be_v lay_v to_o my_o charge_n i_o can_v hardly_o acquit_v myself_o since_o it_o be_v not_o i_o confess_v without_o some_o pride_n that_o i_o acknowlâ—…ge_v thus_o public_o the_o great_a obligation_n which_o i_o have_v to_o you_o however_o i_o must_v say_v that_o this_o be_v not_o the_o only_a ground_n of_o my_o apply_v to_o you_o for_o have_v undertake_v the_o defence_n of_o humane_a life_n it_o will_v not_o have_v be_v sufficient_a to_o have_v show_v that_o god_n reserve_v to_o himself_o the_o absolute_a propriety_n of_o it_o and_o that_o he_o impart_v it_o to_o man_n for_o a_o great_a and_o noble_a end_n unless_o i_o have_v give_v some_o instance_n how_o valuable_a how_o glorious_a it_o may_v become_v by_o a_o constant_a pursuit_n of_o that_o end_n where_o then_o can_v i_o have_v meet_v with_o so_o full_a a_o instance_n to_o this_o purpose_n as_o in_o the_o example_n of_o your_o life_n where_o such_o strength_n of_o reason_n be_v guide_v so_o regular_o by_o revelation_n and_o every_o virtue_n improud_v and_o adorn_v by_o primitive_a piety_n thus_o your_o name_n support_v my_o argument_n at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o my_o protection_n who_o have_v attack_v a_o error_n of_o so_o much_o reputation_n and_o which_o be_v set_v off_o with_o all_o the_o pompous_a boast_n of_o reason_n courage_n honour_n and_o liberty_n by_o which_o man_n choose_v to_o be_v mislead_v rather_o than_o guide_v by_o revelation_n till_o after_o the_o loss_n of_o health_n estate_n and_o a_o good_a conscience_n they_o be_v drive_v to_o seek_v for_o ease_n in_o self-murder_n among_o other_o pretence_n which_o have_v be_v bring_v to_o justify_v this_o act_n one_o of_o the_o most_o popular_a be_v the_o example_n of_o the_o roman_n i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o give_v some_o account_n when_o it_o first_o grow_v in_o vogue_n among_o they_o and_o what_o viâ—…es_v and_o opinion_n make_v way_n for_o it_o how_o from_o a_o people_n natural_o religious_a brave_a and_o disintere_v above_o corruption_n as_o much_o as_o cowardice_n they_o fall_v firstinto_o atheism_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o luxury_n bribery_n and_o treachery_n public_a poverty_n and_o private_a extortion_n which_o end_v at_o last_o in_o the_o slavery_n and_o ruin_n of_o that_o great_a nation_n i_o can_v not_o consider_v this_o without_o a_o melancholic_a reflection_n upon_o my_o own_o country_n formerly_z not_o unlike_o the_o other_o in_o its_o virtue_n as_o its_o enemy_n will_v confess_v for_o their_o own_o credit_n but_o alas_o now_o too_o like_o it_o in_o its_o vice_n as_o its_o best_a friend_n must_v be_v force_v to_o own_o what_o can_v save_v it_o from_o the_o same_o calamity_n but_o the_o restore_n that_o lose_a zeal_n for_o religion_n and_o virtue_n and_o sincere_a love_n of_o the_o public_a good_a and_o what_o one_o family_n can_v contribute_v more_o to_o this_o than_o your_o own_o where_o at_o this_o time_n be_v to_o be_v find_v such_o excellent_a qualification_n for_o support_n and_o ornament_n both_o of_o the_o church_n and_o state_n may_v that_o good_a providence_n which_o upon_o all_o occasion_n have_v be_v so_o favourable_a to_o this_o nation_n make_v you_o his_o happy_a instrument_n to_o this_o purpose_n sir_n your_o most_o humble_a and_o most_o faithful_a servant_n john_n adam_n the_o content_n chap._n i._n man_z consider_v in_o the_o individual_a and_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n of_o humane_a life_n what_o and_o from_o whence_o it_o be_v where_o the_o absolute_a propriety_n of_o it_o be_v to_o be_v place_v page_n 3._o chap._n ii_o concern_v the_o true_a end_n or_o design_n of_o humane_a life_n and_o what_o it_o be_v to_o follow_v nature_n pag._n 11._o chap._n iii_o man_n consider_v as_o a_o member_n of_o civil_a society_n self-murder_n prove_v to_o be_v destructive_a to_o civil_a society_n from_o which_o and_o what_o be_v say_v before_o conclude_v to_o be_v a_o act_n of_o the_o great_a injustice_n and_o therefore_o unlawful_a pag._n 23._o chap._n iu._n of_o the_o rise_n and_o obligation_n of_o self-preservation_n some_o objection_n against_o it_o remove_v how_o far_o humane_a life_n may_v be_v just_o value_v or_o despise_v pag._n 33._o chap._n v._n who_o they_o be_v chief_o that_o maintain_v this_o act_n to_o be_v lawful_a the_o stoic_n the_o author_n of_o biathanatos_n method_n propose_v for_o the_o answer_a objection_n some_o general_a one_o consider_v which_o be_v bring_v against_o self-preservation_n as_o confess_v to_o be_v a_o law_n of_o nature_n pag._n 48._o chap._n vi_o such_o objection_n consider_v as_o be_v offer_v against_o the_o law_n of_o self-preservation_n with_o particular_a relation_n to_o what_o have_v be_v say_v concern_v god_n propriety_n of_o humane_a life_n and_o which_o either_o direct_o deny_v this_o propriety_n or_o else_o allow_v it_o pretend_v that_o a_o man_n may_v notwithstanding_o this_o kill_v himself_o lawful_o by_o god_n dispenfation_n dismission_n call_v or_o summons_n pag._n 50._o chap._n vii_o other_o objection_n answer_v by_o which_o they_o will_v introduce_v a_o different_a end_n of_o humane_a life_n as_o the_o measure_n of_o self-preservation_n and_o then_o suppose_v that_o this_o end_n do_v cease_v whensoever_o a_o man_n reason_n tell_v he_o that_o it_o do_v so_o will_v from_o hence_o infer_v that_o his_o obligation_n to_o preserve_v life_n do_v cease_v also_o pag._n 73._o chap._n viii_o examination_n of_o such_o objection_n as_o be_v bring_v to_o invalidate_v what_o be_v say_v above_o as_o to_o man_n be_v a_o member_n of_o civil_a society_n and_o the_o vnlawfulness_n of_o self-murder_n in_o this_o regard_n also_o application_n to_o the_o coroner_n inquest_n in_o this_o case_n pag._n 94_o chap._n ix_o transition_n to_o the_o remain_a part_n of_o this_o treatise_n with_o a_o short_a view_n osâ—…it_fw-la the_o authority_n of_o example_n consider_v several_a instance_n of_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o many_o country_n in_o the_o behalf_n of_o self-murder_n examine_v particular_o such_o as_o relate_v to_o the_o roman_n that_o nothing_o can_v be_v borught_v from_o hence_o to_o prove_v self-murder_n to_o be_v natural_a pag._n 131._o chap._n x._o the_o rise_n and_o progress_n of_o the_o stoic_n a_o short_a account_n of_o their_o philosophy_n when_o and_o for_o what_o reason_n it_o spread_v among_o the_o roman_n that_o the_o doctrine_n of_o self-murder_n be_v inconsistent_a with_o their_o other_o principle_n as_o prove_v by_o instance_n from_o their_o great_a author_n seneca_n epictetus_n and_o antoninus_n with_o a_o brief_a character_n of_o each_o pag._n 157._o chap._n xi_o gato_n case_n consider_v in_o particular_a his_o character_n his_o enmity_n against_o caesar_n the_o several_a circumstance_n of_o his_o death_n what_o be_v probable_o the_o true_a cause_n of_o it_o and_o of_o the_o great_a encomium_n which_o be_v give_v he_o afterward_o pag._n 186._o chap._n xii_o concern_v courage_n what_o the_o nature_n object_n and_o use_v of_o it_o be_v as_o humane_a the_o mistake_v concern_v it_o and_o the_o occasion_n of_o they_o that_o self-murder_n be_v not_o the_o natural_a effect_n of_o true_a courage_n pag._n 208._o chap._n xiii_o of_o honour_n that_o this_o be_v twofold_a either_o inward_a a_o principle_n of_o virtue_n or_o outward_a from_o the_o applause_n which_o follow_v upon_o the_o other_o that_o neither_o of_o these_o can_v ever_o require_v self-murder_n the_o mistake_v concern_v honour_n which_o occasion_n it_o objection_n answer_v and_o some_o particular_a case_n consider_v pag._n 225._o chap_n fourteen_o liberty_n the_o last_o plea_n for_o self-murder_n examine_v the_o several_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n of_o that_o liberty_n in_o general_n which_o man_n have_v as_o to_o his_o action_n that_o this_o can_v afford_v no_o pretence_n for_o self-murder_n that_o whatever_o calamity_n what_o grief_n or_o pain_n soever_o afflict_v the_o soul_n or_o may_v be_v suppose_v to_o enslave_v it_o man_n have_v no_o authority_n to_o
give_v he_o leave_n to_o destroy_v himself_o for_o the_o reason_n follow_v 1._o though_o these_o great_a evil_n be_v cause_v by_o god_n particular_a providence_n yet_o they_o come_v upon_o the_o party_n in_o a_o natural_a way_n they_o may_v have_v their_o cause_n assign_v by_o skilful_a man_n without_o any_o recourse_n to_o miraculous_a power_n if_o so_o then_o since_o self-murder_n have_v be_v prove_v to_o be_v natural_o unlawful_a no_o event_n which_o be_v natural_a can_v be_v a_o sufficient_a sign_n to_o assure_v any_o person_n that_o god_n give_v he_o leave_v to_o do_v that_o which_o be_v against_o nature_n 69._o nature_n see_v chap._n 6._o p._n 69._o 2._o pain_n can_v be_v no_o certain_a sign_n of_o god_n give_v man_n leave_v to_o kill_v themselves_o because_o there_o can_v be_v no_o degree_n of_o it_o fix_v no_o particular_a time_n settle_v when_o they_o can_v judge_v assure_o that_o it_o be_v so_o and_o therefore_o people_n must_v be_v leave_v to_o their_o own_o fancy_n to_o destroy_v themselves_o when_o they_o think_v fit_v according_a as_o they_o be_v lead_v by_o their_o cowardice_n or_o their_o discontent_n pain_n as_o i_o say_v before_o be_v most_o acute_a at_o first_o when_o the_o disease_n struggle_v with_o nature_n in_o its_o strength_n and_o before_o it_o have_v actual_o overcome_v it_o the_o sensation_n of_o it_o grow_v less_o and_o less_o as_o the_o part_n affect_v be_v weaken_v and_o it_o become_v incurable_a when_o then_o can_v a_o man_n suppose_v that_o god_n give_v he_o leave_v to_o kill_v himself_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o pain_n when_o it_o be_v most_o violent_a but_o then_o it_o be_v curable_a when_o it_o become_v incurable_a as_o the_o stoic_n teach_v but_o then_o a_o man_n be_v pass_v the_o worst_a of_o it_o and_o natural_a death_n draw_v near_a and_o near_o beside_o people_n feel_v pain_n different_o according_a to_o their_o different_a humour_n or_o disposition_n of_o mind_n the_o same_o man_n will_v sometime_o bear_v much_o more_o when_o he_o have_v be_v please_v and_o his_o affair_n go_v on_o well_o in_o other_o respect_n than_o when_o he_o be_v cross_v by_o accident_n and_o disappointment_n therefore_o to_o make_v pain_n the_o sign_n of_o god_n give_v a_o man_n liberty_n to_o kill_v himself_o and_o to_o leave_v every_o one_o to_o judge_v when_o it_o be_v so_o be_v to_o leave_v mankind_n to_o their_o own_o fancy_n and_o than_o one_o may_v destroy_v himself_o as_o well_o for_o a_o small_a fit_a of_o the_o toothache_n as_o another_o for_o the_o most_o violent_a fit_n of_o the_o stone_n add_v to_o this_o how_o many_o other_o have_v be_v in_o the_o very_a same_o circumstance_n of_o pain_n as_o you_o be_v you_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o some_o of_o they_o have_v be_v as_o wise_a as_o learned_a as_o yourself_o and_o as_o desirous_a to_o die_v too_o and_o yet_o they_o have_v not_o kill_v themselves_o they_o have_v not_o take_v extreme_a pain_n to_o be_v any_o sign_n of_o god_n give_v leave_n to_o do_v so_o and_o therefore_o how_o can_v you_o be_v ever_o satisfy_v that_o this_o be_v such_o a_o sign_n to_o you_o which_o they_o can_v never_o understand_v to_o be_v so_o to_o they_o 68_o they_o chap._n 6._o p._n 68_o but_o to_o give_v far_a scope_n in_o this_o matter_n suppose_v that_o extreme_a pain_n shall_v not_o be_v only_o cause_v by_o god_n particular_a providence_n but_o also_o in_o a_o miraculous_a and_o preâ—…ernatural_a manner_n yet_o this_o will_v not_o be_v any_o sign_n that_o god_n give_v the_o sufferer_n any_o leave_n to_o destroy_v himself_o because_o 1._o this_o will_v imply_v a_o contradiction_n in_o god_n act_v it_o will_v suppose_v he_o to_o will_n and_o to_o will_v not_o the_o very_a same_o thing_n at_o the_o very_a same_o time_n it_o have_v be_v already_o show_v 7._o show_v chap._n 1._o p._n 7._o that_o the_o continuation_n of_o life_n be_v as_o much_o owe_v to_o god_n as_o the_o begin_n of_o it_o if_o this_o be_v so_o then_o as_o long_o as_o a_o man_n live_v let_v it_o be_v in_o extreme_a pain_n natural_a or_o miraculous_a or_o in_o what_o ill_a condition_n soever_o so_o long_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o it_o 61._o it_o chap._n 6._o p._n 61._o be_v god_n will_n that_o he_o shall_v live_v if_o it_o be_v not_o that_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o pain_n will_v put_v a_o end_n to_o his_o life_n the_o first_o moment_n it_o come_v upon_o he_o how_o then_o can_v it_o appear_v from_o any_o circumstance_n of_o life_n though_o never_o so_o dreadful_a that_o god_n give_v a_o man_n liberty_n to_o destroy_v life_n this_o must_v be_v impossible_a because_o he_o alone_o continue_v that_o very_o same_o life_n without_o he_o it_o can_v not_o subsist_v one_o moment_n in_o pain_n any_o more_o than_o in_o ease_n and_o therefore_o since_o it_o do_v so_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o he_o will_v that_o the_o person_n shall_v live_v on_o not_o kill_v himself_o and_o a_o good_a man_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o reflect_v thus_o with_o himself_o in_o such_o circumstance_n as_o i_o at_o first_o be_v so_o i_o still_o be_o by_o the_o will_n of_o god_n alone_o he_o continue_v my_o life_n as_o true_o in_o this_o torment_n let_v it_o be_v natural_a or_o miraculous_a as_o he_o do_v heretofore_o if_o he_o will_v have_v i_o die_v i_o shall_v do_v so_o instant_o without_o any_o need_n of_o my_o own_o hand_n or_o of_o his_o manifest_v his_o will_n to_o give_v i_o leave_v but_o since_o i_o do_v not_o i_o find_v i_o have_v no_o such_o leave_n and_o therefore_o i_o will_v struggle_v on_o and_o whether_o in_o life_n or_o death_n conform_v myself_o the_o best_a i_o can_v to_o the_o will_n of_o god_n i_o may_v add_v far_o that_o extreme_a pain_n though_o bring_v upon_o a_o man_n by_o particular_a providence_n nay_o even_o by_o miracle_n can_v be_v any_o sign_n of_o such_o leave_n because_o by_o providence_n be_v mean_v the_o wise_a and_o regular_a course_n of_o god_n work_v and_o consequent_o suppose_v he_o to_o work_v always_o for_o some_o end_n that_o his_o work_n in_o this_o manner_n by_o extreme_a pain_n &c._n &c._n can_v be_v to_o this_o end_n only_o that_o man_n shall_v destroy_v himself_o as_o by_o the_o last_o argument_n appear_v that_o there_o be_v other_o important_a end_n of_o such_o event_n namely_o the_o punishment_n of_o the_o wicked_a the_o improvement_n of_o the_o good_a and_o the_o example_n necessary_a to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o world_n of_o god_n justice_n on_o the_o one_o side_n of_o patience_n constancy_n humility_n etc._n etc._n on_o the_o other_o that_o whatever_o the_o end_n of_o god_n providence_n be_v in_o this_o case_n whether_o any_o of_o these_o or_o any_o other_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o very_a end_n be_v defeat_v by_o destroy_v one_o self_n and_o therefore_o we_o can_v suppose_v that_o extreme_a pain_n can_v be_v any_o sign_n of_o leave_n for_o so_o do_v but_o what_o have_v be_v say_v may_v suffice_v to_o show_v the_o unreasonableness_n of_o this_o pretend_a rule_n for_o self-murder_n viz._n when_o god_n be_v please_v to_o reduce_v we_o to_o such_o a_o condition_n that_o to_o live_v be_v far_o worse_a than_o to_o die_v and_o whereas_o it_o be_v say_v slight_o that_o god_n give_v a_o man_n leave_v enough_o this_o show_v their_o mistrust_n of_o what_o they_o say_v and_o that_o they_o be_v conscious_a that_o no_o such_o leave_n can_v be_v prove_v for_o what_o leave_n can_v be_v enough_o in_o this_o case_n let_v any_o one_o that_o be_v thus_o tempt_v consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o fact_n in_o question_n and_o the_o importance_n of_o it_o that_o without_o this_o leave_n it_o be_v the_o destruction_n of_o god_n own_o propriety_n the_o rebel_n against_o his_o providence_n the_o positive_a renounce_v that_o end_n sore_o which_o life_n be_v give_v the_o commit_v that_o which_o be_v destrucâ—…iâ—…e_v to_o civil_a government_n to_o humane_a nature_n and_o withal_o that_o a_o mistake_n in_o this_o case_n can_v never_o be_v recover_v let_v he_o consider_v this_o i_o say_v and_o what_o he_o have_v just_a now_o read_v and_o then_o perhaps_o he_o will_v own_o that_o no_o leave_n can_v be_v enough_o but_o what_o be_v give_v by_o direct_a and_o evident_a revelation_n it_o be_v true_a after_o all_o extreme_a pain_n be_v the_o most_o dreadful_a condition_n of_o humane_a life_n and_o the_o severe_a trial_n of_o a_o good_a and_o great_a mind_n it_o be_v true_a it_o may_v be_v so_o excessive_a that_o all_o reason_v of_o this_o kind_n may_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n and_o argument_n concern_v god_n propriety_n or_o the_o end_n of_o humane_a life_n or_o civil_a society_n can_v be_v much_o attend_v to_o in_o a_o violent_a sit_v of_o the_o colic_n or_o the_o stone_n when_o reason_n itself_o shall_v be_v often_o overcome_v
wrong_n how_o can_v his_o death_n ever_o have_v be_v so_o much_o applaud_v if_o not_o reasonable_a and_o lawful_a the_o true_a cause_n of_o this_o great_a applause_n be_v 1._o that_o he_o be_v a_o man_n real_o of_o the_o great_a probity_n honour_n integrity_n courage_n the_o true_a lover_n of_o his_o country_n that_o can_v be_v find_v in_o any_o history_n that_o the_o fault_n of_o his_o life_n be_v few_o and_o the_o excellency_n bright_a than_o any_o other_o example_n can_v afford_v 2._o that_o upon_o this_o account_n the_o character_n of_o the_o other_o cato_n which_o be_v very_o great_a sink_v into_o he_o and_o in_o after_o age_n what_o be_v say_v of_o the_o former_a be_v attribute_v to_o the_o latter_a 3._o that_o as_o to_o his_o death_n there_o be_v some_o action_n which_o become_v famous_a not_o for_o their_o be_v reasonable_a but_o for_o their_o happen_v at_o a_o particular_a time_n cato_n kill_v himself_o just_a upon_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o roman_a government_n he_o die_v with_o the_o roman_a liberty_n most_o certain_o whether_o he_o die_v for_o it_o or_o no_o and_o the_o more_o that_o liberty_n be_v miss_v the_o more_o be_v his_o death_n applaud_v the_o two_o great_a revolution_n of_o the_o roman_a state_n the_o birth_n and_o death_n of_o that_o glorious_a republic_n be_v attend_v by_o the_o self-murder_n of_o two_o most_o virtuous_a person_n which_o be_v celebrate_v with_o so_o many_o encomium_n have_v deceive_v many_o people_n but_o the_o virtue_n of_o their_o life_n conceal_v the_o error_n of_o their_o death_n and_o the_o public_a be_v so_o far_o concern_v in_o they_o run_v away_o with_o their_o applause_n which_o posterity_n have_v receive_v from_o age_n to_o age_n without_o much_o examination_n from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v i_o hope_v it_o do_v appear_v that_o as_o no_o example_n of_o self-murder_n ought_v to_o sway_v with_o we_o either_o upon_o account_n of_o the_o roman_n practice_n or_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o stoic_n so_o this_o of_o cato_n in_o particular_a ought_v not_o to_o be_v of_o any_o authority_n in_o this_o case_n chap._n xii_o concern_v courage_n what_o the_o nature_n proper_a object_n and_o use_v of_o it_o be_v the_o mistake_v concern_v it_o and_o the_o occasion_n of_o they_o that_o self-murder_n be_v not_o the_o natural_a effect_n of_o true_a courage_n other_o pretence_n there_o be_v for_o self-murder_n which_o be_v ground_v upon_o mistake_a notion_n of_o courage_n honour_n and_o liberty_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v courage_n in_o so_o warlike_a a_o age_n and_o nation_n as_o this_o be_v it_o may_v perhaps_o be_v take_v amiss_o for_o any_o one_o to_o inquire_v what_o courage_n be_v but_o that_o they_o who_o abound_v most_o in_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v commendable_a always_o bear_v the_o examination_n of_o it_o best_o here_o we_o meet_v with_o our_o author_n again_o who_o be_v more_o lofty_a than_o usual_a upon_o this_o occasion_n 〈◊〉_d occasion_n donne_fw-fr pag._n 〈◊〉_d when_o i_o frame_v to_o myself_o say_v he_o a_o martyrology_n of_o all_o which_o have_v perish_v by_o their_o own_o mean_n for_o religion_n country_n fame_n love_n ease_n fear_v shame_n i_o blush_v to_o see_v how_o â—…aked_a of_o follower_n all_o virtue_n be_v in_o respect_n of_o this_o fortilude_n etc._n etc._n the_o 〈◊〉_d as_o he_o call_v it_o follow_v consist_v chief_o of_o thief_n minion_n gladiator_n as_o to_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o fortitude_n which_o he_o mention_n here_o to_o omit_v at_o present_a what_o relate_v to_o religion_n what_o concern_v die_v for_o one_o country_n have_v 8._o have_v chap._n 8._o be_v speak_v to_o at_o large_a the_o motive_n of_o fame_n shall_v be_v consider_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n as_o also_o that_o of_o shame_n but_o how_o the_o kill_n of_o one_o self_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o ease_n love_n nay_o fear_v too_o shall_v be_v instance_n of_o fortitude_n be_v very_o strange_a by_o fortitude_n here_o i_o suppose_v mean_v the_o same_o with_o what_o be_v call_v courage_n this_o be_v general_o look_v upon_o as_o a_o great_a virtue_n and_o self-murder_n believe_v to_o be_v a_o effect_n of_o it_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o make_v a_o particular_a enquiry_n into_o it_o not_o only_o for_o the_o clear_n of_o this_o mistake_n but_o several_a other_o rise_v from_o the_o same_o root_n 1._o let_v we_o see_v what_o be_v the_o nature_n object_n and_o use_n of_o courage_n particular_o as_o rational_a and_o humane_a 2._o what_o the_o mistake_v be_v concern_v it_o and_o what_o be_v probable_o the_o cause_n of_o they_o and_o this_o be_v do_v i_o shall_v show_v 3._o that_o self-murder_n be_v not_o the_o effect_n of_o true_a courage_n 1._o as_o to_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o courage_n be_v only_o the_o effect_n of_o a_o active_a and_o vigorous_a heat_n in_o the_o heart_n as_o its_o name_n import_v in_o many_o modern_a language_n which_o heat_n send_v forth_o many_o brisk_a and_o lively_a spirit_n which_o diffuse_v themselves_o through_o the_o whole_a body_n and_o prompt_v it_o to_o action_n so_o that_o this_o be_v common_a to_o other_o creature_n as_o well_o as_o man_n and_o therefore_o not_o any_o virtue_n natural_o the_o virtue_n of_o it_o depend_v upon_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o object_n and_o proper_a use_n of_o it_o 2._o as_o to_o the_o object_n all_o object_n work_v upon_o creature_n which_o have_v life_n either_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o good_a or_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o evil_n as_o to_o thing_n indifferent_a our_o passion_n be_v not_o concern_v about_o they_o as_o to_o what_o be_v or_o seem_v good_a if_o this_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v obtain_v the_o very_a appearance_n of_o it_o be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v the_o soul_n reach_v after_o it_o without_o any_o occasion_n for_o courage_n and_o if_o we_o can_v imagine_v a_o man_n to_o be_v whole_o at_o ease_n to_o abound_v in_o all_o thing_n he_o can_v wish_v for_o and_o to_o be_v secure_a in_o the_o enjoyment_n of_o they_o such_o a_o one_o will_v have_v no_o need_n of_o courage_n and_o therefore_o it_o will_v languish_v and_o die_v away_o by_o degree_n but_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o any_o thing_n present_v itself_o as_o a_o obstacle_n in_o the_o way_n to_o that_o which_o we_o take_v to_o be_v good_a or_o if_o any_o thing_n which_o we_o take_v to_o be_v evil_a threaten_v we_o with_o danger_n than_o the_o soul_n look_v out_o and_o view_v the_o enemy_n and_o according_a as_o it_o find_v its_o strength_n prepare_v to_o attack_v or_o resist_v it_o from_o whence_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o proper_a object_n of_o courage_n be_v evil._n thus_o a_o modern_a author_n 6._o author_n hobb_n leviath_n p._n 1._o chap_n 6._o fear_n be_v the_o opinion_n of_o hurt_n from_o the_o object_n courage_n be_v the_o hope_n of_o avoid_v that_o hurt_a by_o resistance_n or_o as_o another_o â—_o another_o de_fw-fr la_fw-fr chamb._n char._n des_fw-fr â—_z vol._n 2._o cap._n â—_o courage_n be_v a_o power_n of_o the_o soul_n which_o employ_v the_o force_n of_o the_o mind_n to_o overcome_v evil_n or_o to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o '_o they_o from_o whence_o we_o also_o come_v to_o a_o knowledge_n of_o 3._o the_o proper_a use_n of_o courage_n namely_o to_o attack_v or_o resist_v what_o be_v evil._n what_o have_v be_v say_v hiâ—…herto_o may_v belong_v to_o beast_n as_o well_o as_o man_n the_o proper_a use_n of_o courage_n as_o belong_v to_o man_n consist_v in_o the_o promote_a that_o end_n for_o which_o he_o receive_v life_n the_o use_n of_o courage_n in_o beast_n be_v to_o preserve_v life_n but_o since_o liâ—e_z be_v give_v man_n to_o a_o more_o excellent_a end_n as_o have_v be_v show_v whatever_o spring_v there_o be_v in_o humane_a nature_n of_o which_o courage_n be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a must_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v intend_v as_o subservient_fw-fr to_o this_o end_n and_o therefore_o the_o justness_n and_o regularity_n of_o their_o motion_n must_v be_v measure_v by_o it_o according_o first_o then_o humane_a courage_n ought_v to_o be_v inform_v true_o concern_v its_o object_n to_o have_v a_o right_n and_o certain_a knowledge_n of_o its_o be_v evil_a which_o reason_n will_v quick_o discover_v second_o it_o ought_v to_o attack_v or_o resist_v that_o evil_a in_o such_o 〈◊〉_d manner_n limit_v and_o direct_v by_o such_o virtue_n as_o may_v hinder_v it_o from_o interfere_v with_o any_o part_n of_o our_o duty_n towards_o god_n our_o neighbour_n or_o ourselves_o this_o make_v courage_n to_o be_v found_v upon_o justice_n and_o direct_v by_o it_o otherwise_o it_o will_v be_v evil_a itself_o it_o have_v be_v say_v already_o that_o courage_n be_v twofold_a either_o such_o as_o attack_n or_o such_o as_o resist_v evil._n let_v we_o bring_v both_o of_o they_o to_o these_o rule_n 1._o as_o to_o that_o part_n of_o courage_n which_o
to_o make_v it_o far_o worse_o than_o death_n be_v extreme_a pain_n now_o the_o fallacy_n lie_v in_o not_o mention_v the_o manner_n of_o this_o dissolution_n which_o may_v be_v violent_a or_o natural_a and_o the_o consequence_n of_o it_o to_o a_o good_a man_n indeed_o life_n in_o extreme_a pain_n be_v far_o worse_a than_o natural_a death_n and_o this_o be_v a_o proper_a argument_n for_o such_o man_n not_o to_o sear_v such_o a_o death_n but_o the_o death_n which_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o be_v a_o death_n of_o self-murder_n which_o shall_v have_v be_v particular_o express_v and_o then_o the_o question_n will_v be_v whether_o a_o life_n of_o extreme_a pain_n be_v far_o worse_a than_o a_o death_n of_o self-murder_n now_o to_o judge_v true_o of_o this_o we_o shall_v not_o only_o consider_v the_o time_n of_o the_o dissolution_n or_o the_o pain_n that_o accompany_v it_o which_o in_o self-murder_n may_v be_v little_a or_o none_o but_o also_o what_o be_v to_o sollow_v for_o if_o we_o shall_v look_v upon_o death_n here_o only_o as_o the_o separation_n of_o the_o soul_n and_o body_n without_o any_o far_a prospect_n than_o this_o comparison_n that_o to_o live_v in_o extreme_a pain_n be_v far_o worse_a than_o to_o die_v will_v be_v impertinent_a because_o death_n in_o this_o sense_n will_v be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o cease_v to_o be_v the_o utter_a end_n of_o all_o sensation_n and_o if_o so_o what_o a_o notable_a discovery_n will_v it_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o continuation_n of_o extreme_a pain_n be_v far_o worse_a than_o the_o cessation_n of_o it_o or_o that_o it_o be_v far_o worse_a to_o seel_v great_a misery_n than_o not_o to_o seel_v any_o thing_n at_o all_o wherefore_o to_o give_v some_o ground_n for_o the_o comparison_n as_o life_n suppose_v some_o state_n or_o condition_n so_o death_n must_v likewise_o and_o therefore_o that_o which_o follow_v afterward_o must_v he_o in_o include_v in_o the_o word_n if_o this_o than_o be_v grant_v let_v life_n be_v never_o so_o miserable_a through_o extreme_a pain_n and_o torture_n yet_o before_o a_o man_n conclude_v that_o this_o be_v worse_a than_o a_o death_n of_o self-murder_n let_v he_o consider_v serious_o whether_o any_o thing_n follow_v after_o death_n whether_o self-murder_n be_v natural_o unlawful_a if_o it_o be_v whether_o it_o will_v not_o be_v punish_v hereafter_o and_o if_o so_o whether_o that_o punishment_n will_v not_o exceed_v both_o as_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o pain_n and_o the_o duration_n of_o it_o that_o particular_a pain_n which_o he_o will_v avoid_v nor_o be_v it_o sufficient_a to_o say_v upon_o this_o occasion_n that_o you_o can_v tell_v whether_o there_o shall_v be_v any_o future_a state_n or_o no_o you_o never_o meet_v with_o any_o demonstration_n from_o natural_a principle_n that_o there_o be_v or_o that_o you_o do_v not_o believe_v any_o thing_n of_o it_o this_o i_o say_v be_v not_o enough_o the_o self-murtherer_n ought_v to_o demonstrate_v that_o there_o be_v none_o nothing_o can_v acquit_v he_o from_o a_o action_n of_o this_o kind_n but_o plain_a and_o undeniable_a certainty_n and_o this_o i_o be_o sure_a can_v be_v have_v but_o rather_o the_o contrary_n and_o in_o a_o matter_n of_o this_o consequence_n it_o may_v be_v sufficient_a without_o any_o far_o argue_v to_o stop_v any_o man_n hand_n to_o consider_v this_o alone_a that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o mankind_n in_o all_o age_n at_o least_o ten_o thousand_o to_o one_o have_v hold_v some_o future_a state_n and_o then_o what_o a_o folly_n must_v it_o be_v upon_o the_o pretence_n of_o incertainty_n to_o run_v such_o a_o hazard_n against_o so_o much_o odds_o to_o rush_v violent_o into_o death_n unlawful_a when_o that_o which_o be_v lawful_a be_v so_o very_o near_o i_o mean_v in_o the_o case_n of_o extreme_a pain_n or_o sickness_n and_o for_o the_o avoid_v a_o short_a time_n of_o misery_n here_o venture_v the_o be_v a_o thousand_o time_n more_o miserable_a hereafter_o but_o still_o they_o may_v insist_v that_o if_o god_n give_v one_o leave_v this_o will_v not_o be_v and_o he_o give_v i_o leave_v enough_o when_o he_o be_v please_v to_o reduce_v i_o to_o extreme_a pain_n etc._n etc._n this_o bring_v i_o to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o this_o rule_n namely_o that_o it_o be_v god_n that_o reduce_v man_n to_o such_o a_o condition_n that_o be_v that_o he_o be_v the_o sole_a or_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o misery_n he_o groan_v under_o by_o some_o extraordinary_a effect_n of_o his_o providence_n without_o any_o fault_n of_o the_o sufferer_n to_o this_o i_o answer_v 1._o that_o this_o be_v very_o rare_o so_o but_o the_o suffering_n of_o extreme_a pain_n or_o sickness_n especial_o in_o those_o who_o be_v most_o incline_v to_o self-murder_n be_v general_o through_o their_o own_o fault_n 2._o that_o though_o they_o be_v not_o but_o the_o plain_a effect_n of_o extraordinary_a providence_n yet_o no_o man_n can_v conclude_v reasonable_o from_o hence_o that_o god_n give_v he_o leave_v or_o liberty_n to_o destroy_v himself_o 1._o it_o be_v very_o seldom_o that_o god_n be_v the_o only_a or_o chief_a cause_n of_o man_n suffering_n thus_o or_o that_o he_o please_v to_o reduce_v he_o to_o extreme_a pain_n and_o misery_n without_o any_o fault_n of_o the_o sufferer_n especial_o those_o who_o be_v incline_v to_o murder_n themselves_o because_o their_o passion_n be_v high_a and_o uncontrollable_a they_o despise_v the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o the_o thought_n of_o a_o future_a state_n and_o therefore_o be_v common_o the_o chief_a cause_n of_o their_o own_o misery_n it_o be_v their_o own_o folly_n that_o put_v such_o and_o such_o second_o cause_n into_o such_o a_o motion_n as_o natural_o produce_v such_o effect_n as_o great_a poverty_n just_a disgrace_n painful_a sore_n and_o torture_a disease_n and_o than_o if_o life_n become_v worse_a to_o any_o one_o of_o these_o than_o any_o death_n he_o must_v blame_v himself_o alone_o wherefore_o nothing_o can_v be_v more_o unreasonable_a than_o for_o such_o people_n to_o be_v always_o lay_v the_o fault_n upon_o providence_n and_o to_o pretend_v to_o quarrel_v with_o life_n cry_v out_o it_o be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o live_v any_o long_o that_o life_n be_v not_o worth_a the_o while_n in_o such_o circumstance_n etc._n etc._n alas_o they_o foolish_o misuse_v life_n they_o be_v their_o body_n as_o well_o as_o their_o estate_n and_o when_o they_o feel_v the_o natural_a effect_n of_o do_v so_o they_o wise_o discover_v that_o life_n be_v not_o worth_a the_o while_n whereas_o this_o discovery_n come_v too_o late_o it_o may_v and_o shall_v have_v be_v make_v much_o soon_o for_o to_o instance_n in_o such_o a_o life_n as_o have_v often_o end_v in_o self-murder_n when_o every_o hour_n be_v gross_o abuse_v when_o the_o morning_n be_v waste_v in_o sleep_n or_o sickly_a qualm_n when_o the_o afternoon_n be_v throw_v away_o in_o false_a ceremony_n invent_v or_o spread_v fresh_a scandal_n in_o endeavour_v to_o impose_v upon_o virtuous_a woman_n or_o be_v effectual_o impose_v upon_o by_o lewd_a one_o when_o the_o night_n be_v spend_v in_o game_n profaneness_n drunkenness_n lust_n quarrellings_n murder_n then_o life_n indeed_o be_v not_o worth_a the_o while_n not_o worth_a the_o be_v continue_v amid_o so_o much_o toil_n of_o folly_n and_o so_o much_o drudgery_n of_o lewdness_n but_o when_o nothing_o but_o the_o common_a effect_n of_o such_o a_o life_n be_v feel_v in_o pain_n or_o sickness_n for_o a_o wretch_n to_o tell_v you_o grave_o that_o life_n be_v not_o worth_a the_o while_n be_v absurd_a and_o ridiculous_a nay_o it_o be_v false_a too_o for_o even_o the_o sad_a remain_v of_o such_o a_o life_n be_v valuable_a if_o right_o employ_v and_o that_o very_o evil_a whether_o it_o be_v sickness_n or_o pain_n for_o which_o they_o hate_v and_o despise_v it_o may_v by_o force_v they_o to_o break_v off_o ill_a acquaintance_n and_o compel_v they_o to_o be_v temperate_a and_o retire_a give_v they_o time_n to_o think_v if_o they_o ever_o be_v capable_a of_o do_v so_o and_o restore_v they_o by_o degree_n to_o themselves_o and_o to_o their_o god_n 2._o suppose_v that_o man_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n themselves_o of_o such_o evil_n fall_v upon_o they_o but_o that_o they_o be_v the_o plain_a effect_n of_o god_n particular_a extraordinary_a providence_n as_o when_o a_o temperate_a virtuous_a man_n bear_v of_o virtuous_a parent_n be_v take_v sudden_o in_o a_o middle_a age_n with_o most_o violent_a pain_n fall_v into_o torment_v and_o incurable_a disease_n break_v out_o in_o painful_a and_o loathsome_a sore_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n have_v violent_a sit_v of_o the_o colic_n or_o the_o stone_n suppose_v all_o this_o i_o say_v yet_o it_o can_v be_v reasonable_o conclude_v from_o hence_o that_o these_o be_v any_o sign_n or_o token_n of_o god_n