pang eyther of the bodie or of the mynde The vse of this place 41 If a fault be committed through any passion or pang eyther of the mynde or bodie the pang shall excuse the fact if the pacient himself were no cause herof at al. 42 If he were some occasion yet not the chiefe occasion therof then it shall extenuate the facte 43 But if he was the onely cause or the chiefe cause of his owne maladie then the passion procureth to the partie neyther pardon nor pitie for it is commonly and truely sayde He that will kill when he is drunke shall be hanged when he is sobre Examples of Passions 44 This mans déede of gifte is not good in the lawe for he was straughte and besides himselfe when he sealed it 45 Take héede of that Dogge for he is madde Of Forme 46 Forme fashion shape and making are counted of some as parte of a thyng and so they be in very deede if the matter bée narrowly considered howebéeit a parte by the iudgement of the common sorte is taken onely for a bodyed portion of a sole substaunce and manye reasons are gathered of the forme of a thyng by them which neyther thinke forme or fashion any parte at all 47 Wée will therefore make forme a place by it selfe folowing that in arte which we learne to be common in practise 48 Fairenes and fauour appertaine to this place they differ in this that fairenesse â—…sisteth chiefly in colour and fauoure in proportion The deuision of forme and fashion 49 There is a newe fashion and an olde fashion a straunge fashion and an vsual fashion a trimme fashion and a rude fashion a commodious fashion and an vnprofitable fashion c. Examples of Forme 50 My yong Lord will loue my lady his wyfe righte well for she is bothe faire and well fauoured 51 This horsse and this greyhounde can not choose but be good there is such trimme making in them both Of the causes Chap. 10. 1 No man is saide to knowe anye thyng throughly afore he know the causes therof 2 A cause is a meane wherby any thing is made to haue a being The deuision of causes 3 There are foure causes the matter the forme the workman and the ende The 1 Matter 2 Forme 3 Woorkman 4 Ende 4 Matter is the stuffe whereof a thing is made 5 Formeis the shâ—…e and fashion which added to the matter maketh the thing perfect and yeldeth both â—…ame and béeing thervnto 6 Woorkmen are doers from whence mouing first commeth 7 An ende is the vse of a thyng that is made causing the workman to take the enterprise in hande 8 Of this it is playne that matter without forme is vnprofitable stuffe and that forme is not added to the matter withoute a workeman nor that any thing worketh except it be moued by some profitable ende 9 Therfor do authors knit these four causes togyther which knowledge are very profitable and reasons are gathered of them very orderly Examples of the causes 10 As if I say My bootes are good for they keep out wete wel Myne argument is taken of the matter for the cause is the goodnesse of the leather whereof my bootes are made 11 But if I saye I lyke my bootes wel for they are fit for me and well shapen my reason is taken of the forme whiche consisteth in the fashion of the boote 12 If I say My bootes are well made for he that made them is a cunning shoemaker my reason taketh his force of the workeman 13 If I say I make my bootes thus for I mynde to ryde drye my reason taketh his force of the ende whiche is the vse I purpose to haue of my bootes 14 Thoughe forme and matter maye well for bréefenesse sake bée reckened as partes and so be referred to the first generall place whiche we called substaunce bicause the cause séemeth to be without the thing where as these haue their béeing in the thing nay rather the thing it selfe is nothing else but the forme and matter ioyned together and taken as one yet in common speach we neuer séeme otherwise to consider of a part then as it is a bodied portion of some whole 15 Therefore haue I made Matter and Forme places by themselues 16 If any man be contentious and say that it is but that to teache one thing often I aunswer that it is no inconuenience that one argument vpon sundry respects be referred to sundrie places Rules appertaining to the Matter and the Forme 17 The matter may be good of a thyng though the forme 〈◊〉 ill as the golde in the ring may be good and the fashion of the ring nought 18 Agayne the forme may be good and the matter nought as the shoe maye bee well made and yet the leather kéepe oute no water 19 So that nothing can be ill whose form and matter are both good nor nothing can be good if eyther his matter or his forme be ill Hovve vvorkmen are deuided 20 There are thrée kyndes of workers some things doe worke as nature teacheth them some as reason guydeth them and some at aduenture 21 The first worketh of necessitie the seconde of fréewill the third by chaunce 22 Workemen are also many sundrye wayes deuided for some do worke thinges in common and some do things alone some worke more in short tyme and do it ill and some work little in long tyme and do it wel some worke for pleasure and some for profite some of force and some of fréewill c. Generall rules belonging to vvorkmen 23 When there are naturall and necessarie workemen there muste néedes be necessarie and naturall woorkes 24 And againe where the worke is necessarie and naturall there the workeman must bée so too 25 One workeman alone can not doe a common worke 26 He worketh fast inough that worketh that well which he doth 27 And he worketh ouerfasic that doth any thing ill or amisse 28 He worketh well that worketh with aduisement 29 And he ofte faulteth in his work that hasteth to muche 30 He is a singular workeman that will ridde much in shorte tyme and doe it well withall Generall rules and principles gathered of an ende 31 If the ende of a thing be good and lawfull then is the preparation and all things tending to that ende lawfull too 32 For if it be lawful to fight in defence of of a mannes countrey then is warre and the vse of a mans weapon lawfull 54 But if the ende be vnlawfull and ill then are all thinges ill and vnlawfull that are appointed to that ende Of the Effect of things Chap. 11. 1 After wée haue searched out the causes of thinges it behoueth vs to consider their effect which is nothing else but the workmans déede Hovve vvorkes and effectes are deuided 2 Some workes are doone only with the bodie some only with the mynde some by helpe of them both some are workes that tende to profite some to pleasure some are vaine tending to
no good vse at all there is a long woorke and a short woorke a slowe worke and a quicke worke an ill worke and a good woorke c. Rules gathered of an effect or of the vvorke that is done 3 If the worke be well done the cost that is made therevppon is well bestowed and the workeman deserueth his praise 4 If the worke be not more worth then the coast that is bestowed vppon it there is laboure lost 5 That worke is good whiche commendeth the workeman and that a naughty worke which putteth the doer to shame 6 The worke of the mind in good things is alwayes more excellente then the worke of the body but in il things it is farre worse An example of an Effecte 7 Fuchsius was a good Phisitian for hée hath done many notable cures 8 If ye will set downe this reason at large do thus Da ri i Whosoeuer hath doone many notable cures was a good Phisitian But Fuchsius hathe done many notable cures therefore Fuchsius was a notable Phisitian Of preparation Chap. 12. 1 As the efficient cause doth alwayes respect an effect so doth the end or finall cause require a preparation 2 By preparation I understande not only the acte of prouiding but the things also y are prepared as meanes to bring a purpose or deuise to passe Hovve preparation is deuided 3 Preparation is eyther greate or small sumptuous or meane open or secrete lawfull or vnlawfull to muche to little or in a meane Rules belonging to preparation 4 If preparation be made there muste néedes be an ende purposed but contrarywise it followeth not that yf there bée an ende purposed there shoulde bée by and by preparation made bycause the ende is in purpose afore the means can be gotten that are prepared for an ende 5 Agayne if preparation be not made â–ª nor things prouided that are necessarily required for an ende it foloweth that the end is not obteyned An example of preparation 6 There will be warre for there is a generall muster taken through the whole realme a number of souldiers are prest into wages the Quéenes Ships furnished with men vitayle and shot and greate prouiding of armoure Of doing Chap. 13. 1 No doer or efficiente cause can make any worke nor no preparation will serue to obteyne any ende without doing Therefore in mine opinion the storehouse of doing followeth right aptly in this place For doing is the laboure that is taken in making of a worke which bringeth the workeman by meanes as by steps and degrées to hys appointed end Hovv doings and laboure are deuided 2 Some dooinges leaue a woorke which remayneth to be séene after the labor is ended as the doing that is bestowed in building an house leaueth an house to be vewed and séene when the worke is finished 3 Some doings leaue behinde them no suche worke as may be séene with eie and yet a worke too as the trauaile and payne that is taken in getting of learning 4 Learning is the worke that remayneth of the laboure which though it cannot be vewed by the eie yet maye it not therefore be called no worke or sayde not to remaine 5 For learning remayneth in déede in the minde of man and differeth much from the paine that was taken in getting of it 6 Agayne there is a sharpe laboure a softe laboure and a meane laboure the firste serueth for spéede the seconde for ease the thirde for continuance Rules of Laboure 7 That laboure is well bestowed that bringeth forth a good worke 8 That is lost labour and in vaine that faileth of his appointed ende 9 Haste in doing maketh waste in the woorke as the common saying is haste â—…keth waste An example of Doing 10 These are ill men for they sweare they dice they rauishe they robbe they kyll Of Suffering and of his diuision Chapter 14. 1 We must consider whether the suffering be in the body in the minde or in external things as what losse the party hath sustained what domage what pain what sicknesse what griefe c. An example of Suffering 2 He loueth mée entirelye for hée hath ventured his life and sustained great dyspleasure for my sake Of time and place Chap. 15. 1 What place and time are loke in our first booke the. 24. side and. 27. 28. verses 2 And for the deuision of time looke 41. â—…de beginning at the. 6. verse and so forth till ye come to the twelfth 3 And to knowe howe places are deuided looke the. 43. side and the. 22. verse An example of place 4 I had no libertie this moneth to bée where I woulde for I was all this time in prison An example of time 5 Aristotle was not king Alexanders scholemaister for Aristotle was deade aâ—…ore king Alexander was borne Of the vse of these tvvo places 6 Necessarye argumentes maye be gathered of time and place to disproue but to proue or perswade they are but probable 7 For this reason holdeth of force the partie that is accused to haue done thys murther was not in that place where the fact was don or had no being at that time Ergo he is not giltie of that crime 8 Nowe if you reason he was there at that time and none sene there but hee it argueth a probabilitie that he should haue bene the doer but it forceth no necessitie Of Order Chap. 16. 1 Order is a thing very necessarye in all matters For no armie is of force excepte the men be in araye and in order no house can stand except the timber and stone bée laide in due order no fire will burne except the stickes and the coales lie in order no writing can be red except y letters be set in order no talke can bée vnderstanded except the woords be spoken in order to conclude nothing is weldon that is not done in order and nothing is ill done but that is done out of order The vse of this place 2 This place yeldeth manye probable argumentes to perswade or disswade to praise or dispraise 3 But necessary reasons to proue a facte to be done or not done it yeldeth fewe 4 Thoughe placing of it selfe narowly sifted admit no degrées of more or lesse yet when the ordering of one thyng is compared to the ordering of another coÌ„mon speache vseth to make degrées and to saye one thing is better ordered then another 5 For we vse to say the armie is in better order nowe then it was afore or the common weale is better gouerned now then it hath bene heretofore An example of Order 6 The state of the common weale must néedes soone change all things are so farrâ—… out of order Of Hauing Chap. 17. 1 Argumentes are taken of Hauing when the force of the reason dependeth of the Hauing of a thing and not of the thing that is had or possessed 2 As when it is said come not neare this beare for she hath whelpes 3 The force of this reason lieth not in the whelpe but in hauing of a
c. 13 4 26 8 fourefold with a c. halfe parte more as 9 to 2 or as 18 to 4 third parte more 13 3 26 6 fourth part more c. 17 4 34 8 19 Manyfold with many parts moe is deuided into twofolde with two third partes moe as 8 to 3 or as 16 to 6 thre fourth parts moe 11 4 22 8 foure fift partes moe c. 14 5 28 10 thréefold with two third partes moe as 11 to 3 or as 22 to 6 thrée fourth parts moe 15 4 30 8 foure fifte parts moe c. 19 5 38 10 fourefold with two third partes moe as 14 to 3 or as 28 to 6 thre fourth parts moe 19 4 38 8 foure fifte parts moe c. 24 5 48 10 20 I haue set â—…oorthe these particular respectes for that by them and suche lyke ye maye solute all suche questions as are wroughte in Arithmeticke by the rule of thrée or as some doe terme it by the golden rulâ—… which in verye déede is the rule of proportion 21 But there men are taught to worke by multiplication and deuision whyche make the matter harde to them that are ignoraunt in that arte and hide as it were the grounde and cause why vppon suche woorkyng it should so fall forth but here yée shall at the fyrste sighte dâ—…cyde the matter perceyuing withall the reason thereof 22 For if it be demaunded and said iiâ—… sÌ„ in one yeare doe gayne xvâ—… sÌ„ howe manye shillings shall vâ—… sÌ„ gayne ye maye aunswere and saye seyng iiâ—… sÌ„ are fyue tymes in xvâ—… sÌ„ wyth two thyrde partes moe I know that the summe demaunded muste contayne vâ—… shillings fyue tymes and two thyrde partes moe of vâ—… sÌ„ nowe then xxxv sÌ„ contayning vâ—… sÌ„ fiue times and â—…ourtene groates beyng two thyrde partes of vâ—… sÌ„ I sée playnely that vâ—… sÌ„ doe gayne in one yeare xxxix sÌ„ viâ—… 〈◊〉 and that the reason thereof is for that vâ—… sÌ„ are iuste so ofte in xxxix sÌ„ viâ—… 〈◊〉 as iiâ—… sÌ„ are in xvâ—… sÌ„ A generall lesson for Inuention teaching the vse of our third and fourth booke Chap. 26. 1 Aristotle in shewing a meane how to finde the prouing terme maketh but thrée places the place of the foreset the place of the backset and the place of the biset The place of the Foreset Backset Biset 2 Foresets are called in Latine Anteceilentia bicause they come alwaies in a sentence afore y verbe backsets are termed Consequentia because they come after bisets are named in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bycause they are neuer knitte together in a yeasay but alwayes sundred by a naysay 3 Doubtlessâ—… this deuision is very trim and naturaâ—…l â—…or when the prouing terme is taken in the foresayes with the generall or special terme it is either coupled to them by a yeasaye or seuered from them by a naysay 4 If it be coupled to them in a yeasaye it is either placed afore or after the verbe if it be placed afore it beareth the name of a â—…oreset if it be set after the verbe then â—…oth it take the name of a backset but if it be sundred from them by a naisay then is it termed a biset whether it be placed afore or after 5 So that the prouing terme compared eithâ—…r to the generall terme or the special term must needes beare one of these thrée generall respectes that is either to be a foreset a backset or a biset 6 And bycause the prouing terme is repeted in euery reason by rule twice it followeth that it muste alwayes beare a double respect one to the generall terme and another to the speciall terme these two termes beyng euer extant and plaine to be sens in the question it selfe 7 This thing is set forth in our thyrde booke both by rules and examples and that both plainely and at large bicause it is a thing most necessary for a reasoner to be â—…nning and expert in 8 Thus ye must euer marke that where a reason by rule standeth but of three termes two of them are euer contained in the conclusion and therefore â—…uident to bée seene in the question at the firste the thirde terme is that which we call the prouing terme which we vse as a meane whereby to conclude the matter that lieth in question and so bring oure purpose to passe 9 Nowe howe the prouing termâ—… must lye to the other two termes that the question in controuersie maye be concluded ye muste learne by the fouretene seates set foorth at large in our third booke considering with your self what maner of shewsay the question doth containe and in how many particular seates the same maye bâ—… concluded and so shall ye plainely learne the double respect that the prouing terme must beare to the other two termes I meane the generall terme and the speciall terme 10 This done ye must drawe your quâ—…stion through the places that is to saye yée must drawe the wordes of your question through the placâ—…s and when ye find any worde in any particular place which beareth that respect to the generall and speciall terme that the rules of the third booke require know ye of a certaintie that that is the prouing terme the meanes wherby ye may worke your feate 11 So that ye muste conne by hart and haue on your fingers endes the fourtene seates expressed in our third booke and the 44. particular places set forth in this oure fourth booke â–ª I thinke it good to name and order them thus 1 Saywhat Substaunce 2 Generall terme 3 Speciall terme 4 Propertie 5 Whole 6 Partes 7 Ofspring 8 Number Quantitie 9 Weight 10 Bignesse 11 Power Qualitie 12 Will. 13 Dispositions 14 Qualities perceiued by sense 15 Affections 16 Passions 17 Forme 18 Matter or stuffe Causes 19 Forme 20 Workman or doer 21 Ende 22 Effect or worke 23 Preparation and meanes to obtaine an ende 24 Doyng 25 Suffering 26 Time. 27 Place 28 Order 29 Hauing 30 Forecommers Commers 31 Aftercommers 32 Withcommers 33 Likelier 34 Unlikelier 35 Aslike 36 Similitude 37 Witnesses 38 Respecting termes or yokefelowes Gainsetâ—… 39 Depriuing termes 40 Contraries 41 More then contraries or denying termes 42 Differing termes 43 Deuision 44 Proportion Hovv doubtfull Questions and demaundes are to be handeled Chap. 27. 1 Nowe that we haue sufficientlye intreated of words of sentences of reasons and of the places it remayneth that wée also intreat of a probable demaund shewing an easye trade and way howe doubtâ—…ll questions are to be discussed VVhat a Question or demaunde is 2 A question or a demaunde is a shewsaye requiring a yea or a nay as do fishes breath in the waters or no 3 If you aunswere this demaunde and make your choise saying either that fishes doe take breath vnder the water or that they do not ye make of a question a shewsaye 4 But if ye procéede further and adde a reason why ye so saye in concluding of Side 87. ver 1 Faultes escaped Fol. 60. lin 9.