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be_v good_a wherein_o it_o differ_v from_o vice_n for_o vice_n be_v also_o a_o moral_a habit_n as_o well_o as_o virtue_n the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n be_v to_o incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v always_o according_a to_o right_a reason_n or_o true_a judgement_n so_o shall_v you_o make_v a_o true_a definition_n of_o virtue_n in_o say_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o good_a moral_a habit_n incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v always_o according_a to_o true_a judgement_n and_o after_o this_o sort_n you_o may_v learn_v to_o define_v any_o other_o thing_n chap._n iii_o of_o division_n what_o be_v division_n division_n be_v the_o part_n or_o divide_v of_o a_o word_n or_o thing_n that_o be_v more_o general_a unto_o other_o word_n or_o thing_n less_o general_a for_o division_n be_v twofold_a that_o be_v of_o a_o name_n and_o of_o a_o thing_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v the_o division_n of_o a_o name_n when_o some_o equinoke_n or_o doubtful_a word_n be_v divide_v into_o his_o manifold_a 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such_o part_n in_o order_n but_o if_o all_o the_o part_n which_o the_o thing_n contain_v have_v not_o oneself_o end_n but_o diverse_a then_o divide_v it_o by_o such_o difference_n as_o every_o part_n may_v have_v his_o proper_a end_n moreover_o if_o the_o form_n matter_n or_o cause_n efficient_a have_v diverse_a respect_n and_o consideration_n than_o according_a to_o that_o diversity_n make_v diverse_a division_n and_o first_o declare_v what_o be_v common_a to_o all_o the_o part_n in_o general_n and_o what_o be_v proper_a to_o every_o one_o in_o particular_a final_o if_o some_o one_o whole_a thing_n lie_v hide_v than_o it_o be_v to_o be_v find_v out_o by_o look_v into_o some_o of_o the_o particular_a part_n thereof_o and_o these_o be_v all_o the_o chief_a point_n contain_v in_o the_o latin_a treatise_n which_o my_o friend_n aâ—…ontius_n write_v the_o methodo_fw-la and_o though_o that_o petrus_n ramus_n make_v but_o one_o kind_n of_o method_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o first_o principle_n or_o element_n yet_o i_o be_o sure_a he_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o to_o go_v forward_o and_o backward_o be_v two_o diverse_a thing_n though_o not_o contrary_a as_o do_v well_o appear_v by_o the_o compositive_a and_o resolutive_a method_n before_o define_v i_o do_v not_o yet_o perfect_o understand_v by_o all_o this_o with_o what_o method_n a_o simple_a question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v therefore_o i_o pray_v you_o show_v the_o true_a way_n and_o order_n thereof_o the_o method_n or_o way_n in_o handle_v a_o simple_a question_n depend_v upon_o these_o 9_o interrogative_n that_o be_v to_o say_v 1._o first_o what_o signification_n the_o name_n or_o word_n have_v whereof_o the_o question_n be_v make_v and_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v take_v 2._o second_o whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n or_o not_o 3._o three_o what_o it_o be_v 4._o four_o what_o be_v the_o part_n or_o special_a kind_n thereof_o 5._o five_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n 6._o six_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n 7._o seven_o what_o thing_n be_v incident_a or_o appertinent_a unto_o it_o 8._o eight_o what_o thing_n be_v like_a unto_o it_o 9_o and_o ninth_o what_o thing_n be_v contrary_a to_o it_o all_o which_o question_n aristotle_n reduce_v into_o these_o four_o that_o be_v to_o say_v whether_o it_o be_v what_o it_o be_v what_o manner_n of_o thing_n it_o be_v and_o why_o it_o be_v give_v example_n of_o a_o simple_a question_n handle_v according_a to_o the_o nine_o question_n before_o recite_v as_o for_o example_n if_o we_o have_v to_o treat_v of_o virtue_n first_o we_o must_v show_v the_o diverse_a signification_n of_o virtue_n for_o virtue_n signify_v sometime_o power_n and_o ability_n as_o when_o we_o say_v virtue_n attractive_a virtue_n digestive_a or_o virtue_n expulsive_a but_o here_o virtue_n be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o a_o moral_a habit_n bring_v forth_o good_a and_o commendable_a action_n second_o whether_o virtue_n be_v or_o not_o it_o plain_o appear_v by_o the_o diverse_a do_n of_o man_n whereof_o some_o be_v good_a some_o be_v bad_a three_o what_o virtue_n be_v we_o know_v by_o the_o definition_n thereof_o in_o say_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o moral_a habit_n incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v that_o which_o be_v always_o good_a and_o agreeable_a to_o true_a judgement_n four_o the_o kind_n of_o virtue_n be_v diverse_a as_o prudence_n justice_n temperance_n fortitude_n modesty_n and_o such_o like_a five_o the_o cause_n of_o virtue_n be_v also_o diverse_a for_o the_o cause_n efficient_a thereof_o be_v good_a and_o man_n will_n obedient_a to_o true_a reason_n and_o to_o true_a judgement_n the_o matter_n or_o subject_n of_o virtue_n be_v the_o mind_n or_o heart_n of_o man_n the_o final_a cause_n be_v blessedness_n six_o the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n be_v tranquillity_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o many_o prosperous_a success_n and_o also_o public_a utility_n and_o peace_n seven_o thing_n incident_a to_o virtue_n be_v these_o the_o honour_n praise_n and_o commendation_n of_o good_a man_n eight_o thing_n of_o affinity_n or_o like_a to_o virtue_n be_v all_o good_a inclination_n disposition_n or_o good_a natural_a affection_n as_o to_o be_v love_v kind_a and_o merciful_a nine_o thing_n contrary_a to_o virtue_n be_v all_o manner_n of_o vice_n as_o pride_n covetousness_n hypocrisy_n dissimulation_n etc._n etc._n what_o method_n be_v to_o be_v obsern_v in_o handle_v a_o compound_n question_n a_o compound_n question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v by_o argue_v and_o reason_v on_o both_o side_n whereof_o we_o shall_v treat_v hereafter_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n we_o have_v to_o speak_v of_o a_o proposition_n without_o the_o which_o no_o argument_n can_v be_v make_v for_o all_o argument_n do_v consist_v of_o proposition_n here_o end_v the_o second_o book_n the_o art_n of_o logic_n the_o three_o book_n chap._n i._n of_o a_o proposition_n what_o be_v a_o proposition_n it_o be_v a_o perfect_a speech_n whereby_o something_o be_v manifest_o declare_v to_o be_v true_a or_o false_a whereof_o be_v such_o speech_n special_o compound_v of_o noun_n and_o verb_n which_o noun_n will_v be_v of_o the_o nominative_a case_n and_o the_o verb_n of_o the_o indicative_a mood_n as_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n for_o the_o logician_n do_v seldom_o allow_v any_o such_o speech_n as_o be_v either_o of_o the_o optative_a imperative_a interrogative_n or_o vocative_n mood_n as_o i_o will_v to_o god_n i_o have_v a_o good_a horse_n this_o speech_n be_v not_o account_v to_o be_v so_o true_a or_o certain_a as_o to_o say_v i_o have_v a_o good_a horse_n of_o how_o many_o part_n do_v a_o proposition_n consist_v of_o three_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o subject_n predicat_fw-la and_o copulat_fw-la what_o be_v the_o copulat_fw-la it_o be_v the_o verb_n substantive_n call_v in_o latin_a sum_n es_fw-mi fui_fw-la that_o be_v to_o be_v which_o do_v couple_n or_o join_v the_o predicat_fw-la with_o his_o subject_n as_o when_o we_o say_v man_n be_v 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always_o join_v to_o the_o verbo_fw-la how_o many_o way_n be_v a_o simple_a proposition_n divide_v according_a to_o quantity_n four_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v into_o a_o universal_a particular_a indefinite_a and_o singular_a proposition_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v universal_a when_o some_o universal_a sign_n be_v add_v to_o the_o subject_n which_o word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v universal_a sign_n these_o all_o every_o whatsoever_o whosoever_o none_o no_o body_n not_o one_o none_o at_o all_o every_o where_o no_o where_o and_o such_o like_a as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o liar_n no_o man_n be_v true_a when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v a_o particular_a proposition_n when_o some_o particular_a sign_n be_v add_v to_o the_o subject_n which_o call_v you_o particular_a sign_n these_o some_o any_o many_o few_o and_o such_o like_a as_o some_o man_n be_v wise_a few_o be_v wise_a when_o
also_o be_v necessary_a as_o thus_o the_o woman_n give_v milk_n ergo_fw-la she_o have_v have_v a_o child_n or_o be_v with_o child_n if_o the_o sign_n be_v probable_a than_o the_o enthimeme_n be_v also_o probable_a as_o thus_o this_o man_n be_v a_o night-gad_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v a_o thief_n chap._n xxv_o of_o a_o example_n what_o be_v a_o example_n a_o example_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o argument_n wherein_o we_o proceed_v from_o one_o particular_a to_o prove_v another_o particular_a by_o reason_n of_o some_o likeness_n that_o be_v betwixt_o they_o as_o thus_o god_n do_v not_o punish_v the_o ninivites_fw-la because_o they_o repent_v ergo_fw-la he_o will_v not_o punish_v we_o if_o we_o repent_v god_n do_v not_o let_v to_o plague_v king_n david_n for_o adultery_n ergo_fw-la he_o will_v not_o let_v to_o plague_v any_o other_o king_n for_o commit_v the_o same_o offence_n wherein_o differ_v this_o kind_n of_o argument_n from_o the_o rest_n this_o kind_n of_o argument_n differ_v in_o form_n from_o all_o the_o rest_n before_o teach_v for_o a_o syllogism_n proceed_v from_o the_o general_a kind_n to_o the_o special_a kind_n or_o otherwise_o a_o enthimeme_n imitate_v a_o syllogism_n recite_v in_o his_o antecedent_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n again_o a_o induction_n out_o of_o many_o particularity_n gather_v a_o universality_n none_o of_o which_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o a_o example_n proceed_v only_o from_o one_o particular_a to_o another_o like_a particular_a notwithstanding_o aristotle_n say_v that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v partly_o to_o a_o induction_n and_o partly_o to_o a_o syllogism_n for_o in_o take_v the_o first_o particular_a you_o may_v by_o a_o unperfect_a induction_n imply_v a_o universal_a proposition_n and_o so_o from_o that_o universal_a proposition_n to_o proceed_v by_o order_n of_o syllogism_n unto_o the_o other_o particular_a employ_v in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o example_n as_o in_o this_o example_n juaas_n die_v evil_a ergo_fw-la pilate_n also_o die_v evil_a it_o may_v be_v first_o reduce_v into_o a_o unperfect_a induction_n thus_o judas_n die_v evil_a because_o he_o be_v the_o author_n of_o christ_n death_n and_o do_v not_o repent_v ergo_fw-la every_o man_n that_o be_v author_n of_o christ_n death_n and_o do_v not_o repent_v die_v evil_a into_o a_o syllogism_n thus_o every_o man_n that_o be_v author_n of_o christ_n death_n and_o do_v not_o repent_v die_v evil_a but_o pilate_n be_v author_n of_o christ_n death_n and_o do_v not_o repent_v ergo_fw-la pilate_n die_v evil_a whereto_o serve_v this_o kind_n of_o reason_v by_o example_n example_n be_v very_o good_a in_o all_o moral_a matter_n to_o persuade_v or_o dissuade_v what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o reason_v by_o way_n of_o example_n you_o must_v in_o any_o wise_a be_v sure_a that_o the_o similitude_n or_o likeness_n of_o the_o particular_n do_v make_v to_o the_o purpose_n which_o you_o intend_v and_o that_o it_o be_v the_o very_a cause_n why_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o antecedent_n proper_o belong_v to_o the_o subject_n for_o otherwise_o the_o argument_n be_v not_o good_a for_o if_o you_o shall_v reason_v thus_o judas_n die_v evil_a ergo_fw-la peter_n die_v evil_a because_o they_o be_v both_o sinner_n for_o their_o likeness_n in_o this_o behalf_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n that_o judas_n die_v evil_a but_o the_o cause_n before_o allege_v from_o whence_o be_v this_o kind_n of_o argument_n fetch_v from_o the_o place_n of_o comparison_n as_o from_o the_o like_a from_o the_o more_o and_o from_o the_o less_o of_o all_o which_o the_o general_a rule_n or_o maxim_n be_v thus_o in_o thing_n like_a be_v like_o judgement_n or_o reason_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o in_o the_o treatise_n of_o place_n thus_o far_o of_o the_o four_o principal_a kind_n of_o reason_v now_o of_o the_o rest_n and_o first_o chap._n xxvi_o of_o the_o argument_n call_v sorite_n what_o be_v sorites_n sorites_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o argument_n proceed_v as_o it_o be_v by_o certain_a degree_n unto_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v gather_v of_o many_o proposition_n necessary_o follow_v one_o another_o and_o be_v knit_v together_o so_o as_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o first_o proposition_n be_v the_o subject_n of_o the_o second_o and_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o second_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o even_o to_o the_o last_o proposition_n who_o predicate_a be_v join_v to_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o first_o proposition_n do_v make_v the_o conclusion_n as_o thus_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n do_v move_v itself_o whatsoever_o move_v itself_o be_v the_o begin_n of_o move_v the_o beginning_n of_o move_v have_v no_o end_n whatsoever_o have_v no_o end_n be_v immortal_a ergo_fw-la the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a when_o be_v this_o kind_n of_o argument_n say_v to_o be_v of_o force_n when_o it_o be_v make_v of_o affirmative_a proposition_n wherein_o word_n of_o affinity_n be_v necessary_o join_v together_o as_o when_o kind_n general_a difference_n or_o property_n be_v join_v with_o those_o special_a kind_n of_o who_o they_o be_v speak_v or_o when_o proper_a effect_n be_v join_v with_o their_o proper_a cause_n for_o if_o the_o proposition_n be_v either_o negative_a or_o do_v not_o necessary_o hang_v together_o than_o it_o be_v no_o good_a argument_n as_o in_o negative_n let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n a_o man_n be_v not_o a_o lion_n a_o lion_n be_v a_o sensible_a beast_n ergo_fw-la man_n be_v not_o a_o sensible_a beast_n now_o of_o proposition_n not_o hang_v necessary_o together_o because_o that_o proper_a effect_n be_v not_o join_v with_o their_o proper_a cause_n let_v this_o common_a jest_n be_v your_o example_n whoso_o drink_v well_o sleep_v well_o whoso_o sleep_v well_o sin_v not_o whoso_o sin_v not_o shall_v be_v bless_v ergo_fw-la whoso_o drink_v well_o shall_v be_v bless_v which_o be_v no_o good_a conclusion_n for_o much_o drink_n be_v not_o always_o the_o cause_n of_o sleep_n nor_o sleep_v the_o cause_n of_o not_o sin_v the_o rhetorician_n use_v another_o kind_n of_o argument_n call_v gradatio_fw-la which_o be_v much_o like_a to_o soriteâ—…_n save_v that_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o first_o proposition_n be_v not_o rehearse_v in_o the_o conclusion_n for_o they_o use_v it_o rather_o as_o a_o ornament_n of_o speech_n then_o as_o a_o proof_n as_o the_o virtue_n of_o scipio_n win_v he_o fame_n fame_n get_v he_o enemy_n and_o his_o enemy_n procure_v his_o death_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o diverse_a other_o kind_n of_o argument_n and_o first_o of_o a_o dilemma_n and_o what_o kind_n it_o comprehend_v there_o be_v also_o other_o form_n of_o argument_n whereof_o some_o be_v fallax_n and_o some_o be_v good_a conclusion_n and_o they_o be_v these_o dilemma_n enumeratio_fw-la simplex_n conclusio_fw-la subiectio_fw-la oppositio_fw-la violatio_fw-la what_o be_v dilemma_n dilemma_n be_v a_o argument_n make_v of_o two_o member_n repugnant_a one_o to_o another_o whereof_o which_o soever_o thou_o grant_v thou_o be_v by_o and_o by_o take_v as_o thus_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o marry_v a_o wife_n for_o if_o she_o be_v fair_a she_o will_v be_v common_a if_o foul_a then_o loathsome_a notwithstanding_o this_o be_v but_o a_o slippery_a kind_n of_o argument_n unless_o both_o the_o repugnant_a part_n be_v such_o as_o neither_o of_o they_o can_v be_v turn_v again_o upon_o the_o maker_n of_o the_o argument_n for_o then_o by_o conversion_n the_o dilemma_n be_v soon_o confute_v as_o for_o example_n you_o may_v convert_v both_o part_n of_o the_o argument_n last_o recite_v thus_o it_o be_v good_a to_o marry_v a_o wife_n for_o if_o she_o be_v fair_a she_o shall_v not_o be_v loath_a some_o if_o foul_a than_o not_o common_a much_o like_a to_o this_o be_v that_o captious_a argument_n which_o protagoras_n the_o lawyer_n make_v against_o his_o scholar_n euathlus_n who_o have_v covenant_v to_o pay_v his_o master_n a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n at_o the_o first_o suit_n or_o action_n that_o he_o shall_v win_v by_o plead_v at_o the_o law_n whereupon_o his_o master_n do_v afterward_o commence_v a_o action_n against_o he_o and_o in_o reason_v with_o he_o of_o the_o matter_n make_v he_o this_o dilemma_n either_o say_v he_o judgement_n shall_v be_v give_v against_o thou_o or_o with_o thou_o if_o against_o thou_o than_o thou_o must_v pay_v i_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o judgement_n if_o judgement_n be_v give_v with_o thou_o than_o thou_o must_v also_o pay_v i_o by_o covenant_n which_o the_o scholar_n immediate_o confute_v by_o conversion_n in_o this_o sort_n either_o say_v he_o judgement_n shall_v be_v give_v with_o i_o or_o against_o i_o if_o with_o i_o than_o i_o shall_v be_v quit_v by_o law_n if_o against_o i_o than_o i_o ought_v to_o pay_v nothing_o by_o covenant_n what_o other_o iutricate_a kind_n of_o reason_v be_v say_v to_o be_v comprehend_v under_o
with_o the_o good_a thou_o shall_v be_v good_a and_o with_o the_o froward_a thou_o shall_v learn_v frowardness_n what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n if_o one_o thing_n be_v put_v to_o another_o endue_v the_o same_o with_o any_o quality_n that_o thing_n must_v needs_o have_v the_o same_o quality_n itself_o i_o do_v place_n this_o place_n next_o to_o action_n because_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o it_o appertain_v to_o action_n of_o common_a accident_n what_o cast_v you_o common_a accident_n i_o call_v those_o common_a accident_n such_o thing_n as_o be_v either_o always_o or_o for_o the_o most_o part_n so_o knit_v together_o as_o the_o one_o go_v before_o or_o after_o the_o other_o or_o else_o accompany_v each_o one_o the_o other_o whereof_o some_o be_v necessary_a and_o some_o probable_a how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o the_o necessary_a both_o affirmative_o and_o negative_o and_o first_o affirmative_o by_o the_o latter_a part_n thus_o this_o appletree_n have_v flower_n ergo_fw-la it_o have_v bud_v it_o have_v fruit_n ergo_fw-la it_o have_v both_o bud_v and_o flower_v this_o woman_n be_v bring_v to_o bed_n of_o a_o child_n ergo_fw-la she_o have_v conceive_v negative_o by_o the_o former_a part_n thus_o this_o woman_n never_o conceive_v ergo_fw-la she_o can_v bring_v forth_o no_o child_n this_o man_n never_o study_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o learned_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n if_o the_o latter_a be_v the_o former_a must_v needs_o go_v before_o and_o if_o the_o former_a be_v not_o the_o latter_a can_v be_v of_o probable_a accident_n conjecture_n presumption_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o probable_a accident_n from_o probable_a accident_n you_o may_v reason_v affirmative_o thus_o the_o feast_n of_o bacehus_n be_v this_o day_n celebrate_v ergo_fw-la there_o will_v be_v many_o drunken_a this_o day_n the_o general_a session_n be_v hold_v this_o day_n ergo_fw-la there_o will_v be_v some_o hang_v what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n if_o the_o latter_a be_v it_o be_v likely_a that_o the_o former_a go_v before_o and_o if_o the_o former_a be_v it_o be_v like_a enough_o the_o latter_a may_v sollow_v but_o you_o must_v beware_v in_o reason_v from_o this_o place_n that_o you_o fetch_v not_o your_o argument_n from_o such_o accident_n as_o chance_v but_o seldom_o or_o be_v indifferent_a for_o such_o be_v neither_o necessary_a nor_o probable_a but_o sophistical_a and_o fallible_a as_o to_o reason_n thus_o she_o be_v a_o fair_a woman_n ergo_fw-la she_o be_v unchaste_a whereto_o serve_v the_o place_n of_o common_a accident_n in_o the_o judicial_a kind_n it_o help_v great_o to_o prove_v the_o fact_n in_o the_o demonstrative_a kind_n to_o praise_n or_o dispraise_v in_o the_o deliberative_a kind_n to_o persuade_v or_o dissuade_v and_o to_o gather_v together_o all_o conjecture_n meet_v for_o the_o purpose_n and_o therefore_o this_o place_n be_v much_o use_v of_o natural_a philosopher_n to_o prove_v thing_n by_o natural_a sign_n or_o by_o physiognomy_n also_o of_o astrologer_n â—…o_v prove_v dearth_n mortality_n and_o such_o like_a by_o wonder_n and_o monster_n as_o by_o blaze_a star_n and_o such_o like_a impression_n also_o it_o be_v much_o use_v of_o chiromancer_n soothsayer_n and_o such_o as_o use_v to_o judge_v by_o conjecture_n and_o therefore_o this_o place_n extend_v very_o far_o and_o serve_v to_o many_o use_n hitherto_o also_o be_v refer_v the_o place_n of_o circumstance_n and_o chief_o of_o time_n and_o place_n from_o whence_o good_a argument_n may_v be_v fetch_v of_o time_n how_o be_v argument_n fetch_v from_o time_n negative_o thus_o pythag_n be_v not_o bear_v in_o numa_n pompilius_n time_n ergo_fw-la numa_n be_v not_o pythagoras_n scholar_n the_o ceremonial_a law_n of_o moses_n be_v make_v for_o a_o certain_a time_n ergo_fw-la after_o that_o time_n they_o do_v not_o bind_v what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n nothing_o can_v be_v without_o time_n for_o if_o time_n be_v take_v away_o the_o thing_n also_o must_v needs_o fail_v of_o place_n how_o be_v argument_n fetch_v from_o place_n negative_o thus_o cicero_n be_v not_o at_o rome_n when_o julius_n caesar_n be_v slay_v ergo_fw-la cicero_n slay_v he_o not_o what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n no_o certain_a body_n or_o thing_n be_v without_o a_o place_n neither_o be_v one_o body_n at_o one_o time_n in_o diverse_a place_n and_o thus_o much_o touch_v inward_a place_n of_o outward_a place_n and_o first_o of_o cause_n which_o be_v outward_a place_n outward_a place_n be_v those_o which_o appertain_v to_o the_o thing_n and_o yet_o do_v not_o cleave_v thereunto_o of_o which_o place_n the_o first_o be_v of_o cause_n and_o effect_n what_o be_v a_o cause_n a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o virtue_n whereof_o another_o thing_n follow_v how_o many_o chief_a kind_n of_o cause_n be_v there_o four_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o cause_n efficient_a the_o end_n matter_n and_o shape_n of_o the_o two_o last_o whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v before_o because_o they_o be_v inward_a place_n and_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o therefore_o we_o have_v to_o deal_v only_o here_o with_o the_o cause_n efficient_a and_o end_n of_o the_o cause_n efficient_a what_o be_v that_o cause_n efficient_a and_o how_o be_v it_o divide_v cause_o efficient_a be_v that_o from_o whence_o proceed_v the_o first_o beginning_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v make_v or_o do_v and_o be_v the_o maker_n thereof_o as_o for_o example_n the_o carpenter_n be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a of_o the_o house_n which_o he_o make_v and_o so_o be_v every_o artificer_n of_o his_o own_o work_n cause_n efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n that_o be_v to_o say_v cause_v absolute_a and_o cause_v adiwant_fw-la cause_o absolute_a work_v by_o his_o own_o force_n and_o virtue_n as_o the_o fire_n that_o burn_v cause_n adiwant_fw-la work_v not_o by_o himself_o but_o be_v a_o helper_n and_o such_o cause_n be_v sometime_o principal_a as_o virtue_n be_v a_o principal_a cause_n of_o bless_a life_n and_o sometime_o not_o principal_a as_o the_o gift_n of_o the_o body_n and_o of_o fortune_n be_v helper_n to_o the_o happy_a life_n but_o not_o principal_a cause_n thereof_o again_o of_o cause_n some_o be_v of_o necessity_n without_o which_o the_o thing_n can_v be_v make_v as_o the_o instrument_n or_o matter_n and_o some_o be_v say_v not_o to_o be_v of_o necessity_n as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o speak_n of_o truth_n cause_v hatred_n and_o yet_o not_o of_o necessity_n also_o of_o cause_n efficient_a some_o be_v universal_a and_o some_o particular_a as_o the_o eclipse_n or_o evil_a conjunction_n of_o certain_a planet_n be_v the_o universal_a cause_n of_o pestilence_n but_o the_o corruption_n of_o humour_n in_o man_n body_n be_v the_o particular_a cause_n thereof_o again_o of_o cause_n some_o be_v call_v of_o the_o latin_n propinquae_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v nigh_o unto_o the_o effect_n as_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n be_v the_o nigh_a cause_n of_o generation_n of_o child_n and_o some_o be_v call_v remotae_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v remove_v cause_n which_o be_v further_a of_o as_o the_o grandsâ—…rs_n and_o grandame_n of_o the_o say_a child_n moreover_o of_o cause_n efficient_a some_o work_n by_o a_o certain_a natural_a necessity_n as_o those_o that_o lack_v choice_n and_o judgement_n as_o fire_n that_o burn_v and_o the_o sun_n that_o shine_v and_o all_o other_o natural_a thing_n that_o do_v work_n by_o their_o own_o force_n and_o virtue_n some_o again_o do_v work_n by_o counsel_n reason_n and_o freewill_n as_o man_n angel_n and_o most_o chief_o god_n himself_o how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o the_o efficient_a cause_n to_o the_o effect_n from_o the_o necessary_a efficient_a cause_n you_o may_v reason_n both_o affirmative_o and_o negative_o affirmative_o thus_o the_o sun_n be_v late_o go_v down_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v twilight_n negative_o thus_o the_o sun_n be_v not_o up_o when_o troy_n be_v destroy_v ergo_fw-la troy_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o the_o day_n time_n but_o from_o the_o efficient_a not_o necessary_a you_o can_v reason_v but_o only_o affirmative_o thus_o he_o be_v slay_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v dead_a but_o you_o can_v say_v he_o be_v not_o slay_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o dead_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n the_o necessary_a cause_n efficient_a not_o let_v the_o effect_n must_v needs_o follow_v as_o if_o he_o have_v drunken_a poison_n he_o must_v needs_o die_v but_o if_o such_o cause_n fail_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v needs_o fail_v as_o the_o sun_n be_v not_o up_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v not_o day_n he_o never_o study_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o learned_a to_o which_o place_n may_v be_v refer_v the_o place_n of_o occasion_n instrument_n mean_v and_o generation_n how_o may_v we_o reason_n
from_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o cause_n efficient_a from_o the_o necessary_a effect_n both_o affirmative_o and_o negative_o thus_o it_o be_v day_n ergo_fw-la the_o sun_n be_v up_o it_o be_v not_o day_n ergo_fw-la the_o sun_n be_v not_o up_o from_o the_o effect_v not_o necessary_a you_o may_v only_o reason_n negative_o thus_o he_o be_v not_o dead_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o slay_v but_o you_o can_v reason_v so_o affirmative_o as_o to_o say_v he_o be_v dead_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v slay_v what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n the_o effect_n be_v put_v the_o necessary_a cause_n must_v needs_o be_v and_o the_o effect_v be_v take_v away_o the_o necessary_a cause_n be_v also_o take_v away_o when_o do_v argument_n fetch_v from_o this_o place_n fail_v when_o the_o cause_n be_v not_o necessary_a or_o proper_a of_o the_o end_n what_o be_v end_n and_o how_o be_v it_o divide_v the_o end_n be_v that_o for_o who_o sake_n any_o thing_n be_v do_v and_o of_o end_n some_o be_v chief_a and_o last_o and_o some_o not_o chief_a but_o help_v the_o chief_a be_v that_o which_o be_v desire_v for_o itself_o sake_n and_o such_o be_v the_o best_a state_n of_o every_o thing_n in_o his_o kind_n as_o bless_a life_n to_o man_n courage_n and_o fierceness_n to_o a_o horse_n of_o service_n heat_n and_o dryness_n to_o fire_n coldness_n and_o moistness_n to_o water_n etc._n etc._n the_o help_a end_n be_v that_o which_o be_v desire_v not_o for_o itself_o sake_n but_o for_o that_o it_o help_v to_o attain_v the_o chief_a end_n and_o of_o such_o help_a end_n one_o may_v be_v better_o than_o another_o as_o when_o we_o desire_v money_n to_o buy_v a_o house_n and_o the_o house_n to_o dwell_v in_o etc._n etc._n how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o this_o place_n both_o affirmative_o and_o negative_o affirmative_o thus_o virtue_n be_v good_a because_o bless_a life_n be_v good_a negative_o thus_o if_o adultery_n be_v not_o good_a to_o allure_v another_o man_n wife_n to_o break_v wedlock_n be_v not_o good_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n that_o thing_n whereof_o the_o end_n be_v good_a or_o evil_n be_v also_o of_o itself_o good_a or_o evil_n tell_v the_o use_n of_o these_o place_n of_o cause_n and_o whereto_o they_o serve_v the_o use_n thereof_o be_v diverse_a and_o manifold_a for_o since_o that_o in_o the_o deliberative_a kind_n two_o principal_a question_n be_v to_o be_v discuss_v first_o whether_o the_o thing_n be_v profitable_a and_o second_o whether_o it_o may_v be_v possible_a and_o convenient_o do_v or_o not_o argument_n to_o prove_v the_o first_o be_v to_o be_v fetch_v out_o of_o the_o end_n and_o effect_n and_o to_o prove_v the_o second_o out_o of_o the_o cause_n efficient_a also_o in_o the_o kind_a demonstrative_a to_o praise_v or_o dispraise_v argument_n be_v to_o be_v fetch_v out_o of_o the_o end_n and_o effect_n three_o in_o the_o judicial_a kind_n wherein_o doubt_n rise_v of_o the_o fact_n and_o will_v of_o the_o doer_n argument_n be_v to_o be_v fetch_v from_o the_o end_n to_o prove_v or_o disprove_v the_o same_o final_o these_o place_n together_o with_o the_o other_o two_o cause_n matter_n and_o form_n before_o teach_v do_v serve_v to_o make_v those_o kind_n of_o definition_n which_o we_o call_v causal_n of_o opposite_n what_o be_v opposite_n thing_n contrary_a one_o to_o another_o how_o many_o kind_n of_o opposite_n be_v there_o four_o that_o be_v to_o say_v relative_n contrary_n privative_n and_o contradictory_n and_o first_o of_o relative_n when_o be_v thing_n say_v to_o be_v opposite_n by_o relation_n when_o according_a to_o their_o own_o signification_n they_o have_v mutual_a relation_n one_o to_o another_o as_o the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o this_o place_n you_o may_v reason_v from_o the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o one_o to_o the_o denial_n of_o the_o other_o thus_o augustus_n be_v octaâ—…s_o his_o son_n ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o his_o father_n what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n sith_o relative_n be_v always_o together_o by_o nature_n if_o the_o one_o be_v the_o other_o must_v needs_o be_v and_o if_o the_o one_o be_v take_v away_o the_o other_o be_v also_o take_v away_o what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o fetch_v argument_n from_o this_o place_n you_o must_v beware_v that_o you_o have_v oneself_o respect_n and_o not_o diverse_a for_o to_o reason_n thus_o be_v no_o good_a consequent_a this_o man_n be_v a_o father_n ergo_fw-la he_o be_v no_o son_n or_o thus_o this_o man_n be_v his_o superior_a ergo_fw-la not_o his_o inferior_a for_o in_o diverse_a respect_n he_o may_v be_v both_o a_o father_n and_o a_o son_n a_o superior_a and_o inferior_a a_o superior_a in_o one_o respect_n and_o inferior_a in_o another_o of_o contrary_n what_o be_v contrary_n and_o how_o be_v they_o divide_v they_o be_v two_o extreme_n repugnant_a one_o to_o another_o whereof_o some_o be_v call_v mediate_v that_o be_v to_o say_v have_v a_o mean_a and_o some_o immediate_a have_v no_o mean_a at_o all_o how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o these_o two_o kind_n from_o the_o first_o kind_n you_o may_v conclude_v negative_o thus_o he_o be_v prodigal_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o covetous_a from_o the_o second_o kind_n you_o may_v reason_n both_o affirmative_o &_o negative_o thus_o this_o man_n be_v whole_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o sick_a this_o man_n be_v not_o whole_a ergo_fw-la he_o be_v sick_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n the_o maxim_n of_o the_o affirmative_a to_o the_o negative_a be_v the_o general_a maxim_n to_o all_o opposite_n thus_o whatsoever_o agree_v with_o the_o one_o opposite_a must_v needs_o disagree_v with_o the_o other_o opposite_a but_o the_o maxim_n of_o the_o immediate_a be_v thus_o if_o one_o of_o the_o contrary_n immediate_a be_v not_o the_o other_o must_v needs_o be_v as_o the_o former_a example_n do_v plain_o show_v of_o privative_n what_o be_v privative_n privative_n be_v two_o contrary_n belong_v to_o oneself_o subject_n apt_a to_o receive_v the_o same_o in_o the_o which_o subject_n when_o the_o one_o be_v want_v at_o such_o time_n as_o nature_n do_v appoint_v the_o other_o must_v needs_o be_v how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o this_o place_n two_o way_n first_o from_o affirmation_n of_o the_o one_o to_o the_o denial_n of_o the_o other_o which_o be_v common_a to_o all_o opposite_n as_o thus_o he_o be_v blind_a ergo_fw-la he_o see_v not_o second_o you_o may_v reason_n from_o the_o denial_n of_o the_o one_o to_o the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o other_o thus_o he_o can_v speak_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v dumb_a but_o this_o kind_n of_o argument_n be_v not_o strong_a unless_o the_o thing_n require_v be_v apply_v to_o his_o proper_a subject_n and_o in_o such_o time_n as_o nature_n have_v appoint_v for_o it_o be_v no_o good_a argument_n to_o say_v thus_o a_o suck_a child_n can_v speak_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v dumb_a or_o thus_o a_o whelp_n of_o two_o day_n old_n can_v see_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v blind_a for_o nature_n common_o suffer_v not_o the_o child_n to_o speak_v before_o it_o be_v two_o year_n old_a nor_o the_o whelp_n to_o see_v before_o it_o be_v nine_o day_n old_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n if_o the_o one_o be_v not_o in_o the_o subject_a apt_a to_o receive_v the_o same_o at_o such_o time_n as_o nature_n have_v appoint_v the_o other_o must_v needs_o be_v of_o contradictory_n what_o be_v contradictory_n they_o be_v contrary_n have_v no_o mean_a whereof_o the_o one_o deny_v the_o other_o how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o this_o place_n both_o affirmative_o and_o negative_o thus_o he_o be_v wife_n ergo_fw-la he_o be_v no_o fool_n he_o be_v a_o fool_n ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o wise_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n if_o the_o one_o be_v the_o other_o can_v be_v for_o two_o contradictory_n can_v be_v together_o at_o oneself_o time_n in_o oneself_o subject_a and_o in_o oneself_o respect_n of_o thing_n differ_v in_o kind_n call_v of_o the_o latin_n disparata_fw-la what_o be_v they_o they_o be_v those_o thing_n that_o do_v differ_v in_o nature_n and_o kind_n as_o a_o man_n a_o horse_n a_o stone_n a_o tree_n whereof_o every_o one_o differ_v from_o another_o in_o kind_n and_o nature_n how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o this_o place_n from_o the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o one_o to_o the_o denial_n of_o the_o other_o as_o thus_o peter_n be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la he_o be_v no_o horse_n what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n whatsoever_o agree_v with_o the_o one_o agree_v not_o with_o the_o other_o what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o reason_v from_o all_o these_o kind_n of_o opposite_n that_o the_o repugnancy_n consist_v in_o the_o predicat_fw-la and_o not_o in_o the_o subject_n for_o it_o be_v no_o
not_o first_o neither_o do_v they_o show_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n for_o the_o mayor_n of_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o a_o former_a and_o more_o know_a proposition_n for_o that_o which_o be_v more_o general_a be_v more_o know_v then_o that_o which_o be_v less_o general_a as_o thus_o every_o live_a body_n be_v nourishable_a but_o every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o live_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o sensible_a body_n be_v nourishable_a again_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v unperfect_a when_o we_o proceed_v from_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o cause_n as_o when_o we_o say_v it_o be_v day_n ergo_fw-la the_o sun_n be_v up_o but_o that_o demonstration_n which_o proceed_v from_o the_o cause_n to_o the_o effect_n be_v the_o more_o worthy_a because_o we_o use_v therein_o discourse_n of_o reason_n and_o understanding_n and_o in_o the_o other_o we_o only_o judge_v by_o the_o outward_a sense_n whereof_o spring_v two_o principal_a kind_n of_o method_n that_o be_v to_o say_v compendious_a or_o short_a order_n or_o way_n of_o teach_v in_o all_o manner_n of_o science_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v call_v composition_n proceed_v forward_o from_o the_o first_o to_o the_o last_o and_o the_o other_o be_v call_v resolution_n proceed_v backward_o from_o the_o last_o to_o the_o first_o as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d method_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 5._o chap._n xx._n of_o science_n opinion_n ignorance_n wit_n and_o of_o the_o four_o sciencial_a question_n what_o other_o thing_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v treat_v of_o by_o the_o schoolman_n in_o demonstration_n diverse_a thing_n as_o what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o science_n and_o opinion_n also_o they_o treat_v of_o the_o diverse_a kind_n of_o ignorance_n of_o prompt_a wit_n and_o of_o the_o four_o scienciall_a question_n what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o science_n and_o opinion_n science_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o necessary_a certain_a and_o infallible_a proposition_n and_o of_o such_o thing_n as_o can_v be_v otherwise_o opinion_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n casual_a which_o may_v be_v sometime_o false_a and_o sometime_o true_a how_o many_o kind_n of_o ignorance_n do_v the_o schoolman_n make_v two_o that_o be_v to_o say_v absolute_a which_o of_o the_o schoolman_n be_v call_v ignorantia_fw-la negationis_fw-la and_o ignorance_n by_o false_a conception_n which_o they_o call_v ignorantia_fw-la affectionis_fw-la the_o first_o be_v when_o we_o utter_o deny_v to_o have_v any_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n at_o all_o the_o other_o be_v when_o we_o think_v to_o know_v that_o which_o we_o know_v not_o be_v deceive_v by_o some_o false_a persuasion_n whereunto_o we_o be_v affect_v whereof_o it_o be_v call_v ignorantia_fw-la affectionis_fw-la how_o do_v aristotle_n define_v prompt_a wit_n call_v of_o the_o latin_n solertia_fw-la he_o define_v it_o to_o be_v a_o promptness_n or_o readiness_n in_o quick_o find_v out_o the_o proof_n or_o cause_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v in_o question_n without_o any_o study_n which_o be_v the_o four_o sciential_a question_n these_o whether_o the_o thing_n be_v what_o it_o be_v how_o it_o be_v and_o wherefore_o it_o be_v whereof_o the_o first_o enquire_v of_o the_o subject_n whether_o it_o be_v the_o second_o of_o the_o predicate_v as_o what_o it_o be_v the_o three_o how_o it_o be_v that_o be_v to_o say_v how_o the_o predicate_a be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o four_o ask_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a now_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a or_o probable_a chap._n xxi_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a what_o be_v a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o probable_a and_o credible_a proposition_n what_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a thing_n probable_a according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v these_o that_o seem_v true_a to_o all_o man_n or_o to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o man_n or_o to_o all_o wise_a man_n or_o to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o wise_a man_n or_o else_o to_o the_o most_o approve_a wise_a man_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o thing_n probable_a may_v be_v say_v five_o manner_n of_o way_n show_v how_o first_o those_o thing_n be_v probable_a which_o unto_o all_o man_n aswell_o learned_a as_o unlearned_a be_v in_o their_o right_a wit_n do_v seem_v to_o be_v true_a as_o these_o every_o mother_n love_v her_o child_n we_o love_v they_o that_o love_v we_o we_o must_v do_v good_a to_o they_o that_o do_v good_a to_o us._n second_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o most_o man_n as_o these_o it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o communality_n to_o be_v rule_v by_o one_o prince_n then_o by_o many_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o serve_v many_o master_n at_o once_o three_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o all_o wise_a man_n as_o these_o what_o thing_n soever_o be_v honest_a the_o same_o be_v also_o profitable_a virtue_n be_v better_a than_o riches_n four_o those_o that_o seem_v true_a to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o wise_a and_o learned_a as_o thus_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a the_o sun_n be_v great_a than_o the_o earth_n five_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o the_o most_o approve_a wise_a man_n as_o these_o the_o world_n have_v a_o beginning_n it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o prince_n to_o be_v love_v then_o fear_v of_o his_o subject_n and_o general_o under_o thing_n probable_a be_v contain_v all_o true_a proposition_n that_o be_v casual_a and_o not_o imply_v any_o necessity_n i_o say_v here_o true_a proposition_n to_o exclude_v false_a proposition_n whereof_o sophistical_a syllogism_n be_v make_v and_o not_o those_o which_o we_o call_v probable_a or_o logical_a syllogism_n and_o yet_o such_o proposition_n be_v not_o so_o true_a in_o deed_n as_o those_o that_o be_v require_v in_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a but_o only_o do_v seem_v true_a engender_v a_o certain_a opinion_n in_o man_n mind_n doubt_v notwithstanding_o the_o contrary_a for_o it_o breed_v not_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n as_o science_n do_v whereby_o the_o mind_n be_v of_o all_o doubt_n thorough_o resolve_v and_o note_v here_o that_o the_o schoolman_n do_v make_v the_o matter_n whereof_o a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n do_v consist_v to_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v materia_fw-la remota_fw-la in_o english_a far_o off_o and_o materia_fw-la propanqua_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v nigh_o or_o near_o at_o hand_n what_o do_v materia_fw-la remota_fw-la contain_v these_o four_o dialecticall_a predicate_v that_o be_v definition_n call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n terminus_n property_n general_a kind_n and_o accident_n all_o which_o predicate_v be_v before_o define_v and_o be_v call_v predicate_v because_o they_o be_v common_a word_n speak_v of_o other_o but_o true_o i_o see_v no_o cause_n why_o these_o four_o predicate_v shall_v be_v attribute_v to_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n more_o than_o to_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a for_o sure_a i_o be_o that_o as_o good_a demonstration_n may_v be_v make_v of_o these_o as_o of_o any_o other_o predicat_o what_o be_v contain_v under_o materia_fw-la propanqua_fw-la these_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n problem_n and_o position_n what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o these_o three_o word_n dialecticall_a proposition_n problem_n and_o position_n a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n be_v a_o probable_a question_n utter_v with_o a_o simple_a interrogatory_n as_o whether_o the_o mother_n love_v her_o child_n which_o be_v no_o question_n in_o deed_n but_o to_o he_o that_o ask_v a_o problem_n be_v a_o doubtful_a question_n utter_v with_o a_o double_a interrogatory_n as_o whether_o the_o least_o fix_a star_n in_o the_o firmament_n be_v great_a than_o the_o moon_n or_o not_o or_o whether_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v big_a than_o the_o earth_n or_o not_o position_n be_v a_o wonderful_a opinion_n maintain_v by_o some_o excellent_a clerk_n as_o to_o say_v that_o all_o thing_n be_v but_o one_o essence_n or_o be_v as_o melissus_n affirm_v or_o that_o all_o thing_n do_v continual_o flow_v and_o change_v as_o heraclitus_n hold_v or_o that_o the_o earth_n move_v and_o not_o the_o heaven_n as_o copernicus_n suppose_v only_o to_o find_v out_o thereby_o the_o true_a motion_n of_o the_o planet_n and_o not_o for_o that_o he_o think_v so_o in_o deed_n chap._n xxii_o of_o a_o sophistical_a syllogism_n what_o be_v a_o sophistical_a or_o false_a syllogism_n a_o false_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v either_o make_v of_o false_a proposition_n or_o else_o of_o such_o as_o seem_v probable_a and_o be_v not_o in_o deed_n or_o else_o of_o probable_a premise_n not_o right_o conclude_v and_o of_o such_o syllogism_n there_o be_v three_o sort_n the_o one_o fail_v in_o matter_n the_o other_o in_o form_n the_o three_o in_o both_o when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o fail_v in_o
dilemma_n diverse_a whereof_o some_o be_v call_v certains_fw-fr or_o horn_a argument_n some_o crocodolites_n some_o assistatons_n some_o pseudomenon_n define_v all_o these_o kind_n and_o give_v example_n 1_o the_o horn_a argument_n be_v when_o by_o some_o subtle_a and_o crafty_a manner_n of_o question_v we_o seek_v to_o have_v such_o a_o answer_n as_o we_o may_v take_v vantage_n thereof_o as_o the_o pharisee_n do_v when_o they_o question_v with_o christ_n touch_v the_o payment_n of_o tribute_n to_o caesar._n 2_o the_o crocodolite_n be_v when_o be_v deceive_v by_o some_o crafty_a manner_n of_o question_v we_o do_v admit_v that_o which_o our_o adversary_n turn_v again_o upon_o we_o to_o our_o own_o hindrance_n as_o in_o the_o fable_n of_o the_o crocodile_n whereof_o this_o name_n crocodolite_n proceed_v for_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o crocodile_n have_v take_v away_o a_o child_n from_o his_o mother_n reason_v with_o she_o in_o this_o sort_n i_o will_v deliver_v thou_o thy_o child_n again_o if_o thou_o will_v say_v a_o troth_n whether_o therefore_o shall_v i_o deliver_v he_o or_o not_o the_o mother_n answer_v thou_o shall_v not_o deliver_v he_o and_o therefore_o of_o right_n thou_o ought_v to_o deliver_v he_o no_o say_v he_o i_o will_v not_o deliver_v he_o to_o the_o intent_n it_o may_v seem_v that_o thou_o have_v say_v troth_n and_o though_o thou_o have_v say_v that_o i_o shall_v deliver_v he_o yet_o i_o will_v not_o deliver_v he_o indeed_o for_o make_v thou_o a_o liar_n 3_o assistaton_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o cavil_v not_o consist_v of_o any_o sure_a ground_n as_o if_o a_o man_n do_v say_v that_o he_o do_v hold_v his_o peace_n or_o lie_v or_o know_v nothing_o another_o by_o and_o by_o might_n cavil_v thereof_o in_o this_o sort_n ergo_fw-la he_o that_o hold_v his_o peace_n speak_v he_o that_o lie_v say_v truth_n he_o that_o know_v nothing_o know_v something_o 4_o pseudomenon_n be_v a_o false_a or_o lie_a kind_n of_o cavil_v as_o thus_o the_o heaven_n cover_v all_o thing_n ergo_fw-la it_o cover_v itself_o epimenides_n be_v a_o candiot_n himself_o say_v that_o the_o candiote_n be_v liar_n the_o question_n be_v whether_o he_o say_v true_a or_o not_o for_o though_o he_o say_v true_a and_o that_o the_o candiote_n be_v liar_n yet_o it_o be_v false_a because_o a_o candiot_n say_v it_o again_o if_o the_o candiote_n be_v no_o liar_n nor_o epimenides_n be_v a_o liar_n than_o he_o be_v to_o be_v believe_v how_o be_v the_o fallax_n of_o these_o captious_a argument_n to_o be_v find_v out_o the_o fallax_n of_o all_o these_o kind_n of_o captious_a argument_n be_v soon_o find_v out_o if_o we_o consider_v well_o the_o rule_v before_o teach_v touch_v the_o repâ—…gnances_n of_o proposition_n as_o whether_o there_o be_v any_o ambiguity_n in_o the_o term_n and_o whether_o the_o selfsame_o term_n in_o the_o repugnant_a part_n have_v respect_n to_o one_o selfe-thing_n time_n or_o place_n or_o not_o it_o be_v good_a also_o to_o consider_v the_o substance_n quantity_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o proposition_n for_o in_o the_o last_o example_n this_o saying_n candiotes_n be_v liar_n be_v a_o proposition_n indefinite_a and_o therefore_o be_v not_o of_o such_o force_n as_o to_o say_v all_o candiote_n be_v liar_n which_o be_v a_o universal_a proposition_n for_o of_o particular_a premise_n nothing_o right_o follow_v in_o the_o other_o example_n you_o shall_v find_v that_o there_o be_v some_o doubtfulness_n in_o the_o term_n have_v respect_n either_o to_o diverse_a thing_n to_o diverse_a time_n or_o diverse_a place_n as_o to_o say_v he_o hold_v his_o peace_n when_o he_o speak_v here_o be_v doubtfulness_n in_o the_o term_n have_v respect_n to_o diverse_a thing_n that_o be_v to_o say_v as_o well_o to_o those_o thing_n which_o he_o mean_v to_o keep_v in_o silence_n as_o to_o those_o word_n which_o he_o utter_v by_o mouth_n so_o in_o this_o word_n suit_n in_o the_o example_n of_o protagoras_n be_v doubtfulness_n for_o that_o protagoras_n mean_v some_o other_o suit_n and_o not_o that_o which_o he_o himself_o commence_v chap._n xxviii_o of_o enumeration_n what_o be_v enumeration_n enumeration_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o argument_n wherein_o many_o thing_n be_v reckon_v up_o and_o deny_v one_o thing_n only_o of_o necessity_n remain_v to_o be_v affirm_v as_o thus_o sith_o thou_o have_v this_o horse_n either_o thou_o do_v buy_v he_o or_o he_o come_v to_o thou_o by_o inheritance_n or_o he_o be_v give_v thou_o or_o breed_v at_o home_n with_o thou_o or_o else_o thou_o do_v take_v he_o from_o thy_o enemy_n in_o time_n of_o war_n or_o if_o none_o of_o these_o be_v than_o thou_o must_v needs_o steal_v he_o but_o thou_o neither_o buy_v he_o nor_o he_o fall_v not_o unto_o thou_o by_o inheritance_n nor_o be_v give_v thou_o â—…or_n breed_v up_o at_o home_n with_o thou_o nor_o yet_o take_v by_o thou_o from_o the_o enemy_n it_o follow_v therefore_o of_o necessity_n that_o thou_o have_v steal_v he_o when_o be_v this_o kind_n of_o argument_n to_o be_v confute_v when_o your_o adversary_n can_v prove_v any_o necessary_a part_n to_o be_v leave_v out_o chap._n xxix_o of_o a_o simple_a conclusion_n what_o be_v a_o simple_a conclusion_n a_o simple_a conclusion_n be_v no_o other_o thing_n but_o a_o necessary_a enthymeme_n in_o the_o which_o the_o consequent_a do_v necessary_o follow_v the_o antecedent_n as_o thus_o she_o have_v have_v a_o child_n ergo_fw-la she_o have_v lie_v with_o a_o man_n chap._n xxx_o of_o subjection_n what_o be_v subjection_n subjection_n be_v a_o question_v kind_a of_o argument_n in_o the_o which_o we_o confute_v each_o question_n with_o a_o reason_n immediate_o follow_v the_o same_o as_o thus_o how_o be_v this_o fellow_n become_v so_o well_o money_v have_v he_o any_o great_a patrimony_n leave_v he_o no_o for_o all_o his_o father_n land_n be_v sold._n come_v there_o any_o inheritance_n to_o he_o by_o descent_n any_o otherwise_o no_o for_o he_o be_v disinherit_v of_o all_o man_n come_v there_o any_o good_n unto_o he_o by_o executorship_n etc._n etc._n if_o then_o he_o have_v not_o be_v enrich_v by_o any_o of_o these_o honest_a way_n either_o he_o have_v a_o golden_a i_o at_o home_n or_o else_o he_o be_v come_v to_o these_o riches_n by_o some_o unlawful_a mean_n this_o argument_n fail_v when_o any_o principal_a part_n be_v leave_v out_o and_o therefore_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o enumeration_n before_o recite_v chap._n xxxi_o of_o opposition_n what_o be_v opposition_n oppositioâ—…_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o argument_n make_v of_o repugnant_a part_n wherein_o we_o revert_v from_o the_o opposite_a of_o the_o first_o proposition_n unto_o the_o same_o proposition_n again_o as_o thus_o if_o i_o be_v in_o the_o city_n at_o such_o time_n as_o this_o man_n be_v slay_v in_o the_o country_n than_o i_o slay_v he_o not_o this_o proposition_n be_v now_o a_o simple_a conclusion_n and_o may_v be_v make_v a_o opposition_n in_o this_o manner_n if_o i_o have_v be_v in_o the_o country_n at_o such_o time_n as_o you_o say_v this_o man_n be_v slay_v than_o you_o may_v well_o suspect_v i_o to_o have_v slay_v he_o but_o since_o i_o be_v not_o there_o at_o that_o time_n there_o be_v no_o cause_n therefore_o why_o you_o shall_v suspect_v i_o chap._n xxxii_o of_o violation_n what_o be_v uiolation_n violation_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o conclude_v more_o meet_a to_o confute_v then_o to_o prove_v whereby_o we_o show_v the_o reason_n of_o our_o adversary_n to_o make_v for_o we_o and_o not_o for_o he_o as_o thus_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o marry_v a_o wife_n because_o that_o of_o marriage_n many_o time_n come_v the_o loss_n of_o child_n to_o our_o great_a sorrow_n yea_o rather_o it_o be_v good_a therefore_o to_o marry_v a_o wife_n to_o get_v other_o child_n for_o our_o comfort_n thus_o much_o touch_v the_o diverse_a kind_n of_o reason_v now_o we_o will_v treat_v of_o fallax_n or_o false_a conclusion_n and_o show_v how_o â—…o_o confute_v they_o here_o end_v the_o five_o book_n of_o logic_n the_o six_o book_n of_o logic_n chap._n i._n of_o confutation_n there_o be_v some_o that_o make_v two_o kind_n of_o confutation_n the_o one_o belong_v to_o person_n the_o other_o to_o matter_n confutation_n of_o person_n be_v do_v either_o by_o taunt_a rail_a render_v check_n for_o check_n or_o by_o scorn_v and_o that_o either_o by_o word_n or_o else_o by_o countenance_n gesture_n and_o action_n which_o kind_n of_o confutation_n because_o it_o belong_v rather_o to_o scoff_v then_o to_o true_a order_n of_o reason_v i_o will_v leave_v to_o speak_v thereof_o deal_v only_o with_o that_o confutation_n that_o belong_v to_o matter_n which_o be_v twofold_a the_o one_o general_n the_o other_o special_a it_o be_v general_a when_o we_o affirm_v that_o the_o argument_n fail_v either_o in_o form_n in_o matter_n
be_v mingle_v with_o concupiscence_n whereof_o it_o be_v a_o part_n for_o concupiscence_n be_v the_o general_a kind_n of_o all_o lust_n or_o desire_n but_o this_o precept_n seem_v rather_o to_o appertain_v to_o a_o rhetorical_a partition_n than_o a_o dialecticall_a division_n to_o what_o end_n serve_v division_n to_o diverse_a good_a end_n first_o as_o cicero_n say_v it_o help_v greatâ—…y_a to_o teach_v plain_o to_o define_v and_o to_o make_v thing_n that_o be_v compound_v intricate_a or_o confuse_a to_o appear_v simple_a plain_a and_o certain_a second_o by_o divide_v thing_n orderly_o into_o their_o part_n it_o great_o help_v memory_n and_o three_o it_o help_v to_o amplify_v any_o kind_n of_o speech_n and_o to_o make_v it_o more_o copious_a chap._n v._n of_o method_n have_v hitherto_o sufficient_o speak_v of_o word_n both_o singular_a and_o universal_a and_o also_o of_o definition_n and_o division_n which_o be_v the_o two_o chief_a instrument_n whereby_o all_o simple_a question_n be_v discuss_v i_o mind_n here_o to_o show_v with_o what_o order_n or_o method_n every_o such_o question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v what_o be_v method_n method_n be_v a_o compendious_a way_n of_o learning_n or_o teach_v any_o thing_n and_o it_o be_v threefold_a that_o be_v to_o say_v compositive_a resolutive_a and_o divisive_a or_o definitive_a what_o be_v method_n compositive_a it_o be_v that_o whereby_o we_o compound_v the_o whole_a of_o his_o part_n begin_v at_o the_o small_a and_o so_o proceed_v from_o great_a to_o great_a until_o we_o come_v to_o the_o chief_a end_n whereto_o we_o tend_v which_o kind_n of_o order_n or_o method_n we_o observe_v here_o in_o write_v this_o logic_n for_o first_o we_o treat_v of_o word_n or_o term_n then_o of_o a_o proposition_n and_o last_o of_o all_o of_o a_o syllogism_n so_o likewise_o he_o that_o will_v teach_v the_o nigh_a way_n from_o norwich_n to_o london_n by_o order_n compositive_a will_v bid_v he_o first_o go_v to_o windham_n from_o windham_n to_o atleborough_n from_o atleborough_n to_o thetford_n from_o thetford_n to_o newmarket_n from_o newmarket_n to_o barkway_n from_o barkway_n to_o ware_n from_o ware_n to_o london_n what_o be_v method_n resolutive_a it_o be_v that_o whereby_o any_o whole_a thing_n be_v resolve_v into_o his_o part_n or_o when_o we_o proceed_v from_o the_o end_n to_o the_o next_o and_o immediate_a cause_n thereof_o and_o from_o that_o to_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o that_o and_o so_o from_o one_o to_o another_o until_o we_o come_v to_o the_o first_o cause_n of_o all_o and_o most_o remote_a and_o further_a off_o as_o when_o we_o resolve_v a_o syllogism_n into_o his_o proposition_n and_o a_o proposition_n into_o his_o uttermost_a bound_n or_o term_n which_o be_v the_o subject_n and_o the_o predicate_v and_o this_o way_n be_v unlike_a to_o the_o other_o before_o recite_v because_o it_o go_v backward_o as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n if_o you_o will_v teach_v the_o way_n from_o norwich_n to_o london_n by_o method_n resolutive_a you_o must_v say_v that_o there_o be_v a_o town_n call_v ware_n twenty_o mile_n from_o london_n next_o to_o that_o be_v a_o town_n call_v barkway_n and_o so_o till_o you_o come_v to_o that_o which_o be_v first_o in_o method_n compositive_a to_o these_o two_o method_n galen_n add_v the_o three_o method_n that_o be_v method_n divisive_a or_o definitive_a what_o be_v that_o method_n it_o be_v when_o in_o define_v and_o divide_v we_o descend_v orderly_o from_o a_o most_o general_a kind_n to_o all_o the_o special_a kind_n contain_v under_o the_o same_o and_o so_o to_o the_o low_a of_o all_o as_o have_v to_o speak_v of_o quality_n we_o define_v it_o and_o divide_v it_o into_o his_o four_o special_a kind_n and_o every_o such_o special_a kind_n into_o his_o part_n and_o member_n even_o till_o we_o come_v to_o the_o low_a of_o all_o as_o you_o see_v in_o the_o table_n of_o quality_n before_o describe_v which_o kind_n of_o method_n be_v more_o full_o handle_v by_o my_o friend_n accontio_n in_o his_o little_a treatise_n which_o he_o write_v in_o latin_a de_fw-fr methodo_fw-la the_o effect_n of_o which_o book_n i_o think_v it_o not_o out_o of_o purpose_n to_o set_v down_o even_o here_o the_o effect_n of_o accontius_n his_o book_n de_fw-fr methodo_fw-la which_o he_o affirm_v to_o be_v the_o second_o part_n or_o office_n of_o logic_n for_o the_o first_o office_n of_o logic_n teach_v how_o to_o find_v out_o the_o truth_n in_o any_o speech_n but_o method_n teach_v how_o to_o attain_v to_o the_o art_n or_o knowledge_n of_o any_o thing_n in_o which_o method_n three_o thing_n as_o he_o say_v be_v to_o be_v consider_v first_o what_o method_n be_v second_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n or_o uttermost_a end_n thereof_o three_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o that_o end_n or_o effect_n method_n be_v a_o certain_a right_a way_n whereby_o we_o may_v search_v out_o the_o knowledge_n of_o any_o thing_n and_o have_v attain_v it_o how_o to_o teach_v the_o same_o commodious_o to_o any_o other_o without_o examine_v whether_o it_o be_v true_a or_o false_a for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n the_o effect_n or_o uttermost_a end_n of_o method_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o anything_o the_o cause_n of_o that_o end_n be_v these_o three_o form_n matter_n and_o cause_v efficient_a form_n here_o seem_v to_o be_v that_o which_o be_v know_v by_o all_o the_o part_n of_o such_o knowledge_n be_v gather_v together_o as_o it_o be_v into_o oneself_o body_n which_o part_n be_v these_o first_o what_o the_o thing_n be_v second_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n thereof_o and_o also_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o those_o cause_n even_o to_o the_o last_o or_o uttermost_a cause_n three_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n and_o also_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o those_o effect_n as_o well_o when_o the_o thing_n be_v take_v general_o as_o for_o some_o whole_a thing_n or_o as_o when_o the_o whole_a be_v divide_v into_o all_o his_o part_n even_o unto_o the_o part_n indivisible_a matter_n here_o be_v general_o take_v and_o not_o for_o the_o matter_n of_o any_o determinate_a or_o certain_a kind_n unto_o which_o matter_n do_v appertain_v all_o thing_n that_o be_v finite_a perpetual_a and_o immutable_a that_o be_v to_o say_v all_z universals_z the_o cause_n efficient_a be_v partly_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v more_o know_v as_o first_o to_o know_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v by_o definition_n consist_v of_o the_o general_a kind_n and_o of_o the_o difference_n thereto_o belong_v second_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n or_o end_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o in_o those_o thing_n which_o do_v not_o depend_v upon_o our_o will_n and_o three_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o that_o end_n or_o effect_n the_o consideration_n of_o which_o end_n belong_v to_o those_o thing_n which_o do_v depend_v upon_o our_o will_n and_o partly_o the_o cause_n efficient_a be_v the_o right_n apply_v or_o order_v of_o the_o more_o know_v thing_n which_o order_n contain_v two_o part_n for_o first_o we_o must_v proceed_v always_o from_o the_o most_o general_a kind_n to_o the_o next_o general_a kind_n as_o have_v to_o begin_v with_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o thing_n which_o you_o seek_v to_o know_v when_o need_n require_v you_o must_v proceed_v from_o the_o most_o general_a kind_n of_o all_o that_o be_v to_o say_v from_o the_o high_a general_a kind_n and_o so_o descend_v downward_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v define_v but_o if_o you_o have_v to_o begin_v from_o the_o uttermost_a end_n of_o the_o thing_n than_o next_o of_o all_o consider_v that_o from_o whence_o the_o end_n do_v immediate_o spring_n and_o what_o do_v follow_v next_o to_o that_o and_o so_o proceed_v from_o one_o to_o another_o till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o first_o cause_n of_o all_o final_o if_o you_o have_v to_o begin_v from_o the_o first_o cause_n than_o you_o must_v orderly_o proceed_v from_o that_o which_o be_v first_o unto_o the_o second_o and_o so_o to_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o uttermost_a effect_n or_o last_o end_n now_o as_o touch_v the_o second_o part_n of_o apply_v or_o order_v the_o more_o know_v thing_n you_o must_v have_v consideration_n of_o every_o whole_a thing_n and_o of_o all_o his_o part_n wherefore_o if_o you_o have_v to_o define_v any_o thing_n art_n or_o science_n whereof_o you_o treat_v you_o must_v define_v the_o whole_a and_o then_o every_o part_n thereof_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o low_a part_n thereof_o and_o yet_o every_o one_o in_o his_o proper_a place_n and_o if_o you_o can_v comprehend_v in_o one_o definition_n all_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o one_o head_n then_o use_v division_n in_o divide_v the_o whole_a into_o his_o part_n and_o define_v every_o
there_o be_v but_o one_o natural_a move_a and_o such_o like_a the_o principle_n practive_a be_v those_o natural_a knowledge_n whereby_o man_n manner_n be_v govern_v for_o by_o this_o natural_a light_n we_o know_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o good_a and_o evil_n as_o for_o example_n these_o be_v principle_n practive_a god_n be_v to_o be_v honour_v and_o obey_v justice_n be_v to_o be_v embrace_v civil_a society_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v and_o the_o disturber_n thereof_o to_o be_v punish_v these_o and_o such_o like_a proposition_n be_v natural_o receive_v of_o all_o man_n as_o infallible_a verity_n again_o of_o principle_n some_o be_v call_v general_n and_o some_o proper_a the_o general_n be_v those_o that_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o many_o science_n as_o these_o the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n if_o equal_a be_v take_v from_o equal_a equal_a do_v remain_v and_o such_o like_a the_o proper_a principle_n be_v those_o that_o be_v proper_o belong_v to_o some_o one_o certain_a science_n as_o a_o line_n to_o be_v a_o length_n without_o breadth_n be_v a_o principle_n of_o geometry_n again_o this_o proposition_n every_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o be_v a_o principle_n of_o logic_n and_o to_o be_v short_a every_o science_n have_v his_o proper_a principle_n of_o which_o some_o be_v call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n and_o some_o position_n wherefore_o be_v they_o call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n for_o that_o they_o be_v worthy_a to_o be_v credit_v for_o their selfe_o sake_n for_o so_o soon_o as_o we_o hear_v they_o in_o such_o speech_n as_o we_o understand_v we_o natural_o know_v they_o to_o be_v true_a without_o any_o further_a proof_n as_o these_o take_v equal_a from_o equal_a and_o equal_a will_v remain_v the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n etc._n etc._n what_o be_v position_n position_n be_v those_o principle_n which_o although_o they_o need_v no_o other_o proof_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o understand_v of_o all_o man_n at_o the_o first_o utter_v as_o maxim_n be_v for_o in_o these_o beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o term_n it_o be_v needful_a to_o have_v also_o some_o experience_n as_o in_o these_o principle_n every_o thing_n that_o be_v compound_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v movable_a whatsoever_o be_v heavy_a tend_v natural_o downward_o and_o whatsoever_o be_v light_n tend_v upward_o again_o of_o position_n some_o be_v call_v definition_n and_o some_o supposition_n and_o of_o supposition_n some_o be_v call_v petition_n call_v in_o latin_a postulata_fw-la and_o some_o supposition_n assumpt_v define_v these_o kind_n 1_o definition_n show_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v 2_o supposition_n be_v that_o which_o suppose_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v or_o not_o to_o be_v as_o the_o geometrician_n do_v suppose_v that_o there_o be_v punctum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o prick_n or_o a_o thing_n indivisible_a have_v neither_o length_n breadth_n nor_o depth_n 3_o petition_n be_v a_o proposition_n ask_v and_o grant_v to_o be_v true_a as_o this_o be_v a_o petition_n in_o geometry_n that_o a_o man_n may_v draw_v a_o right_a line_n from_o one_o point_n to_o another_o 4_o supposition_n assumpt_v be_v when_o a_o manifest_a supposition_n be_v assumpt_v to_o prove_v another_o thing_n withal_o as_o to_o prove_v that_o demonstration_n consist_v of_o true_a proposition_n the_o disputer_n will_v assumpt_v this_o assertion_n which_o say_v that_o of_o false_a thing_n there_o be_v no_o certain_a knowledge_n and_o truth_n be_v not_o know_v but_o of_o true_a thing_n what_o be_v the_o three_o thing_n whereof_o the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n depend_v it_o be_v the_o knowledge_n that_o man_n have_v in_o judge_v of_o consequent_n which_o be_v not_o altogether_o artificial_a but_o partly_o natural_a for_o god_n think_v it_o not_o sufficient_a for_o man_n behoof_n to_o know_v simple_a proposition_n as_o principle_n or_o common_a conception_n get_v by_o experience_n unless_o he_o can_v also_o compare_v they_o together_o and_o join_v thing_n like_a and_o agreeable_a together_o and_o sever_z thing_n unlike_a and_o disagree_v one_o from_o another_o and_o by_o such_o comparison_n and_o composition_n to_o find_v out_o thing_n before_o not_o know_v and_o to_o the_o intent_n we_o shall_v not_o err_v or_o wander_v out_o of_o the_o right_a way_n god_n have_v show_v we_o a_o order_n and_o prescribe_v certain_a bound_n and_o limit_n of_o necessity_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o such_o composition_n which_o bound_n be_v syllogism_n right_o make_v for_o so_o do_v the_o consequent_n plain_o appear_v and_o because_o that_o proportion_n be_v know_v by_o nature_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v you_o a_o example_n in_o number_n for_o three_o know_a number_n be_v place_v in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o syllogism_n a_o four_o number_n unknown_a of_o necessity_n do_v follow_v as_o in_o this_o question_n if_o one_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n what_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n worth_n marry_o ten_o groat_n which_o be_v prove_v by_o a_o syllogism_n in_o this_o manner_n every_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n but_o here_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n ergo_fw-la they_o be_v worth_a ten_o groat_n and_o like_o as_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o syllogism_n arithmetical_a the_o proportion_n which_o be_v to_o be_v judge_v by_o man_n natural_a knowledge_n do_v show_v the_o consequent_a to_o be_v infallible_a even_o so_o the_o consequent_n in_o other_o syllogism_n be_v show_v to_o be_v infallible_a by_o such_o demonstration_n as_o be_v not_o far_o fetch_v or_o doubtful_a but_o be_v manifest_a plain_a and_o evident_a chap._n xix_o of_o the_o two_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n how_o do_v the_o schoolman_n divide_v demonstration_n into_o two_o that_o be_v perfect_a and_o unperfect_a and_o they_o call_v the_o perfect_a demonstratio_fw-la propter_fw-la quid_fw-la and_o the_o unperfect_a demonstratio_fw-la quia_fw-la est_fw-la it_o be_v perfect_a when_o it_o proceed_v from_o the_o proper_a cause_n to_o the_o effect_n call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n à _fw-la priore_fw-la for_o in_o that_o demonstration_n the_o antecedent_n contain_v the_o proper_a and_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o consequent_a as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o sun_n be_v up_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v day_n what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n that_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v also_o predicate_v in_o the_o mayor_n be_v first_o properly_z always_o and_o that_o real_o and_o accidental_o incident_a to_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o mayor_n and_o to_o every_o thing_n contain_v under_o the_o same_o which_o subject_n must_v be_v some_o general_a kind_n and_o the_o very_a mean_a or_o proof_n of_o your_o conclusion_n as_o for_o example_n if_o you_o will_v prove_v a_o cock_n to_o be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n it_o be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a demonstration_n to_o say_v that_o every_o fly_a beast_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n for_o some_o beast_n fly_v that_o have_v no_o feather_n as_o back_n that_o fly_v in_o the_o night_n season_n but_o if_o you_o say_v that_o every_o bird_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n &_o every_o cock_n be_v a_o bird_n ergo_fw-la every_o cock_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n you_o shall_v make_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n because_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o the_o mayor_n have_v such_o condition_n as_o be_v before_o require_v for_o this_o mayor_n show_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v and_o also_o wherefore_o it_o be_v which_o be_v do_v so_o often_o as_o the_o predicate_a be_v the_o true_a definition_n of_o the_o subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n or_o else_o some_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o for_o every_o good_a demonstration_n be_v either_o make_v of_o a_o true_a definition_n or_o take_v from_o the_o general_a kind_n special_a kind_n or_o else_o from_o the_o special_a difference_n or_o property_n yea_o and_o sometime_o they_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o whole_a and_o of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o proper_a cause_n and_o effect_n of_o perpetual_a adiacent_n otherwise_o call_v common_a accident_n of_o proper_a act_n of_o contrariety_n and_o of_o divine_a authority_n whereof_o you_o have_v have_v example_n before_o in_o the_o treatise_n of_o place_n and_o seat_n of_o argument_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v a_o unperfect_a demonstration_n when_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a imply_v a_o true_a consequent_a but_o yet_o be_v not_o first_o neither_o do_v they_o show_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n as_o in_o this_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n be_v nourishable_a but_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n be_v nourishable_a here_o though_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a proposition_n yet_o they_o be_v