beginneth the second booke shewing by longitude and by latitude the dystance vnto any Towne or Citie or place vpon the face of the earth keping one poynt or winde ouer the Sea and LANDE although that it be not the very nearest way for the very nearest way ouer the Sea and Land can not be by one poynt of the Compasse except it be vpon the Meridian lyne that is due South or due North from you or being vnder the Equinoctial to be due East or West But if it be in any other place from vnder the Equinoctiall although it be due East or West both the places to be vnder one Paralell yet in the going due East and West is not the nearest way ouer the Sea and Land but the next way ouer the Sea and Lande is by diuers wyndes or poyntes of the compasse and the further frō the Equinoctial to eyther of the two poles the greater chaunging of the poyntes of the compasse For the next way ouer the Sea and the Land vnto any place is to goe by the great circle which is equall vnto the Equinoctiall or the Meridian circle which will not be according vnto any one poynt of the compasse but vnto dyuers as for proofe thereof you shall haue this for an ensample thus that in the latitude of .60 degrees that there were two Townes or places in that paralell the one being opposite or right against the other that is .180 degrees and a degree in that paralel doth containe .30 myles And nowe to goe iust East or West in that paralel to come vnto the place assigned it is .5400 myles as for proofe therof multiply .180 tymes .30 but that is not the next way vnto the place assygned but the next way is to goe by the Merydian lyne that is to say to goe due North vntill you do come ryght vnder the pole and then to goe by that Merydian due South tyll you haue that latitude agayne and then it is but .3600 myles as you may knowe by playne multiplycation as it is from the latitude of .90 degrees vnto the pole to go due North .30 degrees and from the pole Southward agayne other .30 degrees that is in all .60 degrees and then to multyply .60 tymes .60 it sheweth the true dystance which is but .3600 myles And to goe by the paralell lyne that is due East or West then it is .5400 myles that is halfe so much more as by playne proofe you may know But if the two places be both vnderneth one paralel be shorter thē 180. degrees asūder thē it requireth to go by diuers points of the compasse and not by the Meridian according vnto the passing of the great circle which doth conteine in circumference 21600. myles which is the greatest compasse of the earth and not according vnto moe paralels then one which is the Equinoctial nether vnto no one poynt of the compasse for any poynt of the Compasse will bring you vnto the poles of the worlde or verye neare excepte those that be pararel which is East or West as all ryght lynes drawe being extended exceptynge lynes paralell will Crosse the other in the ende so all the poyntes of the Compasse doe winde vntyl they doe come vnto the poles or very neare the poles of the world as they be all Hilicall or Spherall lynes Wherefore there is no one poynt or wynde that can be prescribed to be the next way by that poynt vnto any place assygned but onely the Meridyan lyne or lynes and to goe East and West then to be vnder the Equinoctiall for the nexte way els is by sundry poyntes of the compasse c. Wherefore I omitte to say any more thereof but onely to shew vnto you how for to know the dystance vnto any Towne or place situated vpon the lace of the whole earth by any one assygned poynte of the compasse then for to knowe the true distaunce ouer the Sea and the lande And I doo shewe it thys waye for two causes the first is this for that it is not possible to passe the next way by the meanes of the frozen Zone Wherfore it is supposed that it is not nauigable in those Seas neyther passageable by lande in those Countreys and the seconde cause is this as before is declared in the goyng the next waye it dooth require to goe by sundry poyntes of the compasse which woulde be but a confused matter for the most part of those persons that doo desire to knowe the distaunce vnto any place assigned neyther shall he knowe so readily which way it standeth or beareth from him And furthermore in the knowing the distaunce vnto any place assigned and by what poynt of the compasse it beareth this is to be considered that the Longitude dooth begin at the Meridian of the Cannary Iland and so to follow vnto the Eastwardes and so ending at .360 againe at the Cannary Ilandes as I doo shewe in my booke called the Regiment for the Sea The second Chapter sheweth vnto you howe you may knowe the distaunce vnto any Towne situate vppon the face of the whole earth so that you do◠knowe the true Longitude and the true Latitude of them NOw furthermore if that you doo know the Longitude and the Latitude of any towne or townes situate vppon the earth you may know the distaunce vnto them as before is declared as thus If that the towne be iust East or West from you that is to say that your towne or place is vnder the Paralel that the other towne is that is to say that the Pole artike of that towne or place is so manye degrees aboue the Horizon as your towne is both in degrees and minutes then shall you seeke how many degrees of Longitude the other towne dooth differ frō yours then you shall seeke how many myles that one degree shal answere vnto it in that paralel and then you shall multiplie the one by the other that is to say the degrees by the myles and that summe which commeth of that multiplication shal be the distance betweene the two townes as for ensample thus by the Citie of London Answerpe in Brabant which differeth but .4 minutes in Latitude for at London the Pole is raised .51 degrees .32 minutes and at the Citie of Antwerpe the Pole is raised .51 degrees .28 minutes therefore we be both vnder one paralel Now the Longitude of London is from the Cannarie Ilandes .19 degrees and .54 minutes and Antwerpes Longitude is .26 degrees .36 minutes so that Antwerpe standeth East from London .6 degrees .42 minutes Now must I know how many miles a degree conteineth in that paralel and of that I doo make mention in my booke called The Regiment for the Sea in the .16 Chapter and that I doo finde to be .37 myles to one degree Thē I multiplie .6 times .37 because that it is .6 degrees .37 myles to one degree and of
Amerrica or Bay of Mexico and so reuerseth backe agayne and so thorowe the Cannel or Chanell of Bayhaina between the Cappe of Terra Florriday the great Ilande of Coba goyng from the West into the East which is the cause that those that doo go into the West Indies doo fyrst goe to the Cannaries and so to the Westwardes to the intent to haue the currant to the Westwardes into the Bay of Mexico and then when they doo returne home then they doo go by the North part of the Bay of Mexico through the chanel of Baphamea for that the currant dooth reuerse backe from the West into the East so that they haue the currant or streame to help them backe home agayne c. And theÌ„ in lyke maner partlye the currant that commeth about Cape bone sperance being beaten by the mayne lande of America as is sayde before part runneth or goeth thorowe the strayght of Magalenus and partly thorowe the great Golfe or Bay of Mexico as before is rehearsed and part dooth reuerse or goe backe alongest the coast of the South land that lyeth on the South side of the straightes of Magalenus where the South pole or pole Anterticke is raysed more theÌ„ .50 degrees and so goeth backe from the West into the East alongest the South Coast vntyl it dooth come into the East Occian sea agayne c. And this is the principallest currant as those that doo occupie those partes by sea doo knowe and these currantes are wel knowen to runne continually alwayes one way c. The seconde sort of currantes or streames is this as it is seene in dyuers places that they shall haue a currant or streame where it dooth not ebbe flow that alwayes doth goe vnto the windewards But that neuer happeneth but in the tyme of great wind and the cause thereof is this that the sea beyng wrought or troubled with great stormes of wynd dooth rayse great bellowes or waues or great knottes in the sea and that runneth rollyng with the wynde and dooth cause the water too bee vnleuell or vneuen as it is the nature of water to seeke to the lower partes tyll that it doth come vnto his leuel so by that meanes as the wind beareth the water in the sea with great waues or bellowes so the currant in the water dooth goe agaynst the wynd to come vnto his leuel againe as the experience thereof is seene in dyuers places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as in the myddle earth sea or leuant seas and within the SouÌ„d that is to say within Elson Nore that hath narrowe enterances and yet is great seas within which dooth take away the effect of ebbing and flowing for that the straight is not sufficient to let in water yeâ—â—ugh for to cause it too ebbe and flowe And this effecte in lyke manner is many tymes seene sometyme on the coast of Barbary and in such other lyke places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The thirde sort of currants or streames that runneth in the Sea where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as by experience is seene in diuers places is caused by the sailyng into the Sea of some great and myghty Ryuer that the lande water commyng forceably downe the Ryuer and so emptyeth or runneth into the Sea dooth cause a currant to goe in the sea agaynst the mouth of the Ryuer as it is seene in the middle earth Sea agaynst the mouth of Nilus and also it is many tymes seene in the North partes at the spryng of the yeare when the Snowe and the Ise is melted or consumed into water And then agaynst the mouthes of such Ryuers as doo emptye them into those seas dooth cause a great currant to runne a great distance from the lande in such places as this effect happeneth in those seas c. The eyght Chapter sheweth the cause that the waters of the Sea are salt c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall cause that the water of the Sea is salt whereas the opinion of some Authors is as Aristotle other that it is made salte by the powers of the Sunne by the drawing of the fyne substance of the water vp into the ayre the Sea is made salt by that meanes Then if that were the whole cause theÌ„ the water of the Sea shoulde be most saltest vnder or neare the Equinoctiall For that the Sunne hath a greater force by the meanes of the direction of the shadow of the Sunne whereby the Sunne shoulde drawe or distil it more faster then it dooth in any of the other Clymates Yet notwithstandyng it is seene by experience that the water of the Sea is as salte in the Latitude of .60 degrees in the Occian Sea as it is vnder the Equinoctiall And as some haue sayde it is as salte in Iselande and at the North Cappe which is within the Polle or Cyrcle neare fyue degrees And there the Sunne cannot haue any great power for that the Sunne hath but a very glaunsyng shadowe in Iune And in the Wynter part of the yeare the Sunne wyll not appeare or ryse vnto them in the space of tenne Weekes And furthermore if the water of the sea were made salte onely by the powers of the Sunne then those seas must needes become freshe by another great cause and that is this For in the Spring of the yeare in the meltyng of the Snowe and the Ise there falleth such abundance of freshe water that it would make it freshe and yet the water is verye salt insomuch that in dyuers places in the North parte they doo make salt of the sea water although that it is not made by the heate or powers of the Sunne as it is made in Spayne and in Fraunce for that they doo make it in Scotlande with the heate of the fyre so as some haue sayde it is made in Rosey not farre from Sainct Nicolas And furthermore as it may be prooued the water is not made salt by the power of the Sunne for that the heade of the great Ryuer Nylus that commeth from the Mountaynes of the Moone hath Latitude beyond the Equinoctial twelue degrees And so in sundry places standeth in sundry great pooles not farre from the Equinoctial and so passeth from vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the Northwards and dooth empty it selfe in the middle earth sea and yet that water is fresh and not salt So that it is manifest that the powers of the Sun are not altogether the cause that the water of the sea is salt Wherfore in mine opinion the water of the sea is become salt by the Minerals or substance of the nature of the ground which is salt properly of it self and so mollified or soked that it turneth vnto water hauing anye moysture or lyquor to come vnto it As for an ensample that in sundrie places it is knowen that there is Salt found and dygged out of the ground and is perfect Salt and
opinion is this by the meanes before rehearsed that there may be some vaynes in the grounde that may be of the substance of salt as before is rehearsed and yet may be inclosed with other mynes rounde about it as we may see by experience howe often that the vaines of the ground may alter and in a smal circuite as in some place may be hard stone and in another place chalke and in another place claye or sande or the oure of diuers kyndes of mettalles with a number of sundry sortes of substances that I doo emyt c. Now this myne or substance of salt being inclosed round aboute with other substances or stuffe as before is sayde and the springes of water in the grounde comming vnto it both soke it molifyeth it that it is turned vnto water then being water it is apt to runne in the vaynes of the ground yet it can not depart to go from that place vntyl that it doth draw ayre thither And looke as the aire doth fynd â—ent thorow the powers in the ground doth repaire vnto that place so the water doth decrease ruÌ„neth in the vaines of the grouÌ„d vnto other places thus in proces of tyme the substaÌ„ce of salt being turned vnto water shal be diminished or gon and the roome thereof fylled full of ayre and yet the grounde aloft shall stande fyrme and fast for that it is borne vp or supported by rocky or stony substaunce c. Now it is possible that some will make argument and say how shoulde ayre come thither for that it is so low in the ground and that there is no place open vnto the ayre wherby it may come thyther But they doo not consyder this that no place can bee vacant but that it is furnished with somwhat either with earthy substance or water or ayre or Fyre euery one of theÌ„ is finer in substaunce then the other as the earthy substance is grosse and harde so the watry substaunce is thinner and yet ponderous and heauy so that there can be no place hollow or concaue in the earth but it is filled with water or ayre For the water by his ponderousnes dooth descend and seeke to the lower parts And then looke where as the water is not sufficient to fyll the hollow place then ayre dooth repayre thyther to fulfyll the rest takyng his place next aboue hym as we may see by experyence that if wee doo dygge in the grounde wee shall meete with Sprynges of water as by the ensample of the digging of Wels in the grounde that when they haue dygged so low and haue founde but a small spryng then letting it stande a certayne time thither wyl repayre a great quaÌ„titie of Water afterwardes And then this being true that the water dooth fynde passage through the vaynes in the grounde then it is a playne case that ayre must the rather fynde passage for that it is an Element more thinner and subtyller then water and wyll soke through any small thing sooner For the nature of ayre is to descende very deepe into the earth if it bee not fylled with other substaunces So in lyke manner water although it be ponderous and heauy wyll ascende vpwardes yf the ayre cannot come thyther by the meanes of the closenesse or thightnesse of the thing that the water is inclosed aloft or ouer it and also the water wyll not descende or fall downe sodaynlye although the ayre be vnder it being inclosed in it that the water by his â—underousnesse or waight dooth cause the ayre to seeke through the water which wyll be a long time except the water and the ayre bee be styred by some accidentall cause And now to returne to the cause of Earthquakes my simple opinion is this The ayre being inclosed in the bowels of the earth which hath happened by the meanes before rehearsed or by diuers other meanes which I am not able to rehearse that the ayre may bee inclosed in the grounde or earth and then when it shal please almighty God to bring it so to passe for God is the worker of all thinges either by one meane or another that the waters may arise and encrease in the grounde and especially after any great and continuall rayne and the water being ponderous and heauy dooth seeke into the earth expelling or thrusting out the ayre that is neare the superficiall part of the earth and so by his ponderousnesse setleth it selfe lower and lower and then the great and continuall rayne dooth lode the superficiall face of the earth with water and dooth cause the earth to swel and shutte it selfe close aloft on the vpper part of the earth and that water in the earth by setlyng it selfe lower and lower and the earth by his closenesse wyll not suffer the ayre to depart out of the earth so that there is no roome in the earth to holde or contayne both the Ayre and the water but that the ayre in the earth is forced to rent the earth to haue roome sufficient And also at that time the earth is more apter to seperate it selfe then it is at any other time for that the earth is soked and made soft by the great moysture that is in it And by this meanes in such places whereas this cause dooth happen that the grounde dooth quake and tremble and the buildings that are neare thereabout vntill such time as the ayre doth fynde passage to get out of the ground and if that it cannot fynde passage then it dooth split and rent the grounde casting al things that are ouer it or in the way of the ayre that breaketh so out of the ground ouer it and possible to turne the buildings vnderneath the earth or grounde to the great and maruaylous destruction both of the people and buildinges where this happeneth c. And by this meanes those places that haue beene Lande may become Water being neare vnto the Sea or any great Ryuer And in lyke manner whereas there haue bene any Pooles or Ryuers may be dryed vp as cleane as though there had neuer beene any Poole or Ryuer or water there by this meanes for after that the ayre in the earth hath rent the earth to seeke passage out then this thing happening there or neare vnto the water may run or descende into that place wheras the ayre was before and also in the turning vp or splitting of the grounde there may bee some hilles or cliffes standyng vp much higher then the grounde was before And so by this meanes the places that haue bene dry land may become sea and water and in lyke manner that place that hath beene water may become dry lande c. And furthermore in lyke manner there may by this meanes before rehearsed be Ilandes cast vp in the sea by the meanes of the ayre breaking out of the earth c. for that is the propertie of ayre to runne and to seeke into all places that is not
liue by gaming and playe and he must haue a familiar in a Ryng or such other like place But what manner of Christian doo you thinke him to be that desyreth to be familiar with the diuell So that a great number of people that are in the world desire to lyue idlely and pleasantly caring not so that they haue their pleasure here although their soule goe vnto hel and there to be tormented in fire Brimstone euer world without end Wherefore God turne the hartes of those that are the cause of wickednes and especially here in our natiue countrey Realme of England for that we haue a most gratious and vertuous Queene raigning ouer vs and such a one as doth alwaies study for the setting foorth of the word of God and sacred Gospel of Iesus Christ and dooth alwayes studie for peace traÌ„quility And considering the great wickednes that is vsed in England the wrath of God would haue lighted vpon vs long before this time but only for the grace vertuousnesse of the Queenes miaesty that God hath spared vs for her sake Therefore let vs al pray vnto God for her long life and prosperity that she may raigne long ouer vs. For surely my opinion is this except we doo repent and turne froÌ„ our wickednesse the wrath of God wil light vpon vs. For in these daies euery man is but for him self the elder sort of people are geueÌ„ generally al vnto excessiue huge couetousnes and the yonger sort of people are geuen generally vnto pride and whooredome and other vaine toyes as idlenesse and gamyng so that in respect fewe or none haue the feare of God before their eyes And if any persons doo frame them selues to liue vertuously according vnto the lawe of God then they shal be but derided both of the elder sort also of the younger for the couetous rich persons wyl say he is a foole he can not make shift to liue he hath too precise a conscience and the youngest vayne glorious proude fooles will say He is a scriptured man he wil not haue vs to be meery nor go clenly So that in these dayes extortioÌ„ couetousnes is called good husbandrie and the one of them wil commende the other saying He is a wise felowe he wil liue how frauduleÌ„tly soeuer he come by his goods So what wickednesse soeuer that it be the same shal be commended by them that vse the like as pride in these daies is called clenlinesse and swearing lustines saying he is a lustie fellowe and dronkennesse good fellowship and whooredome a tricke of youth or freindship so that the one sort of people doo heape vp the goods on the earth vnsaciably and the other sort of people spende it away most vainely and wantonly so that the good giftes or benefytes of God which are the riches of the world are abused on euery side not vsed as they ought to be that is to say to do good vpon the earth with that for it was created for the vse of man to a good ende to take his portion of it the rest to vse vnto some good purposes at his discretion for that God doth sende it hym vnto that ende and not to be heaped vp neyther to throwe it away wickedly as a number doo Therefore men do not rightly consider wherefore they were borne vppon the face of the earth Fyrst he is borne to serue God for that he hath created him and al mankinde and hath created him a reasonable creature and hath created al thing for his vse as fyrst the earth with al his mynerals as we doo digge out of the earth Gold Syluer and al other mettals and stones to make vs necessaryes to serue mans vse And also the face of the earth he hath created to bring foorth Trees to make vs Timber and Grasse to feede Cattel to make vs foode and meate Corne to make vs breade with al his other benefytes which man receyueth from the face of the earth The Sea with al other Ryuers bringeth foorth Fish of innumerable sortes to make vs foode and meate yea the very Sea is for mans vse too passe from Countrey vnto Countrey The ayre in lyke manner wherein are multitudes of feathered foules for mans vse yea the very Heauens are for mans vse as the Sunne Moone and Starres are created for the vse of man And also he hath redeemed vs from the Originall synne of Adam by his precious bloodde sheeddyng Wherefore wee are fyrste borne too serue God And secondly wee are borne to serue our Prince and naâ—yue Countrey that is to saye to defende our Territoryes that no other ferreine Nations doo spoyle vs of our labours or our Prince of her dignitie And thyrdly we are borne to prouide for our houshold and our familie and to see that they be trayned vp to lyue in the feare of God and to knowe theyr duetie to their magistrates and to trayne them vp vnto some facultie whereby they may get them a lyuing c. Wherfore I would wish al those persons that it hath pleased God to blesse vppon the face of the earth with anye worldly reuenewes or substance and liuing to practise some thing whereby they may doo some good vppon the face of the earth And in like manner to trayne vp theyr chyldren in the nurture and feare of God c. Especially the noble men and gentlemen and they themselues not to desyre to liue pleasantly and idely but to practise some vertuous thing as martiall affayres or such other lyke causes as their capacitie wyll serue them For there were two causes in the beginning of all degrees of the temporaltie or layetie wherof al Noble men and Gentlemen had their originall and beginnyng and they are worthy to be had in honour vnto the worlds ende for their parentage and the much the rather if that they doo folow the rule of their noble and worthy progenitors The fyrst cause was for their noble actes and deedes in the defending of their Country against their enemies c. So by that meanes for their valiantnesse against their enemies they were extolled and aduanced vnto high dignitie euerye person according vnto his desertes and had lyuings to maintayne their state and they to defend their Territories whilest the common people dyd manure and tyll the ground And the second cause in degrees of nobilytie and gentlemen was to them that made good and wholsome lawes for the good gouernement of their common weales Therefore I would wish al noble meÌ„ and gentlemen to folow the noble race of their progenitours and then they are the highlyer to bee esteemed But otherwise what a shame and discredit if that they do rightly consider of it is it for them to be euil members in the coÌ„mon weale considering howe worthyly their ancientrie dyd attaine come vnto their callyng Therfore I would wish euery gentleman to practise something that
are to be seene on the Sea and the Sea Coastes and the cause of Rockes and sandes in the Sea and the cause of the ebbyng and flowyng of the water and the cause of currantes in the Sea with such other like matters c. Being very necessary for al sortes of Trauaylers either by Sea or by lande to knowe c. Wrytten by William Bourne To the Reader GEntle Reader it is possible that some wyll thinke that I haue taken vpon mee to meddle with those causes that are past my capacity for that this fyfth and last boke is as concerning the naturall causes of Sands in the Sea and riuers and the cause of marish ground and Cliffes by the sea Coasts and rockes in the Sea and also the cause that the sea dooth ebbe and flow and the cause that the water in the Sea is salt and the cause of Earth quakes with other matters And for that my opinion dooth differ from some of the auncient writers in naturall Phylosophy it is possible that it may be vtterly dislyked of and condemned to be no trueth But yet notwithstanding they may geue such credit vnto it as the sequell of the reasons shall support vnto them for that they bee but my simple opinions wherfore they may beleeue them as they lift Therfore gentle Readers I desyre you to beare with me for that I am so bolde to shew my simple opinion vnto the world for it is possible that some people may mallice me for that I am so bolde to deale in these causes consydering what a great number of so excellent learned menne there are in Englande bothe in the Vniuersyties and in diuers other places in this Lande The fifth Booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fyfth Booke sheweth the naturall causes how Sandes and Bankes are ingendered or made both in the Sea and Riuers NOw beginneth the fifth Booke which is concerning the naturall causes of sundry things that are to bee seene in traueilyng vppon the face of the earth And although there bee nothing that happeneth but the prouidence of almightye God dooth bring it to passe yet notwithstanding it hath a naturall cause why it is so although it seemeth supernaturall or vnpossible for that God dooth woorke all thinges by a meanes and yet doth come to passe by some naturall cause And fyrst of the naturall cause of Sandes and Bankes in the Sea and ryuers my opinion is this that whereas a great number of Sandes and Banks are many times seene at the mouthes and entraunce of many great riuers both into the Sea and also vp into the riuer that it happneth by this meanes by the shalownesse of those seas and the great indraft of the Ryuer And then by the meanes of the soyle of the Countrye in the riuers beyng a good distaunce from the sea and especially after any great raine dooth bring downe the soyle for all the lande water dooth alwaies runne downe towardes the sea where as it dooth ebbe and flow and sometime the water ouerfloweth the banks and then the swiftnes of the running of the water dooth fret away the bankes and sometime it happeneth in the winter after a great frost And such other lyke causes sometyme from sandye grounde sometime from clay grounde sometime stony grounde other good moulde dooth fall into the Ryuer and so is myxed and tumbled too and fro with the water and is alwayes caried towardes the sea by the violence of the streame for that alwaies where it doth not ebbe flow the streame runneth towards the sea wheras it doth ebbe flow there the ebbe doth runne both swifter longer then the floods doo so by that meanes it is alwayes caried towardes the sea also any thyng is apter to rolle or runne down the hyll rather then agaynst the hyll And thus the soyle of the countrey beyng tumbled too fro in the water is washed and soked in such sorte that the water is made thycke therewith and the fat or clammye substance become owes but the greety or sandy or grauelly substāce doth alwaies keepe towards the bottome for that it is more pōderous or heauier then the fatty or clammy substance and then this grauelly or sandye substance beyng dryuen downe towardes the sea by the violence of the streame goyng by the bottome then where it dooth find any place to staye at by the way there it resteth and so groweth more and more and so becommeth a sande and then the Tyde by the meanes of ebbing and flowyng dooth make or scoure out a chanel or pasadge betweene one sande or bancke and another And alwayes thys happeneth whereas the Sea is but shalowe and the Ryuer or hauen hath a great indraught that is to say to run a great distāce into the lande whereby there is much soyle brought downe by the meanes afore rehearsed And then the Sea beyng but shallowe it hath no great descent to runne downe the hyll And then by the meanes of the floods the bellowes of the Sea dooth cause it to be stayed although that sometyme it happeneth that one sande or bancke doth decrease and weare away and another dooth increase and waxe bigger and many tymes the chanels doo alter sometymes deeper and sometymes shallower and sometymes whereas a chanel was becommeth a sande sometyme whereas a sande was is become a chanel as experience hath many tymes shewed which happeneth manye tymes by some stormes or great wyndes sometymes from one quarter of the world and sometyme from another quarter And by that meanes the greatnesse of the bellowes of the Sea dooth beat or washe awaye the sande from one place and so dooth rest vppon another place and then the Tyde or streame doth scoure or frette a newe Chanell betweene one sande and another c. As we maye see by experience in dyuers places as the mould of the Ryuer of Thames and Humber and the Ryuer of Roane and suche other lyke places whiche I doo omitte at this tyme. The seconde Chapter sheweth the natural cause of Marish ground and other plaine meadowes or ground by the sydes of Ryuers c. AND furthermore as touching the naturall cause of Maryshes or Marish grounde and other playne and leuell grounde that is by the sydes of great Ryuers c. and in such other lyke places mine opinion is this as in the Chapter before is expressed by the bringing downe of the soyle of the countrey which is ground or earth of al kinde of sorts whiche is fallen into the water and brought downe by the streame And as before is rehearsed the grauelly or sandye substance dooth dryue with the streame by the bottome but the fatty or clammy substance is mingled with the water for although you shoulde take any earth or substance and washe it and tumble it in water neuer so much yet notwithstanding it cannot be consumed all away but if you doo let it stande styll then it
occupied for Salt after they haue made it cleane and beate it smal And as it hath been credybly reported vnto me there is a hyll or Mountayne in Barbary in Africa that Salt is digged out thereof and is a great distance from the sea And the like is reported to be in the kingdoÌ„e of Hungary here in Europ that there is salt digged out thereof and is solde and bought into dyuers places as into Polonia and into some places of Germanye Then it is a playne case that there be such wynes or mineralles in the grounde which maketh the thyng to be most manifest that the Sea is made Salt by the mineralles or substance of salt in the grounde And yet for further proofe therof here in England at the Wyches in Chesseshyre there is in sundrye places a water or Bryne that they doo make Salt of and is a good distance from any Sea And some haue made argument that it may come from the Sea thorowe the Vaynes or Coues in the grounde which is moste contrarye by thys meanes for if that it come from the Sea thorowe the grounde then it coulde not be salter then the water of the Sea for that at the Wyches is much salter then the Sea water For if that it come from the Sea then it must be somewhat fresher then the Sea water by the meanes of the scouring it selfe thorowe the earth and by meeting of some fresh waters as the earth is not without fresh water c. And furthermore as concernyng the saying of the Philosopher Plato in his Dialogues of Tymeus and Crecia and also is written by Marcellius Ficius that in the olde time there was an Ilande in the Sea ouer agaynst Africa bygger then Africa and Asia which Ilande was called Atlantyda and that the Kynges of this Ilande did gouerne a great parte of Africa and Europa and as Marcellius Ficius and Plato say by the meanes of a great earthqake and a great rayne thys Ilande sunke and the people thereof were drowned and after the sinkyng of thys great Ilande the Sea Atlanticus was so full of mudde by the meanes of the sinckng therof that the sea Atlanticus could not be sayled with shippes in a great time after Now if this be true that there was any such Ilande that dyd so sincke that the Sea was so full of mudde then after that the mudde is setled vnto the bottome as it wyll doo in processe of time then the sea must needs be a very shallow sea for such a great masse of earthy substance being sunck with water must needes make a very shallow Sea and yet it is seene and knowen almost generallye vnto all meÌ„ that it is a depe sea yea no man can tel of what depth for that they cannot finde any grounde for that sea is greatlye occupied with Shippes and that Ilande lay â—ast from Spayne and Barbary which is most occupyed with Ships of any sea for all the great trade of shipping is now in these daies vsed out of Europe And then what place can be greater occupied then into our west Occian sea called in olde time the sea Atlanticus as it is the whole trade from Englande Fraunce and the lowe Countrey and Denmarke and such lyke places of Europe into Spayne and Portugall and Barbary and into the myddle earth Sea and into Ginny and into the Carnarie Ilandes the Madera Ilandes and the Ilandes called the Syrtes and to the West Indyes so that it is the greatest occupyed sea with shipping in the whole world so that the same sea is not vnknowne but that it is a great deepe sea therefore it is to bee supposed that the fundamentall nature or stubstaunce or ground therof was of Salt and so soked or moyllfied with the water that the superficies thereof might be sunck vnder the water and so in processe of time to soke the minerall of the Salt that the stony and earthye substaunce is nowe setled downe so low that it seemeth vnto the simple people that it hath no bottome for otherwise such a huge masse of earthy substaunce coulde not be so lost as it dooth appeare by that great Iland called Atlantida that Maccellius Ficius Plato and Proclus with other Authors doth make mention of c. The nienth Chapter is as touching the cause of Earthquakes AND furthermore as touchyng Earthquakes and the synking both of the mayne Lande and also of Ilandes in the Sea and also of the drying vp of Waters as great Pooles Riuers and also of the casting vp of Grounde both in the sea as well as vppon the mayne Lande although it bee the prouidence of almyghtye God to bryng it so to passe for the punishment of the people that are vppon the face of the Earthe and as well the godlye doo perishe as the wicked when these thinges happen whiche are the scourge of the wrathe of God for that hee wyll haue his diuine glory knowne yet hee dooth nothing but that it is done by a meane hath a naturall cause of the commyng of it so to passe although the thing it selfe bee supernaturall And furthermore although I am symple and vtterly vnlearned neyther to the iudgement of the people to haue any great experyence in these causes yet notwithstandyng being as one more bolde then wyse to shewe myne opynion vnto the Worlde and also it is possible that in some poyntes my opynion dooth not agree with some of the ancient Writers that haue written of sundry thinges in their Bookes of naturall Philosophye Yet notwithstandyng I am so bolde to shewe my opinion although it be possible that it may dyffer from the trueth Wherefore they may vse such credit vnto the matter as the reasons in these matters shall support vnto them for yf that by reason my opinyon be not to bee lyked then they may the lesse regarde it c. And this first as concerning the sincking of grounde as experience hath shewed that it hath happened in sundry places and in sundrye ages of the worlde my opinion is this as in the Chapter before is shewed that in those places that it hath happened that the substaunce of the grounde in that place is Salte vnderneath and so beyng soked or mollyfyed with water in processe of tyme it is turned vnto water and then the earthy substance that is a loofe vppon it beyng ponderous and heauie and not supported or borne vp wyth any harde thing then it must needes settell it selfe downe and sincke into the water and so by that meanes the water standeth aboue the superfycies thereof as it is shewed in the Chapter goyng before by the sincking of the great Iland called Atlantyda c. And furthermore as concerning some kinde of earthquakes that happeneth in such sort that it renteth and lyfteth and shaketh the grounde and possible lyfteth the grounde hygher then that it was before and so remayneth and standeth styll afterwardes wyth out any setling afterwardes c. My
wiend Of Ships that sayle wel by the Bowlyne to be harde pulled or also to sayle well a hed the Sea Of ships that ryde well or yll at ancor Of Ships that â—ere well and doe heare a good Sayle A thing to bee noted The cause that a Ship doth beare a good sayle Note Of things that doo swymme Of things that synke Al water is not of lyke waight Salt water is the heauiest water Howe to measure the mould of a Shippe An easyer waye to knowe the waight of a Shippe The ensample of the knowing the waight of a shyppe Another way to know the waight of a ship with al her furniture A ensample Another ensample howe to knowe the waight of any shippe Al thing in the water is lighter then his owne proper waâ—ght by the quantity of the water in waight that it occupieth and out of the water it waigheth his owne proper waight Some kynde of goods is of that nature that it wayeth no waight in the water Some sort of goodes must haue kintledge or ballast How to vse the lighters to make them lift or waygh their owne proper burthen you must make your ropes fast at a low water the flood being in hand How to knowe in how many Tides you may waigh a shyp An ensample of the wâ—â—ght of a Shyppe As touching the waighing of shyps whereas it doth not ebbe and flowe Notâ—thâ— poynt Of the soyle of the Countrey How Marish groude is ingendred Marish grouÌ„d is fertyle if the salt water come not at it How land hath been sea and sea hath been land Of Cliffes by Sea Coast In foure yeres the great stormes are in one quarter of the world and an other yeare in an other quarter The shingle beach or the bolder stone is of the substance of the nature of the Cliffes nere vnto them The cause or reason that the beach and the great bolder stone is rounde without any sharp edges The force of the Sea Nauigation not much vsed in the West Occian Now Englishmen are as suffâ—tient to trauaile a long voyage as any other nation The cause of Rocks in the Sea The waters are drawne by the power of the Moone The Moone doth gouerne the ebbing and flowing of the water in two great and notable causes The varâ—etie of being a full sea in one Ryuer A ful sea and a lowe water act at one instant in the Ryuer of Thames The cause of the ebbing flowing in Hauens and Riuers The câ—â—â— that the water doth rise and flowe higher in one place then it doth in another 3. sortes of CurraÌ„tes The principall and chiefe Currant of the sea The reuersing backe of the currant The seconde sort of currants or streames The cause that it doth not ebbe and flowe in some seas The thirde sort of streames or currantes The sea is salt very farre to y e Froâ—th partes Salt is made of the sea water in Scotland in Rosey Fresh water in seas or pooles vnder the Equinoctiall Salt mines The sea made salt by the substance of the grounde Of the great Ilande called Atlantica that sunke WheÌ„ god doth plague the earth he dooth punish both good bad The cause of the sinking â— the grounde Of Earthquakes Water cannot dâ—part from any place vntil the ayre or some other substance doth occupy the rounde The cause of Earthquakes Of the shaking of the earth How all the new founde Countries became peopled as all America and all other Ilandes All the great Iland called Atlantâ—da dyd not synk but part remained Olde sea men being gone the other did neuer attempt to seeke any thing The Indians had Boates asoone as we here in these partes