W. throughout all India from noon till 12 at night and coming out of the Sea towards the Land are therefore call'd Viracoins or Sea Winds They often stay late and blow but slowly Nearer the Coasts of China you have the Terreinhos out of the West and N. W. S. E. and E. N. E. Being in the North they change to the South and then ensues a calme till the Terreinhos come in The Brises in the Straights begin about 9 or 10 in the Morning blowing freshest at noon and so gradually declining till 4 or 5 at last cease in a Calme which lasts till 10 11 or 12 at night VVhen begins the Land Brise till 5 or 6 and then Calme till the Sea Brise comes in This account I receiv'd from a Sea Captain well vers'd in all parts of the Levant having serv'd under the Venetians severall years in those Seas At the river of Constantinople the VVinds commonly blow thorough but in exceeding fair VVeather you shall have both the Land and Sea Brises as in the Straights If either the Easterly or VVesterly VVinds blow fresh they hinder both the Land and Sea Brises in the Mediterranean of which wee must note They are always the more languid and weaker the later they come in In very hot days and when no other VVinds are stirring you may sometimes observe this alternation between the Land and Sea Brises on the Coasts of England but scarce with any certainty beyond the Latitude of Portugal Brises of all sorts are more constant in Summer then Winter and between the Tropiques then in the Temperate Zones The Etesians or Anniversary VVinds are those which blow constantly at certain seasons of the yeare The most remarkable species begin in Summer about the rise of the Dog starre and last 40 days being preceded by their Prodromi or Fore-runners 8 or 10 days The account of Pliny is not much different from Aristotle as he computes their Etesians in the 2 d book of his Naturall History Not only the Stagirite and Theophrastus but of late De Cartes and many other Moderns derive their Origine from the colliquated snows and ice in the Northerly regions For the long continuance of the Sun neer 6 months together above their Horizon at last overcomes the obstinacy of the cold and dissolves the snows which being attenuated into VVinds make long marches towards the South where they find the Air more yielding and pure then the Foggs and grosse vapors of the North. They were call'd the Sleepy VVinds Venti Delicati Somniculares by reason they intermit in the night time and rise again with the Sun happily because the vapors were then only sufficiently dilated by the celestiall beams though in the night time they subside and hover neare the Earth being too refrigerate and dense to constitute VVinds till they are again quicken'd put in motion by the approaches of the Sun I am willing to acquiesce in the aforesaid cause and I believe wee in England or France might owe our Etesians to Groenland and other parts of the Frozen Zones because wee have no constant visible Fountains of any such VVinds in our own dominions but if the Etesians of Greece according to the sentiments of Aristotle doe allways depend on the resolution of snows in the North they would certainly take Russia Poland or Germany in the way which lye neerer the Artick Pole before they arrive at Greece and yet on the other side of the Taurican hills they are said to have Southerly VVinds about the time of the Graecian Etesians VVee may better make judgement of these Winds that being most Peculiar to this Country they were no Forreigners in their Originall but sprung from particular Fountains within it selfe such as the hills of Macedon and Thrace that have perennial Snows of their own and these being master'd by the scorching heats of Summer may give birth to their Etesian Winds which has this advantage over the other opinion that it clears the difficulty why they are silent in the night and blow with fresher Gusts at Midday when the Sun mounts highest in the Northern Hemisphere I shall only adde not to mention severall others of the modern Naturallists that even * Cabeus himselfe who was a person sufficiently Zealous in asserting the Peripatetique Hypothesis dissents from the opinion of Aristotle will scarce allow the Etesians of Greece a remoter Origine then the neighboring Alps. I shall not insist upon the mistake for which some of his own interpreters have severely enough reflected upon Aristotle That he should first deduce the Origine of these VVinds from the Frozen Zones and afterward assign the reason why they blow stronger in the Day time because the liquefaction of the Snows is interrupted by the Nocturnall Cold when it 's Notorious that in those Countrys the Sun for many Months together is never depres'd below their Horizon Towards the Adriatique and many parts of Asia they have Set Winds which arrive from the N. and N. E. Yet all these which were reputed the Venti Stati blow not from the Northerly Points for in Gascony about the same time with the Etesians of Greece they have rather Southerly Winds which Scaliger who was best able to judge of his own Country observes to be unwholesome and Pestilentiall At Madrid for the most part of the Summer they have a Brise from the Pyreneans or the Adjacent Guadarama which extremely allays the excesse of heat You shall have different sorts of Winds from the same Snowy mountain blowing to severall quarters according to the situation of the Countrys As was observ'd in those Countrys by the foremention'd Cabeus Saepe nobis Boreas Borealibus Auster Spirat It being not unusuall for them in Lombardy to feel a Northerly and at Tirol which is situate on the contrary side of the Alps a Southerly Wind at the same time In Italy they can never fail of Etesians from their own Appennines and so happily on the shoare of Guzarat and the Indian Ocean from mount Caucasus And where ever great Chains or ridges of Hills run along as the Caucasean or Appennine this very often renders an account of most Etesians there about Yet I question whether many Authors may not ascribe too much to this one cause for in some places they have Anniversary Winds that can never possibly have their rise from the Resolution of Snows And I believe it would prove extremely difficult to lay down any tolerable Hypothesis of the Monsoons on the Coasts of Afric and India from the best discoverys wee have yet been able to make of those Parts There are other Stated or Anniversary Winds which they call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Avicular and White-South Winds either because they were so friendly to the procreation of birds or rather that they return'd with Nightingales or Swallows in the spring beginning to blow after the Summer Solstice by the computation of Aristotle 70 days about the beginning
Sun 71. Where to be expected on this side the Tropique 78. The Variation thereof in severall Longitudes 79. Why the Westerly Winds blow most commonly without the Tropiques 86. The Provinciall Winds 90. A discourse concerning the Terrheinos and Viracoins or the Land and Sea-Brises 92. Their History and Cause 93. c. When they come in or cease in the Straights on the Coasts of Guiny the East and West-Indies and what Accidents hasten or retard their approach from p. 99. to 110. Of the Etesian or Anniversary Winds their severall species 111. 112. c. Of the Anniversary Winds in the way to the East-Indies which they call the Monsoons 119. How many months they continue the same Course on the Coasts of Africk and India 121. The Changing or Breaking up of the Monsoons 122. A Discourse concerning the Qualities of Wind p. 131. deriv'd from their Constituent Parts or the Medium through which they passe 131. Some Tryalls for the Explication of this Phaenomenon 133. 134. c. The Great incertainty of these observations and the diversities of their Qualities in severall Climates 138. The Properties of Easterly Winds Vnwholesome in most parts of Europe and yet in America very agreeable and pleasant 141. Of the South Winds 142. Why they magnify Visible objects and cause a stammering in the speech 147. Of the Westerly Winds their exceeding violence in the Isle of Jersy and Coast of Cornwall 150. Of the North Winds their wonderfull impetuosity in Norwey and Island 161. The great Caution to be us'd and what Circumstances are to be consider'd in judging the Qualities of Winds 172. 173. The causes of Hot Winds 174. 175. The Extremity of their Heat toward the Persian Gulf and severall instances of other Scorching Winds in Afric and Arabia where they blow off from the Sands 178. 179. The causes of Cold Winds 181. 182. The Sea-Winds in the Temperate Zones hotter then those which blow over the Land 187. Instances of this Nature in Great Britain the Isle of Jersy Virginia Florida and several other places 188. 189. c. Yet in the Torrid Zone the Sea-Brises cooling and pleasant examples thereof in America 191. Some Unusuall Qualities of Wind. 194. Of the Harmetans in Guiny 195. 196. The Virulent and Destructive Qualities of certain Winds in the West-Indies 201. Some Proposals for a more Accurate Discovery of the Nature and Qualities of Winds in relation to Architecture Navigation and severall Trades and Mechanicall Arts from 209. to 222. Diverse Prognostiques of Wind. 223. Of Whirlwinds in Generall 229. Their severall species 231. Concerning the Tornados a Description of their Nature 236. 237. How many degrees they are to be expected on this side the Aequinoctiall and at what time of the year 246. Most towards the Coasts of Guiny 247. The Tempests near the Cape Bon Esperance 245. The Cause of the Tornados 249. The Presters or Fiery Whirlwinds Examples thereof 251. 254. Hurricanes Some conjectures concerning their cause 257. The Places where they happen 265. 266. Their Prognostiques and Description in diverse Historicall Relations from 269. to 292. c. THe Origines of Winds are no lesse Various then their Motions we ought not to determine positively concerning those Appearances in nature which may be rationally explicated severall ways Though we consult the Placits of the learned Ancients consider also what we owe to the improvements of latter times yet I question whether any Theory was ever yet started on this Argument which will adequately resolve the whole Phaenomenon of VVinds and we must never expect to confine their Originall to any one determinate Cause Most of the Graecian Philosophers agreed in the same Definition of Wind till the Prince of the Peripatetiques was not only ambitious to establish a New Hypothesis of his own but likewise undertook the confutation of his Master Plato the rest of his Predecessors The Philosophicall Monarch thought he could never raign securely in the minds of men unlesse like the Family of the Ottomans he destroy'd all his Bretheren first I have no intention to disparage the Authority of the Ancients but I cannot be so injurious to the many noble productions of our present Age to think that all Science is only to be sought for in the Urns of the Dead we have a more intimate converse with Nature then heretofore which displays her beautifull Bosome and every day affords new Discoveries of usefull knowledge and further conducing to the Benefit of Human life If we consider the successe that Philosophy has met with in the VVorld we shall find that those Opinions which obtain'd most in one Age had their Fatall Periods were as much exploded decry'd in the next it 's as impossible that any one Hypothesis should be calculated to the Gusto of all persons when the sentiments of men are different as their complexions I have therefore taken a larger compasse then the Generallity of writers and deriv'd the Origines of Winds from severall Causes which I rather endeavour to prove from Accounts of our Sea-Voyages and relations of Matters of Fact then to refine on them by any nice speculations of my own For this Philosophy is not to be had in Colleges or Books but must be fetch 't frō both Indies we must traverse the wide Seas be tost to as many points of the Compasse as Columbus or Drake we must climb into the Regions of the Air descend into the Caverns of the Earth to detect the innumerable Causes Qualities of VVinds They are diffus'd like the Universall mind and it requires a kind of ubiquity to understand them How small a portion is it of the vast system of the World that we inhabit and how much lesse of it that we comprehend How Extravagant are the Phaenomena of the large American tracts their Tydes VVinds and other Aeriall impressions how different and irreconcileable to Ours How many noble discoverys have been made in these Countries which the Athenian Sages could never think of in their narrow Porches Gardens They might spin fine webs out of their own bowels but for want of a closer inspection into Nature their Texture Materials are slight And we must acknowledge that even the Stagirite himself has left us no very perfect Theory of VVinds though this Province of late years has been more succesfully undertaken by the Lord Verulam Galileo De Cartes and other illustrious Moderns Aristotle constitutes two species of Exhalations the one vapid or moist the other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fumid or Terrene and as the first is employ'd in Rain Hail or Snow c. So the other furnishes materials for Winds c. The Ancients understand no more by wind then a Motion of the Air Anaximander in Plutarch styles it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and some others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to which that of Seneca may allude Ventus est Aer Fluens But neither the Prince of the Peripatetics ever supposed
Terraqueous Globe were of one uniforme superficies as wee may perceive that in wide Seas their motions are farr less irregular then by Land since the great diversity of Climates Mountains and Lakes varies them exceedingly I have thus farr discours'd of the 4 Principall the Collaterall or Intermediate VVinds if any right judgment could be made of their natures from the Quarters whence they blow might be suppos'd Hot Dry Moist c. as they are farther remov'd or hang nearer towards the Cardinal Point But we are like to expect little satisfaction from the generality of writers concerning the temperature of VVinds For who can with patience hear the impertinence of those Notionall men that enquire no further but declare That the South Wind is allways Hot and Moist the North Cold and Dry the West c. which obliges us in the following discourses to offer at some more accurate account of their Qualitys and the most Universall causes from whence they proceed First VVinds are Moist either because their Constituent parts are made up of Vapid and Aqueous corpuscles such as rain dews watry Clouds or by reason they make long Voyages by Sea or over great Lakes Morish Countrys Fenns and so are tainted with the Qualitys of the Medium through which they passe Those which proceed from Melted Snows have some small allay of the Terrene but approach neerer the Moist The Siccity of VVinds is from their Saline and Terrestriall parts or that arriving from those Parc'ht and Torrid regions neer the Line they are exsiccated as they travell by the Ways of the Sun I shall not dispute whether this has been cautiously enough minded by most writers How many nice circumstances are to be consider'd in judging the Qualitys of VVinds and how difficult it is to make a just Estimate of their severall degrees of Heat and Cold. For there must not only be especiall regard had to the Temperament of our Senses but to the Climes in which they blow and seasons of the year Since those which would seem hot at Christmas comparatively to the winter Cold should the same happen in July when wee had been long accustom'd to a different temperature of our Organs and the Ambient Air would undoubtedly appeare exceedingly Cold. Then wee denominate VVinds either Gelid or Hot in respect of those that usually blow in such Climats as the Southern Blasts with us here in England though they are Colder then the Ambient Air may be reputed Hot comparatively to the N. or N. E. which are much more refrigerative in these parts of the VVorld Thus wee ought not rashly to make judgment of their Qualitys but first consider what Symptoms of Heat they betray in relation to Weather-glasses or the Winds that commonly blow in such Countrys as likewise what mutations happen by them in the Temperature of the Air And afterwards compare all these Circumstances with the present disposition of our Organs least wee determine concerning the positive Qualitys of VVinds from only the Prejudices and Hallucinations of Sense There are severall Causes Productive of Heat As their passage through Hot Regions Or because they consist of the ignite and suffocating Air which infests the Burning Zone where the whole Masse is corrupted with such intolerable heats that the Winds which are either generated therein or only pervade the Torrid regions must needs for some time retain their temperament and Qualitys till at length they loose them in long voyages and the calorifique particles languish and dwindle away by degrees being oppres'd with multitudes of Heterogeneous exhalations in their course Then I think it not improbable but that the Solar rays or whatever parcells beside of the Subtil and Aetheriall matter may by mingling with them actually advance the heat of VVinds. And Lastly The ignite Damps such as wee sometimes discover in Colepits and Mines and all other of the Minerall and Metalline Kingdomes that finding no Vent cause Earthquakes in the Bowells thereof if they escape through the Pores of the Earth occasion Presters and Hot VVinds And those fiery eruptions which in many places of Calabria and Sicily are continually breathing out from the Subterraneall Regions must needs diffuse the seminals of heat through the whole body of the Air and VVinds especially such as come reaking from under Burning Mountains or at least are the results of those Calorifique mixtures by which some Mineralls and salts fermenting together in the Cavitys of the Earth emit Hot fumes Like severall Chymicall preparations such as Oyl of Tartar and spirit of Vitriol which cause a strange Ebullition and Heat by their commistion only And if wee suppose any thing Analogous to these under ground where Nature in her own Elaboratory often exceeds the greatest Sagacity of Art why may not the Tepid Steams and Vapors that ascend from thence be able to produce so considerable a degree of Heat in the Air that might occasion Scorching Winds And happily the Rancounters of Certain Mineralls with each other in those Passages where the VVaters flow may likewise by their mutuall ferments be the most probable cause of many Hot Baths Springs Neverthelesse Fromundus some other Naturalists of late in the Number of which wee may reckon our Countryman Mr. Hobs affirme that all VVinds whatever doe actually refrigerate and oftentimes so intensly that they prove the fittest instruments for the Congelation of Liquids And I must confesse it seldome falls under our observation that in any parts of Europe the VVinds are comparatively hotter then our Sensories or the Ambient Air yet in many Provinces of Afric Arabia but most of all near the Persian Gulf where they come just off from the Burning Sands they are intolerably hot and suffocating as appears from the Relations of the Portugalls first Voyages to the East Indies where they felt Gales of the E. and N. E. Wind so Hot that the Air seem'd to be inflam'd and scorching like fire So likewise Gasparo Balbi in his Travells speaks of four persons that weary'd in their Journy sat down near the Banks of Euphrates to refresh themselves a while and were all stifled by one of these Hot Winds And wee have a more surprising Narrative from Marcus Polo that when the King of Chermain sent an Army of 16 Hundred horse and 5 thousand foot against the Lord of Ormus for not paying his Tribute they all perisht by these Suffocating Blasts But if wee distrust the integrity of these writers Olearius in his Voyage to Persia describes the intemperature of the Air in those Countrys to be such that with the North or East Wind they felt a Cold which depriv'd them of their Limbs and on the Contrary the S. Winds were ready to choak them with the extremity of heat But Della Valle a Nobleman of Rome whose Curiosity led him through most of the Eastern Kingdomes reports that towards Arabia there was a VVind so scorching and Dry that it left behind it like marks of Fire wherever it came
A DISCOURSE Concerning the ORIGINE AND PROPERTIES Of VVIND With An Historicall Account of Hurricanes and other Tempestuous Winds By R. Bohun Fellow of New Coll in OXON OXFORD Printed by W. Hall for Tho. Bowman Anno Dom. 1671. THE PREFACE COnsidering the unsuccesfull Attempts of severall Authors who have adventur'd upon this difficult part of Meteorology I was sufficiently discourag'd from exposing to publick view those Collections which I had sometime made concerning the Causes and Properties of Winds But afterward by reason of my residence in a place principally concern'd in Naval Affairs where I had frequent opportunities of conversing with the most experienc'd of our Sea-Captains I began to compare the observations of their Voyages with the writings of the most celebrated of the Ancient and Modern Philosophers which I judg'd the only expedient to arrive at a more perfect History of Winds I have omitted nothing remarkable which was taken notice of by Aristotle whose Sagacity in these enquiries was the greatest that the Grecian World could boast of But the succeeding Ages which with their nice Speculations endeavour'd rather to amuse then satisfy the minds of men made little Progresse in the History of Nature till our Voyages to the East and West-Indies and the great encrease of Navigation for these Hundred years last past furnisht us with so many new discoveries and improvements in all Natural knowledge especially in what relates to the Motions of the Winds and Seas that we are every day forc'd to regret the insufficiency of those Theories which we receiv'd from the Schools of the Ancients since the Course of the Generall or Trade-Wind the Indian Monzoons the severall sorts of Brises in the African and American Climates which are certainly the most considerable Phaenomena that belong to an exact Treatise of Winds were as remote from the knowledge of their most inquisitive Naturallists as the places where they happen from Athens or Rome I must confesse the incomparable L d Verulam has given us much light in his Discourse on this Argument though he seems to have been little Curious in the Collections of Forreign Parts without which we must still have remain'd ignorant of the largest Portion of the Universe But I can boast of little assistance from others more then some Historicall observations of the Trade-Winds and Hurricanes taken from the learned Isaac Vossius which I made use of as finding them most agreable to the Relations of our Sea-Voyages and beleiving them Generally true I must likewise acknowledge my obligations to the Honourable Mr. Boyle for his advice upon severall occasions particularly in the experiment mention'd pag. 134 concerning the Qualities of Winds I have indifferently made use of either the Peripatetique or Epicurean Principles as they serv'd best for the Explication of the present Phaenomenon For though at this day some with the greatest applause embrace the Cartesian and Atomicall Hypotheses yet what are the Atomicall or Corpuscularian Placits but Democritus or Epicurus in another Dresse which we call the New Philosophy not that it was Invented but only Reviv'd and Vindicated by the Moderns from the Injuries and oppression of Time I have in the following Discourse offer'd at a fuller Account both of the Regular and Tempestuous Winds the Land Sea-Brizes and severall other particulars which most writers had past by in silence And though as to the Historicall part or Matters of Fact I may have committed some errours this must not altogether be imputed to my credulitye but the great Diversitie of Relations and innumerable Accidents which alter the mostconstant motions of the Currents and Winds I have known some Masters of Ships who missed of the Monsoons at the usuall seasons of the year in their return from the Indies and I have sometimes met with different Accounts of the Harmetan Winds and the Tornados on the Coasts of Guiny nor shall I undertake that every ship which has Crost the Line met with the Trade-Wind in the same Degree of Latitude I have therefore describ'd them as they generally happen and though there may be some Variation yet for the most part they very Regularly depend on the course of the Sun I may thus farre assure the Reader that I have manag'd this Affair with all imaginable Caution and seldome made use of any Account but when severall Relations did agree in the same particulars or when I found the persons of the most unsuspected integrity and which had no interest to deceive Then it was my ultimate Design to make the most advantageous use of these enquiries as they might conduce to any improvement in Philosophie Albeit I may possibly be obnoxious to Censure for diverse Philosophicall reflexions which I have occasionally made in the following Discourses Though I have for the most part rather Alluded to Severall then Adherd to any One Hypothesis Yet since all Disquisitions of this kind are but Conjectural and no exact Demonstration to be expected in Physiologicall Sciences I might challenge the freedome of my own thoughts reserving for others the same Libertie to abound in their own sense and to interpret Nature as they please The Contents THe Placits of the Ancients and their severall Definitions of Wind. pag. 6. The Opinion of De Cartes and other Modern Naturallists 7. 8. Wind no more then a Motion or Protrutrusion of the Air. 7. That there are Severall Origines of Wind First they are generated in the Lower Region by the Dilatation of Vapours or Air p. 12. By the Repletion or Superoneration of the Atmosphere p. 16. From Pressure of Clouds or the Elasticall Vertue of the Air c. 20. The 2 d Locall Origine of Winds in Generall from the Earth or Seas as from Submarine or Subterraneall Eruptions 23. By the Rarefaction of Liquids prov'd from the Experiment of the Aeolipile 24. Historicall instances of Winds breaking from under the Earth or Sea 27. 33. Of the Mascarets in the River of Dordogn and the suddain tumours in the Lake of Geneva 34. The 3 d Generall Cause of Wind by Descension from the Middle Region both from Vapours before and after their Coalition into Clouds 27. 39. Their Ingenit Gravity the cause of their descent 40. Not their Repulse from the Antiperistasis of Contraries 39. The Reason why some Winds blow with greater violence and impetuosity then others 45. The Formall Cause of Winds 46. The Opinions of Aristotle Theophrastus c. with the Latine Interpreters 47. 48. Some other conjectures concerning the Causes of their Oblique Motion 40. 50. c. The Undulating and Reflex Motions of Wind. 50. 51. The Matter of Winds an Explication of Aristotle's Opinion 58. Their Limits and Extent 63. The most Flatulent Seasons why they blow more in Spring and Autumn then at other times 65. The Severall Species of Winds 67. An Historicall Account of the Generall or Trade Wind. 68. 69. c. The Causes why it blows Constantly from the Easterly points and imitates the Course of the
them to consist of Earth though it was always to be most predominant nor the Ancients of Air alone without some allay of other Heterogeneous Elements In the 23. Section of his Problems Aristotle himself denominates Wind 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aeris impulsum yet in the 2 d book of Meteors he seems rather to reflect this opinion on his predecessors declaring 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. cap. 4. So that Aristotle allows not the simple agitation of Air to be reputed VVind wherein he dissents from the Stoics who held it only Motum aut Fluxionem Aeris And there have not been wanting the most eminent moderns who embrac'd their sentiments as Gassendus Beregard Dorisi c. Mr. Hobs defines it Air mov'd in a direct or undulating motion and to this purpose the learned Isaac Vossius Fournier Varenius many others The modern Peripatetics generally agree in an Hot and Dry exhalation repuls't by the Antiperistasis of the middle Region though I find no footsteps of any such opinion in the Text of Aristotle VVind in the most Generall Acceptation is any Sensible Motion of the Air By Air the Vulgar understand almost any invisible Matter whether Rarify'd vapours or Water though it consists of much grosser parts then that which is employ'd in respiration De Cartes computes that Rarify'd Air requires only thrice but Dilated vapours no lesse then 3000 times as much space as before their expansion wherefore in the Generation of VVinds he preferrs them before Fumid Exhalations or Air as in his Definition pag. 153. Venti nihil sunt nisi Moti Dilatati Vapores It seems to me lesse probable whether we reflect on the opinion of Aristotle or Cartesius that Winds should be always made up of Heterogeneous Exhalations distinct from the Body of the Air For certainly they are sometimes no more then Streams or Currents of Air it self shifting from one part of the Atmosphere to another So that the Air while it continu'd placid and calme may be compar'd to a Pond or Lake and when it 's violently agitated and mov'd it resembles a Torrent or River I have already declar'd that no one Hypothesis how comprehensive soever hath yet been able to resolve all the Incident Phaenomena so various are their Efficients and the Matter of which they consist I shall therefore comprise the Locall Origines of VVind under 3 Generall Heads 1. They are generated in the Intermediate space between the Earth and Clouds and that either by Rarefaction or Repletion and sometimes happily by the Pressure of Clouds Elasticall Vertue of the Air c. 2 ly From the Earth or Seas as by Submarine or Subterraneall Eruptions 3 ly By Descension or Resilition from the Middle Region But I shall explain my self how I desire to be understood of all these in the Following Discourses and then descend to the Matter of which they are Form'd their Limits and Qualities c. My Lord Bacon complains that the first species has been too much neglected by most writers while some seek for them in the Clouds and others in the Caverns of the Earth when as they are more frequently generated in the Intermediate Space which they call the Lower Region of the Atmosphere The Universall Efficient of this sort is the Sun the matter Air or whatever Vapourous Effluxions from the Earth Now imagine those Vapours or Fumes that are continually hovering in this Lower Region which being dilated will possesse so many hundred times more space then they did before the expansion to be attacq't by the quick and Penetrating beams of the Sun what a tumult and mutiny must this necessarily cause in the Atmosphere When all places were full before at least the Voids no way Proportionable to the dilatation whither must the ejected particles retire the spaces they should possesse are overstock't already they must be forc'd to send out Colonies to other parts where equivalent compressions and condensations are made where the spaces lye wast and in a manner destitute of Inhabitants But what Seditions Eddies Undulations must this cause in the whole body of the Air How will the Atmosphere fluctuate and be harrast to and fro and as it were curled with waves the Rarify'd vapours still flying to seek new habitations and so doe impell and bear along with them all they encounter in the way some condens'd bodys deserting their Seats and others as farr Expanded hasting to take possession that there can be no tranquillity or rest 'till the influences of the Sun cease or the vapours be exhausted And what is all this Strugling and Commotion of the Air but Wind For either the Dilatation of the former or too great an Accession of New matter will inchoate the collaterall agitation of VVinds as the Lord Verulam experimented from a crosse of Plumes in a Turret closely shut up when meanes were us'd by the evaporation of water to overstock the space and afterwards by Fire to thinne rarify the vapours the Plumes began to tremble by degrees and at last the motion grew rapid Instar turbinis the Water affording multitudes of vaporous steams the Fire resolving them into VVind It likewise appear'd from another of the Verulamian Experiments that Air of it self when other vapours are wanting will be sufficiently Agitated by Rarefaction For though without some other Auxiliary Exhalations Air alone might seeme able to create but a very feoble and languid VVind yet when it 's dilated into at least 60 times the extent it posses'd before the Expansion it must needs by this means crow'd and superonerate the former Spaces and so cause a considerable emotion of the Atmosphere So that if there be much Superfluous Matter and the Protrusion violent it causes storms and Tempestuous VVinds if it be lesse then are only Engendred those mild refreshing Airs such as use to come off from the Banks of Rivers and Ponds at Day-break De Cartes will scarce admit that Dilated Air exceeds above a quadruple proportion yet a person not lesse sagacious in the contemplation of Nature has prov'd in a late discourse that Air without Heat will be dilated to 13000 times the former extent though with it Mersennus never arriv'd to an 100 And questionlesse in the Atmosphere without the assistence of Art we may suppose it Rarefiable by the Heat of the Sun to incomparably larger Dimensions then De Cartes allows it at least sufficient to create very impetuous VVinds which may be occasion'd from any extraordinary expansion of the Air as we usually observe that in great conflagrations it blows manifestly fresher thereabout then it did before the people of Gascoigny at that time subjects to the Crown of England are said to have petition'd the King against the burning of Heath in Sussex Hampshire which afterwards rais'd a VVind very pernicious to their Vines Another cause which generates Wind is the Superoneration of the Atmosphere Democritus other Ancient Atomists supposing if there were too
in the Air. But among innumerable Examples I could produce of this Nature one out of the Philosophicall Transactions quadrates exactly to our purpose Numb 26. pag. 481. anno 1667. It was then given in to the Royall Society as the result of twenty yeers experience from a Person well vers'd in Minerall affaires He affirm'd If in digging under ground the workmen meet with Water they never want Air or Wind But if they misse it they are destitute of convenient Air either to breath in or make their Candles burn Sometimes there bappens to be a great quantity of Winters standing Water in their Mines but as soon as the levell is made and any part of the Water begins to run away the men must secure themselves as well as they can For the included Air or Wind breaks forth with violence to carry all before it They have Burning Mountains in China that are said to raise Tempests The same Accounts wee have of the Grottos in Calabria Sicily and many places about the Alps. And I think it not lesse considerable what the learned Peter Gassendus assures us of a Mountaine in Provence which had a Visto thorough it like Pausilyponeer Naples from whence a Northerly Wind on one side and a Southerly on the other have been observ'd to break forth at the same time I have heard that in Cornwall they have so sure Prognosticks of Storms at Sea from their Mines that the Fishermen never Presume to tarry out when the signal is given by the Eruption of certain Meteors which immediately Presage a Tempest There are almost as many instanof this kind as wee find Cranies or receptacles of Air under ground Questionlesse these Cavernous retreats are very often the Locall origin's of Wind where the Poets faign the Kingdome of Aeolus not Unphilosophically alluding to the mode of their Production Winds that are generated in the Cloysters of the Earth are for the generality made up of Waters dilated by the Subterraneall Fires Kircher among many other Romantick Suggestions on this Argument adds that colliquated Snows and Raine sinking into the ground doe sometimes expell and force out the Winds and Air. Yet not only Water but most bodys will be mov'd and Volatilis'd by Heat Especially the Nitrosulphureous and other Minerall or Metallic Concretes that are easily resolvible into Fumes either by Rarefaction from some Intestine Vulcano or by that glowing and Potentiall Heat which is no where wanting in the bowels of the Earth If you mingle together Nitre Sal Armoniac crude Antimony c. and macerating them all in salt Water set the vessel over the Fire the Fumes will issue out much after the manner of our Aeolipiles which shows what may be likewise effected when the same causes concurre in the Subterraneall World Some also haue conjectur'd that Winds oftentimes break from under the Ocean because the waves are observ'd to rise and gently to curle and furrow the Seas on that side whence it is next to blow Or if the included spirit be in greater plenty it sometimes dashes the waves against the rocks with so great violence that the noise may be heard in some places no lesse then 8 or 10 leagues I am credibly inform'd that in St. Owens Bay belonging to the Isle of Jersey the Sea is often strangly disturb'd before the Western storms even when the Air is very calme and though no Wind be stirring yet the roaring of the waves may be heard not only over the whole Isle but into France about 30 miles distance which is the certain Prognostique of an ensuing tempest And those suddain tumors which happen in the rivers of Garonne or Dourdongn neer Bourdeaux seem to be the effects of intestine winds swelling them into ridges mountains of water which they call Mascarets are so terrible to them that sayl in the river that when they perceive them coming the people cry out Garde le Mascaret Garde le Mascaret and then the watermen immediatly make to the shoare to save their lives for it inevitably threatens the overturning their boats It happens only in Summer and in the greatest tranquillity of the Air but is often follow'd by wind Something like these Mascarets though from a different cause are the suddain turgences of the river Severn which they call'd Higram Scaliger in his Exercit. speaks of a Sea towards the Gulfe of Lions which is frequently so raging when there is no sensible Wind to irritate it that the Adjacent Countrys might justly fear a deluge the waves seeming to rise above the shoars In like manner the Italian Benacus or Lago de Garda and more especially that neer Geneva is oftentimes troubled in the calmest days which is questionless nothing but an Included Spirit or Wind though the inhabitants ignorantly impute it to witch-craft This Sub-marine Tempest is by some called Procella Caeca and by the Portugals La Manca when they see it break out in a Cloud or Mist from under the VVater I supersede many remarks from our Sea voyages and some others out of Beregard and Kircher and shall instance only in two The one recited by Fromundus from the testimony of the Learned Fienus who in a calme and serene day diverting himself on the Belgique shoare perceived a dense mist suddainly to rise from the Ocean which though very inconsiderable in the begining he saw it encrease and diffuse it self by degrees till it covered the face of the Heaven and ended in a most Dreadfull tempest at last and what can be more Admirable in the whole history of Nature then that so small a Vapo'r should fill the spacious Atmosphere swell the Seas into Mountains and mingle all things with horro'r and night The other is set down by Mr. Boyle to whom the learned world is so much obliged for his curiosity in all Naturall inquiries and I shall insert it from the pen of the Honourable Author Some years since neer the strong fortress of Duncannon where divers of the ships Royall of England lying at Anchor in a place where they apprehended no danger from the Wind there seemed suddainly to ascend out of the water not farr from them a black Cloud in shape and bigness not much unlike a barrell which was not long after followed as the most experienc'd Pilot foretold by so hideous a storme as forc'd those shipps to goe to Sea again and had like to have cast them away and this account was written by the principall Officers to their Superiors in England c. We can by no means distrust the matter of fact which had almost as many witnesses to confirme it as there were men in the Navall Army and we are sufficiently informed from this memorable event how farr the Sub marine eruptions may be concern'd in the production of stormy winds I proceed to the 3d Generall Cause which is their Descension or Repercussion from the middle Region of the Air. This opinion seems most a justed to the vulgar hypothesis though the Prince
and Pestilentiall but to certain African Provinces healthfull and Pleasant The Northerly are coldest in our European World and the Southerly on the other side of the Aequinoctiall For the Arctick and Antarctick VVinds must needs be of the same nature blowing from either of the Poles where the cold is equally predominant So that the Qualitys of many VVinds seeme not so much to respect the Points of the compasse as the Course of the Sun The Eastern Winds according to Aristotle are hot and dry nor is their Siccity only remarkable in Greece Palestine Asia the Lesse and most parts of Africk where they make long marches over the parcht and barren sands but likewise in the more temperate climes of Holland and France by reason they passe through Poland Germany other vast tracts of Land and lastly arriving at our Isle they can suffer no considerable alteration in their qualitys by so small a passage over the Narrow Seas They are no very welcome guests to us in England being ominous to our Gardens Fields by blasting the corn and fruits I have known strange destruction done in one Night when they come late in the spring Sometimes they not only blite the leaves and blossoms but kill the Trees with their poysonous breath They bring after them swarms of Caterpillers and other devouring insects or those dry and tabid mists which corrupt the lungs and cause Epilepsys Consumptions c. whether by driving before them the putrid Air from Holland or however they contract that malignity in their natures Nevertheless wee can make no Generall conclusions of their propertys from hence which are chang'd by innumerable acidents For though in these Countrys of Great Britain they are inauspicious both to animals and plants yet in the West Indies the Eastern Brise is refreshing and healthfull above all other VVinds. In Arabia and those Asiatique regions they are exceedingly dry by travelling for many thousand leagues over the sandy desarts yet Blondus observes them to be rather humid in Italy and to occasion a relenting in the Air where they blow immediately from the Adriatique Seas In relation to their degrees of heat though Aristotle declares they are much hotter then the Westerly wee find by experience that with us in England the Easterly are at certain Seasons of the yeare exceeding cold and very often the most freesing winds especially if they hang somewhat towards the North. I need assign no other cause for the frigidity of the Easterly Winds then that they have their first rise from the Continent where the Midland Air is much colder then the Maritime The South Winds are generally reputed Hot and Moist on this side the Line being heated in their entry through the Torrid Zone or because they consist not of melted Snows as the Northern but of the Tepid and Sulphury steams from Africk and other Sunburn'd climes They passe over no Seas of any large extent just crossing the Mediterranean and British yet they moisten and relax the Air and cause wet weather by dissolving the Clouds into rain which are rather dissipated and blown over by the impetuous Norths Yet I think it very irrationall to conclude that all the Southerly should have their rise from the Torrid or the Northerly VVinds from the Frigid Zones Since it is not unknown to the Curious that in part of Italy and Provence they have very often Northerly VVinds rising as is suppos'd from some places about the Alps whereof they are not at all sensible in other Countrys of France through which they must of necessity passe if they came so farre North. In like manner at Marseilles and in the Mediterranean they have oftentimes Southerly VVinds when they blow from contrary points on the African Continent which lyes more to the South I believe very few of the South Winds here in England ever took a longer flight then from the Mediterranean Sea or the lower parts of France and it can scarce be suppos'd that the same Numericall Exhalations could ever travell from between the Tropiques and not be spent in the way long er'e they arrive at the British Coasts yet happily by protruding the Ambient Air and that successively the Contiguous to it the motion may at length be Propagated many hundreds of Miles beyond the reach of those vapors which caus'd the first Agitation So that it is not impossible but that a VVind which began neer the Aequinoctiall may by this means be continued even to the Poles of the VVorld However I shall make no longer digressions concerning their Extent but proceed to the Qualitys which are vulgarly ascrib'd to the Southerly VVinds. They are laxative stupefactive and pestilentiall They cause Epilepsies and pains in the head and were therefore styld 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Grecians They render men Shaagrin and melancholy and in some of the Azores Islands the children are said to sit dejected and leave their playing when they blow For first they open the pores of our bodys by their heat and then insinuate the malignant influences and the parts being pointed and volatile have not only an easy ingression into our blood but thaw and unloose the textures of ice and snow Nay it 's most certain that iron it selfe takes the file much better when the South Wind blows then at other times They many times cause a farre rougher Sea then the most Tempestuous Winds from the North Happily because they blow more obliquely and rake the Surface of the Water when as the Northerly oftentimes descend as from a precipice downwards which immediately deads and weakens their force They magnify visible objects As our Seamen observe their ships to appeare bigger at a distance either in misty weather or when the South Wind blows For the humid and nebulous vapors of which they consist distort the visual beams and by refracting them to the Perpendicular cause more rays of light to enter into the eye which makes the object seeme larger then otherwise would arrive at it in strait lines Many who are naturally inclin'd to Stammering in their speech do find their infirmity evidently worse when the Wind is toward the South Probably because the moisture of the Air causeth a greater relaxation of the Nervs and thereby a tremulous and unstable motion of the muscles at that time Which perhaps hath more power upon the Vocall muscles then others because they lye in the Road and are more expos'd to the invasions of whatever is breath'd in at the mouth or nostrills then others are Whence also wee find the tongue more apt to falter though somewhat in a different manner whensoever it is overmuch bedew'd with strong and vaporous liquors Smells are said to be most Fragrant in these Winds when the Air is humid and lax to convey the odoriferous particles They anticipate the Spring and cause the trees to blossome and bud forth before their time and by this means exhaust their spirits and nutritive juyce They damp linnen and paper though never
motions being excentricall to the Earth cause so unequall a distribution of heat cold that the Air must of necessity be denser in some parts then others and consequently lyable to the frequent disturbance of VVinds and the vapors according to the distinct seasons of the yeare being continually either retiring from the Poles or on their voyage thither the Sun as Prince of the Atmosphere obliges them to a motion no lesse constant then his own Insomuch that neither These or indeed any other VVinds are so fortuitous as many suppose but proceed from regular causes and are guided by the certain conduct of nature though happily the manner of it may not be fully understood by us The Norths are often exceedingly impetuous on the shoars of Florida and Virginia taring up Forrests of vast Trees by the roots and wasting the whole Country like Hurracanes They blow very hard toward the Orcades and on that side the British Coasts But they must needs be very sensible of their effects in Finmark Russia which lye more expos'd to their fury The Bishop of Upsal in two Chapters De Vehementiâ Venti Circii De Vent Sept. Violentiâ informes us of many disasters which happen by them in Norway and Island particularly that at the Port call'd Vestrabord the N. E. VVind blows with such vehemence that it dismounts the Horsemen and Souldiers driving them away before it On the Western shoars of Norwey it suffers not so much as a tree or the least shrub to grow that the Inhabitants are forc'd if you believe our Author to roast their meat with fire made of great fishes Bones And in Bothnia and that part of Norwey which they call Vichia the Northern Whirlewinds are so terrible that they carry away the roofs of their houses and of the Churches which are cover'd with lead blowing away great beams and rafters removing Wind-mills stones and even Castles and Villages from one place to another If this be an Author suspected the Annals of our own Country will furnish us with relations of the same nature which would require as large a share of credulity to believe them if the rage of these Tempestuous Winds was not sufficiently understood in most parts of Europe though happily in remoter Climates which are less acquainted with the great Disturbers of the Northern World they might seem fabulous Some of which are solemny recorded in our Historys that even exceed the Hurracanes of the West Indies Yet I have heard that those Winds which we count very great stormes here in England would be thought no wonder in Scotland where they are accustomed to these violent Blasts and for this reason build their houses universally with stone exceeding thick low and with narrow windows But not to be prolix in their History we might offer at the cause whence this strang vehemence and impetuosity of the N. VVinds does proceed Shall we say from the great quantity of exhalations laid up in the Treasuries of the North or because they find the resistence lesse toward the South where the Atmosphere is rarified by the heat of the Sun so that they glide without opposition through the yeilding Air especially in the day time wherefore the aforesaid Northerly Winds are observ'd to blow harder by day then night They are more Sonorous then other Winds because they rage with greater violence and so make a stronger collision of the Air. I have thus farre considerd their nature in the remoter parts of Europe where they are nearest their Source But after they have made a long Progresse Southwards and are heated in their approaches towards the Sun we find them in Africk to be farre different from what they were in Norwey or Island and their qualityes no lesse various then the Temperature of the Heavens So likewise in America and as Acosta observs more particularly of some Countrys in Peru the Northerly Wind is counted unwholesome and the Southerly extremely cherishing to men and beasts The first is not penetrating nor disperses clouds as among us but causes rain and the South Wind is just qualify'd in those climes as the North is in our country's that lye nearer the Arctic Pole Nay not only comparatively to different situations and places but the judgment to be made concerning the Qualitys of Winds from the Quarters whence they blow is very various and fallible in relation to one and the same Latitude Many of the hardest frosts which have happend in England began with a Southerly wind and then commonly are the more lasting and violent which nevertheless is generally much hotter then any other which arrives at the British coasts I took notice no longer since then the 11 of January last that in the morning we had much rain the wind being N. and N. E. which ceasing about noon there followed first a showre of haile and then a considerable fall of snow the wind still continuing at N. and N. E. which was the most part of it dissolv'd by 3 or 4 in the afternoon then the VVind vering to full South it froze exceedingly hard for the time So little certainty is there in observations of this nature that we had Rain with a Northerly and Frost with a Southerly VVind in the same day And not only thus but it appear'd by the Weather-glasse to which I had recourse upon this occasion that there was a very suddain mutation in the Air from heat to cold when the Wind came about to the South more then in the morning while it continued at N. and N. E. VVee must expect these so different Qualifications of VVinds to happen even in the same Climate since not only the Variety of their Component Particles and the Fountains which gave them birth but either the Cutting down Forrests Draining of Fenns Changing the Currents of great rivers Their Vicinity or Distance from the Course of the Sun whether they blow off from Land or Sea or Snowy Mountains and a thousand extraneous accidents are sufficient to alter the Properties of Winds Neither are the laws of their Motions reducible to such certain rules as Aristotle pretends That two Opposites alwaies blow at Contrary Seasons of the year As the N. W. about the Vernall and the S. W. at the Autumnall Aequinox and it would likewise be examin'd whether the same Contrariety happen constantly between the Solstitiall Winds Others have observ'd that wee commonly feel a a S. Wind at midnight an Easterly at the Rising and a Westerly after the Setting of the Sun and last of all a Northerly about Noon when the Solar rays are most powerfull to resolve the grosser mists and clouds in the North. For VVinds being for the generality Nothing but Dilated Vapours or Air they almost wholly depend on the Presence of the Sun at least are generated from the heat left behind him in the Earth and Waters VVhereupon De-Cartes ingeniously remarks that wee should have no such Variety in the Qualities and Production of Winds if the whole
and the excessive Heat forc'd them to keep their legs naked which became so red and inflam'd that without the greatest Torment they could not endure to set them on the ground In some places of the Country these Soultry Gales last from 9 in the morning till noon which are ready to stifle the inhabitants and blowing immediately from the Scorching Sands the people many times lye in the water to rescue themselves from the intolerable Heats Della Valle says that they are call'd in the Annalls of Persia Bad Semum i. e. Burning and Venemous VVinds. I have heard the like relations from many of our Sea Captains who trade on the Arabian or African Coasts so that I think Mr. Hobs or any other of the Modern Naturallists had little reason to question the Heat of some Winds though in these parts of the world where they travell not over such Sandy Desarts and are more remov'd from the ways of the Sun they are more sensibly Cold. By Gelid Winds I understand those which are colder then our Sensories or the Ambient Air. This Frigidity may happily proceed from the Nitrous particles of which they consist or whatever body else wee reckon to be the Primum Frigidum Or because they have their Origine in those Caverns under the Earth where the Sun beams never penetrate and no Subterraneall warmth is to be found Monsieur De Cartes averrs that all Boistrous Winds from whatever point of the Compasse they blow are Universally Cold and Dry and wee find that any sort of Air violently mov'd by a Fanne or Bellows does refrigerate so that the Cold of Winds may somewhat depend on their motion or manner of affecting our Senses And since the Cartesians will allow Cold to be no positive Quality of it self but a mere Privation of Heat then either the absence of their Subtil matter may cause the Frigidity of Winds or else the occasion thereof must be this that they passe thorough the Gelid Regions which are never visited by the Sun Beams For as Those which come from Aethiopia and other parts of the Torrid Zone doe imbibe the Heat and Sympathise with the nature of the places from whence they come so questionlesse the other that consist of or drive before them the grosse and Frigorifique Air from Groenland and other Northern Climates must needs have considerable allays of the Mediums through which they passe And within the Polar Circles the absence of the Solar rays for so many Months do's sufficiently conduce to the Production of Cold since the Sun which us'd to correct the rigour and inclemency of the weather is now banisht from their Horizon and the Air become Chill and Torpid by the long Predominance of the Cold. So that the VVinds must of necessity admit of very considerable alterations in their passage and whether or no they consist of Frigorifique particles yet by their commerce and enterfering with the Gelid Regions they may draw I know not what Contagion from thence As appear'd in the foremention'd Experiment how much the mixture of Snow and Ice only by applying it to the outside of the bellows did soon infrigidate the Transient VVinds. For I am not sufficiently convinc'd that Cold VVinds proceed always from Nitre Sal Armaniac or other Frigorifique Corpuscles But sometimes only appeare so to us by their particular Motions on our Sensories As wee see any Air Ventilated from Fanns or Bellows or our own breath darted with a very vehement impulse from the Mouth appears Frigid which if wee exhale gaping and in another position of the lips is rather sensibly Hot. Thus if VVinds may be styl'd Cold from a simple Privation of Heat and if only the want of some Subtil Matter the absence of the Sun or other Calorifique Corpuscles will resolve the severall Phaenomena wee commonly ascribe to cold this will be sufficient to constitute the Refrigerative Winds which may better be explain'd in this manner then by the Positive Qualitie of the Peripatetiques or the Nitrous and other Frigorifique particles of the Atomists and Corpuscularian Philosophers I shall only add one circumstance out of the Honourable Mr. Boyl concerning the causes of cold Winds I have supected some Winds may be Cold only by consisting of or driving before them those higher parts of the Air that by reason of the longuid reflexion of the Sun beams in the Upper Region is for the most part Cold. Yet as I before declar'd wee often commensurate the Qualities of Winds not only from their Constituent Particles or their just degrees of Frigidity or Heat but sometimes because they are warmer then the Ambient Air or the Winds that usually blow in such Climats or at leastwise then those membranes or Sensorys by which wee judge them The VVinds which blow off from Sea are farre Hotter then those which come from Land May not the Collucent Salts which create such a sparkling and Coruscation in Tempests or other vehement Collision of the waves be able to produce some heat in the Air and VVinds being either actuall Flames or at least making those impressions on our Sensory's as if they were Neverthelesse since wee find by experience that these kind of Salts with which the Sea water is impregnated doe neither rise up in vapors nor being mingled with liquids any way advance their Heat May there not be other Calorifick Effluviums like the hot Steams in Colepits and Mines that ascend from the bottome of the Sea yet cannot so easily perspire through the solider Superficies of the Earth which renders the Maritime Regions and VVinds hotter then the Midland But whatever be the cause it is most evident that all over Europe the winters are generally milder in Islands then many places in the Continent which lye nearer the Sun As in England then France nay Scotland though it be situate so farre North has seldome more keen and piercing Frosts then Paris or some Citys of Italy which are infested with Terrestriall Winds So likewise part of Asia as in China where it runs to the Southwards of Spain the winters are most excessively cold in the 42 degree of Latitude they have ice which lasts 3 or 4 Months together by reason of the Land Winds For this cause New England though it lyes not so farre distant from the Aequator is incomparably colder then any parts of Great Britain And at Virginia as I have been inform'd the Land Winds oftentimes surprise them with such an Exceding sharp Air that one would think it impossible there should be those extreames of Heat and Cold in the same day So on the Coasts of Carolina and Florida where they have for the most part Midland Winds the Colds are intolerable considering their no great distance from the Sun When as the Sea-Brise in most parts of Europe is temperate and mild I have heard that in the Isle of Jersy the Myrtles will live abroad all winter being cherisht on every side with the tepid vapors from the Sea and
Travells given us descriptions of the Tornados which would be superfluous to recite I shall only adde a relation out of Sir Thomas Roe in his East-India Voyage to confirme the precedent Discourses These Tornado-Blasts were so variable that sometimes within the space of an houre all the severall Winds of the Compasse will blow So that if there be many ships in company you shall have them sail so many severall ways and every one of them seem to goe directly before the VVind These strange Gusts came with much Thunder and Lightning and extreme Rain so noisome that it made their Cloths who stirr'd much in it to stink upon their backs and the water of these hot and unwholesome showres would presently bring forth worms and other offensive Animals The Tornados met with us when we were about 12 degrees of N. Latitude and kept us company till two Degrees Southward of the Aequinoctiall This Ecnephias not only visits the Coasts of Malaguta and Guiny producing vehement Gusts of of VVind with Rain but reaches as farre as Terra de Natal lying to the East-North-East towards St. Lawrence and at Cape Gardafui near the entrance of the Arabian Gulfe it infests those parts in May as was collected by Varenius from the Dutch Journals In the Sea towards the Kingdome of Loango and that part of the Aethiopique Ocean the Tornados are most frequent in January February and March On the shoares of Guiny when no other VVinds blow in those Climats and within 5 6 or 7 Degrees of the Aequinoctiall they raign in April May and June which is the time of their Rains and in other parts of Africk they observe other Months For they have not only Etesian VVinds but Anniversary Tempests in some Seas Yet to be fuller satisfy'd in the History of this Ecnephias I addres'd my selfe to Mr. George Cock of Greenwich a Gentleman of a generous and communicative Nature who being interested in the Royal Company is well vers'd in all occurrences of the African Trade and at my request procur'd me this following account of the Tornados on the Coast of Guiny from a person long employ'd in their service The place of the Tornados rising is E. N. E. to the N. N. E. they frequently give 2 or 3 houres notice of their coming by a thick black Cloud gatherd in the Horison with much Thunder and Lightning Sometimes the Wind comes first very forceable and then a great quantity of Rain otherwhile the Rain begins and is follow'd by a Tempestuous VVind At this season the Blacks count it good planting Corn or Roots They make the Air very cleare so that a man may see 5 times further then before I my self lying at Anchor in the River have seen the Isle of Princes at least 6 leagues up when before I could not see the Isle of Fernando do Poo During the Tornados it 's exceeding Cold insomuch that the Natives and other Inhabitants are very sensible of it for the time Their continuance is about an hour or two hours at most I endeavour'd to understand from some of our Sea-men whether the Cape Bon-Esperance was so very ominous for these kinds of Tempests according to the dreadfull descriptions of Maffeus and what notice had been taken by our Mariners of the Bulls-Eye appearing most about that Promontory which gave such discouragements to the Portugals in their first attempts upon the Indies In answer to this an Ancient East-India-Captain inform'd me he had sometimes seen that which the Portugals call'd Olho-de-Boy rising on the Peak of the Promontory and describ'd it to be A Bright-red Appearance in a Black Cloud which afterwards descending causes violent storms So that they commonly expect fowl weather and encounter great difficulties about the turning of that Point where as the Lands lye higher so they are more obnoxious to Tempests for not only the Cape Bon Esperance but severall other Hills High landsare observ'd to generate storms and in many Countrys they have Mountains from the top of which most of the Tempests thereabout are noted to take their first rise I lately made enquiries of severall ships that during the Winter months never met with any Tornados all the way from Brasile They being most violent when the Sun is near their Zenith and in the time of their Rains when the Air is moist and affords greater quantities of Flatulent vapours May we not collect from hence that this Phaenomenon also do's principally relate to the Sun which passing from one Tropique to another not only draws the Generall or Trade Winds along with it but causes the Monsoons and Tornados and though the latter differ much on the shoars of Africk from what they are in the Pacifique and Brasilean Seas yet this may be allowed to particular Accidents the diversity of Latitudes and Meridians Inequalities between the Seas and Mountains c. In the English Channel especially about the end of Summer many have been surprised with these vehement blasts of Wind with Lightning and Raine after the manner of Tornados and so in our American Dominions by the Caribbe-Islands But no Seas have been so infamous for them as those near Guiny where the Levants or Generall Brise being interrupted occasions this variablenes of the Winds or for other reasons not as yet nicely considered by our Seamen who though we must be forc'd to rely on their credit for matters of Fact yet they are able to assist us but very little in determining the Causes of things that must depend on a thousand minute observations in the places where they happen The Coasts of Monomotapa and generally the more Southerly Maritime Regions of Africk are said to abound with diverse sorts of Minerals and the Nitro-sulphureous Spirits if they escape from under the Earth or Sea must necessarily by their mutuall conflicts accension in the Air cause the most terrible Lightning and Whirlwinds Moreover the Sun then in their Zenith is more powerfull and the Spacious Aethiopique ocean must needs furnish multitudes of Exhalations that gathering insensibly at length make up the Tornado-Cloud which afterwards may create Tempests two severall ways 1. By it's resolution into Rain and stormy Gusts Or 2 ly by it's pressure when the Cloud distills not by degrees in pluvious drops but rushes down impetuously all at once driving before it a swift Torrent of Air which falls as from a precipice and threatens the oversetting of ships If it chance to be strongly resisted either by the extraordinary density of the Atmosphere or some other crosse Winds that stop the career then it runs round in changeable Puffs to all points of the compasse and though the Bulls-Eye which occasions the Ecnephias may seem exceedingly at first chiefly by reason of the vast distance from the Earth yet Ponderous bodys the higher they ascend relapse back again with the more vehement impulse and therefore some have observ'd the lesser the cloud appears at first the Tempest will last the longer The Ecnephias