â—…5 36 48 85 41 294 15 11 308 40 11 13 16 11 39 41 12 56 40 28 56 38 15 88 57 322 57 12 282 16 12 12 10 12 45 42 45 57 38 57 57 39 45 92 23 357 35 13 259 53 13 11 5 13 51 44 21 58 37 29 58 41 16 96 1 400 16 14 240 38 14 10 0 14 57 46 0 59 36 3 59 42 50 99 51 454 12 15 223 55 15 8 56 16 4 47 41 60 34 38 60 44 26 103 54 524 34 16 209 14 16 7 52 17 12 49 24 61 33 15 61 46 5 108 14 620 17 17 196 15 17 6 48 18 20 51 11 62 31 54 62 47 46 112 50 758 8 18 184 39 18 5 45 19 29 53 2 63 30 34 63 49 30 117 45 974 1 19 174 15 19 4 42 20 39 54 56 64 29 15 64 51 17 123 0 1360 36 20 164 50 20 3 38 21 50 56 53 65 27 58 65 53 8 128 39 2253 44 21 156 18 21 2 35 23 2 58 54 66 26 43 66 55 1 134 45 6547 56 22 148 30 22 1 32 24 14 61 0 67 25 28 67 56 59 141 21 Infinite 23 141 21 23 0 29 25 28 63 10 68 24 14 68 59 1 148 30 numbre 24 134 45 24 0 33 26 43 65 25 69 23 2 69 61 6 156 18  25 128 39 25 1 36 27 58 67 45 70 21 50 70 63 17 164 50  26 123 0 26 2 38 29 15 70 11 71 20 39 71 65 32 174 15  27 117 45 27 3 41 30 34 72 43 72 19 29 72 67 52 184 39  28 112 50 28 4 44 31 54 75 21 73 18 20 73 70 18 196 15  29 118 14 29 5 48 33 15 78 7 74 17 12 74 72 51 209 14  30 113 54 30 6 52 34 38 81 0 75 16 4 75 75 29 223 55  31 99 51 31 7 56 36 3 84 2 76 14 57 76 78 15 240 38  32 96 1 32 9 0 37 20 87 13 77 13 51 77 81 9 259 53  33 92 23 33 10 4 38 57 90 34 78 12 45 78 84 11 282 16  34 88 57 34 11 8 40 28 94 5 79 11 39 79 87 23 308 40  35 85 41 35 12 14 42 1 97 49 80 10 34 80 90 44 340 16  36 82 34 36 13 19 43 35 101 45 81 9 30 81 94 16 378 49  37 79 37 37 14 25 45 12 105 56 82 8 26 82 98 0 426 55  38 76 48 38 15 32 46 52 110 23 83 7 22 83 101 58 488 39  39 74 5 39 16 40 48 35 115 8 84 6 18 84 106 9 570 51  40 71 30 40 17 48 50 20 120 11 85 5 15 85 110 37 685 48  41 69 1 41 18 57 52 9 125 39 86 4 11 86 115 23 858 2  42 66 38 42 20 6 54 1 131 30 87 3 8 87 120 28 1144 52  43 64 28 43 21 16 55 57 137 49 88 2 5 88 125 56 1718 10  44 62 8 44 22 27 57 56 144 40 89 1 3 89 131 48 3437 24  45 60 0 45 23 39 60 0 152 7 90 0 0 0 138 9 Infinite  Ther may many coÌ„clusions by this table be wrought as you shal know or we depart but now let vs furder proced coÌ„cerninge our talke of zones in which you must coÌ„sider that these zones of which we haue intreated ar deuided into climates regions Spo. How doth à climatand à zone differ they both wer for this cause first inuented to make diuision of the face of th' earth into soÌ„dry parts Philo. I confesse no lesse but they differ in this poynt that à Zone doth in it coÌ„tain the fift portioÌ„ of th' earth and à climate but only so much of th' earth the loÌ„gest day in that place do differ from th' equinoctial xxx minutes or half an hour and are named vii in numbre of all th' auncient Geographers Spoud Then the first climate shal be in latitude xvi degrees xliiij minutes from th' equinoctiall and the loÌ„gest day shall excede xij houres whiche is the quantitie of the daye vnder th' equinoctiall one houre for so saithe Ptolomaeus Philon. It is true but heare you muste consider that Ptolomaeus deuideth euery climate in iiij equall portions nameth them Paralleles euery one of them coÌ„teining in latitude iiij degrees xviij min. incresing the quantity of the longest day xv minutes so that Ptolomaeus making the first climate xvi degrees xliiij min. in Latitude from th' equinoctiall meaneth the middes and not the beginning of the climate Spou. I praye you or we anye further proceade shewe me the signification of a Parallele Philo. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greke whiche we also do call à Parallele is à Circle equally distaunt from that which is drawne next him and are described by the course of the sonne and starres of which the greatest is th' equinoctial for that he is furdest froÌ„ the Poles so that the nerer the poles the lesse is the parallele and the number of them Ptolomaeus maketh xxj as in this figure in which I haue made xxj paralleles froÌ„ th' equinoctiall vnto both the poles Arctike Antarctike and now to our matter againe from whence we did digresse You shall consider that euerye Climate hathe à proper name for the suerer difference of one from an other taketh his name of some notable Citye Mountaine or Riuer ouer which the mids of that Climate is drawn As for example The middes of the firste Climate goeth ouer a notable Ilande of Nilus called Meroë of that we name it Dia Meroes that is the climat going ouer Meroë The seconde Climat is called Dia Syënes of a citye in Egipt called Syënes The middes of the thirde climate is drawen ouer Alexandria an other Citye also in Egipt therfore called Dialexandrias The fourth goth ouer th' Iland of the Rodes now in subiection to the great Turke and is named Diarhodou The fift climate Dia Romes going ouer Rome somtime the head of the world at this preset the sinck of sin The sixte Climate is named Dia Pontou because it goeth ouer the Pontike seas named Euxinus The seuenth is draweÌ„ by Boristhenes a Citye so called therefore named Diaboristheneos not by the Riâ—…hean Mountanes as the vnlerned sort suppose seing that they ar at the lest x. deg froÌ„ this climate distaunte Spou. And what was the cause that they described no places beyoÌ„d the. 7. climate seing that ther are many inhabitaÌ„ts as by your words do appeare wher you made mention of the habitable places in th' earth Philo. It was ether because they supposed those places scaÌ„t or with muche paines habitable for th' extreme cold or els that they knew not the parts North froÌ„ theÌ„ situated as now we do Spou. And do they not make mention of
and Mone be aboue the other Planetes as wel as in that order you haue rehersed them Philo. This serueth not for our purpose but it is excellently proued of Ptolomaeus Alphraganus Tebitius Archimedes and other with suche inuinsible reasons as can not be denied But me thinke the pleasaunt Poet Ouidius maketh a good reason to proue the Sonne to haue his sphere in lyke order as is aforesayde whan as he speaketh vnder the parson of Phebus vnto yonge Phaëton entring into his Chariot in this maner Altius egressus caelestia signa cremabis Inferius terras medio tutissimus ibis In our english tunge the meaning of these versis is thus Directe thy Chariot in a meane clymbe thou not to bye Lest thou dost burne the heauēly Signes set in the sterry skye Or descending to lowe th' earth of heat shall fele the flame But kepe the meane y ◠shalt be fre frō feare eke frō blame Spoud The cause is so manifest that it nede no lenger declaration So that I suppose theis excellēt wryters aforesaid haue found out the true order of the spheres as you haue repeted them And that Crates with his company haue no lesse erred placing the luminaries aboue the eyght heauen then Albetragnius whiche supposeth Venus and Democritus whiche affirmeth Mercurye to be higher then the Sonne Philo. Yea and Plato whiche otherwyse is a graue Philosopher did no lesse erre then the other imagining the luminaries to haue their course vnder all the other Planetes Spoud Well let them passe and now to the nomber of the heauens whiche you affirme to be x. Philoni You haue ryghtly spoken Spoud I remember among other thinges that I haue redde in Diodorus howe that the Aegiptians supposed there were but eyght heauens and that by this perswasion They gaue to the seuen Planetes vij heauens And bycause they perceiued that heauen whiche you call the firmamēt to cary the fixed sterres in it and to kepe one vniforme order and distaunce in rysing none steed and going downe to circuit th' earth also in 24. houres and finally to cary the heauens of the Planetes by his swiftnes about th' earth with him contrary to their naturall motion they supposed of whose mynde I also am that there ware but eight heauens And that which you call the eight heauen they name primum mobile Philo. You may not to rashely adicte your selfe to any of their opinions before you are certaine they are eyther trew or els receiued as moste probable For by the lyke reason I can compell you to confesse there are ix heauens as Ptolomaeus affirmeth But for shortnes of time and that it sumwhat swaruith from our purpose I wyll omytte it and leane to th' authoritie of the famous king and graue Philosopher Alphonsus whose name by his trauell is made immortall Spoud Thus I perceiue your saiynge to be verified when you excused the olde writers that tyme bryng all thinges to their perfection But I haue redde also of an heauen whiche in greke is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Empyreū Philo. It is so named of the wonderful brightnes and beautie But because it is imoble and without any mouīg I exclude it out from the nūber of the mouable heauēs and that as not seruing to our purpose And thus you haue learned what the worlde is and also the heauenly region But for the redier conceiuing of that whiche is now spoken behold the figure insuing Spou. Wil it please you now to procede with th' elemētarye region which you declared to be th' other parte of the world Philo. Before we shall take this part in hande for the easier auoyding often repetitiō of one thing I wyll giue you some introduction into the celestiall sphere touching such circles as must of necessitie serue in this arte Spou. And that fault haue troubled yea right excellent authors for they obseruīg no methode were cōpelled to repete one thing diuers and sondry times But because you made mention of a sphere maye it please you to make definition of it Philo. All suche as haue wryten hereof do accorde in one as Theodosius Proclus Euclyde Orontius Iohn Halifax our worthy countryman called also Iohn de sacrobosco c. But as well for th' authoritie as also elegancie I wyll repete vnto you Theodosius definition who sayth in this wyse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sphaera est figura solida cōprehēsa vnâ superficie ad quā ab vno eorū pūctorū quae ītra figurā sūt oēs rectae lineae ductae sut inter se aequales A sphere is a sound body conteined within one platte forme and bounde vnto whiche all right lynes drawen from the Center they being cōteyned within the figure are founde aequal amōg thē selues To the vnderstanding of whiche definitiō is requisite to knowe both what the center axe tree and diameter of a sphere is Spoud Now I perceiue the reading of the pathway doth not a lytle helpe me in vnderstanding this definitiō of Theodosius as also suche wordes whiche are vsuall in Geometry But what is this axe tree of the sphere for I vnderstand that by a center is nothing mēte but a prick in the myddes of any circumference Philo. Theodosius calleth the axe tree a certain right line drawen by the center both endes of it ending in the plat forme of the said sphere the sphere being turned about it and yet this axe tree to remaine fixid without motion As in exāple Here you se A. B. C. to represent the halfe sphere the axe tree also drawen through it is A. D. C. whiche being fixid the halfe spheare turnynge round about maketh a parfait roūd body As this figure here placed maketh true mention Spoud I pray you what difference is there betwixt the diameter of a spheare and the axe tree Philo. I wil showe you omitting th' auctors names for briefnes A diameter of a sphere or globe is any lyne drawen thorowe the same goyng by the center of the sphere or globe And so there may be yea and you wyll xx diameters or as many as you please in a sphere but there can be but one axe tree on whiche the sphere or globe is reuoluid And this axe tree is voyde of all motion Spoud I wil and it please you make a profe wherby you shal perceiue if I rightly vnderstād your meaning Philo. do you so Spou. Here I wyl make a sphere in whiche I drawe right lines frō the one part of the circūferēce by the cēter so to th' other Such right lines or diameters are AD CF BE but I do imagine only A. D. to be the axe tree and imoble Philo. Very wel wrought Now procede we forth You must also consider that the sphere is deuided into a right sphere and into an oblique or crokyd sphere they only haue a right sphere which dwell vnder th' equinoctiall and haue both
vs sooner by one houre a halfe then with them and is daye with them after the Sonne is set with vs in like sort one houre xxx minutes Philo. And all this cometh because th' Earth is round causing vs them not to haue one generall Horizont The like reason is to be said of the diuersities of times in the beginning of an Eclipse either of Sonne or Mone As for exāple th' Eclipse of the Mone which was 1556. the 17. day of Nouēber at one of the clocke in the morning with vs at Norwiche for the moste parte of Englande which in the Horizont of Calicut began at vij of the clock In like sort ther shall happē an Eclipse of the Mone in the yeare of Christ our sauior 1562. the 16. daye of Iuly at two of the clocke iiij minutes in the morning at which time she shal be totallie darkened continew from the beginning to th' ende iij. houres and yet th'inhabitauntes at Calicut shall not see anye parte therof whiche moste euidently sheweth the roundnes of th' Earth to be the cause as this Figure here folowing do more plainely set out in which E. signifieth th' Earth A. the East C. the West D. the verticall pointe for Norwich B. in like maner the Zenit of Calicut Wherby it is manifest that the Mone shal be perfitly seperated from the Sonne or she shall appeare in the Horizōt of Calicut And yet we in England diuers other places East shall se bothe beginning ende of her Eclypsing Spoud These are sufficiēt probatiōs to declare th' Earth roūd frō th' East to the West but by what argument can you shewe it to be also rounde from the South to the North Philo. That is very easie to proue For if th' Earth were flat from the South to the North then we should se the south Sterres vnder th' Earth as well as those that be North alway in our sight And againe the Sonne Mone Sterres at midde day through the vniuersal yere should be euer in one height which also is false Spoud Yea for I haue had practise of that thinge saylinge in à shippe for we goynge from th'Equinoctiall Line northwarde did see the North south Poles equall with the Water But directing our course more to the north coast leauing th'Equinoctial we reared the north starre in short space xij degr at lēgth 30. deg loking south we could not se the southe Pole nor yet many other sterres which in th'Equinoctial were visible to vs. Phi. Yea wher your north starre was eleuated xxx degrees your south Pole was xxx degrees depressed in like maner But for the firmer fixynge it in your memory behould this Figure in the which C. signifieth both th' Earth and water A. the north Pole B. the south therefore if one go from B. to A the earth being roūd he must haue B. so muche vnder him as A is aboue his Horizōt There are besides these many sūdry reasons to proue this thing which I may omit as I suppose to you which nede no lenger probatiō in that whiche is most manifest Spo. Yet theis argumēts shall not onely stay my mind in à trueth but also with the same I shal cō fute th'errors of other if any shal spring about this matter Phil. Then I wyll exhort you wher these shall not seme sufficient you will gather more stronger out of Ptolomaeus Almegiste Cleomedes de mundo Philo de mundo Aristotle Erasmus Reignholt Orontius Hic canet errantē Lunam Solisque labores Arcturūque pluuiasque hyad gēinosque triōes Iohn de Sacrobosco oure countreyman master Recorde which doeth almost repete all their argumentes in the Castell of knowledge And nowe behold the Type of the world conteinyng in it as well the heauenly Regiō with suche Spheres Circles as haue bene in sundry partes before set forth in this treatise as also th'Elementarie region comprehendyng the Fier Aëre Water Earth in suche order forme as is cōsonant agreyng both with Reason Practise and Authoritie of most approued authors And for this time we will depart for beholde the Sonne is gone to rest Hesperus do shewe in the West verie brighte all other liuynge thinges also do apply them to take rest therfore let vs go downe this Hill into the Citie refreshyng our selues quickening memorie to morow I wil mete you in this same place agayne Spoud I thanke you hertly Philoni Let me here you can repete the summe of such thinges as we haue taken in hande this day as we walke downeward Spoud With à right good wyll 1 Firste you shewed me what Cosmographie was what Geographie and what Chorographie yea and wherein euery of them differeth from other 2 Next what the world was with his partes that is to saye the Heauenly Region Elementary with à briefe Discourse touchinge the Partes and order of the Heauenly Region 3 Thyrdly what a Sphere is howe it is deuided into a Right and Croked Sphere And howe it differeth from a Cirle 4 Forthly what a Center was what an Axe tree what a Diameter and of theyr difference 5 Fiftlye of the Principall Circles whiche are saide to be in this Sphere As the Horizont Meridian Aequinoctiall Zodiake two Colures the two Tropickes the Circles Arcticke and Antarctick Also that the Horizont and Meridian Circles be stable and without motiō with diuers other thinges herto belonging 6 Last you proceded to the second part of the world which is th' Elementarie Region In which you refuted sundry opinions touching the forme of th' Earth Philo. Nowe I perceiue bothe your apte nature in conceiuing such thinges as are spoken also your firme memory in reteining the same Wherefore you shall encourage me to geue you further instructions But for this time I must bid you fare well Spou. God preserue you graunt you life to accomplishe your desire in profiting your countrey as you do entende Amen THE SECONDE BOOKE OF the Cosmographicall Glasse in which is plainly expressed the Order and Number of Zones Paralleles and Climates Also sundry waies for th'exacte findyng out of the Meridiane Line The Longitude Latitude of places with many other preceptes belongyng to the making of a Carte or Mappe Spoudaeus MORPHEVS THE God of dreames with his slepie rodde so much this last night frequented my companie that my bodye taking rest my mind was much more busilie traueling in such conclusions as I had learnid of Philonicus thē it was in the time of his teaching For some time Morphêus shewed me the Sonne in the tropicke of Capricorne farre in the South among the cloudye skies as he comenly is the. 13. day of December And next he appered in th' Equinoctiall pointes as it is the tenth daye of March and the. 14. of Septēb willing me with great di ligēs to note that parallele circle Shortly after the sōne appeared in the tropicke of
is also in the mides of th' earth an Equino imagined vnder the tropick in the heauē two tropike Circles in th' Earth and finallye vnder the two polary circles in the Heauen two circles in th' Earth answering in like proportiō so that th' Earth is parted in v. equall portiōs which are called zones as this Figure doeth manifestly set out Spoud Do you not in this Figure call euery portion betwixt two paralleles à zone Phil. Yes verely as the space betwixt the tropike of Cacer Capricorn in Graeke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with vs the burning zone because the sonne goeth ouer th' inhabitauntes heades cōtinually Also betwixt the tropicke of Cancer the Circle Arctike 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the temperate zone And the portiō betwixt the circle Arctick the north Pole 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we call it Frosen In lyke maner with th' other two zones southe from th' Equinoctiall the temperate south zone is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the frosen zone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Spou. Yet by my computation your table sheweth sexe zones Two frosen zones two temperate and two burninge zones for the space betwixte the two Tropicke Paralleles is deuided equally of th' Equinoctiall Phi. You are in the same error that Polybius was as testifieth Strabo but Proclus hereto do aptly answer where he speke of zones and I will repeate his wordes of this burning zone only omitting the rest whereby it shal be euident vnto you that there are not two but one burning zone his wordes are these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Reliqua quae inter memoratas quatuor medium locū tenet quod sub ipso Solistransitu iacet torrida nuncupatur à terestri equatore in duas partes diuisa Th' other zone saith Proclus which is in the mids of the. iiij aforesaid because it lieth vnder the course of the sonne is called burning and is deuided of th' earthly Aequinoctiall in two equall portions Spoud But what compelled Proclus to saye that it is but one zone Seinge it is deuided in two by the aforesaide earthlye Aequinoctiall I wil tel you because ther is no alteratiō of the quality tēperature of the heauēs betwixt the space and distance of the. ij Tropikes but continuallye hote al the yere by resō of the sōnes iornay in the zodiake as in the figure you may se therfore not only Proclus but also Plato Aristotle Strabo Ouide ād Uirgil yea al authors do make their accōpt but of v. zones Spo. It shuld seme that this burning zone for the feruēt heat the. ij frosen zones so far distant from the sōnes course shuld not be habitable as Ouide doth right excellently in these verses set out Vtque duae dextra coelum totidemque sinistra Parte secant zonae quinta est ardentior illis Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem Cura dei totidemque plagae tellere praemuntur Quarum quae media est non est habitabilis aestu Nix tegit alta duas totidem inter vtrasque locauit Temperiemque dedit mista cum frigore flamma Like as the Zones into v. partes do right the Heauens diuide Euen so for th' Earth à nūbre like nature did well prouide The middest of thē all men eschew the burning is so fell In the zones next the Poles through could no creature long maye dwell Bitwixt these the burning Zone two other se you may For tempratnes replenished with liuinge thinges alway Philo. Well bycause I will not haue you to erre with Poëtes other that suppose these not habitable I will take the more diligence to driue this Heresie out of your heade althoughe Ptolomaeus Auicenna were of sufficient authoritie to make you credit this thing affirminge that they haue sene men whiche did inhabite betwixt th' Equinoctiall the tropike of Cancer yea that ther ar many notable Cities Villages yet I wil vse other reasons then testimonies in this behalfe And first answer me Is not the heate of the Sōne cause that in the Sūmer ceason he inclining toward our habitatiō that mens colour in ther faces hādes are made blacker then naturally they are Spoud Yes verely I haue sene some dwellers in litle Vilages as Plowmen Heardmen Shepehards maruelously sonneburnt Philon. What wil you cōiecture then of those people that are blacke face body all externe partes of them doeth it not come of the heate of the Sōne Spoud It muste nedes so be and I haue sene men of that colour we call them Aethiopians Philo. Very well do not you beleue that the countrey where they dwell must of force be vnder the beames of the Sōne Spou. Els it could not folow that ther colour should so much differ frō ours Philon. And there is no place vnder the perpendiculer Sōne beames but only this burning Zone Ara bia sumwhat frō the Sōne beames situated is the cause that th' inhabitauntes are not so blacke as the Aethiopians nor the Spaniardes as th' Arabians or Frēchmē as the Spaniardes Spoud And the Germaynes haue their skinne whiter then the Frenchemen we here in Englande then all these so that the furder from this burninge Zone the whiter the skie and the nerer th' Equinoctiall the blacker more adust burnt Philo. Moreouer the Nauigatiō to Calicute of which voiage Vesputius Columbus were the first authors nowe more frequented of the spanierdes then sayling into coūtreis nie adiacēt to vs do witnes beare that vnder this burning Zone there are inhabitaūtes Spou. by these wordes it is manifest that the burning Zone is not habitable onely but also inhabited And as touchinge the temperate Zones no man is so folishe or madde as to denie them to be replenished with all liuing creatures abūdantly wherfore if you can proue that the two Zones next the Poles are also habitable you shall as farre banish this errour frō me as the Sōne doth darkenes Philoni Although Ptolomaeus do not describe any parallele beyonde Thylim whiche is two degr more of this side of the Circle Arctike And that for the situatiō of it farre distant from the beames of the sonne and therfore the Waters cōtinually frosen and th' Earth with Snow couered Yet Erasmus Reignholt and that truley describeth a Parallele by Hielso an Ilād in Norway which is 9. degrees beyonde the polary or Arctike circle Also the grene lande and in diuers countreis there inhabited and the inhabitants are called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Periscij and we may call them aptly inhabitantes which haue there shadowe daily declininge vnto all partes of the Horizont Spo. Then I perceiue that both the burning zone also the frosen are habitable and not that only but also inhabited although not so plentifullye as the temperate zone But nowe sence ther is offered good occasion to intreat of shadowes and
165 19 158 12  89  86 30 168 9 161 2  90  87 0 170 23 163 15 91  87 30 173 13 166 4  92  88 0 176 2 168 16  93  88 30 178 16 171 6  94  89 0 181 5 173 19  95  89 30 183 19 176 9  96  90 0 186 7 178 22 Spou. Can they not in like maner draw paralleles from th'Aequinoctiall Southward as they do North yea geue them the same names of the Northe paralleles with the Greke proposition anti as thei do in climates Phi. Yes verely they so do vntill by their trauels they haue found out the Regiōs Ilands Hilles Riuers such notable things of which in like sort the south cli mates paralleles may take denomination As at this presēt ther ar South paralleles which are opposite to the North places foūd out of which they may veri aptly take name As the parallele opposite vnto the North parallele which goeth by the Canarian Ilands is drawne by the Riuer Nilus and Mons Lunae the Mount of the Moone The parallele opposite to that which is drawne by Syëne goeth by the Ilandes Mendacascar Peuta Necura the greater Iaua Candin and the kingdome of Coilum The parallele opposite to that whiche is drawne by Damascus goth by the promontory of good hope called promontorium bonae Spej The opposite parallele to that goeth ouer the Rhodes is described by th'Ilands Seilan Augama they are antipodes vnto Italy which dwell in Iaua the lesser The antipodes to the Lucitanians are those in the Isle of Seila There be also diuers other places towarde the south coast of which neither I haue heard of any credible person nor yet red therfore can not affirme any certeine trueth will omit it vntill an other ceason Spou. Yet or we procede further I must trouble you with one doubt that is gathered of the Arabian Phisician Auicenna who saieth that th'Aëre is of best temperature vnder th'equinoctiall they are more fre from infirmities of the body then we are whome you affirme to dwell in the North temperate zone For if the paralleles be of this nature that howe muche the nearer we are th'equinoctiall so muche the greater is the heate and howe muche the furder remoued from th'equinoctiall so muche the colder the qualitie of the aire is there must seme à manifest repugnancie betwixt Auicenne the Geographers Philo. I will answer you Auicenna meaneth not that the temperature of th'Aëre is in à meane neither vehement hote nor yet extreame could vnder th'Equinoctial for that were an euident errour but because the Sonne declineth not more then 23. digrees 28. minutes frō the verticall pointe therfore ther can be no cōtrary qualitie ingendred as horible could so that th'Aëre is not subiect to alteration contrary qualities as oures is that is the cause why Auicenna thought it most temperat hereto agreeth Hippocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mutationes temporum maximè pariunt morbos in ipsis temporibus magnae mutationes aut frigoris aut aestus aliaque congruenter ratione eodemmodo that is The mutation of times do chefely ingender sicknesse and in the same times great chaunge either of heate or colde or other qualities in like sorte Then seyng there is no mutation of qualitie of th' Aëre it is thought temperat And for that this place is iudged most temperate there be some that suppose Can Eden that is to say Paradise to be situated vnder th' Equinoctiall as à place of pleasure voluptiousnes voide of Alteration cōtrary qualities Yea Lira interpreting Genesis where Moses speaketh that Adam being expulsed from this place of pleasure ioye for breakyng the cōmaundement Cherubyn kepte it with à firie sword saith that the fiery sword is no other thinge then the burning zone And Polybius with Eratosthenes as Strabo witnesse doth affirme the temperatest dwelling to be vnder th' equinoctiall Spoud Seinge you have made mention of the place most excellent of other in the Earth for pleasure I pray you let me heare your minde concerning Hell the place of all other most horrible painfull as bothe Christians and Ethinckes do confesse Phil. I will not much of that thing speke but if Hell be in that place whiche is furdest from the heauen as paine grief is furdest from pleasure and ioye then it must nedes be in the center of th' Earih whiche is to saye that part that is in the mids of the same for that is of all other parts furdest from the heauen Whych is the cause that not onlye we but also the Poëts in their tragedies introduce persons comming out from vnder th' earth call that place Hell amonge other Senica introduceth Thyëstes coming out of hell in this maner speking Opaca linquens Ditis inferni loca Adsum profundo Tartari emissus Specu ▪ Leuing the darke places of infernall Pluto Sent out from Hell pitte depe here am I praesent lo. c. But we will leaue such curious questions and spend the day which so fast consumeth in more necessary talke for behold by my Astrolabe the sonne being in the xxj of Gemini is eleuated 54. degrees aboue the Horizōt with vs here in this plaine and therfore he will shortlye approch to the meridian line Spoud Then I muste earnestly require you to teach me some way how I may find him beinge in this line as also other starres for my authors make mentiō herof affirming also that it is one of the chefe things wherwyth to find out the Longitud and Latitude of places Philo. I will gladly keping not backe such waies as I also haue deuised to finde out th' aforsaid line And first I wil begin with th' inuention of Glarian to find this none stede line whiche is in thys manner In any leuell and plaine place with your compasse make à circle in what quātitye you please in the center of whiche you shall place a right Wyer directlye standing vp that it may geue a shadowe on the circle aforesaid Then mark the shadow which the sonne in hys rising going down in thy Horizōt giueth as for exāple A. Is the Wier reared right vp in the center of the Circle C. the East B. the West The longest shadow that the Sonne maketh aboue the Horizont is A. D Thē he ascending hier makes his shadow shorter A.E. the None steade or Meridian shadow whiche is shortest is A. F. and th' other shadowes G. A H. A. are in the like sort the shadows which the sōne casteth into the East after he is past the meridian circle descending into the West Spou. Shall it be necessary for to obserue the shadow of the thing erected as well th'after noone as I do from the sonnes risinge vntil noone Philo. No verely for whan the shadow doth no lenger decrese
necessary for thē which either sayle or trauell Spou. But you do then obserue the distaunce of the places in miles Phil. No verely for if I were caried by lande into places vnknowē blindfilded as they terme it or by the violence of troublesome wether on the sea driuen from my course I can declare how many miles I am from my countrey how many leaques from my proper course Spoud Then surely it must haue in it muche difficultie seyng that there springeth of it so muche vtilitie and profite Philo. The waye is very facile without great laboure I will no lenger make you muse theron You shall prepare à parfait clocke artificially made such as are brought from Flaūders we haue thē as excellently without Temple barre made of our countrymen Spoud Do you not meane such as we vse to weare in the facion of à Tablet Phi. Yea truely when as you trauell you shall set the nedle of youre Diall exactlye on the hour found out by the sonne on the daye by some starre in the night thē traueling withoute intermission whan as you haue traueled .xx. yea .xl. miles or more if your next place whose longitude you desire be so far distant then marke in your Diall the houre that it sheweth after with an Astrolabe or Quadrant finde out the hour of the day in that place if it agre with the same which your clock sheweth be assured your place is north or South frō the place you came from therfore haue the same lōgitude meridiā line But the time dif fer subtract th' one out of th' other the differēce turn into degrees minut of th'equinoctiall as before then adde or subtract as in th' other .ij. precepts going before But now behold the skie is ouer cast with cloudes wherfore let vs haste to our lodgings ende our talke for this presente Spoud With a righte good will THE THIRD BOOKE OF THE Cosmographicall Glasse in which is vttered the making and protracture of the Face of th' Earth both in Cartes Perticuler and also vniuersall with diuers necessarye thinges incidente hereto Philonicus SEINGE THAT in oure laste daies talke it was made euidente vnto you what the Longitude Latitude Circuite of th' Earth was how you also might find the same by diuers sondrye waies moreouer the deuision of th' Earth into zones by the helpe of Paralleles it shuld seme nowe conueniente to shewe you the cause wherefore all these are learned to what finall end they are desired Therfore leaste you shulde be lefte destitute of the principal tresure of Cosmography that is to delineat protract or set forth the platforme of th' vniuersall face of th' earth or els perticulerli any one portiō of the same I will this day also do my endeuor to shewe you the waye how to attain hereunto Spo. Wold to god that fortune had vnto me geuē of her tresure that I might sōwhat al though not recōpēce yet shew forth my good wil for this your great pains trauell For in dede siluer gold is to base to recōpence knowledge with that did the famous kinges princes in th' old time well perpende Whan they did not only geue th'inuentors of any new Science Art or profitable thing for à publike weale aboundaunce of treasure but also for perpetuall memorye made an Image to represente suche à persone and called him à God for his inuention So was Neptunus called God of the seas for that he founde the Arte of sayling Aeolus the God of windes because he inuented the true vse of them Ceres à Goddesse for finedinge out tillage But what make I discourse in these thinges to you whiche knowe them muche better then I. Ph. Heare by I gather your good will to th'aduancemente of learning But it is not treasure which at youre handes I craue but only that you shew your selfe enemy vnto ignoraunce thorowe your industrious labour both in profitinge your selfe also your natiue country But or we procede further in thys oure busynesse I wyll brieflye open vnto you certaine names whiche we vse in Geographie with th'interpretation of the same and histories with Poëtes abound also with them And firste you muste consider that th'Earthe beinge inuironed compassed aboute with the greate Ocian seas semeth as it were an Ilande after Strabo his minde notwithstandinge there is à greate difference betwixt an Iland and th'Earthe for an Ilande is a portion of th'Earthe seperated from the hole by waters whiche do circuite it on euerye side so that you can not iourney by lande either from Europe Asia or Afrike vnto your coūtry but muste vse herein Nauigation Spoud Unto your description do agree America Sicilia Iaua the Rodes Candie Delos Therasia and England in which we inhabite Philon. It it true now you shall furder note that the seas deuide th' Earth 4. sundry waies for either it is an Iland or little differing there from and therfore called Peninsula or Isthmus or Continēs Spoud So that Peninsula differeth from an Ilande because in some parte it is ioyned to à greater portion of th' Earth wythoute seperation as Tauricà Thrasia Cherronesus also Cymbrica Aurea in India Philo. Isthmus doeth differ from them bothe signifieth à portion of th'Earthe hauynge of eyther sydes the raginge Seas suche are founde agreable to this description properly Corinthiacus and Thrasius Spou. But howe doeth Continens differ from these three Ph. I will shew you it is à portiō of th' Earth which is not parted by the Seas à sounder but is continually in length so that you may go from one parte vnto another without nauigation as Saxonie Bohemie Sueuelande c. Spod By these I gather there is no portion of th' Earth but it is either an Ilande or that whiche you call Peninsula Isthmus or Continens Philon. No verely but nowe beholde the figure Yet ther remaineth to shew you what this worde Oceā Sea meaneth what we call Promontorium Fretum Lacus Stagnum Fluuius Palus c. which I reserue vntill we speake of Nauigation And nowe we will tourne to our scope You shall cōsider that the face of th' Earth is protraste drawne two sundry waies either on à roūd plate forme for which inuention the Globe moste aptlye serueth or els on à plaine plat forme as à Card in which we drawe th'vniuer sall Earth or els but the half or the one part yea you please but one particuler Region which is proper to Chorographie as I said to you in the first booke Spo. Th' inuention should seme much better to drawe th' Earth in à playne plate fourme theron à Globe for in it we maye behoulde the whole face of th'Earthe wythout anye remouynge or tournynge of the Carde on the Globe you shall be compelled to turne firste one parte then another or you can vew any great portion of
it Phil. Yet because it doeth most euidently in figure represent the forme of th' Earth it should seme more apt for this institution But I will leaue his composition vntill I shewe you the making of it among other instrumeÌ„tes And your cause alleaged against this forme as I suppose did minister occation to Ptolomaeus to delineat describe th' Earth in à plaine forme And bicause that right lines onely vsed in this busines did cary errour with them as the fornamed Ptolomaeus noted in Marinus the Geographers inuention therefore he vsed in this protraction suche lines as might answere proportionallye the lines discribed in a Globe But nowe I will leaue to vse more wordes herein will begin the work it self And least that the difficultie of the thing mighte somwhat discouragie you I will first nosel traine you vp in making a cart for à Region But here note that à perticuler card is made by knowing the distance of places without Longitude Latitude of Regions which forme of working I wyll here after open or by Longitudes with which firste we will begin And then shewe you the making of à Carde for the eight part of th' Earth after for halfe th' Earth last for the hole vniuersal face of th' Earth Spoud I thanke you sir nowe I perceiue your great care in obseruing à methode order in teaching with the manifolde vtilitie springing of the same But seing you wil begin first with the descripsion of à RegioÌ„ I pray you let your diligence that waye bende to the settyng out of our countrey So shall the example be the more familier your paines nothing the greater Phil. I wyll accoÌ„plish your desire in describinge à perticuler RegioÌ„ Countrey or Prouince Firste you shall drawe à right line in such length in the middes of your parchement or paper as it will aptly receiue This line shall represent the meridiaÌ„ Line for the middes of that RegioÌ„ Then diuide this line into so many equal portioÌ„s as the latitude of the regioÌ„ is drawynge right Lines or paralleles in euery of the same diuisioÌ„s according to the capacitie â—…f the plat forme of thy paper or parchement write on th'endes of these paralleles 32. 33. 34. or 40. 41. 42. according to their distaunce froÌ„ th'Equinoctall after you shall coÌ„sider howe many digrees the north part of your regioÌ„ is froÌ„ th'equinoctiall entringe into this Table folowing which is intituled the quaÌ„titie proportioÌ„ of th'Equinoctall or any great Circle vnto euerye parallele both North and Southe from them searche how many minutes and secondes answereth to the furdest of these degrees in latitude with thy compasse take the like space in anye of the diuisions of latitude and then beginninge at the hier parte of the Carte for that shall represente the Northe parte make prickes with thys compasse from the Meridiane line on bothe A PROFITABLE TABLE SHOVVING THE quantitie and proportion of th'Equinoctiall vnto euerye Parallele both towarde the Pole Arctick Antarctick making euery digree 60. minutes Latitude of Paralleles   Latitude of Paral.   Latitude of pural  Dig.  Mi. Se. Thir  Dig  M S. T.  De.  Mi. Sec. Th. 0  60 0 0  31  51 25 48  62  28 10 6 1  59 59 27  32  50 52 58  63  27 14 22 2  59 57 18  33  50 19 13  64  26 18 8 3  59 â—…5 4  34  49 44 32  65  25 21 26 4  59 51 14  35  49 8 57  66  24 24 15 5  59 46 18  36  48 32 28  67  23 26 38 6  59 40 17  37  47 55 5  68  22 28 35 7  59 33 10  38  47 16 50  69  21 30 7 8  59 24 58  39  46 37 44  70  20 31 16 9  59 15 41  40  45 57 46  71  19 32 3 10  59 5 18  41  45 16 57  72  18 32 28 11  58 53 51  42  44 35 19  73  17 â—…2 23 12  58 41 20  43  43 52 52  74  16 32 18 13  58 27 20  44  43 9 37  75  15 31 45 14  58 13 4  45  42 25 35  76  14 30 55 15  57 57 20  46  41 40 46  77  13 29 49 16  57 40 33  47  40 55 12  78  12 28 29 17  57 22 42  48  40 8 52  79  11 26 55 18  57 3 48  49  39 21 49  80  10 25 8 19  56 43 52  50  38 34 2  81  9 23 10 20  56 22 54  51  37 45 33  82  8 21 1 21  56 0 53  52  36 56 23  83  7 18 44 22  55 37 52  53  36 0 32  84  6 16 18 23  55 â—…3 49  54  35 16 2  85  5 13 46 24  54 48 46  55  34 24 53  86  4 11 7 25  54 22 42  56  33 33 6  87  3 8 25 26  53 55 40  57  32 40 42  88  2 5 38 27  53 27 37  58  31 47 43  89  1 2 50 28  52 58 37  59  30 54 8  90  0 0 0 29  52 28 38  60  30 0 0       30  51 57 4  61  29 5 19     both sides then accompte howe farre distaunte the south parte of thy Region is from th'Equinoctiall by the helpe of the Table you shall knowe howe many minutes answereth to one digree then with your coÌ„passe take the like proportion of the digrees of Latitude your compasse not opened wider make prickes from either syde of the meridian line in the lower part of the Carde for that signifieth the south coast of that regioÌ„ After draw right lines from the prickes in the hier part of the Table vnto the Prickes in the lower part And write in them the degrees of Longitude as 10. 11. 12. or 20. 21. 22. then is thy carde made ready to serue thy necessary vse Spou. This beinge ended what is then requisite to be obserued to the perfait finishing of this carde Phil. Only to seeke oute of Ptolomaeus Geographie or my fifth booke the latitudes of Cities Townes Villages Hilles Riuers or other notable thinges in that Region conteined accordinge to those noÌ„bres to place theÌ„ in your card or mappe Spou.
Diuersitie of the Sonnes declination from Ptolomaeus to our time 28 Doris hir chiefe places 191 Drangiana 196 E. EArth what 43 Opinions of hir figure eodem The myddes of it 6 Obiections against hyr roundnes 44 And th' answeres 45 Earth and the worlde not one thing 10 Th' Earth a stone 45 Of th' Earths circuit diuers opinions 62 Th' Earth howe to describe it in a vniuersall carde 127 Or halfe th' Earth 125 Or th' eight part 122 Or one perticuler Region 121 Ebbe tydes 145 The cause of it 146 Theyr tyme. 151 Ebudae Ilandes ioyning to Irlande 172 Ecliptick lyne what 25 Eclipse of the Sonne who firste founde out 97. The cause of the Mone Eclipsed eodā Figures of Eclipsis 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. Elementary Region 40 Elementes why but iiij 41 Theyr situation place eodē Eleuation of the Pole howe to finde it 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. Emantba eodem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 xi Heauen 12 Englande hir principall cities 173. 174. Englshie myles what they conteine in the length 56 Howe many barlie cornes therto answereth eodem Epact howe to finde it 148 Ephesus 191 Epirus hir chiefe Places 183 Eubae an Ilande 177 Euclides Elementaries 5 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Europe wherof it toke that name 170 The description of it 171 The Bignes of it eodem F. FIgures of the Moone Eclipsed 98 Florence 182 Fountaynes of marueylous nature 175 Fortunate Ilandes the first digree of Longitude 58 Their number 188 Fourlong a kinde of measure and his quan titie 56 Fraunce hyr description 178 Fretum what 144 Frosen zones two 66 Fruites of well spent time 2 G GAdira an Ilande 177 Gaditanum fretum where 184 Galenus countrey 191 Gelilo 198 Galitia hir Cities 191 Gazophilacion Astronomicum 89 Gedrosia 196 Gemma Phrisus way to finde the Longitude of places 109 Geographie what it is 5 Howe it differeth from Cosmographie 6 Geographicall plainsphere 137 Geometrie ned full in Cosmographie 4 Germany hyr description 189 Germane myles both commen great the quantitie 56. 57 Giantes Ilande 202 Glarians errour 59 His way to finde the Noonesteade lyne 82. Grene Iland 202 H HAppie men 1 Hayle ingendred where 42 Heauenly Region conteine x. Heauens 10 Th' eyghte nine and tenne Heauen who founde them out 12 Hecla a burnyng Hill 175 Hell where 82 Helga an Hill in Islande eodem Helicon the holy Hill 184 Heluetian myles 57 Hemisphere of th' Earth how to be drawen in a Carte 125 Hercules Pillers or Columnes 58 Heydelberge 181 Hierusalem 194 Hippocrates cuntry 198 Hircania and hir chiefe cities 195 Hilles the greatest in all tb ' Earth 44. Heteroscij 70 Homerus cuntrye 191 Horizont Circle what 18 Diuided in two partes 19 Th' vse of the Horizont 24 Horizont diuided into 32. Partes 156 Hote windes from the South the cause 158. Houre of the daye knowen by the coast of the Sonne 157. 158 I. IAcobus Staffe 105 Iamaica 198 Iberia hir chiefe Cities 193 Idumea hir Cities 194 Ilande what 112 Ilandes in Europe from 172. vnto 178. In Africke 188 In Asia 198 In America 201. 202 Illium 191 Illyria 182 Infortunate men 1 India within Gangis 196 Soutb India 198 ☞ An Instrument seruing to the describing of a Cuntrey 136 ☞ An Instrument seruynge to Nauigation 162 Iohn Faustus first founde out Printinge 181. Iohn Halifax called De sacro bosco 14 Irlande hir description 172 It hath plentie of Alume sea Cole and Wolues eodem It is without venamous wormes and beast eodem Island and her description 175. 176 Isthmus what 113 Italy and her chief Cities 182 Italian miles 56 Iucatan 198 India 194 Iaua the greater 198 Iaua the lesser eodem L LAc á kingdome 198 Lacus what 144 Lactantius petulancye 38 Laodicina and her cities 194 Laponto 202 Latitude of regions what 59 Latitude of Regions howe to find out from 91. Vnto 95 Length of miles 56 ☞ A leque what it conteineth eodem Licaonia her Cities 191 Line what it is 55. Line Eclipticke 25 London howe longe builded before Rome 173. before Cbristes Incarnation 174 Longitude taken two waies 58 Of Longitudes of places where the first degree is placed eodem Longitude of regions how to finde out sondry waies from 103 Vnto 108 Loode sterre and his configuration 166 Louaine 180 ☞ S. Lukes Country 193 Lybia interior 187 Lydia 191 Lyra. 82 M MAcedonia and her description 183 Madagascar an Iland 188 Mahometes Sepulcher where 194 Making of perticuler cardes by Longitude and Latitude 116. 117 ☞ Without Longitude and Latitude 137. 138. Mangi 197 Maiorica Minorica Ilandes 176. A Mappe for one Region 120 A Mappe for th' eight part of th' earth 122 A Mappe for halfe th' earth 125 A Mappe for all th' earth 127 Mare mortuum 144 Mare congelatum eodem Marmarica 187 Margiana 195 Mauritania Tingitana and her description 185 Mauritania Caesariensis 187 Measures of diuers sortes and quantitye eodem Medera an Iland 188 Media and her cities 195 Men moost happy 1 Men moost infortunate eodem Mentz 181 Meroë and her description 187 Meridian circle what 21 The vse of the Meridian 24 Meridian line howe to finde it 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. Meridionall signes 26 Mesopotamia 194 Middle earth seas 143 Miles of diuers countries and their quantitie 56 Myllan 182 Minute what 25 Moabar 198 Moones age howe to finde it at all times 147. Moones shining euery month 149 What coste of the Moone make full Seas in the chefe costes of this our Ocean 151 Of Mone Eclipsed what is the cause 97 Figures of her Eclipses 98 Morfuli 198 Moscouia and the nature of the people 182 Mount Sinay 194 N NAplis 182 Neadle and his praise 160 Where it haue erred 160 How to correct it 161 Neptunus God of the seas 112. 159 Nicaea 191 Niniue 195 North Pole and his configuration 166 Norwich subiect to fire 174 Her picture set out 8 North windes cold and the cause 158 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Numidia and her chiefe places 187 O Ocean seas what 143 Olimpus a famous hill 44. 191 Oracles where geuen to the Gretians 184. Orchney Ilandes 171 Orontius 5 Obseruations of the Neadle where it haue erred 161 Ouides versis for the placing of the Sphere of the Sonne 11 The North Pole to be aboue the Horizont 37 The signes to ascend and descend equally vnder th' equinoctiall 32 The diuision of Zones 66 Oxford 174 P PAdua 182 Palus what 144 Pamphilia 191. Paris 189 Paradise where 82 Contention of the deuines touchinge it Loke in the praeface Pargamus 191. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 73 A Parallele what and their numbre 74 Their Table 78. 79 Persia. 195 Parthia eodem Peninsula what 113 Perticuler cardes made ij waies 115 Peru. 200 Phaenitia 193 Phaenix an hill 191 Philonicus what it signifieth 3 Places dictaunce how to find out 140. 141 Planets haue ij declinations 28 A plat forme what and how many waies spoken 55 Plato