repeateth againe in the 13. of his Method and to him wee rather listen in this case then to Rhasis for I haue obserued that the guts are seuen times as long as the body of the man whose guts they are and Hippocrates measureth them to be thirteene cubites and The great length of the guts yet that is not all for the manifold girations or convolutions whereinto they are circled do breake the force of any iniected liquor I thinke therefore that such liquors do not reach aboue the blinde gut For proofe heereof saith Laurentius I will tell you that which haply few hitherto haue obserued Let the guts bee dryed and blowne vp a little and poure some water into the gut called duodenum Laurentius his instance that Clisters cannot passe vp to the stomack The values of the guts and it will presently issue out at the right gut but on the contrary if it be powred into the right gut it wil stay in the appendix of the blind gut because it can can get no farther which proueth that in the end of the blind gut there is a value which Nature in great wisedome hath set to hinder the refluence or returne of the excrements and vnprofitable humors such an one as appeareth in the passage of the Choler into the Guts in the vessels of the heart But it will be obiected that Galen in his third booke of the Causes of Symptomes sayeth Obiection That some haue had Clisters so giuen them as they haue beene cast vp by the mouth euen as the foeces or excrements in that miserable disease called Ileos or voluâ—lus Wee answere that Answere and Galen expounded Galen here doth not contradict himselfe for it is one thing to speake of the stomacke when it is well affected and another when it is ill affected For if the stomacke bee well affected the liquor can neuer arise vnto it but if it be ill affected or affamished as in the disease called Boulimos it draweth from below not onely such humours as are iniected by the fundament but also the excrements themselues For as the pined or greedy Liuer draweth from the veines crude and vnconcocted iuyces so is it with the stomacke yea with the mouth The force of hunger for we see what riffe raffe and what odious viands hunger maketh toothsome to such as are pinched therewith Againe if the naturall motion of the guttes bee depraued the circular fibres gathering Another cause that draweth liquor to the stomacke How nourishing Clisters come to the Liuer themselues from belowe vpwarde may make a Clister or other liquor ascend vnto the stomacke If it be obiected that nourishing Clisters are carried vnto the Liuer I answere that they arise not thither either of their owne accorde or by the violence of the liquor iniected but they are drawne by the veines of the mesenterie and thence transported into the Liuer QVEST. VI. Of the Euill Sauour of the Excrements MAny men that are but sleightly seene into the course of Nature doe wonder Of the sauor of excremeÌ„ts much why in a sound body and in a Temperate man the excrements of the Belly become so vnsauourie and abhominably sented because all stench is the consequence of corruption and corruption or putrifaction hath for her efficient cause outward and acquired not inbred heate For whose better satisfaction we say that Physitians acknowledge a double cause of this A double cause of it The efficient cause is heat foetor or stench an Efficient and a Materiall Concerning the efficient they say that our heate though it be one in regard of the subiect yet in different considerations it is diuerse and may be two wayes considered either simply as it is heate or else as it is inbred heate and the instrument of all the functions of the soule As it is heate it continually feedeth vpon and consumeth the moisture as it is inbred it boyleth or concocteth assimulateth and ingendreth so from the same heate doe flow diuerse yea contrary motions Whilest the Chylus is made in the stomacke the naturall or inbred heate insinuateth it selfe equally and a like into all the parts of the matter gathereth together those thinges that are correspondent to our nature and separateth the rest the first are drawn away into the Liuer by the veines of the mesentery but the other which cannot bee assimulated are thrust downe into the great guttes and there as vnprofitable are forsaken by the naturall heate wherefore the heat worketh vpon it no more as it is inbred or direct from the soule but simply as it is heate taking the nature of an outward heate and thence comes the stench Adde hereto the fitnesse of the matter for these superfluities are crude and verie moyst whence comes putrifaction but if the humour bee drawne away the putrifaction is lesse and the sauour not so noysome And this is the only reason why the excrements of a man most temperate haue a worse Why the excrements of men are more stinking then those of other creatures Arist Probleme sect 13. A probleme sauour then those of other creatures because a man vseth very moyste nourishment and very diuerse that is of seuerall kinds and leadeth a life more sluggish and sedentarie other Creatures feede vppon dryer Fother and so their excrements become dryer And this cause Aristotle assigned in his Problemes where asking the question why the excrements of the Belly the longer they are reteined are lesse vnsauourie and on the contrary the vrine the longer it is kept smelleth the stronger he resolueth it thus Because sayeth hee in the long stay the excrements are dryed and so the nourishment of putrifaction is subtracted or drawne away which is not so in the vrine Now the reason of the forme and figuration of the Excrements is because of the Chambers and cels of the Collicke gut wherein it swelleth into round broken peeces QVEST. VII Of the substance and the scite of the guts BEfore we passe from the guts it will not bee amisse to reconcile Galen some different places of Galen concerning their substance In his Bookes of Method he saith that if the guts be wounded or vlcerated What the substance of the guts is they do very hardly ioyne togither againe especially the smaller because their substance is neruous and membranous but in the 14. Booke of the Vse of parts he writeth that the Guts and the stomacke because they are Instruments of concoction haue a fleshy Composition And the same Hippocrates insinuateth in his Aphorismes wher Hippocrates Aphor. 26 sect 4 he saith That if vpon a Dysenterie or bloody Flixe little Caruncles or ragges of flesh doe passe away by seidge it is a mortal signe The trueth is that the substance of the guts is neruous or Certaine places of Galen Hippocrates reconciled sinnowy but yet throughout also replenished with fleshy Fibres so as it may bee saide to be both Membranous and also
exolution or fainting away of the appetitiue Faculty On the contrary in the Dogge-appetite there is no Inanition or emptinesse of the parts but an exquisite sense of suction by reason of a coole and sowre humor there impacted The cause of the dog appetite and it is cured Theorexi that is by drinking of wine as Hippocrates witnesseth Hence therefore it is manifest that the animall appetite is stirred vp in the mouth of the stomack Hippocrates Apho. 21 sect 2 Hippocrates which is endued with so exquisite sense that it is called the Organ or instrument of touching by Hippocrates in his Booke of the Instruments of smelling There remaineth yet one scruple how the appetitiue faculty standing in reference to the sensitiue should haue his seate in the mouth of the stomacke seeing it is of al hands determined Obiection that the seate of all the animall faculties is in the braine The answere is easie and at hand to wit that the faculty it selfe is in the braine but the worke efficacy and action thereof in the stomacke So the faculty of seeing is in the braine but the sight is accomplished Answere in the eye The moouing Faculty is likewise in the braine yet is the Muscle the immediate organ of voluntary motion If any man obiect that the Liuer is the seate of the appetetiue faculty wee answere that Obiect the appetite residing in it is concupiscible and without sence and not sensitiue at all But we must not there forget that though this appetite of the stomacke bee with sence yet it is Answere not ioyned with knowledge or discretion Caution QVEST. IX Of the scituation and consent of the vppermost mouth of the stomacke THE difference or controuersie concerning the scite of this Orifice is neither light nor vnprofitable because the resolution thereof stinteth the strife among the Physitians concerning the application of Topicall or locall medicines All men doe agree that it inclineth rather to the left hand then to the right but the question is whether it bee nearer the spine of the backe or the gristle and blade of the breast Some thinke that Nature framed this gristle to be a defence for it and for no other cause The scite of the vpper orifice and therefore hath placed it there-under for say they those that vomit or reach for it doe finde a paine at this gristle and none at the spine or racke of the backe And Hippocrates conceiueth that the extuberation or distention of the stomacke at the orifice is not backeward but forward whereas he sayth That the repletion of the stomacke is a direction for broken ribbes Wee with Galen doe assigne the place of this orifice to bee in the left part toward Hippocrates Lib. de articulâ—s sect 3. the spine not that it lyeth or resteth vpon it as the gullet doeth but because it commeth nearer to the spine then to the breast-blade And therefore it is that when the gullet or the vpper orifice are affected we thinke it fit to apply locall medicines both to the back-part Where to apply local medicines and to the fore-part That that was propounded concerning the paine of them that reach to vomit and the direction for the ribbes is to be referred to the bottome and not to the vpper mouth of the stomacke for as we haue obserued the meate which wee eate is not conteyned in his mouthes or orificies but in his cauitie which wee doe not deny doeth rather leane to the breast-blade then to the spine But the reason why the breast bone is payned when the vpper orifice is affected is The reason of the paine at the breast bone when the mouth of the stomack is affected meerly Anatomicall the midriffe being tyed to the bone and the mouth of the stomacke adhaering to the large passage made in the midriffe for his conueyance thereout and therfore the breast-blade is payned by this continuity because paines are rather felt in the extreamities or ends then in the middest as is to bee seene in streatched membranes Concerning the sympathy or consent of this orifice with the heart and membranes of the brain Hippocrates and Galen are very plentifull for this mouth being affected the syncope or The consent of the mouth of the stomack with the heart and the braine sounding the exolution or fainting of the spirits and such like symptomes doe ouertake vs as when the heart it selfe suffereth violence whence this part amongst the ancients as wee sayd before is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In wounds of the head the skull being either broken or sâ—iuered and the Dura meninx or thicker membrane of the braine exposed or layde open to the ayre which is vncouth or strange vnto it the Patient presently vomiteth yellow and Why vomitings follow the wounds of the braine Galen Aeruginous or greene choler because the stomack by reason of societie is drawne into consent and sympathizeth with the membrane as well because of the similitude and likenesse of the substance as also of the community of vessels which are the chiefe causes of consent or sympathy as Galen obserueth in his Commentaries vpon the first section of the 3. Booke of Hippocrates Epidemia QVEST. X. Whether the Chylus be made by the heat or by the forme of the Stomacke and why the stomack doth not breede foure substances and excrements as well as the Liuer THE remouing of these two obstacles and dissolution of the doubts arising in them shall neede no great curiosity the first wee will determine thus The Chylus is formed not so much by the power of the heate as by the ingenite property of the stomack True it is that all concoction is accomplished by Why the stomacke is incompassed with warme parts the help and assistance of heate and therefore Nature hath prouided that the stomacke should be cherished and comforted on euery side aboue and below on the right hand and on the left before and behinde but this concoction belongeth not to the heate as it is heate for by that reason fiery and aguish heate which corrupteth all thinges should be the cause of concoction but as it is the instrument of the soule But that which wee call chylification or making of the Chylus proceedeth alone from the forme and proprietie of the stomacke because in other parts sauing this the naturall heate though it be very strong A double reason why the stomack breedeth not 4. substances and intense yet doth not chylifie Now why the stomacke as the Liuer doeth not beget or breede foure kinds of substances there may bee a double reason assigned one from the matter another from the efficient The Efficient or working cause is naturall heate which if it be very strong it powerfully The first froÌ„ the efficient and effectually or really separateth Hetrogenia that is partes that are vnlike or of different natures But all men know that the Liuer is so much hotter then
exasperated vpon the eating of meate as when the Kidneyes are inflamed the distention of the stomacke and guts do encrease it Againe the paine of the Kidneyes beginnes dully that of the Collicke is alwayes a cutting and a sharpe paine Obiection out of Hippocrates If it be obiected that Hippocrates in his Booke de internis affectibus affirmeth that the pain of the Kidneyes is sharpe we may answere out of Galen that there is a double kinde of dulnesse the first is occasioned by the Tartnes of the humor or sharpenesse and asperitie of Answere out of Galen that which is contained imagine it to be grauell and both these make the paine somwhat acute or stinging the other is by reason of the waight when the Kidneys are oppressed with abundance The paine which proceedeth from Tartnes and acrimony is both in the generation and also in the expulsion of that which offendeth that which is from the weight taketh vp all the time betwixt the generation and the expulsion Or thus the paine of the 2 2. Answere Stone is dull whilst it resteth in the Kidney and acute when it mooueth into or toward the Vreter There are also other Nephriticall Symptomes for the thigh that is on the same side wherein the stone lies is as it were benummed or asleepe which is not so in the Collick paine wherein the vomitings loathings of meate and distastfull belchinges are more frequent and greeuous and so much of the symptomes Secondly these paines are distinguished by those thinges that are auoyded for in the Another meanes to distinguish these paines collicke the excrements are more obstinately retained that not so much as a little winde can finde passage but in the Nephriticall paine the vrine is rather suppressed In the collicke paine the vrines are thinner in the beginning and afterward become more thick and if any winde or Flegme be auoyded the paine is either mitigated or else ceaseth but the nephritical is not appeased til the stone be auoided Finally those thinges that are taken inwardly or applied outwardly do distinguish these paines Now the stone of the Kidneyes is knowne or discerned from that of the bladder by The propriety of the paine by the scituation and by the dulnesse The bladder is placed in the Hypogastrium How the stone of the Kidnies is distinguished from that of the bladder the Kidneyes in the Loynes the generation of the stone in the bladder is without any sense of paine because of the largenesse and capacitie of the bladder in the kidneyes it is engendred with paine because of the narrownesse and streightnesse of the Kidney In the stone of the bladder the vrine is euermore suppressed not so in the stone of the Kidneyes because there are two of them that if one bee ill affected the other might serue the turne Againe the Strangury and the Tenesmus that is the pissing by drops and a vaine desire of going to the ground do alwayes accompany the stone of the bladder because of the vicinity or neighborhood of the right gut which is not so in the stones of the Kidneyes Some there are which make a difference betweene them in regarde of the grauell because that of the Kidneyes is redder that of the bladder whiter the stone also of the Kidneyes The grauell of the Kidnies red and that of the bladder white is softer that of the bladder harder But this is not alwayes true for the hardnesse and heate of grauel are to be referred to the power or efficacy of the efficient and the condition of the matter And so according to the degree of heate the grauell is eyther white or yellow or blacke and according to the condition of the humour when they are made of phlegme they are ash-coloured and red when they are made of blood But I may seeme here to haue grazed beyond my teather I therefore returne The cause of the stupor of the thigh in the paine of the stone out of Langius Iacotius There are two symptomes which follow the Nephritical paine a stupor or sleepines in the Thigh on the affected side and a Vomiting The cause of this stupor the learned Langius in his Epistles and Iacotius in his Commentaries in Coacas praenotiones of Hippocrates doe referre to the repletion of the veines The large vesselles say they of the hollow veine and the great arterie as they discend downward doe lye vpon the ridge of the backe and from them there be notable branches scattered vnto the Kidneyes and the thighes in whose repletion which happeneth when the Kidneyes the Vreters or the emulgent vessels are obstructed the nerues and the muscles are straightned and thence that stupor or sleepinesse Confuted proceedeth But this reason seemeth not to me very Anatomicall for the stone in the kidneyes doth not cause the veines so to strut that they should presse the muscles because that many which are wasted with a consumption of the Lungs or some other part whose veins are exhausted doe notwithstanding in fits of the stone feele this dulnesse or stupidity in their thighes or legges Adde hereto that those that are plethoricall whose veines are turgid to the outward appearance haue yet no such stupidity in the legges or armes Wee A double cause of the stupidity assigned must therefore finde out some other cause of this sleepinesse and I thinke that it is double the first is the compression of the muscle called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vpon which both the kidnyes do rest which also all Anatomists doe obserue to bee inserted into the inner part of the thigh and appointed to bend the same The other reason is the compression of the nerue which is diuersified into all the muscles of the thigh and this compression is made by the hardnesse and waight of the stone for while the stone is small and but a growing this sleepines hapneth not Now the reason why in the fit of the stone there is so great a subuersion or turning of Why the stomacke is subuerted in the fits of the stone the stomacke that the Patient loatheth all meates and presently casteth vp whatsoeuer hee receiueth is the sympathy or consent betweene the stomacke and the kidneyes and the cause of this sympathy which is simple is not to be referred to their vicinitie or neighbourhood because there is a good distance betweene them not vnto the similitude or likenes of their kindes or substances for the stomacke is membranous and the kidneyes fleshy not vnto the society or entercouse of their operations for they are not occupyed about one the same labor it is therefore to be referred to the communion and continuation of their vesselles and membranes For there are certaine small nerues which are carried from the stomack nerue to the kidney and the outward coate inuesting the kidneyes which is commonly called fascia or the swath hath his originall from the Peritonaeum or rim of the belly which all men
before mentioned are alike for they all sucke vp the superfluities of the whole body For the Solution of this Question we say there are two kindes of Glandules for which The solution of the questiō Galen we haue Galen our Author in his second Chapter of the sixteenth Book of the vse of parts There are some Glandules which are ordained onely to establish and vnder-prop the Vessels or to receiue superfluous humors or to water and moysten the parts There are others Two kindes which are prouided by Nature for the generation of certaine iuices or humors which are profitable for the creature The former haue neyther Veines nor Arteries nor sinnewes these latter haue very conspicuous vessels and are of exquisite sense The former are properly called Glandules the latter may better be stiled Glandulous bodies So the Testicles Galen Hippocrates and the Kidneyes by Galen are called Glandulous bodies and Hippocrates in his Booke de Glandulis saith that the braine it selfe in respect of his substance is glandulous The former are onely of some vse the latter affoord both vse and action amongst which wee conclude the dugs or breasts to be And whereas Hippocrates saide that these dugs doe receiue or sucke vp an excrementitious humor Hippocrates expounded we vnderstand that this is not there primary or chiefe and maine vse but onely secondary for Nature often abuseth one and the same part to diuers vses so the braine in The braine Glandulous manner of a Glasse-still or Cucurbita doth draw and sucke vp the expirations of the lovver parts and yet notwithstanding there is another and more diuine vse of the braine So nature often abuseth the guts for the expurgation and vnburdening of the whole body wheras they were Originally ordained for another purpose to wit for distribution of the Chylus The Breasts therefore or Paps haue a proper action and vse Their action is the generation The primarie vse of the breasts of Milke which is performed by a moderate and equall coction or boyling Their vses are either primary or secondary The primary vse Galen saith is for generation of milk but Aristotle would haue them ordained for the defence of the heart the most noble of all Galen Aristotle the bowels and I thinke he was mislled with this argument because men had breastes and yet did not ingender milke Wee with Galen do determine that these glandulous bodyes Galen compassed with fat and wouen with many thousand vessels were first and originally ordained for Milke and are not alike in men and women And yet I conceiue that they were scituated in the breast rather to add strength to the noble parts conteined vnder them then for the generation of Milke For in most creatures they make Milke not in the brests but in other parts You shall therefore reconcile Galen and Aristotle if you say that the Dugges were created originally for the generation of Milke and secondarily for the strengthning defence Galen and Aristotle reconciled of the heart And againe that the originall cause of their scituation in the breast was for the defence of the heart and the secondary for the generation of milke QVEST. XXIII Whether Milke can be generated before conception IT was disputed of old and is yet a question amongst the multitude whether Milke can be engendred in a womans breasts before she haue had the company of man and conceyued And this doubt is occasioned by some different places in Hippocrates and Aristotle Hippocrates in his first Booke de Morbis mulierum inquiring after the signes of the Mola or Moon-calfe reckoneth this as one of the principall When in the Brests there is no Milke Hippocrates Aristotle engendred And therefore the generation of Milke is according vnto Hippocrates a certaine signe of conception Aristotle in his Bookes de Historia Animal confirmeth the same where hee sayth That no Creature engendereth Milke before the womb be filled And reason seemeth to consent with their authority For if nature do neuer endeuour any thing rashly but all things for her proper end what neede is there of Milke before the infant be perfected it beeing onely ordained for the nourishment thereof Notstanding Hippocrates in his Aphorismes seemeth to be of a contrarie minde If a woman saith he which is neither big with childe nor hath yet conceyued haue milke in her brests it is Hippocrates Aristotle Albertus Auicen a signe that her courses are stopped And Aristotle in his Bookes de Historia Animal affirmeth that Milke may be bred in the brests or dugs of men which also Albertus and Auicen do witnesse Hieronimus Cardanus in his Bookes de subilitate saith that hee saw a man about thirtie A Storie out of Cardanus foure yeares old out of whose breastes so great a quantity of Milke did flow that it was almost The men of America haue milk in their breasts sufficient to nourish a childe They that haue trauailed into the new world do report that almost all the men haue great quantity of Milke in their breasts If therefore men doe breede Milke much more Virgins and Women before they doe conceiue For their Dugs are more rare and large and beside they haue a greater aboundance of superfluous bloud Reason also fauoureth this opinion for where the materiall Reasons cause of Milke is present and the strength of the efficient not wanting what should hinder the generation thereof Now in Virgines that bee of ripe yeares the veines of the Chest which water the Dugges haue great aboundance of bloud they haue also the strength of the glandules to alter and to boyle it for after the fourteenth yeare The Dugges sayth Hippocrates Hippocrates doe swell and the Nipples strut and young wenches are then sayd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is fratrare to grow together like twinnes Wherefore Milke may sometimes be bredde in such women especially whose courses be stopt as Hippocrates writeth But these disagreeing places A reconciliatiō out of Hip Two kinds of milke according to Hip. of Hippocrates it will not bee hard to reconcile out of Hippocrates himselfe There is a double generation of Milke according to Hippocrates and a double nature thereof One kinde of Milke is true and laudable another not true nor perfectly boyled The former is made by a great alteration and true concoction of the breastes and that not priuate but officiall the latter ariseth of a remainder of the proper nourishment of the breasts the first is perfectly white sweete and moderately thicke and fitte to suckle an Infant this other is white indeed because it beareth the colour and forme of the part from whence it floweth but it hath neither the true nature of a nourishing Chymus or humour nor the sweetnes nor the power or vigour of nourishment and therefore it deserueth the name of Milke not by his quality or specificiall forme but onely for his colour for it is thinne and waterish altogether
generation of the materiall in respect of his crassament or thicke body out of which as out of their proportionable matter the spermatical parts are generated of the efficient and of the forme in respect of the spirits wherewith it is fulfilled I sayed that the seed was called an efficient How seed is both an efficient and materiall cause and formall principle because the efficient and the forme are two actors in respect of their different operations though indeede and trueth they are but one and the same For the forme being diffused through the matter maketh it to be that which it is no other thing and it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the species or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the act but considerit as it affecteth moueth disposeth and worketh the matter into a proper and conuenient habitation for it selfe and then it carrieth the nature of an efficient The seede in respect of his bodie yssueth onelie from the vessels but in respect of his spirits which wander vp and downe and through all it may be sayde to yssue from all the parts of the body This therefore is the double matter of the seede blood and spirits The Efficients and authors of the seede are onely the Testicles for the power called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The efficient cause of the seede that is of making seede we attribute first of all and originally to the testicles To the spermaticall vessels secondarily per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is by influence and irradiation from the testicles The last part of the definition designeth the small cause of the seede to wit the generation of a liuing creature and the nourishment of the testicles And thus it appeareth how this definition of seede is accomplished euery way and compleate The finall cause Furthermore seede is of two sorts whatsoeuer the Peripateticks prattle to the contrary one of the male another of the female because in both sexes there are by Nature ordained Seede of two sorts Of the Male. Organs or instruments for the preparing boyling and leading thereof as also the same causes of pleasure and delight in the spending or euacuation But yet the seede of the male is the first principle of generation and more actiue or operatiue the Females the second The Female and lesse operatiue yet they are both fruitfull and powerfull for procreation but neyther of them auaileable without the helpe of the other Hippocrates in his first Booke de Diaeta maketh mention of a double kinde of seed in both Two kinds of seeds in both sexes sexes the one strong hot the other weaker and colder The first he calleth semen masculū or male seede the other semen foeminium or female and foeminine seede out of the diuers mixtion whereof and as they ouercome one another hee thinketh that a male or foemale creature is generated And thus much for the first principle of Generation vvhich is Seede CHAP. III. Of the Mothers Blood the other principle of Generation THE other principle of our Generation is the Mothers Blood to which we What partes are made of this blood ascribe the Faculty of suffering onely and not of dooing that is to say it is onely a principle which is wrought vpon by the seed but itselfe worketh not in the generation of man Of this blood are the Parenchymata of the bowels made as also the flesh of the Muscles with this as well the spermaticall as the fleshy parts are nourished doe encrease Menstruall putgations and attaine their seuerall perfections This bloude wee thinke is of the same nature with that which at certaine times euery moneth is purged out by the wombe in which respect Hippocrates first called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Menstruous or monthly bloode The Nature of this blood entangled in a thousand difficulties we will make plaine by this definition The Menstruous blood is the excrement of the last Aliment of the fleshy parts A definition of the courses which at certaine times and by standing periods is in a moderate quantity purged by the wombe but originally ordained for the Generation and Nourishment of the New creature This definition expresseth six heads concerning the menstruall blood the matter the Efficient cause the vniuersall time the particular time the quantity the wayes of euacuation and the vse which hath the nature of the finall cause The matter of the menstruous blood is the ouer plus of the last Aliment For in the nature of woman there is a superfluity more then she spendeth for many reasons First because her heate is but weake and cannot discusse or euaporate the reliques lifte after the parts are satisfied secondly because of the softnesse and loosenesse of their flesh whence it is that a womans body is scarsely perspirable that is in respect of men they sweate but little Thirdly by reason of their course of life and order of diet For they eate more moist meates they vse bathing oftner they sleepe more and in a word their life is more sedentar◠and idle at least they vse lesse exercise for these reasons a woman among all creatures is followed with these monthly euacuations We call the matter of this bloud an Excrement not that it cannot bee assimulated or is of a hurtfull or noxious quality like an vnprofitable excrement but because the quantitie thereof redoundeth after the flesh of the parts is satiated and filled and is returned into the veines and thence as an excrement vomited out by Nature offended with an vnprofitable burden for there is a satietie euen of that which is good And this is that affluence and refluence Hippocrates speaketh off that tide of the blood sometimes flowing again ebbing sometimes For when the veines strut with fulnesse the hot flesh draweth the bloud vnto it which when that attraction is satisfied and ceased ebbeth againe into the vernes This Hippocrates expounded blood therefore is laudable and Alimentary and as Hippocrates writeth in his first Booke de morbis mulierum floweth out red like the bloud of a sacrifice and soon caketh if the women be sound The veines being fulfilled with these remaynders of the Aliment and burdned with the The efficient cause of the courses wayght of the blood whose quantity onely is offensiue vnto them they solicite Nature to excretion Nature being alwayes vigilant for her own behoofe and a true louer and cherisher of herselfe by the expelling faculty which she hath alwayes at her command driueth out these reliques For as a man that hath lost one or both his legges if hee continue that fulnesse of dyet which hee vsed before is often solicited with a great issue of blood by the siedge because the liuer sanguifieth as much as it was wont which yet there wants one part or more to consume it euen so and after no other manner is this menstruall euacuation accomplished by Nature not being able to dispose of that plenty which by the
were the cause of the similitude then no infant should be deformed neither should they be troubled with hereditary diseases for no mother wisheth or imagineth euill to her owne children The Astrologians referre the cause of the similitude to the Starres For say they as often as the Sunne is in the Center of the Horoscope The Astrologians and the Conception is in the day time so often are sonnes begotten like their Fathers And Daughters like their Mothers when the Moone is with the center of the Horoscope if the conception be by night or when Venus is with the Center of the Horoscope if the conception be by day But these are meere vanities There are others who referre the cause of this likenesse onely to the motion of the seed Their opiniō that referre it to the motion of the seede and to the formatiue Faculty And this is Aristotles opinion in his 4. Booke De generatione Animalium and Galen in his 2. Booke de Semine Aristotles Philosophy concerning this point is indeede very witty excellent but withall very obscure For he saith that there are in the seede many Motions some are Actuall Aristotles subtile Philosophy some Potentiall The Actuall motions are either Vniuersall or Particular Vniuersall which generate a creature or a man Particular which generate males those such that is of such a Forme Magnitude of members Lineaments Habit. Those motions which are Potentially in the seede do proceede from the Grandfather great Grandfather and the Mother If one of these motions to wit that which is nearest and most Particular bee intercepted then is transition made into the next motion and if that be Deficient transition is made into the Contrary and at length into the Vniuersal These distinctions of Motions which I doubt not seeme vnto you confused and entangled we will make more manifest by Made plaine by an instance an example In the seede of Socrates there is a power to beget a male childe like vnto himselfe The seede therefore is mooued toward the forme of Socrates This Motion if it bee hindred eyther by the seede of his wife which happely is stronger then his or by the coldnesse of the wombe or by any other cause then is that first motion of the father dissolued lost which was actually in Socrates and transition is made into the motion of the Grandfather or great Grandfather which was not in the seed of Socrates Actually but Potentially so the child becommeth like Socrates Father or his Grandfather if this second motion be interrupted then is transition made into a Contrary motion that is into the motion of the seed of the Mother which Aristotle calleth Contrary because Nature at the first hand and of her self euer intendeth the Generation of a Male. Whereforei n the steade of a Male shall then a Female be procreated like vnto the mother or the grandmother or great grandmother whose effigies or representation the seede of the woman potentially contayneth This third motion if it be intercepted finally there is transition into an vniuersall motion and a man Galens opinion shall be borne indeed but like neither father nor mother Galen in his second Booke de semine doeth not acknowledge these so diuers motions of the seede but referreth the causes of the similitude to the temper of the seed and the diuers permixtions thereof as also to the strength of the formatiue faculty That learned man Erastus opinion Erastus referreth the cause of this indiuidual similitude onely to the formatiue faculty quite excluding the power of the Imaginatiō because he perceiued that blind creatures brought forth young like vnto their sires The formatiue faculty sayth he hath no need of a pattern for as in the seede of Lettuce that faculty being therein generateth and formeth a Lettuce without a patterne so in the seede of a man the formatiue faculty accomplisheth his work without any pattern or imagination at all But what will Erastus say to that white woman What our resolution is who attentiuely fixing her eyes vpon the picture of an Aethiopian brought foorth a blacke childe what to her that brought forth a hayrie child by looking often vpon the picture of S. Iohn Baptist cloathed in Cammels haire VVee that through the waues of this turbulent sea of opinions wee may ariue in a safe harbour will acknowledge a double cause of this diuers similitude which is in the feature forme and accidents of the Indiutduum or particular creature The one ordinarie which alwayes worketh vnlesse it be interrupted and this is the formatiue faculty ingenite with the seede the other extraordinary which doth not alwaies concurre to generation but commeth from without is more noble then the former because it hath power ouer it now and then and setteth a new seale vppon the tender and soft nature of the childe and this we call Imagination or Cogitation That first forming faculty because it conteyneth in it selfe the Idea of all the particular parts if it worke freely and at liberty and be not interrupted by any thing in the whole time What the formatiue faculty can do of the conformation as it hapneth in other creatures and in plants it euer more setteth that stamp vpon the Infant which is in the seed it selfe and so the children become alwaies like vnto their Parents wholly to the father if the fathers seede doe alwayes and totally ouercome and altogether to the mother if the mothers seede haue the victory In some parts to the father in others to the mother if any part of the seed of either be ouercome by the other For though the seede appeare to the view homogenie yet hath it some partes more thicke others thinner Sometimes the children represente the grandfather or great grandfather because there How children become like their progenitors lurkes yet in the fathers seed some faculty deriued from them For Aristotles opinion is that the species or forme of the parents may be extended to the 4. generation euen as a Loadstone shooteth forth his force and efficacie through the needles hanging one at the end of another to the fourth or beyond so that formatiue faculty is transmitted from one seed to another So Helis who accompanied with an Aethiopian did not bring foorth a blacke daughter but yet that daughter of hers brought forth a blacke sonne And Nicaeus the Histories Poet of Constantinople though begotten of white Parents did degenerate into the colour of his grandfather who was an Aethiopian If therefore the formatiue faculty work at liberty it will alwayes generate children like the Parents but if in the beginning of the conformation the formatiue faculty be hindred by another which is more powerfull and diuine then it selfe such as is the Imagination then will the impression follow not the weaker but the stronger and so the Infant will become What the Imagination can do in this similitude vnlike the Parents For
and Nature hath here very wisely ordayned that although this action were absolutely necessary and so naturall for the Why it was necessary that respiration should be partly voluntary preseruation of life yet there should also be in it some commaund of the will because it is often very profitable to stay the breath and often to thrust it out with extraordinarie violence If wee be to giue very diligent eare to any thing if to passe through any vnsauoury or noysome places if we fall or be throwne into the water it is very necessary that we should bee able to conteyne our breath on the contrary to blow vp any thing to winde a home or sound a truÌ„pet to blow the fire or such like it is very profitable that we should be able to breath with extraordinary violence Now in a word we will satisfie the arguments on both sides and to the first in the first place They say that men Respire when they sleep but in sleepe there is no vse of election or will I answere there is a double will as Scaliger sayeth One from election proper to men and men awake the other from instinct and this is in men a sleepe and in bruite beasts The motion Wil is double of respiration when we sleepe is by instinct neither are all the Animall faculties idle in sleepe or extinguished in those diseases before named but in sleep they are remitted as Galen sayth not intermitted for euen the muscles haue a motion which we call Tonieum metum Arigid motion especially the two sphincter muscles and in the diseases they are depraued Motus Tonic â—â— The reason why we are not wearied with continuall respiration is because there is continual vse and necessity of it although it cannot be denied that euen respiration being constrayned wearieth the creature much On the contrary they that affirme this respiration to bee meerely voluntary alleadge that we are able to stay it when we will and to moue it when wee will to which I answere That is properly and absolutely a voluntary action which may bee stayed at our pleasure when it is doing and againe done when it is stayed but respiration is no such action for if the Respiration be altogether stayed as in those whose histories are aboue mentioned then is the creatures life extinguished and the respiration cannot againe bee mooued And for the two other arguments that respiration is by Animall instruments that in a phrensie which is a disease of the brayne the respiration is vitiated I answere that they proue indeed that in respiration there is somewhat voluntary but they doe not proue that there is nothing naturall We therefore do determine that Respiration is a mixt action and to it do concurre both principles ioyned together the Brayn and the Heart the Animall and The determination the Naturall faculties To conclude this Chapter and discourse of Respiration The pulse and respiration we see are two distinct motions yet so neare of kinne as men doe not ordinarily obserue the differences betweene them wee will therefore in a word tell you wherein they differ and wherein they agree They agree in that that they both serue one faculty that is the Vitall for they were both ordained onely for the heart which is the seate of the vitall faculty Moreouer they haue both one finall cause a threefould necessity of nutrition temperation and expurgation nourishment of the spirits tempering of the heate and purging of smoky vapours Thirdly they agree in the condition of their motions for both of them consist of a Systole and a Dyastole and a double rest betweene them but in these things they differ That the pulse is a Naturall motion continuall not interrupted and without all power of the will Respiration is free and ceaseth some whiles at our pleasure the efficient cause of the pulse is only Nature of Respiration Nature and the Soule together the instruments of the pulse are the heart and the arteries of Respiration the muscles the pulse is from the heart Respiration not from the heart but for the heart Finally the heart beateth fiue times for one motion of Respiration Lastly whether is the pulse or Respiration more necessary or more noble More noble Whether is more noble and necessary the pulse or respiration surely is the pulse because his instrument the heart is more noble his effect the vitall spirit is more noble then the ayre and the end is better then that which serueth for the end but Respiration was made for the preseruation of the pulse but nowe for their necessity there needeth a distinction There is one pulse of the heart and another of the arteries the pulse of the heart is more necessary for life then Respirution but the particular pulsation of the arteries is lesse necessary then Respiration for though the arteries bee bound or intercepted the creature dyeth not presently but if the Respiration be stopped hee is presently extinguished QVEST. XI Of the Temperament and motion of the Lungs COncerning the Temperament of the Lungs there is question among the Masters of our Art Some hold them in the actiue qualities to bee cold others Of what temper the lungs are That they are cold Reasons to be hot Those that would haue them cold giue these reasons for their assertion First because their whole frame and structure consisteth of spermaticall that is cold parts these are the gristly artery the arteriall veine and the venall artery Secondly because they are made to refrigerate the heart wherefore they are called the Fanne of the heart Thirdly because they are subiect to colde diseases as obstructions shortnes of winde difficulty of breathing and knottines called Tubercula Fourthly because they abound with flegmaticke and cold humors which is discerned by that we cough vp Lastly they alleadge an authoritie and a reason out of Hippocrates the authority for Authority that he sayth The Lungs are of their owne nature cold and are farther cooled by inspiration Hippocrates ground out of which they draw this argument is where hee sayeth in his Booke de Alimentis The Lungs do draw a nourishment contrary to their body whereas al other parts draw A reason drawne from Hippocrates that which is like to them From whence they reason thus The Lungs draw vnto themselues blood attenuated in the right ventricle of the heart and are therewith nourished That bloud being very hot their substance if Hippocrates sayd true who is sayde neuer to haue deceiued any man nor neuer to haue beene deceiued himselfe must needes bee cold But these arguments may thus bee answered Answere to the arguments To the first the vessels are not the substance of the Lungs but the flesh which is made of a hot and frothy bloud To the second that they refrigerate and coole the heart not by their owne Temperament but because they drawe and containe outward ayre which is alwaies colder then the heart though it
this meanes being soft and supple is more easily dilated and contracted for it was necessary it should open and shutte as might serue best for the different Expiration of the breath For the glottis is either at rest or is mooued when it is at rest it serueth for the inspiration of ayre when it is mooued it is the instrument of the voyce for the forming whereof The rest of the Glottis The motion thereof it hath a double motion one of dilatation another of constriction The dilation is the cause of deepe and bases voyces the constriction is double either to make the slit narrow and then the voyce is treble and soft or altogether to shut it vp whereby the breath is violently reteined with in as when wee striue to lift great weights when women are in the pinch of trauell and in such like violent actions Wherefore as it is musculous it maketh the motions of dilation and compression as it is gristly it affordeth the ioynts whereon the motion is made and strength to support the motion that it should not bee ouerturned by the breath as it is membranous it is more fit to be dilated and constringed the slit is formed the better and the muscle is defended But beside the slit made by the Ewre-gristle in the inner cauity and that in man onely The inner slit there is formed another slit of the concourse of two membranes For from the fore and middle part of the shield-gristle the membrane wherewith it is inuested on the inside in the middle iust against the glottis becometh double and more solid and attaining ouer to the backeside of the Larinx is tyed to the inside of the Ring-gristle not farre from the Ewre gristle that so it might be kept stret hed Betweene these duplicated membranes there remaineth a long cleft running from the backeside forward Tab. 16. fig. 7. 8. 9. which is made broader when the shield-gristle is dilated by the muscles and so the voyce becometh base as on the other side it is treble if it be angustated or streightned And this is holpen by the diuision of the glottis for both slits are at the same time dilated and at the same time constringed Arantius maketh mention of this internall slit and is of opinion that it is Arantius the chiefe place wherein the voyce is tuned and that the diuision of the glottis is but assistant thereunto The vse of the Glottis is to be the chiefe instrument of the voyce or principall part in The vse of the Glottis The chiefe instrument of the voyce Galen the Larynx which performeth the action that is the voyce for that is the proper action of this instrument For the ayre passing is restrayned broken so produceth the voice neither can any voyce be made vnlesse the passage be straightned and therefore Galen said well that the Larinx without the Glottis cannot frame or forme a voyce no more then the eye can see without the Cristalline now it is straightned when it is mooued that is when it is dilated or contracted for it is in our power saith Galen in the ninth chapter of his eight booke de placitis to shut or open the mouth of the Larinx when wee will and as wee list to Wee may breath without a voyce close or loosen it so we make our voyce base or treble for if wee let our breath passe out lightly and gently no sound accompanieth our exspiration but if the breath be powred forth suddenly and vehemently then with the expiration there issueth a voyce also CHAP. XXXVI Of the Epiglottis or Aftertongue and his Muscles THat which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is set aboue the glottis or whistle of the Larinx the Latines cal minor Lingua or Lingula fistulae but because he glottis is also called Lingula we haue rather called it the Aftertong It is a gristle and a couer of the cleft of the Larinx made to fall vpon it when Hippocrates calleth it cla strum the lock or baspe What it is we swallow that no thing should slip aside into the weazon Tab. 17. it is placed betweene the first and second figure but inuerted and was cut away from figure 1. at aa but Tab. 15. fig. 4. 5. 6. b. Aristotle in the twelfth chapter of his second booke de Historia animalium thinketh that all creatures which lay Egges doe want this Epiglottis but doe close exquisitely or dilate againe the top of the Larinx as they please to keepe any thing out of their longues without any vse of such a couer as is necessary in other creatures Placentinus addeth that Frogs haue none of it It is seated betweene the Larinx and the tongue and if you looke vpon the superficies of the membrane that compasseth the tongue which is continuall with this Epiglottis it may be esteemed to be as it were a part of the tongue whereupon some haue thought that it hath his originall from the roote of the tongue whereas it is more likely that it arises The situation Connexion from the shield-gristle For it ariseth vpward with a large basis recurued forward from the inward and higher part of the shield gristle Tab. 15. fig. 4. * fig. 5. †afterward it grows broder a little and a little and becommeth like a round Arch but in brute beasts it is by degrees angustated and determineth into a broade and sharpe edge In the basis thereof it is tyed to the shield-gristle all the rest of it is loose and hangs at libertie The forme as sayth Hippocrates in his 4. booke de morbis is like the Iuy leaue for the The forme Basis is broad and arched forward into a roundnesse or it is like a little tongue as Pliny and Celsus write Vesalius compares it to a triangle Columbus to a litle shield curued straightned toward the edge Aquapendens to a triangle which hath crooked sides The vpper part called the backe which is next vnto the Palate is a little conuex and buncheth outward the lower side which is next to the cleft or whistle is hollow or a little concauous The bredth of it is not only enough to couer the cleft but to spare It is also of it owne Nature rigid and stiffe standing that the pipe of the rough arterie Rigid or stiffe might remaine open least the heart should bee suffocated yet is it flexible that it might perfectly shut vp the cleft ouer which it is disposed beside if it had not beene flexible the waight of the meat and drinke would not haue depressed it in the swallowing againe if it had not beene stiffe and rigid when it is once borne downe vpon the cleft in the swallowing of meate it woulde not haue started vp againe to giue way for the yssue of the breath Wherefore the substance of it is gristly and thinne somwhat softer then the other gristles Yet soft too yet so that
haue adhaered to a firme basis or foundation QVEST. XXVII Two obscure and intricate questions concerning the motion of the Eyes are resolued WE will now proceede to discusse a very hard probleme concerning the motion of the Eyes the enodation of which knots for ought I know hath First question not as yet beene performed of any man And it is this wherefore the eyes considering they haue seuerall distinct muscles by themselues are yet Why the Eies are moued together with the same motion not moued with diuers motions but are guided together and at the same time with one and the same motion Neither can it be that the right eye should be moued and the left stand still neither can the right be lift vp and the left depressed which identitie of motion is not to bee found in any other part of the body For I haue free liberty at the same moment to mooue my right hand vpward and my left downward Aristotle propounds this question in his Problemes which thus hee endeauoureth to resolue The Solution of Aristotle Though saith he the eyes be double yet there is but one beginning of their motion and the same originall to wit in the Coition or meeting of the Optick nerues Hee therefore referres the cause vnto that Coition Auicen the Prince of the Arabians seemeth to bee of the same minde and Galen in his bookes of the vse of parts where he thinketh the Opticks doe therefore meete in one that one Obiect should not appeare double These things haue some shew of probability but they doe not giue vs full satisfaction For the meeting of the Opticks doth conferre nothing to the motion of the eyes the Opticke nerue doth onely see and carie the visiue spirits vnto the Christialine neither is it inserted into the muscles of the eye It is onely the second coniugation which mooues the eies in that oppilation or stopping Arist answere disallowed our reasons of the opticke nerue and in the disease which the Arabians call Gutta serena the action of Sight doeth wholly perish and yet the motion of the eies is not a whit hindred the meeting therefore of the optick nerues doth nothing further the motion of the eyes Some haue obserued that in many men who all their life long neuer complayned of their Sight the Opticke nerues were so framed that they were continually seperated and did neuer meete together It is therefore very fond and absurd to thinke that both the eyes are moued with the same motion because there is one onely beginning of motion in the meeting of the Opticks seeing neither that Coition nor yet the Opticks themselues doe any whit further the motion but onely the Sense of the Eyes We doe acknowledge a double cause of this motion the Finall and Instrumentall The Finall cause is the perfection of the Sense And this is the perfection of the Sense that The true resolution of the question the Obiect appeare euen such as it is but if the Eyes were moued with diuers motions that one might be caried downeward the other vpward surely euery Obiect though in it owne nature one and the same yet would continually appeare double and so the most noble Sense would be deceiued and the action of Sight would bee imperfect If this seeme harsh to be beleeued you may thus make triall of it If you either lift vp the one eye or depresse it with your finger you shall see all Obiects double and discerne the one to be higher and the other lower because the one eye is moued vpward the other downward But if you shut either of them this double apparition of the Obiect will vanish although you presse that eye with your finger Also if you mooue your eye to the right hand or to the left the Obiect will not appeare double because the Aples of the eyes remaine both in one line But wherefore vpon the diuers motion of the eyes the Obiects are doubled is a thing Question Solution worthy to be vnderstoode Galen in the thirteenth Chapter of his 10. booke de vsu partium writeth that the Diameters of visible Cones or turbinated formes must be placed in one and the same plaine least that which is but one should appeare double But if one of the eyes be moued downward the Aples of them both will not be in the same plaine and the same superficies and so the Obiect would appeare double For then because the beame of the one eye doth not equally reach the Obiect as neither doth the beame of the other that which the Sense perceiueth twise it perceiueth as if it were double or two seuerall things which also happeneth in the Sense of Touching for if one finger be so folded with the other that it be layed aboue it and therewith a man touch a stone the Touch will iudge that to bee double which is but one In the Palsie or the conuulsion of the muscles of the eye it hapneth that the Obiects present themselues in a double forme because the eyes depart from the same superficies so also the Opticks being either loosened or conuelled the pupilla or Aple doth not reteine his equality whence it commeth to passe that all things appeare double and so sometimes a drunken man will thinke all thinges that he seeth double In like manner some that are Strabones that is Squint-eyed doe see things double because one of the Pupillaes is either raised vp or depressed But if the eyes be in the same plaine though they be two yet the visible thing is presented simple before them because the same Species and the same magnitude at the same time is receiued of both the eyes and are together offered to the Common Sense which doth not discerne any thing but that which is present We conclude therefore that first in respect of the finall cause which as wee haue often The conclusion repeated out of Aristotle is the first and chiefe cause in the works of Nature it is that the two eyes bee together and at once mooued I say this is because it doth much tend to the perfection of the Sense And Nature doth continually fit her Instruments as they may best further the finall cause which whither you call the vse of the necessity it is no great matter And therefore she hath so disposed the nerues of the second coniugation which doe carie the commaund of motion and the animall spirit into the muscles which are therefore termed Porters and Cadgers that in their beginning they are continuall making as it were on chord whence it is that the right cannot be moued but the other will follow his motion And this is a new and a most elegant obseruation The other question we shall discouer out of Cassius to wit wherefore the disease of The second question why the disease of the one eye onely doth more prouoke vs. Solution one eye doth more vexe vs then if both were diseased Whether it is
is within the house doth easily heare a noise that is made without because the sound entering into the house is contracted gathered or vnited and therefore it must needes mooue the Sense more fully The very same reason seemeth to bee in the acte of Sight for beeing within doores we see better that which is done without then if we were without doores we shold discerne what is done within for the species comming from without into the house are gathered and vnited Againe the visiue vertue of the eye within the house which vndertaketh to view that which is without is easily dissipated or disvnited The eight and last question shall bee whether when manie men talke together they can be heard further then if one man onely spake imagining the voyces to be equall This 8. Probleme A preti◠question Aristotle question made Aristotle at a stand yet hee resolueth it thus in the second probleme of the 19 Section It is saith hee because it is more easie to worke with vnited powers then with single and separate for all compound thinges are of greater force then Singulares VVherefore when many mens voices go together the Sound must needs be constant and vnited and so driue the aire much farther then otherwise it would bee driuen by a single Voice in the same Key To Aristotle we adde Experience and Example Experience because you may heare the tumult of an Armie further then the vociferation or crie of one Souldiour Experience Againe in Markets and Fayres where many people are assembled the murmur of the multitude is heard further then the voice of one man though he be lowder then his Fellowes The noise of a Frogge is not great Iwis yet what time they breede they may bee heard many miles out of the Isle of Elie. Neither are we to wonder at this for wee haue Examples examples of the like in the obiects of other Senses as many Candles of an equall bignes wil enlighten the aire further then one Candle though it be bigger then any of the other A heap of sand may be seen a great way off on the Seashore but a moat of sand can scarsly be discerned vnder the eye If therefore it be so in the visible obiect why should we not acknowledge it in the audible For although the species of particular voices are not vnited yet where there is a totall aggregation or heaping vp of many species together they may produce one that a may attaine to a further limit then any of them could doe in particular I knowe well that Aristotle in another place that is to say the 52 Probleme of the 11 Section seemeth to contradict that we haue before alledged out of him which was the Aristotle contradicteth himselfe reason that I saide before Aristocle was doubtfull in the resolution of this question but because that which we haue quoted is the last and after-thoughts they say are the Wisest we will rest our selues therein for if we should take occasion to dispute with Aristotle too and fro alwayes when we haue occasion offered we should wearie our selues and forget that our Philosophie is not of the maine but by the Bye Wherefore wee returne againe to our Anatomie QVEST. XLIIII Of the wonderfull simpathy and Consent of the Eaeres the Palate the Tongue and the Throttle THere be many things which do manifest this wonderfull 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or communion of the eares with the instruments of the Voice which that Genius of Nature The simpathy of the Ears instruments of the voice Aristotle in the 32. Section of his Problemes hath declared For when wee would heare any thing attentiuely we hold our breath when wee yawne we do not heare so exquisitely And if you goade the Tympane of the eare with a Pen-knife it will presently cause a drie Cough Those which be halfe deafe do speak but stutteringly and their voyce is made through their Nose Againe those who from their Birth are deafe are in like manner 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is are dumbe Lastly if you holde an Instrument in your mouth or betwixt your teeth and stop your eares you shall heare more perfectly whence it is that deafe men do heare best by theyr mouths All these are certaine and plaine arguments of that communion and sympathy Whence this cōmunion is which is betwixt the eares and the vocall instruments to witte the Mouth the Tongue and the Throttle But the reason of this communion is not knowne to all Some thinke that the Auditory nerue or the Nerue of the fifte Coniugation and that of the seauenth which mooueth the Tongue are couered with the same coate from their beginning and therfore the affects of those parts are easily communicated But ocular inspection doth perswade the contrary for the passages and wayes of either coniugation are diuers and there is a great distance betweene them VVe saith Laurentius will acknowledge a double cause of this communion the one is referred vnto the auditory Nerue the other vnto a little Canale or pipe which was vnknowne to the Ancients The Nerue of the first Coniugation brancheth out into many surcles the larger is dilated into the Eare and the Membrane of most exquisite Sense and carrieth the species or formes of all Sounds vnto the Braine the lesser runnes vnto the Tongue and the A double cause of this communion Throttle The affects therefore of the Eares and the Tongue are easily communicated by reason of the communion of the vessels which according to Hippocrates and Galen is the onely cause of this sympathy Hence it is that the Membrane of the eare being prouoked or goaded doth cause a drie cough whereof Auicen maketh mention Hence also it is that almost all deafe men be dumbe or at least haue but an imperfect speech the auditorie Hippocrates his community of vessels Nerue being affected which is complicated or folded with the seuenth coniugation For I do not approoue of that common position that deafe men be therefore dumbe because they can learne no Language and because Hearing is the Sense of knowledge For if they were onely dumbe for this cause wherefore should they then sigh mourne with so great difficultie which are Naturall passions VVhy shoulde they not as well as those which were the first inuenters of things faigne Language and words whereby they might expresse the thoughts and Discourse of their mindes if they could vtter them For Nature hath armed a Man although hee bee deafe with Reason and Vnderstanding for Inuention It remaineth that wee proceede vnto the second cause of this consent which is by a The second cause of the sympathy gristly Canale like a water-pipe which is conueighed from the second hole of the Eare vnto the Mouth Pallate This course or pipe was appointed for the purging of the inbred aire for the auoyding of the excrements of the eares as also that the in-bred ayre might bee recreated by the arriuall
therefore of the Couer or head is in stead of colde to the boyling water In like manner in Melancholy men their hot and boyling entrals raise vapours which when they come to the skin which is lesse hot then the entrals are gathered and thickned Why Melancholy men sweate much into sweate So the breathing vapours of all the lower parts being raised into a hot braine which yet is lesse hot then the lower parts are turned into water fal down in Rheumes Gowts and such like As for this manner therefore wee say that Fatte curdles by colde that is by a lesser heate then will melt it so wee say the Brayne is cold that is lesse hot although it be hotter as we haue sayd then the ayre can bee in the heate of summer That summer ayre or hot gleames wee call hot and so they are yet are they colde in respect of It is a fieryheat that we liue by fire yea cold in respect of the heate of a liuing creature the heart by them being refrigerated for our life is proportionable to fire and it is a true rule in Metaphysicks that is in Logicke Meanes are contrary to their extreames Answere to the former arguments that meanes are contrary to their extreames else should not liberality which is a vertue be contrary to couetousnes and prodigality which are the extreames and vices These things being thus first determined we will now answere the argument vrged against vs. First we deny that all concretion or coagulation is done by actuall colde for as it is sayd Lead yet firie hot will congeale and whereas Fat groweth to the heart which is the hottest of all the parts we answere that herein is a great document of the wonderfull The wonderfull prouidēce of nature and prouident wisedom of Nature who hath thus prouided least in perpetuall motion the hart should gather so great a heat as should waste consume it for which cause also saith Hippo. it lyeth in water much like vrine that it might euer be fresh as it were flourishing Chrysippus that notable Stoicke in his booke of Prouidence sayeth that the finall cause ouercommeth both the efficient and matter in naturall thinges and Aristotle against Democritus The finall cause is the first and chiefest in works of nature sayth that in the workes of nature the end is the first and chiefe cause for it moueth the other causes it selfe being immoueable I know that our aduersaries will obiect that nature indeuoureth nothing against her owne lawes shee should therefore haue made the heart temperate But let me retort their owne weapon against them Nature should haue made the heart originally temperate that there might haue beene no neede of breathing cold ayre how absurd this opposition against the wisedome of nature is no man but seeth For the heart was necessarily to bee created very hotte because in it is the hearth and fire whereby the naturall heate of all the parts is preserued and refreshed If they thinke not the Fat of the heart necessary let them remember that it groweth not in the ventricles nor in the flesh of the heart but onely vpon the Membranes of the vessels which are parts lesse hot then any of the other Some there are which add further that this Fat is a part of the heart because it keepeth alwayes the same figure and circumscription and is not melted by fire but rather torrifieth For the Membranes of the Braine we say they haue no Fat because there was no vse of it yea it would haue hindered the breathing out of the smoaky vapors by his clamminesse Why there is no fat in or about the braine For the Braine like a cupping glasse draweth continually and sucketh vp the expirations of the inferior parts to which if the Comb-like sutures of the Skul did not gape and giue way the Braine would be made as it were drunke with their aboundant moystures Beside Fat would haue hindred the motion of the Brain for it moueth perpetually as the Pulse doth as we shall shew in due place wherefore in the Braine there wanteth the finall cause of Fat. The materiall cause is also wanting because there is required a great aboundance of bloud for the nourishment of the brain and for the generation of Animall spirits it behoued not therefore that it should be conuerted into Fat Old men and those that are melancholy are seldome fat because the material cause of it is wanting for they are too dry The Fat of the Why melancholy men are leane Kidneyes compasseth not the flesh but their membranes only Aristotle saith that both kidneyes are fat but the right lesse then the left because it is the hotter And whether the Fat be a liuing part we shall dispute in our next exercise Finally whereas Galen sayth that in cold and dry bodies the Fatte is Larded through the flesh not through the coates or membranes we answere that by flesh in that place he vnderstandeth the muscles which are couered Galen expounded with their proper coates to which coates the fat groweth because they abound with bloud and veines but in those coates that are most distant whereof he there speaketh because of their drynes there wanteth matter of Fat for you may remember wee taught you before that Fat is not ingendred but only where there is an ouerplus of bloud which sweateth through the spongy flesh after it is satisfied Now in cold and dry bodies such as Galen there speaketh off ther is no such aboundance of bloud that there should be any ouerplus The effects of Fat which they mention conclude nothing it is true that Fat is a concocting medicine and that the Fat of the Kall relieueth the heat of the stomacke but not primarily and of it selfe but by euent because the thicknes and visciditie or clammines of it hindreth the euaporation of the heate which by that meanes is doubled besides it stoppeth vp the pores that the piercing cold cannot reach vnto it Wherefore it heateth the stomacke as How fat heateth the stomacke cloathes heat the body not by adding heat but by keeping the naturall heat in and externall cold out That it easily flameth proceedeth from his oyly and aery matter so Camphire Why Fat flames burneth in the fire which yet all men take to be cold Moreouer the effects doe not proue the efficient cause of Fat to be hot for oyle which becomes thick and congealed in winter presently taketh flame and yet no man will deny but that it is congealed by the externall cold of the ayre We therefore conclude that Fat is curdled by cold that is by a lower or more remisse degree of heate that it groweth The conclusion or adheareth onely to membranes because their heate is weaker as hauing no continuity with the heart and therefore depriued of that plentifull influence of heat therefrom which the other parts of the body doe inioy which haue a more notable continuity
Kidneyes and the bladder of gall Fiftly no part is nourished by the excrement which it attracteth but by laudable bloud Sixtly as the passages of choller are dispersed through the substance of the Liuer among the rootes of the gate and hollow veines to draw away the excrementitions choller So also should there haue beene many propagations and tendrils from the spleenick braunch dispersed through the substance of the Liuer which we finde to be nothing so Finally if from the Liuer the foeculent bloud bee purged away as an excrement into the spleene then it must of necessity follow that this excrementitious humour should regurgitate or returne into the trunke of the Gate-veine because the splenick branch ariseth out of the same trunke far vnder the Liuer and aboue the trunke of the meseraicks Wherefore we think sayth Bauhine that the spleene was ordained and instituted by Nature for a further confection of some kinde of bloud Which vse Aristotle first allotted Authors on Bauhines side Aristotle Galen Aphrodisaeus Aretaeus Vesalius Fernelius Platerus Archangelus vnto it and therefore in his third booke de partibus Animalium and the 7. chapter hee calleth it a bastard Liuer The same also Galen giueth assent vnto in his booke de respirationis vsu as also Aphrodisaeus and Aretaeus Vesalius and Fernelius touch vpon this vse of the spleene also but Platerus and Archangelus resolue vpon it very confidently The spleene therefore from an inbred faculty of his owne draweth vnto himselfe the thicker and more earthie portion of the Chylus somewhat altered in hauing receiued a certain disposition or rudiment of bloud in the meseraicke veines by the spleenick branch of the Gate-veine out of the trunke of the meseraick veines before the Chylus get into the Liuer that so the Liuer may the better draw the more laudable parts of the Chylus for otherwise the small vessels of the Liuer being obstructed by the crasse and crude bloud not Bauhines proiect onely sanguification would haue beene interrupted but also the Iaundise Dropsies Agues Scirrous hardnesses and many other mischiefes woulde haue ouertaken vs of necessity all which we see do euery day hapen when the spleen fayleth to do his duty and either through weaknesse or obstructions ceaseth to attract that crasse and foeculent part of the Chylus But a great euidence of this trueth is this that the spleenicke branch doeth not proceede from the Liuer but ariseth as is sayde and is seated below it Neither is it likely that so thicke a iuyce confected and made into bloud in the Liuer should get out of it by the hairie and threddy veines of the same yet wee doe not deny that melancholly iuyce is ingendred in the Liuer but wee say that that onely is there ingendered which is a part of the masse of bloud not that which is receiued into the spleen for his nourishment and the vse of the stomacke Furthermore we are of opinion saith Bauhine that a part of the Chylus is sucked euen out of the stomack by veines ariuing at the left side of his bottom from the spleenicke branch When the spleen hath receiued this Chylus a little altered in the long iourney through those spleenicke surcles and branches it laboureth and worketh it at great leasure and by a long processe as the Alchymists say and much preparation in the innumerable small vessels or Fibrous complications which are disseminated through his substance like as the other and greater part of the Chylus is laboured into bloud in the complications of the vesselles disseminated through the Liuer and boyleth it into a thinner consistence by the help of naturall heate assisted by the many and large Arteries and their perpetuall motion And then a part of it becommeth the Aliment of the spleen the rest is carried by veines issuing from the spleenick branch to nourish the Stomacke the Guts the Kell and the Mesentery which thing Galen also insinuateth when he sayth That the same meseraicke veines do carry Galen Chylus vnto the Liuer out of the stomacke and the guts and returne bloud againe vnto them and the omentum For seeing that the originall and substance of all the veines which are propagated from the gate-veine is one and the same it followeth necessarily that their action also should be the same but to returne A part also happely of this humour thus altered is drawne into the next adioyning arteries and so conueyed into the great Artery to contemperate the intense and sharp heat of the bloud in the left ventricle of the heart and to establish and settle the nimble quick motions of the vitall spirits which are a very great cause why some mens wits are so giddy and vnconstant Sometimes it falleth out in great and confirmed diseases of the Liuer when his sanguification This is somewhat strange is decayed or in manner perished that the spleen performeth his office and transmitteth a part of the bloud by him laboured through the spleenicke branch into the veines of the Liuer which through the rootes of the hollow veine and the branches thereof is distributed into the parts of the body for their nourishment euen as the bloud is wont to be distributed which is laboured and confected in the Liuer it selfe But that part of the altered Chylus that before we sayd was drawn into the spleen which it cannot by reason of the thicknesse thereof transforme into profitable iuyce but is altogether why in affects of the Spleen the vrines are often black vnapt for nourishment is poured out part of it into the stomacke part into the Haemorrhoid veines sometimes through the trunke of the gate veine or through the spleenick Arteries it is deriued vnto the Kidneyes whence it is that in diseases of the Spleene the water fals out often to be blacke Wherefore we conclude saith Bauhine that the Spleene is a great helpe to the Liuer for the confecting of blood partly because it maketh blood answerable to his owne Nature partly because it auerteth or draweth aside vnto it selfe the thicker part of the aliment not so fit to make pure blood and by that meanes the Liuer vnburdened of such a clogge performeth his office of sanguification with more facility And thus it may be sayde verie well to purge and defecate the blood and to make it more pure and bright And heerupon the Ancients placed the seate of laughter in the Spleene and Plato saith that the spleen polisheth and brightneth the Liuer like a Looking-glasse that it might make a more cleare Plato representation of the Images of the passions from thence exhibited vnto the soule Aristotle also calleth it a left Liuer and obserueth that those creatures which haue no Spleene haue as it were double Liuers and Galen remembreth in his fourth Book of the Aristotle vse of parts and the 7. chapter that Plato calleth it the expresse Image of the Liuer It is therefore not to bee wondered at if the diseases of the Spleene doe
Liuer is inserted in a circular or round figure not into the bottome of the stomacke least the choller with his biting sharpnesse should prouoke the stomack to put ouer the Chylus before it were concocted nor into the seat or place of seidge not so much for feare least in so long a passage it should be broke as because this excrement being powred forth into the small guts for this passage being stopped men become full of Iaundise and their excrements white attenuateth and cutteth a great quantitie of Flegme euer heaped vp in them scoureth their inward superficies and being mingled with The cause of the landise the excrements gathered in the great guts doth prouoke thē to excretion that so together with the dry excrements it may be auoyded by the stoole But this pore of choler is inserted The vse of choler in the guts Why the passage of the choler is so inserted into the small guts not at their beginning least the Choler should flye vp into the stomack althogh where there is plenty of it it vseth to regurgitate or recoyle to the stomack which is ordinary in cholericke natures when they fast long but into the end of the Duodenum at the entrance Tab. xv figure 2 D. Table xvi fig. 1 M of the Ieiunum or emptie gut betwixt the two coats of the gut obliquely the orifice being couered with loose membranes or rather with the foulds of the inmost coate straightly ioyned and closing vp the passage least any thing should returne backe much like the passage of the water into the bladder Somtimes the pore is parted in twain with a smal distance betweene the partitions both of them inserted into the same gut And it carrieth mingled choler together vvith more pure to stirre vp the faculty of the guts to auoyde the excrement after the Chylus is sucked from them There is also found sometimes a third passage inserted into the bottom of the stomack into which it powreth choller and such men doe continually vomit choller and are called A third passage not perpetually foūd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is purgers of choller vpward as those men who haue it at the end of the empty gut are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is purgers of choller downward and these men to stooles are alwayes bilious The vse of this bladder of gall is to receiue and expel yellow The vse choller exactly sincere vnmixt and familiar vnto it selfe immediately from the Liuer and so out of the whole body which otherwise running at randon through all would defile the spirits raise a continuall vlcerous sence his acrimony gnawing the flesh and rending the membranes cause all our motions to be head-strong and giddy our sensations phrenetick and mad and beside diuerse other inconueniences would breed a continual Iaundise Of the Kidneyes CHAP. XIIII The lower Belly emptied of the Membranes Guttes and Stomacke together with many of the vesselles which are therein TABVLA XVII For this watery humour albe it be an excrement and no part can be nourished with it The vse of the whay yet is it very necessary as long as the nourishment is contayned in the veines of the mesentery and the Liuer that by the thinnesse of this humour or whay being made fluxible it might passe those straight veines whereupon Hippocrates calleth it vehiculum alimenti or the wefter of the nourishment as before is sayd But when the bloud is gotten into the hollow veine it then needeth not so much helpe because it is to passe through large and patent passages and beside is made of it selfe more fluxible by the heat of the heart and the Liuer They often stand not one opposite to the other table xx and table 2. lib. 4. least in their ioynt strife they should hinder one the others attraction as Galen hath conceiued but Why placed one aboue another wee sayeth Bauhine imagine that the cause of this position is rather to bee attributed to the arising of the vesselles Table xx h and properly of the emulgent or sucking veines because their attraction is greater and of more vse They lye with their flat sides vppon the muscles of the loynes which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 appointed for the bending of the leg about their heads not much lower then the lowest ribs in those voyde spaces which are betwixt Their position the rootes of the ribs and the hip-bones They lie betweene the two membranes of the Peritonaeum one of which lyeth vnder them the other vpon them whence it is that in fits of the stone the legge on that side where the stone lyeth is benummed sayeth Hippocrates because of the compression as well of the muscle we spake of before as of a sinew which descendeth that way But before we proceede further in the particular description of the Kidneyes giue mee leaue to insert a story out of Bauhine wherein hee describeth a strange fashion and position An vncouth forme of the kidneyes obserued by Bauhine An. 1589. of a Kidney with all the vessels thereto belonging which wee haue caused also to be cut in the following Table for thy better satisfaction gentle Reader In our publique Anatomy sayth he Anno Dom. 1589. we found a very vncouth forme and scituation of a left Kidney as also of the emulgent and spermaticall vessels For the Kidney was placed iust vppon the diuision of the great Artery and hollow veine at the os Sacrum or holy-bone table 18. d e in that cauity wherein the bladder marked with f was scituated but in the Table wee haue remoued the Kidney a little from his place that the implantation of the emulgent vessels might better be demonstrated for there were three emulgent veines and two arteries fastned into it Two of these veines proceeding out of the middest of the trunke of the hollow vein table 18. 6. 6. and descending directly downeward were implanted into the right side The third emulgent arising out of the left side tab 18. 9. of the hollow vein and descending vnder the trunke of the great arterie was a litle mixed with the left spermatical veine table 18. 16. and after inserted into the left side of the kidney As for the emulgent Arteries one of them had his beginning vnder the bifurcation out of the right Iliacall branch table 18. 7. The other did arise a little aboue the bifurcation out of the great artery table 18. 8. the first was simple and inserted into the right side of the Kidney the second was diuided into many branches and did insinuate it selfe into the left side So also the left vreter was very short arising out of the lower end of the Kidney table 18. 19. and was inserted into the bladder tab 18. 20. Finally in that place where the left Kidney is vsually placed Nature had set a glandulous and fat substance table 18. c to which both an emulgent veine and arterie were disposed table 18. 4. 5. as also from
The mammary arteries The nerues of the breasts It hath nerues from the sinewes of the Chest which are carried through the skinne partly to the nipples but the thicker nerue is that which commeth to the nipple from the first nerue of the Chest and doeth communicate thereto exquisite sence and is the cause of the pleasure conceiued by their contrectation The Glandules or Kernels which they call in Latin mamillae or mammae or rather glandulous The Glandules of the breasts bodies which make the body table 27. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or bulke of the Pap are the greatest of the whole body white and do not as in most of the other creatures make one body but are many and distinct spongious and rare or porous that they might better drawe the Aliment vnto them and conuert it into milke of these one is the greatest placed vnder the nipple and about it are set all the other small ones which cleaue to the muscles of the Thorax or Chest Among these are infinite vesselles with many windings and turnings wouen together that the bloud before in the veines and arteries perfected receiued by the breasts might in these boughts and turnings through the glandulous bodies bee conuerted into milke which is a surplusage of profitable Aliment Tab. 27. sheweth the breast of a woman with the skin flayed off For the rest of the Table belongeth to another place Plato calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to bud forth in Latine Papilla because it is like a Papula that Why rugged is a pimple whelke or wheale It is of a fungous or Mozy substance somewhat like that of the yard whence it is that by touching or sucking it groweth stiffe and after will againe grow more flaccid or loose In virgins this teate standeth not much out from the brest is red and vnequall very like a strew-bery in Nurses because of the childes sucking it groweth longer and blewer in old folkes it is long and blackish About this teate is a circle called in Latine Areola in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we know no English The circle of the Teate name it hath vnlesse we call it the ring of the Pap but in Virgins it is pale or whitish in women with childe and nurses it is duskish in olde women blacke and the skin more rugous and vnequall From the disease of the Wombe it is also sometimes yellow sometimes blacke For Hippocrates saith a man may iudge of the wombe by the colour of the Nipples for if the A good note for women nipple or his ring which was wont to be red grow pale then is the womb affected The colour of the nipples and the ring about them is also often made duskish and black by setting The cuill euent of drawing glasses to the Nipples drawing glasses drawing heades or such like vppon them to make them stand out that the Infant may take them which may notwithstanding bee preuented if care be had The proper vse of the breasts is to be a Magazine or Store-house of meate for the Mothers owne childe or that in them so long milke should bee generated as the Infant for his The vse of the breasts nourishment should stand in neede of it For whereas it was accustomed in the wombe to be nourished by the Mothers blood conueyed vnto it by the vmbilicall veines it cannot so suddenly change that liquid for more solid nourishment for it could not digest it because when it is newe borne it is but tender and weake beside sudden changes are very daungerous wherefore it had neede of such a nourishment as should not be too remote from the nature of blood and that it might more easily bee nourished should also bee liquid sweete and after a sort familiar vnto it but such is milke which is made in the brests For so in growne men and women the Aliments are in the stomacke turned into Chylus which is a Creame or substance like vnto Milke Wherefore according to Galen the first and chiefe vse of the brests is the generation of Milke that they may be ashamed who for nicity and delicacie do forfeite this principal vse of these excellent parts and make them onely stales or bauds of lust A Secondary vse of them is in respect of their scituation that they might be a kinde of couering and defence for the heart and that themselues hauing receyued heate and cherrishment from the heart might again returne vnto it warmth such as we get by garments we buckle about vs especially this vse is manifest in women in whom these breasts growe oftentimes into a great masse or waight so as they being farre colder then men their Entrals vnder the Hypochondria are warmed by them It may also be added that they are giuen for ornament of the Chest and for a mans pleasure as is partly touched before Hippocrates in his booke de Glandulis addeth another vse of the Pappes that is to receiue excrementitious moysture for if sayeth Hippocrates any disease or other euent take away a Note this womans Pappes her voyce becommeth shriller she proueth a great spitter and is much troubled with payne in her head And thus much of the Pappes of women Now men likewise haue Paps by Nature allowed The Paps of Men. them scituated also in the middle of the breast and lying vpon the first muscle of the arme called Pectoralis They are two a right and a left but they rise little aboue the skinne as they doe in women because they haue scarcely any Glandules for they were not ordayned to conuert or conteine milke Yet we do not deny but in them is generated a humour What humor is in them like to milke which Aristotle in the xii booke of his historie of Creatures cals Milk but it will not at all nourish albeit we haue seene it in some men something plentifull The Pappes of Men are compounded of skin fat and nipples which appeare yea sometimes hang forth in them because of the abundant fat which in corpulent bodies is more about that place then in any part of the Chest beside the nipples of men are somewhat fungous Their composition and also perforated They haue Veines Arteries and Nerues for their nourishment life and sence Their vse is to defend the heart as with a Target or Buckler or it may bee sayed that they are giuen for ornament that the breast should not be without some representation in Their Vses it The Nipples are the Center in which the veines and nerues doe determine which also are therein conioyned And heere we will put an end to the History of Parts belonging to Nutrition or Nourishment and prosecute our intent to discusse the Controuersies and Questions vvhich may arise concerning them A Dilucidation or Exposition of the Contouersies concerning the parts belonging to Nutrition QVESTION I. Whether the Guttes haue any common Attractiue faculty THE Physitians of old
or concoct whence it commeth to passe that the fibres as it were the raynes of the stomacke being loosened they are ouertaken with manifold vomitings and frequent deiections Those things which they obiect concerning stipticke medicines which coroborate the guts and stay the fluxe of the Belly are but of small moment for we doe not therefore apply them to strengthen the Retention of the guts which is none at all but to bind or Contract the veines of the mesenterie which are dispersed in infinite braunches through the coates of the guttes and doe empty into them malignant and superfluous humors or else to thicken refrigerate or appease those râ—ging humors which in substance are very thinne The vse of stipticke medicines in fluxes in their Temper very hot and in their quality very sharpe and coroding that so they might become more vnapt to moue with such violence and force as they are wont And what I pray you is more absurde then to referre the cause of the astriction of the belly to the strength of the Reteining vertue Let them rather harken to Galen who in the third book of the causes of Symptomes elegantly assigneth the causes of slowe deiection sometime to Galen The true causes of costiuenes the weaknesse of the expulsiue power sometime to the dull sence of the guttes sometime to the thicknesse stipticke or binding nature and small quantitie of that which is eaten sometime to the weaknesse of the muscles of the Abdomen who haue a great hand beare a great part in the auoyding of the excrements but concerning the Retentiue power of the guts he addeth not a word neither maketh mention thereof Lastly whereas they obtrude vnto vs the necessity of their Retention of the Chylus and the excrements we admit is very willingly but doe not ascribe it to the retentiue faculty of the guts for toward the reteyning of the Chylus the wisedome and prouidence of Nature hath prouided the manifold boughts doublings and conuolutions or writhen complications The reason of the conuolutions of the guts of the guttes so that in so long a iourney and intricate a passage it is not possible that almost any part of the Aliment should ariue at the port Esquiline which before was not met withall by the sucking mouthes of the almost infinite veines of the mesenterie And for the Retention of the excrements it is not a naturall but an Animall action because it is performed by the helpe of muscles to wit the sphincters which doe constringe or gather together the lower part of the right gut that the excrement might not bee auoyded without the commandement of reason and consent of the will It is therefore hence manifest The conclusion that the guts haue no Naturall power to reteine the Chylus or the excrement QVEST. III. Whether the Guttes haue any Concocting Facultie THat in euery Concoction there are three things necessarily required a Preparation the Concoction or boyling it selfe and a Perfection after it Galen is a plentifull witnesse So the preparation of the first Concoction is in the Three things required in al concoctions mouth the Coction it selfe in the bottome of the stomacke and the absolution or perfection in the small guts the preparation to the second Concoction is made in the veines of the mesenterie the Coction it selfe in the Parenchyma of the Liuer and the absolution or perfection in the great vessels In like manner the seede atteineth a kind of rudement in the Preparing vessels but his Idea or form in the testicles and his perfection in the Parastatae The Animall spirite hath a delineation in the wondrous nettes or webbes of Arteries his forme in the middle ventricle his absolution in the latter ventricle of the braine so that in the workes of Nature these manifold degrees of operations do euery where appeare This Concoction of spirites or of Alement whether it bee priuate or officiall is performed without the helpe of fibres onely by the assistance and inbred proprietie of our naturall heate and therefore by Galen it is called Alteration and by him not denyed vnto the Galen 4. de vsu part 3 denatu facult guts for so he writeth in his fourth booke of the vse of partes The guttes though they were not ordained to Concoct the Chylus but onely to containe and distribute it yet because Nature is neuer idle it attaineth in the passage through them a more perfect elaboration euen as in the greater vessels there is a certaine facultie of perfecting the bloud which was before made in the Liuer And this opinion of Galens doeth Areteus and Auerrhoes follow which also is seconded Aret. lib. 1 decausis et Signis Chronic morb cap. 15. conded by good reason for the substance of the guts and the stomacke is all one whether you regarde the Temper or the Coulor or the frame and texture of their coates Wherefore the Chylus is concocted in the stomacke and there attaineth the species and forme of Chylus but as it stayeth in the convolutions of the guts and the rugged foldes of their inmost coate it acquireth also a further alteration I am not ignorant that there is a new Paradoxe maintained by some to wit that the guts A paradoxe haue more power to concoct the Chylus then the stomacke and that in the time of concoction the pylorus is not shut but that the Aliment not yet throughly boyled falleth thorough the stomacke into the guts and they instance in wounds of the Hypochondria small guts whence say they doth issue a Chylus not yet perfectly concocted therefore it had not his forme or perfection in the stomack Furthermore in Exomphalosi or the rupture of the Nauell the meate passeth foorth not perfectly laboured and in the heighth of Summer when we drinke smal drinke we doe instantly Obiection Exomphalosis Answere feele the cold in our guts We answere that they do not perceiue that in the cases instanced the guts are ill affected and the stomacke out of hand drawne into consent with them as well because of their communion and similitude of substance as also because of their vicinity for Hippocrates in his Booke of humors hath this golden saying Those partes which are neere Neighbours or haue community of substance are at the first hand and verie notably Hippocrates affected It is therefore no wonder that crude or inconcocted and liquid Aliment should flowe from a wounded gut I confesse that liquid things do sodainely fall downeward so also is their alteration so daine and quicke But they can hardly be perswaded that the great abundance of meate deuoured by Rauen-stomackes and Trencher-friends can be conteyned in Obiection the stomacke alone seeing Hippocrates saith that the amplitude thereof exceedeth not fiue Hippocrates handfuls But they must know that the substance of it is Membranous and is easily distended into all dimensions beside these great gourmandizers do not perfectly concoct the Answere
wherein it may be transported because it distendeth the parts in which it is entertained and occupieth a place for when the creature is dead both the ball of the eye is corrugated or wrinkled and the Membranes thereof doe also fall being no more illustrated by the beames of the spirits It is therefore a body but the finest and subtillest substance that is in this Little world For as the winde it passeth 〈…〉 wind repasseth at his pleasure vnseene but not vnfelt for the force and incursion thereof is not without a kinde of violence so the seede although it be thicke and viscid yet passeth thorough vessels which haue no manifest cauities the reason is because it is full as it were 〈…〉 houen with spirits Galen in his third Booke of Naturall Faculties saith That blood is thin 〈…〉 vapour thinner and Spirits thinnest of all I saide moreouer that it was alwayes in motion for the spirits are continually moued not by another onely as the humors which whither they be drawne or driuen are alwaies 〈◊〉 the 〈…〉 in 〈◊〉 motion mooued by a power without themselues but also by themselues that is by an inbred principle of their owne So that there is a double original of the spirits motion on homebred another but a stranger by the homebred principle they are mooued as the flame vpward 〈…〉 and downward as Galen teacheth Vpward because light for they are fiery and airy and downe-ward towarde their nourishment If either of these motions bee hindred the spirit is corrupted and that by consumption or extinction by consumption for want of 〈…〉 nourishment when it cannot mooue downward by extinction from his contraries when it is choaked by cold and moysture because it cannot mooue vpwards Againe they are moued by an externall principle when they are Drawn hither or Driuen thither They are 〈…〉 driuen the Naturall from the Liuer the Vitall from the heart in his Systole the Animall from the Braine when it is compressed They are drawne the naturall by the veines the vitall by the particular parts together with the Arteriall blood the Animall verie rarely vnlesse a part be affected either with paine or pleasure For in such a case neyther dooth the vehemency of the obiect suffer the faculty to rest nor the heate cease to draw the spirits vnto it The spirits therefore haue a body mooueable It followeth in the definition that they are engendred of blood and a thin vapour so 〈…〉 that they haue a double matter an exhalation of the bloode and aire and therefore it is that all our spirits are cherished preserued and nourished by aire and blood The last part of the definition designeth the vse of the spirits as being the last and finall 〈…〉 cause for which they were ordained For the spirits are the vehicles or carriages not of the soule but of the faculties thereof for if the Vessels Veines Arteries or Nerues be tyed 〈…〉 the life motion and sense of the parts to which these vessels passe do instantly abate are in short time vtterly extinguished vpon the interception of the spirits not of the faculties themselues which are incorporeall because the band or tye dooth neither interrupt the continuity of the vessell with his originall neither yet his naturall disposition And this is the nature of spirits in generall Now some spirits are ingenit or in-bred which are so many in number as there are seuerall kinds and fortes of parts some influent which flowe as it were from diuers Fountaines 〈…〉 and serue to rowze and raise vp the sleepy and sluggish operations of the former Concerning the number of the influent spirits Physitians are at great difference among themselues Argenterius thinketh that there is but one sort of spirits because there is but one soule and that hauing but one organ one bloode and one ayre which is breathed in But the Ancients farre more acutely haue recorded three manner of spirites because there 〈…〉 are three faculties of the soule the Naturall the Vitall and the Animall three principles the Braine the Heart and the Liuer and three kinde of Vessels Veines Arteries and Sinnewes That there is an Animall spirit beside that Galen inculcateth it in sundry places many reasons do euict it For to what purpose else was the braine hollowed or bowed into so many arches To what purpose are those intricate mazes and laberynthes of small Arteries which in the Braine we call Rete mirabile the wonderfull Nette And why are the sinewes propagated into so many braunches But of this we shall haue occasion to speake more hereafter as also of the vitall which no man yet euer opposed and of which the Poet maketh Ouid. mention calling it a diuinitie Est Deus in nobis agitante calescimus illo In vs there is spirit seated And by his motion we are heated Onely concerning the naturall spirit there hath been some difference many labouring That there is no natural spirit to blot his name out of the rowle whose arguments we will here scite before the tribunall of Reason to see how they acquite themselues First they say that the naturall faculty needeth 1. de loc affict 12. meth in arte parua 1. Reason no vehicle or weftage because it is inbred in euery part for which they auouch Galen Againe there is no matter whereof this naturall spirit should bee made because there bee no vessels whereby ayre may be conuayed vnto the Liuer neither is there any place for his generation there be no such cauities in the Liuer as are in the Heart and the braine Adhereto 2. Reason that there be no currents or channels to be found whereby it should be led through the body for the coates of the veines are too thinne to hold or contain an aetherial spirit 3. Reason And truely Herophilus well conceiteth that therefore the Artery is manifolde sixe fold 4. Reason Herophilus sayth he thicker then the veine because it was made to conteine the spirits which by reason of their tenuity if they had not beene inclosed within stronger wals would easily haue vanished away Moreouer seeing the spirits as Hippocrates sayth haue in them a kinde of nimble violence 5. Reason Hippocrates 6. Reason and impetious motion if they were contayned within the veines they would make the veines to beate as do the arteries Finally if it be granted that the spirits doe passe and repasse through the veines yet with what nourshment shall they bee preserued For heate sayth the great Dictator Hippocrates is nourished by moderate cold nowe there is no ayre Hippocrates led vnto the veines to serue that turne These and such like are the arguments whereby they casheere this naturall spirit which Answere to the former arguments To the first if they be weighed in equall balances will be found too light to sway an established iudgement For first Galen doth not absolutely deny that
whose rage and acrimony is so fierce that if it stay but a little in the Obiection guts it vlcerateth them if it be poured into the habit of the body by irretating the pannicle or fleshy membrane it stirreth vp a rigour or generall shiuering How the bladder which is membranous and therefore of exquisite sence should not feele that acrimony or be offended with so impure a humor We answere first with Lucretius That Nature couereth Answere Lucretius many things vnder a sacred veyle and that in this great vniuerse the sympathies and antipathies of things are secret and wonderfull Againe the Bladder is delighted with the presence of the choler and therefore is not hurt by his acrimonie Happely also because it is vsed to it it is not afflicted by it so those men that are accustomed to poyson doe not Custome taketh away sence feele the poysonous power thereof and a drop of liquor strangleth well-nigh the Arterie whereas full cups delight the stomacke Againe the stomacke is pained with a little ayre and the guts torne asunder with cruell torments but the Lungs because they are accustomed Similitudes vnto it do swallow the aire in great aboundance and are refreshed thereby Those men that will not admit of this familiarity or acquaintance betweene the choler and the bladder doe referre the cause of this Traction to the necessity and prouidence of the vniuersall Nature to wit that the blood may be purged least being defiled with such an excrement it should become vnprofitable for nourishment QVEST. XIIII Of the passages by which the Choler is purged against Falopius GAbriel Falopius the most acute and subtle Anatomist of our age hath deserued exceeding wel in opening vnto vs many things which in the former ages were The commen dation of Falopius not knowne He first of all men did acurately describe the History of a mans Eie and obserued that gristly body which they call Troclea Hee first found out the yarde of the wombe called Clitoris beside the manifold nicities foulded as it were in a thousand difficulties which hee hath manifested and brought to light in the Historyes of the Muscles the Veines and the Sinewes yet notwithstanding this great Dangerous to vary from the ancients learned man in his Assignation of the vse of the Bladder of Gall whilest hee describeth the passages wherby the choler is led in falling from the authority of the Ancients falleth into an error whereof he cannot be excused The ancient opinion and indeede the very trueth is that there are two passages of the Gall one distributed into the Liuer with aboundante shootes the other passeth from the The two passages of choler Falopius his opinion vesicle vnto the Guts By the first the Bladder draweth the Gall vnto it selfe by the second it dischargeth it again into the Duodenum Falopius on the contrary conceiteth that those passages of choler which are disseminated through the Liuer runne directly not vnto the Bladder but to the Duodenum and doe continually thrust out the choler thereinto And because it hapneth full oft that the guttes are either distended with winde or in the time of distribution are fulfilled with Chylus so that the passage or out-let ordained for the auoyding of choler is intercluded or shut vp least sayth he the choler should flow back and returne vpon the Liuer to defile the blood Nature hath framed the Bladder as it were a diuerticle or cisterne out of the way wherein the choler might bee gathered and reserued together whilest the out-let in the duodenum should be opened Wherefore there be two things which Falopius would haue the first that the Choler passeth directly from the Liuer to the duodenum the second that the Bladder draweth not choler but that it returneth thither from the guttes when they are distended Which two assertions by the fauour of this learned man we cannot subscribe vnto because we thinke that we are able to demonstrate the contrary both by reason and sence the two most certayne Arguments against Falopius Iudges and determiners of all controuersies First therefore wee say and lay as a ground that in the whole frame and structure of the body there is nothing done or generated as accedentary but onely vpon certaine ground and necessary vse Now the vse assigned to the bladder by Falopius is but accedentarie and casuall for it is not perpetuall that the guts are distended with winde and their passages intercluded but this happeneth rarely and but to some bodies and those of good constitution Hence it will follow that the bladder must be vnprofitable and idly framed by Nature which true and solid Philosophy will neuer grant For Nature at no time endeuoureth against the causes of diseases but against such as doe dayly and necessarily happen For it was the originall determination of the great Arificer of this noble Fabricke to create a sound and not a sickly habitation Nature endeuoureth a sound body not a sickly for the soule and therefore he generated the parts at the first hand for themselues and not afterwarde or at aduenture albeit one and the same particle haue many and diuerse by vses The second engine which we conceiue these paper walles cannot withstand shall bee this that it is necessary that the Bilious excrement shoulde passe vnto the bladder before The cause of euacuations it went to the out let in the duodenum For if it should flowe by degrees and perpetually vnto the guts it would not moue them to excretion because a little choler and that falling by droppes would haue beene too weake for this motion But because it is drawne by the bladder therein gathered and at length aboundantly and at once povvred foorth into the waies of the excrements it moueth their disposition by certaine distances and with a kinde of suddainnes Thirdly vnlesse wee admit the Traction of the bladder and a propriety whereby it is conteined reteined to a certain time what would it haue auayled it to be separated from the blood For if it alwayes descend directly from the Liuer to the gutte then must it bee mingled againe with the Chylus and defile it for the way is open neither can the distribution of the Chylus as Falopius dreameth interclude the passage of so thin and subtle a humor Againe if the choler should returne vnto the bladder onely when the passage into the duodenum is stopped then should not the bladder be alwayes found ful of choler which is euermore to bee seene in sound and healthy bodies Ad hereto that if the bladder were onely prouided for a diuerticle to set the choler as it were out of the way what neede was there of so great a cauity A little bodie would haue serued that turne the first intention of nature being not to send it thither but vnto the gutte Furthermore if the bladder had no power of Traction why should the choler rather returne vnto it then vnto the
subiect to corruption and dissolution For euery singular and particular thing either hath life or is without it if it be without life it is obnoxious to diuers alterations in regard both of the first and second matter whereof it consisteth For the first matter it is alwayes in loue with new formes and therefore most subiect to mutation which the French Poet Salust Salust du Bart. expresseth vnder the comparison of a notorious Strumpet on this manner Or like a Lais whose vnconstant loue Doth euery day a thousand times remoue The general matter of things like a strumpet Who 's scarce vnfoulded from one youths imbraces Yer in her thought another she imbraces And the new pleasure of her wanton fire Stirs in her still another new desire The second matter which consisteth of the Elements because of their intestine discord for they are contraries and from contrariety comes all corruption vrgeth continually the dissolution of the mixed body The Elements themselues whilst they are out of their proper places although they bee naturally linked together yet it is not without a kinde of violence and constraint and therfore doe instantly long to returne into their proper seates But if the body be animated and haue life beside those already named it hath also other A double destiny causes of dissolution bred with it which no art no industry of man can auoyde no not so much as represse so all things which haue any kinde of life especially liuing and mouing creatures are destined to corruption 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is by Nature necessity By Nature By Nat because of the exhaustion or expence of the Primigenie moysture by the Elementary heat and the continuall effluxion of the threefold substance By Necessity because of the permixtion By Necessity of the Aliments and the increase of excrements the suppression whereof maketh an oppression of the partes stableth vp a fruitfull nursery of diseases and finally induceth death it selfe Wherefore Nature whome Hippocrates calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Recta facientem and the Lib. Epidem The prouidence of Nature or rather of the God of Nature An image of immortality ordinary power of God being a diligent and carefull prouider for her selfe hath giuen to euery thing a certaine appetite of eternity which because shee could not performe in the Indiuiduum or particular Creature because of the mortality of their Nature she indeuoured to accomplish by propagation of formes and the species or kinds of things as in the Elements by transmutation of one into another in Minerals by apposition in Creatures by Generation For so euery indiuiduum extending it selfe as it were in the procreation of another like vnto it selfe groweth young againe and becommeth after a sort eternall The father liueth in the sonne and dyeth not as long as his expresse and liuing Image stands vpon the earth To passe by the production of other things the generation of perfect creatures is accomplished The generation of perfect Creatures when the male soweth his seede and the female receyueth and conceyueth it For this purpose Nature hath framed in both sexes parts and places fit for generation beside an instinct of lust or desire not inordinate such as by sinne is super-induced in man but natural residing in the exquisite sense of the obscoene parts For were it not that the God of Nature hath placed heerein so incredible a sting or rage of pleasure as whereby wee are Natural pleasure in generation transported for a time as it were out of our selues what man is there almost who hath anie sense of his own diuine nature that would defile himselfe in such impurities what woman would admit the embracements of a man remembring her nine moneths burthen her painefull and dangerous deliuerance her care disquiet and anxiety in the nursing and education of the infant But all these thinges are forgotten and wee ouertaken with an extasie which Hippocrates calleth a little Epilepsie or falling sicknesse and the holy Scripture veileth vnder the name of a senselesnesse in Lot who neyther perceiued when his daughters lay downe nor when they rose vp Well the History of these parts of generation it is our taske in this Booke to describe ouer which also we could wish we were able to cast a veile which it should bee impiety for any man to remooue who came not with as chaste a heart to reade as wee did to vvrite Howsoeuer that which must needs be done shall be done with as little offence as possible we may The parts therefore of Generation are of two sorts some belong to men some to women The parts of Generation belonging to men for of the other we shall see afterwards are verie many but all conspiring vnto one end which is to exhibite something out of The parts of generation in men themselues which may haue the nature of a Principle by which and out of which a newe man may be generated The Principle exhibited is seed which because it containeth in it selfe the forme and Idea of all the parts for it falleth from them all and beside 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the fatal necessity of life and death stoode in neede of manifold preparation coction and elaboration and therefore the structure of the parts fit for so great and curious a worke is no doubt very exquisite For some of them do onely prepare the seede or as it were rough hew it as putting thereon a rudiment of seed which before was nothing else but an ouerplus of the purer part of blood remaining after assimulation in the particular parts of the bodie This preparation is made in thes permaticall Veines and Arteries whose admirable implications and complications like the wrethed or wormie tendrils of veines do forme as it were a twisted or bedded net wherein the matter is so long retained till it acquire some beginning of alteration from that it was before Other parts there are which boyle it anew as that we call Epididymis or Parastatae others affoord vnto it prolificall vertue whereby it is enabled to produce and generate a thing like vnto it selfe those are the testicles which giue it the true forme of seede others when it is thus perfected leade it downe toward the place of receipt which are called Deferentia or Eiaculatoria vasa albeit I see no great reason for the second name we call them the Leading vessels Others receiue containe and store it vp for necessary vse as the many vesicles or bladderets and those Kernels or Glandules which are called Prostatae scituated at the necke of the bladder of vrine Finallie others deliuer it out and strew it in the seede plat sowe it in the fertile fielde of Nature the wombe of the woman which is called penis the yard or virile member Of all vvhich if but one bee wanting yea defectiue the worke of generation goeth not at all or but lamely forward wherefore we will endeuour to shew
draweth the mans seed and when the seed is conceiued or receiued then is it so closely shut vp saith Hippocrates in the 51. Aphorisme of the 5. Section that a Needle or a small Probe can hardly be thrust into it and so it continues nine moneths for when women with childe yeelde seede it is not out of the bottome but by the necke of the vvombe as vve haue sayd before Verie rarely is it opened and that either for the casting out of a false conception a perfect By how many meanes it is opened conception remaining behinde or in superfoetation where after one conception another commeth So likewise when the wombe not fit to conceiue doth belch out againe the seed of both parties or when as in polutions or affrictions women that haue not conceiued do loose their owne seed or when as in women vnburdened the courses or any offensiue humors are that way purged as in the Whites in which case oftentimes the whole bodie Note this is purged that way the wombe at all not beeing affected or when false conceptions alone are cast out as the Mola or Moone-calfe and such like or finally when the Infant it The admirable worke of God in the birth selfe is borne into the world for when that is perfected this passage is so distended openeth so wide that from the bottome of the wombe to the very lap the cauity is equall that through it the Infant may passe which admirable worke of Nature or Natures Mayster God himselfe we may wonder at but not vnderstand saith Galen in his 15. Booke De vsu partium and the 17. chapter But because it must be opened according to the magnitude of the Infant and that by degrees being it is of a thicke and fast substance Tab. 9. fig. 4. at G and is yet thicker when the birth approacheth there cleaueth vnto it a certain viscid and slimy body like glew that by the helpe of it the orifice without feare of dilaceration or divulsion may bee distended and naturally opened This is round like a crowne and as often as the passage openeth commeth away in an orbicular forme The Midwiues call it the Crowne or the Rose This Orifice if it be too much loosened or opened aboue measure as The crowne or rose of the wombe Why Harlots do not conceiue in ouer-moyst bodies or in the whites or by reason of too frequent copulation as in Harlots it bringeth barrennesse so doth it also if it be too fat or thicke or growe callous or hard sometimes there growe in it the Scirrhus or the Cancer both incureable diseases which happen especially when the courses faile CHAP. XV. Of the necke of the wombe of the Hymen THE third part of the wombe is the neck called Ceruix or Collum vteri tab 9. fig. 2. and 3 d. Fig. 4. KK in the first figure the necke is turned vpward at â—â— The necke of the wombe 14. vsu part 3. 15 vsu part 3. 14. vsu part 4. Lib. 7. Hist 1. into which the yard passeth This Galen commonly calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sometime 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the matrixe the necke and the gate of the wombe It is a passage within the Cauity of the Peritonaeum called the Bason or Lauer placed betweene the right gut the bladder whiter then the superficies of the bottome It hath a deepe cauity and wide whence Fallopius calleth it the bosome of modesty but the mouth or entrance of it is much narrower The capacitie of it It reacheth from the inner Tab. 5. fig. 4. G orifice of the wombe to the outward Orifice Tab. 9. fig. 4. O or very lap and priuity and being long that the seede of the man may be brought to the orifice of the wombe it receyueth the yard fitly like a sheath wherefore the amplitude is answerable to that it must contain is not broader then the right gut It becommeth in the time of coition longer or shorter wider or narrower as the yard is and according to the womans appetite more or lesse turgid more open or more contracted direct wherefore the length of it cannot be limited no more then the length of the yarde and though it be continuated with the bottome yet it hath a diuers substance from it For it is Membranous and Neruous that it may better be enlarged or contracted neither too hard nor too soft The substance of it is somewhat fungous or spongie like that of a mans yarde for as it was necessary that the yard should bee distended to fill this so it was necessary that this in coition should be so contracted and straightned that it might straightly embrace the same The substaÌ„ce which happeneth by reason of many small Arteries which fill the passage with spirits so it becommeth narrower Wherefore in women that are full of lust or in the time of anie womans appetite it strutteth and the Caruncles swell outward which in Cowes and Bitches The streightnesse whence caused is so apparent that their priuities seeme to bee very much enflamed and the Cauitie growes very straight In yong wenches it is more delicate and soft and becommeth euerie day harder so that those that haue often conceiued and old women haue it hard callous as it were gristly by reason of the often attrition and the frequent flowing of their courses Whereupon Herophylus compared it to the weazon or winde-pipe This when it is not distended The fouldâ— of iâ— is rugous if it be much stretched it becommeth smooth and slippery vnlesse it be in that part which endeth in the lap but in the entrance of the passage and in the forepart there are many round folds for the greater pleasure of louers which commeth from the atrition of them by the nut of the yard These folds are in yong women smoother and narrower and the passage straighter that it will scarse admit a finger which is not from the cloasing of the sides of his necke but by reason of the mediocrity of his passage yet thorough it doe passe not onely the bloud in the monthly euacuations of growne Maydens but also other corrupt humors in the disease of the whites or womens fluxe which also we haue seen A strange obseruation being taught by Aristotle to obserue it to bee purged this way in young children of foure or fiue yeare old The attrition of these folds and their extension in the first society of mayds with men Soranus thought to bee the cause of some maydens payne in deuirgination or losse of their The cause of paine in deflowring of a mayde maiden-head as we speake and because certaine veines passe by them these being broken by the husband the blood issueth sometimes in great aboundance but the neck when neither the seed is sent in nor the Infant is excluded but at other times is writhen oblique for being loosned
midriffe is pressed or borne vp which is the chiefe instrument Why such women do not breath of free respiration or breathing and the braine is also drawn into consent which is the chiefe seate or tribunall of the Animall faculty which faculty is the efficient cause of respiration Hence it is that in such suffocations or strangulations there is an interception All the causes of respiration in this suffocation are taken away of respiration for the instrumentall cause the midriffe is intercepted the efficient cause the Animal faculty also because the braine is drawn into consent The finall cause also is taken away for the heat of the heart at that time is very small and requireth therefore no other ventilation but by transpiration which is by the pores of the habit of the body But you must marke that I cal not this motion a convulsion but onely a convulsiue motion for convulsion properly is an vnbidden motion of those parts which we vse to moue What parts suffer convulsions at our commandement but the wombe is not mooued by our willes but by it owne will wherefore convulsions belong not to the wombe but to the muscles onely which are instruments of voluntary motion but abusiuely we may call this a convulsion as Hippocrates calleth the Hiccocke a convulsion The third motion of the wombe wee sayed was mixt proceeding from a morbous or The 3 mixt motion of the wombe vnhealthy cause and partly from the faculty as in a great exiccation it runneth vpward toward the Liuer which is the fountaine of sweete moysture for all dried partes doe as it were thirst after this moysture with a naturall appetite and this motion is indeede truely mixt being partly physicall or naturall the dry wombe drawing toward the seate of moysture or drawing the moysture vnto it selfe as Galen interpreteth it and partly mathematicall or locall it moouing as Hippocrates sayeth with a kinde of impetuous violence to the pracordia although I am not ignorant that Galen in this poynt reprooueth his maister and taketh this motion to be meerely Physicall or naturall and is called mathematicall by Hippocrates but abusiuely onely QVEST. X. How the Wombe is affected with smelles and sauours FVrthermore it is not only recorded by antient Authors but approued by daily experience that the wombe is much affected with sauours and smelles so that some haue beene knowne to miscarry vpon the stench of a candle put out How the wōb is affected with smels and sauours as Aristotle recordeth is his 8. Booke of the History of Creatures and the 24. chapter But how and by what passages this apprehension of odours is few haue sufficiently declared wherefore we will payne our selues a little and our readers also to lay open this difficulty because it may be of great vse for the preseruation of health and will not be altogether vnpleasant to them that desire to know themselues As therefore Colour is the onely obiect of the sight so is odour of the smelling and as the sight hath the eye as his peculiar proper instrument of seeing so is the nose I mean Not vnder the forme of smels principally the partes contayned within it that is the spongy bone and the two processes called mamillares the onely instrument of smelling it were therefore very absurde to imagine that the wombe did smell sauours or smelles because it is not the proper instrument of smelling howe then It is affected with sauours by reason of the subtile and thinne vapour or spirite which ariseth from any strong sented thing euen as our spirites But by vaporous spirits are refreshed and exhilerated with sweete sauours not by apprehending the sent of them but by receiuing a thinne ayrie vapour from them whereby the spirites are nourished enlightned and strengthned right so is the wombe affected with the vapors of things which yeelde a strong smell be it pleasant or vnpleasant and that very suddenly because it is a part of exquisite sence But if it bee so it may be demaunded why then the wombe is pleased with sweet smels and displeased with those that are vnpleasant for it seemeth hereby Obiection to make choyce of smelles euen for the very sauour and sent I answere that all thinges Solution which yeeld a noysome smell are vnconcocted and of a bad or imperfect mixture therfore they affect the sence with a kinde of inaequality or else the spirits or vapours that arise from these ranke bodies are impure whence come faintings and swoundings sometimes and so defile the spirits contayned in these generatiue parts One difficulty there yet remayneth If the wombe delight in sweete sauours why then Obiection Why muske and Ciuit cause fits of the mother and stinking things cure it Answere It is a signe of an ill disposed wombe to bee offended with sweet things doth the smell of Amber greece muske and such like bring suffocation of the mother and that of assa faetida and castoraeum such like extreme stinking things cure the same disease I answere that all women fall not into suffocation vpon the smelling of sweet perfumes or the like but onely those whose wombe is especially euilly affected For sweet smels hauing a quicke spirit arising from them doe instantly affect the Brayn and the membranes of the same the membranous wombe is presently drawne into consent with the Brayne and moued so as those bad vapours which before lay as it were a sleep in the ill affected womb are now stirred and wrought vp by the arteries or other blinde passages vnto the midriffe the heart and the braine it selfe and so comes the suffocation we spake off But those things that yeeld a noysome sauour because they are crude and ill mixt doe stoppe the passages How noysom smel cure the suffocation and pores of the braine and do not reach vnto the inner membranes to affect them they cure also the Hystericall paroxisme or fitte of the mother because our nature being offended with them as with enimies rowseth vp it selfe against them and together with the ill vaporsexcludeth also out of the wombe the euil humors from whence they arise euen as in acute diseases nature being prouoked by the ill quality of the humors moueth to criticall excretions Comparisons or in purgations when she is goaded with the aduerse quality of the medicine relieueth her selfe by euacuation But you will aske by what passages are these vapours and spirites carried I answere beside the open passages of the arteries by which such ayrie spirits doe continually passe and Obiection Answere The passiges of these spirits and vapors repasse in a mans body there are many secret and vnknowne waies which those subtile bodies may easily finde considering that euen crasse and thicke humours doe ordinarily follow medicines we know not by what passages as when a little Elaterium euen a graine or two will purge away three of foure pintes of water or more which lay
the Controuersies of the Fourth Booke THE FIFT BOOKE Wherein the Historie of the Infant is acurately described as also the principles of Generation the Conception the Conformation the Nourishment the Life the Motion and the Birth of the Infant as neere as may be according to the Opinion of Hippocrates The Praeface FInding this following discourse of the forming of the Infant in Laurentius immediately following his History of the parts of Generation and considering that it contained many things not only profitable but pleasant also I thought good gentle Reader to make thee partaker thereof And the rather I heere to perswaded my selfe because at the first sight I conceiued that my selfe also in this my conception shold find pleasure But it hapneth all otherwise with me then it is in naturall generation where the infant is begotten in pleasure though brought forth in paine For this I assure thee was begotten with much paine trauel and if thy gentle hand help not in the birth that also wil be very irksome I know I shal be taxed by some for hanging too long in this argument but I also know that all the Authority blame hath is frō the Authors therof The subiect of our present discourse is the history of the Infant of the Principles of his generation his Conception Conformation Nourishment Life Motion and Birth Verilie a knotty snarled skaine to vnreele a thicket wherein he that hasteth with bold rashnesse The argumēt of the Booke following and temerity shall offend stumble at euery step he that is diligent shall entangle himself and he that is guided by blinde ignorance shall light vpon pits and bogs so that it will bee impossible for any man that enters into these Listes fairely to acquite himselfe The further he wadeth in this Riuer the greater confluence of waters wil ouertake him the deeper must he sound if he will finde the bottome We begin with the seed which is like the Chaos Vpon which as the spirit of God moued whilst it was without forme first to preserue it after to distinguish it so it is in this masse The maner of the Infantes production outof the seed of seed the Formatiue spirit broodeth it first After as a Spider in the center of her Lawnie Canopy with admirable skil weaueth her Cipresse web first hanging it by slender Ties to the roose and after knitting her enter braided yarn into a curious net so the spirit first fastneth the seed to the wombe with membranes and ligaments after distinguisheth it into certaine spermaticall threds which we call Stamina corporis the warpe of the bodie To these when the second principle which is the Mothers blood accrueth it filleth vp their voyde distances and so amasseth them into a solid body which euery day is nourished and encreased into all dimensions furnished also with motion sense and finally with a reasonable soule Then as impatient of so close imprisonment as vnsatisfied with so slender allowance it instantly striues till this Little world arriues into the great After we haue thus perfected the History we descend vnto the many and busie Controuersies depending thereupon These concerne the differences of the sexes the Nature of The Controuersies conteined in this Booke the Seed with the maner of his excretion the qualities of the Mothers blood the accidents hapning vnto vs there-from with the causes of the monthly euacuation of the same the manner of Conception as well lawful both simple double manifold as illegitimate and Monstrous the order and times of Conformation not onely of the infant it selfe but also of the membranes and vessels to which it is fastned the Similitude of the children to theyr parents the admirable effects of the Imagination the causes of superfoetation the maner matter of the infants Norishment the admirable Vnion and communion of the vessels of the heart how he breatheth by Transpiration not by Respiration the works of his Vital Animall spirits his Scituation or position in the womb and finally the nature differences times and causes of his Birth togither with the consequences thereof All these with many more falling in with our disputations we heere exhibit for their satisfaction whome they may concern who are more desirous to know them then able of themselues to attaine thereto CHAP. I. What things are necessary toward a perfect Generation THE propagation of kindes as it is made in the Elements by Transmutation and in Mettals by Apposition so it is in creatures by Generation But of Generation there are diuers maners The propagation of kindes diuerse For some creatures engender without coition onely by affrication Others quite contrary to the ordinarie course of Nature by a reception of the instrument of the female Some females also do engender within themselues without the help of the male There are also some creatures which are engendred onely by putrifaction without either male or female others are sometimes bred out of putrifaction other-whiles out of seede But all these kinds of generation are maimed and imperfect and therfore the Insecta Animalia creatures so procreated are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vnbloodye and insectile creatures of which a man of worthy memory among vs D. Muffet hath written a learned and D. Muffet curious discourse which happely time may communicate vnto the world The Generation of man and of the perfect creatures is farre more noble as whereto three things are alwaies required a diuersity or distinction of sexes their mutuall embracements and copulations Three things required to perfect generation and a permixtion of a certaine matter yssuing from them both which potentially containeth the Idea or forme of the particular parts of the body and the fatal destiny of the same this the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The distinction of the Sexes is especially necessary because Generation is not accomplished but by seeds which must be sowne in a fruitefull ground that is shedde into such a place as wherein their dull and sleepy faculties may be raised and rowzed vp which we call 1 Distinction of sexes Conception and afterward that which is thus conceiued may be cherished nourished and so attaine the vtmost perfection of his kinde But because man was too hotte to performe this office for his heate consumeth al in him and leaueth no remainder to serue for the nourishment of the infant it was necessary that a woman should bee created for wee will insist now onely in mankinde which might affoord not onely a place wherein to cherish and conceiue the seede but also matter for the nourishment and augmentation of the same Both these sexes of male and female do not differ in the kinde as we cal it or species that is essentiall form and perfection but only in some accidents to wit in temper and in the structure and scituation of the parts of Generation For the female sexe as well as the male is a perfection of
mankinde some there bee that call a woman Animal occasionatum or Accessorium barbarous words to expresse a barbarous conceit as if they should say A A barbarous conceite Creature by the way or made by mischance yea some haue growne to that impudencie that they haue denied a woman to haue a soule as man hath The truth is that as the soule of a woman is the same diuine nature with a mans so is her body a necessary being a first and not a second intention of Nature her proper and absolute worke not her error or preuarication The difference is by the Ancients in few words elegantly set downe when they define a man to be a creature begetting in another a woman a Creature begetting in her selfe The second thing required to perfect generation is the mutuall embracements of these 2. Copulation two sexes which is called Coitus or coition that is going together A principle of Nature whereof nothing but sinne makes vs ashamed Neither are these embracements sufficient vnlesse from either sexe there proccede a third thing by which and out of which a newe man may bee generated The effusion therefore of seeds which are indeede the immediate 3. Emission of seede principles of generation is altogether necessary otherwise it were not a generation but a new Creation These three things therefore must concurre to a perfect generation a distinction of sexes their copulation and an emission of seede from them both CHAP. II. Of the Principles of generation seed the Mothers blood WHatsoeuer is generated saith the Philosopher is begotten out of somwhat and from somvvhat else vvere it as vve said a nevv Creation no Generation Wherfore Two principles of generation the Ancients haue resolued that tvvo principles must concurre to generation Seed the Mothers blood The seed is the principle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the efficient or workman which formeth the Creature and ex quo that is the matter whereof the spermatical parts are generated The blood hath onely the Nature of a matter and passiue principle we therefore vse the Schoole words because they most emphatically expresse the thing for out of this bloud the fleshy partes are generated and both the spermaticall and the fleshy are nourished The Nature of both these principles is very obscure which we will endeuour to make plaine on this manner The Seed is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine semen Genitura betweene which Aristotle puts a nice difference but Hippocrates takes them promiscuously for the same And so we wil call it Seed and Geniture which we define A body moyst hot frothy and white consisting of the remainders of the last and perfect nourishment and the spirites mingled therewith laboured and boyled by the vertue of the Testicles and so made fit for the perfect generation of a liuing Creature A perfect definitioÌ„ of seed This definition doth fully and sufficiently expresse all the causes the formall the materiall the efficient and the finall The humidity heate frothinesse and whitenes do make the forme The seed is moist The formall cause Ctesias his error 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is in Power and Consistence and therfore Ctesias Physitian to King Artâ—xerxis was deceiued who thought that the seed of an Elephant was so dry that it wold become like vnto Amber but it is necessary it shold be moyst as wel that it might be moulded by the efficient as also because it must contayne the Idea or specificall forme of all the How moyst particles Hot it is that it might produce those formes for cold entreth not into generation vnlesse it be by accident It is frothy by the permixtion of the spirits and by their motion Why hot Why fâ—othy whence it is that the Poets call Venus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if shee were made of the froth or foame of the sea and therefore seede when it is auoyded soone looseth his magnitude because the spirits which houed it vp do vanish whereas phlegme and other mucous matters keepe their bulke because they haue little spirites in them It is white because it is boyled in the Testicles and the spermaticall vessels whose inward superficies is white as also because it containeth in it much ayre and spirits and therfore it is but a vaine thing which Herodotus reporteth of the seed of Negroes or Blacke-Moores that it is black The matter of the seede is double the ouerplus of the last nourishment and spirits That The material cause double bloud ouerplus is bloud not altered and whitned in the solid parts as the Antients imagined but red pure and sincere deriued to the Testicles and the preparing vessels from the trunke of the hollow veine through the spermaticall veines And hence it is that those men who Soranus Why kinsmen are called consanguinei are very immoderate in the vse of Venus auoyde sometimes bloody seede yea nowe and then pure blood Of this minde also is Soranus and therefore it is sayeth he that the AntieÌ„ts called those that were of a kindred Consanguineos i. of the same bloud because the seed is made of bloud which phrase we also at this day retayne The other matter of the seede is that which maketh it fruitfull to wit those Spirites which wander about the body these And spirits potentially conteine the Idea or forme of the particular parts for they are ayrie and moyst easily taking any impression and passe through the spermaticall arteries to the mazey vessels of the Parastatae and the Testicles There they are exquisitly minglled with the bloud and of two is made one body like as of that admirable complication of the spermaticall veine and arterie is made one vessell This double matter of the seede Hippocrates expresseth by the names of fire and water Hippocrates How seed is firie How watry for so he sayth sometimes that the seed is fire sometimes he calleth it water It is firie by reason of the spirites which haue in them an impetuous violence or nimble agility whence also it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 semen turgens swelling seede In respect of the blood which is the corpulency or bulke thereof it is called aqueum watery Both these Hippocrates in his Booke de diaeta in one sentence legantly expresseth where he sayth The Soule creepeth into man being made of a mixture of fire and water By the Soule he meaneth the Seed which A hard place of Hippocrates explained therefore in other places he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Animated by Fire hee meaneth the spirits and the in-bred heat which is commonly called Innatum calidum by Water he meaneth the Alimentary moysture which is bloud The fire sayeth hee moueth all things through and through the water nourisheth all things through and through In respect therefore of this double matter the seede carrieth the nature of both the principles of
Liuer is ministred But because Nature doth all her businesses in order and therefore prescribeth lawes vnto The vniuersal time of the courses and the reasons thereof herselfe she doth not endeuour this excretion in euery age at all times nor euery day but at set times and by determined periods which shee of herselfe neither anticipateth nor procrastinateth that is doth not either preuent or foreslow vnlesse shee be prouoked and hastned before her time or else hindered or interrupted at her owne time These Natural times are either vniuersall or particular The Vniuersal time all men do accord beginneth for the most part in the second seauen yeares that is at 14. yeares olde and endeth the seauenth seuen that is at 49. or 50. Now the reason why this bloud floweth not before the 14. yeare is this because both the vessels are narrower and beside the heate ouercome with the aboundance of the humour cannot expell the reliques which after it hath gotten more strength it is able to maister and driue as it were out of the field Adde hereto that in the first yeares a great part of the bloud is consumed in the growth of the body and beside before the woman is fit to conceiue Nature doth not bestow this matter of the menstruall blood vpon her Now at the second seauen yeares the heate begins to gather strength to burst foorth as Why the courses flow â—â— 4. yeares old the Sunne in his brightnes and to rule in the Horizon of the body from which heate doe proceede as necessary consequencies the largenes of the wayes and vesselles the motions and commotions of the humours their subtilty or thinnesse and finally the strength of the expelling faculty At that time men begin to grow hayrie to haue lustfull imaginations and to change their voyce womens Pappes begin to swell and they to thinke vppon husbands After the fiftieth yeare the courses cease because the heate being nowe become more weake is not able to engender any notable portion of laudable bloud neither yet if Why they stay at 50. there be any such ouerplus is able to euacuate or expell the same you may adde also that Natures intention and power of procreation beeing determined it is no more necessary that there should be any nourishment set aside Concerning the particular times of this monthly euacuation Aristotle is of opinion that it cannot be precisely set downe and almost all learned men herein consent with him Notwithstanding The particular times of the courses Aristotle it is reasonable we say to think that Nature hath set and determined motions and established lawes albeit wee are ignorant of them for who was euer so neare of Natures counsell but that he might in some things erre in somethings be to seek These times knowne to herselfe shee keepeth immutable and inviolate vnlesse either the narrownes of the wayes or the thicknes of the humour doe interrupt her or else shee bee prouoked by the acrimony of a corroding quality in the bloud or by some other outward prouocatioÌ„ to poure them forth before her owne stinted and limitted time Once therefore euery moneth she endeuoreth at least this menstruall excretion sometimes in the full of the Moon sometimes in the waine and in those women which we cal viragines that is who are more mannish for three dayes together in others that are more soft idle and delicate such as Hippocrates in his first Booke de diaeta calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is waterish women for a whole seuen-night And againe in the first Section of his sixt Booke Epidem In women that are waterish the courses continue longer In those women that are of a middle and meane disposition they continue foure dayes and these we cal Particular times The quantity of this monthly euacuation cannot be defined For as Hippocrates obserueth Hippocrates in his Book de natura muliebri the blood issueth more freely or more sparingly according to the variety of their colour temperament age habite and the time of the yeare Those women which are fayre and white haue such aboundance of humour that it issueth diuerse wayes contrary to those are browne and swart skins which are commonly drier In moderate and meane tempered women the quantity of the courses is about two Hemina that is 18. ounces which is Hippocrates his proportion The wayes ordayned for this euacuation are the veines of the womb and the womb it The wayes of the courses selfe The veines do run from the Hipogastrick and spermatick branches to the bottom necke of the wombe by the veines of the necke of the wombe it issueth in those women which are with child by the other in virgins and such as are not conceiued but not per diapedosim that is by transudation but per anastomosim that is by the opening of the orificies of large and patent veines Now if it be asked why the blood is purged through the womb I answere it is done by a wonderfull prouidence of Nature that the bloud being accustomed to make his iourney Why nature purgeth the bloud throgh the wombe this way it might after conception presently accrew for the nourishment and generation of the Infant Hence we gather the finall cause of the menstruous bloud which was the last poynt in our definition to be double the generation of the parenchymata or substances of the bowels The finall cause of the menstruous bloud double and the flesh as also the nourishment and sustentation of the Infant as well whilest it is in the mothers wombe as also after it is borne into the world For howe should the seede conceiued atteine either nourishment or increase vnlesse this bloud should be disposed into these wayes wherein the Infant is conceiued Afterward when it is born the same blood returneth by knowne and accustomed waies also into the pappes and there is whitned into milke to suckle it And this we take to be the nature of the second principle of our generation the mothers bloud or the monthly courses CHAP. IIII. Of Conception THese two principles of Generation Seede and the Mothers bloud are not at one and the same time auoyded in coition because the spermaticall and the The order of the accesse of the principles fleshy parts are not at one and the same time delineated But if the generation goe rightly on first both sexes doe affoord fruitfull and pure seedes which are poured out into the wombe as it were into a fertil field Afterward when the filaments or threds of the solide parts are lined out then the bloud floweth thereto as wel for the structure of the parenchymata or substaÌ„ces of the bowels as also for the nourishment of the whole embryo or little Infant The man therefore and the woman ioyned together in holy wedlocke and desirous to raise a posterity for the honour of God and propagation of their family in their mutual imbracements Hippocrates expounded doe either of them
concocted seede falleth from the Brayn and the spinall marrow This also may be confirmed by some sleight reasons In coition the Brayne is most chiefly affected then the spinall marrow and the veines Reasons to confirme this opinion Hippocrates and oftetimes as Hippocrates obserueth in his Books Epidemiωn and Lib. de internis affectibus vppon the immoderate vse of Venus there followeth Tabes dorsalis a consumption of the marrow of the backe Albertus Magnus maketh mention of a petulant lasciuious Stage-player whose head A story out of Albertus mag when he was dead was opened and there was found but a little part of his Brayne left the rest forsooth was consumed vpon harlots Adde hereto that vpon immoderate vse of women followeth baldnesse now baldnes we know commeth from the want of a hot and fatty moysture which kinde of moysture is spent in coition And Aristotle saith that no man growes bald before he haue knowne the vse of Venus This was often cast in Caesars teeth when he triumphed ouer the Galles Citizens keepe vp your wiues for wee bring home a bald Caesars disgrace Leacher And these are the authorities histories and reasons whereby some are perswaded to thinke that the seed floweth from the head vnto the testicles concerning this matter we will be bold to speake freely I confesse that Hippocrates had a most happy and diuine wit which as sayeth Macrobius would neuer deceiue any man nor could it selfe be deceiued Yet herein hee hath neede to be Hippocrates commendations excused and no maruell for in his age the Art of dissection was but rude scarcely knowne to any man and therefore it is that many of his sayings concerning Anatomy wee cannot His age rude in Anatomicall dissections either vnderstand or giue consent vnto Sure we are that there are no manifest or conspicuous passages as yet found from the Brayn and Spinall marrow to the Testicles vnlesse haply some small nerues which carry onely spirites but are not capable of seede neyther yet doe we finde any braunches deriued to the Testicles from the externall iugular veines vnlesse as all the veines of the body are continued one with another wee therefore cannot conceiue how thick and well laboured seed should passe into the Testicles from those veins which run behind the eares The Story of the Scythians which they obiect who grewe barren vppon the cutting of How the ScythiaÌ„s become barren the veines behinde their eares is of no force for they vnderstand not aright the cause of that barrennesse Some think that the Cicatrice or scar which grewe vppon the wound did shutte vppe the wayes of the seede Auicen thinketh that it came to passe because the descent of the Animall spirit was intercepted others think that the arteries were cut and so the passage of the vitall spirit hindered but these are fond assertions and sauour little of any knowledge in Anatomy for these veines and arteries which appeare behinde the eares are externall vessels There are farre larger vesselles internal which runne into the Brayne through the holes of the skull by which as by riuerets the brayne is wâ—tered and by which rather then by these outward which touch not the brayn at all the seede should fall from the head But let vs grant that the seede falleth through these outward veines shall we thinke that a scarre will hinder the passage or interclude the wayes of the seede and the spirites by no meanes For if thicke bloud floweth and returneth through these vesselles notwithstanding those hinderances why should not the seed passe also which is full fraught with spirits and will passe through insensible pores VVee must therefore enquire further 3. Causes of their barrennes out of Hippocrates for the cause of this sterility or barrennesse and not impute it to the interception of the wayes I finde in Hippocrates three causes of this their sterility their much riding their sciatica payne and the too great effusion of bloud vpon the cutting of those veines Continuall riding weakneth the strength of the loynes the kidneis and the spermatick parts now the Scithians did vse to ride perpetually and without stirrups That much riding may bee a cause of barrennesse Hippocrates sheweth in the place before Much riding may cause barrennes quoted where hee sayeth Amongest the Scythians the richest and most noble weere most of all others thus affected the poorer sorte least of all for the noble spirites because they vsed to ride much incurred these mischiefes whereas the poorer sorte went on foot From their frequent riding proceeded also their hip-gouts which is the second cause of sterility For nothing so much infirmeth and weakneth the body and to weaknes addeth the corruption So may paine of the humors as payne This payne that they might mittigate they cut the veines behinde their eares out of which issued great aboundance of bloud And hence came the third cause of their sterilitie for by the losse of much blood which is the very treasure of Nature theyr Braynes weere ouer cooled Nowe the Brayne is a principall part into consent wherewith the Heart and the Liuer were eftsoones drawne and hence came it to passe that their Seede was waterish And large effusion of bloud barren and vnfruitfull For the principall partes are all of them knitte and tyed together in so great and in so strayght bandes of conspiration that but one of them fayling or faltering both the other are sodainly deaded or be-numbed all their vigor and strength quite abated That their Braynes were refrigerated by the immoderate effusion of bloud Hippocrates Hippocrates playnely declareth in these wordes When the disease beginnes to take hould of them they cut both the veines which are behinde their eares And presently after abundance of bloode yssuing foorth they fall asleepe for meere weakenesse by which it appeareth that the cause of their barrennesse was not the closing vp of the passages but their inordinate riding the paine of the Sciatica and the refrigeration of the braine by the immoderate effusion or expence of blood and so consequently of spirits That which they obiect concerning the Macrocephali doth indeede proue that the sormatiue Faculty yssueth from the braine vnto the Testicles but it dooth not prooue that The obiectioÌ„ of the Macrocephali answered white and perfect seede descendeth thither from thence And whereas in coition the braine and the spinall marrow are especially affected that commeth to passe say we because their soft substance is soonest exhausted and doth lesse why the brain is most affected in coition resist the traction of the Testicles Add heereto that the braine is the last part wherein the traction of the Testicles doth rest and determine Galen in the third Chapter of his second Booke de Semine writeth that Empedocles doth not thinke that the seed fell from the whol body but half of it from one parent halfe from Empedocles opinion the other the
we acknowledge to bee many and diuerse to omit the rest we will make mention onely of three which are the especiall and most immediate 3. Efficient causes The first is the tickling of the turgid and itching seed now the seed is turgid that is houen or frothy by reason of the impetuous motion of the spirites for seede without spirites such as is anoyded in the Gonorrhaea breedeth no pleasure at all after the same manner those that abuse the vse of woemen by frequent copulation haue lesse pleasure then other men because they haue fewer spirits Yet is not this cause of it selfe sufficient to procure pleasure such especially as is conceiued but another cause is required which is the celerity or svviftnesse of the motion and of the excretion For as paine is neuer caused vnlesse there bee a sudden and svvift alteration so vvhen the seed issueth by little and little or vveepingly there is no pleasure at all Finally to these tvvo is added the exquisite sence of the partes of generation and their narrownesse For so the parts being tickled and the vesselles which were distended returning into their naturall scituation and constitution there is stirred vp a wonderfull delight and pleasure But that these things may be made more euident we will handle heere two problemes The first why the spirits as they passe through the other parts Veines Arteries 2. Problemes The first Sinnewes Membranes these last especially being of exquisit sense together with the blood and the humors do not induce the same pleasure which they doe in the spermaticall Organs Haply it is because this kinde of sensation by the wonderful prouidence of Nature is bestowed onely vpon the genitals for the conseruation of the species or kinde like as she Solution hath giuen onely to the mouth of the stomacke the sense of divulsion and appetite Or we may say that in the other vesselles there is not so sudden and headstrong an effusion of humors and spirits together The other Probleme is why men and woemen that are asleepe haue great pleasure in The second Probleme their Nocturnall polutions seeing that in sleepe the sensatiue faculties are all at rest for the Philosopher calleth sleepe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the rest of the first sensator Wee answere The Solution first that the imagination in sleepe is stronger then when wee are awake as appeareth in those that walke and talke in their sleep Againe in sleep the senses are not so drowned in sencelesnesse but that they are rowzed vp by a violent obiect and therefore such awake if they be violently stirred and for the most part such nightly pollutions doe awaken those who are troubled with them If you prick a sleeping man with a Needle euen before he awake he gathereth vp his body and if you continue he will awake though hee sleepe neuer so soundly Now the excretion of seede in a dreame is indeede a very strong obiect to the spermaticall parts These therefore are the causes of pleasure in the excretion or auoyding Whether mē or woemen haue greater pleasure of seede But whether the pleasure of the man or of the woman be the greater it would be a vaine and fruitlesse disquisition to enquire Indeede the woman conceiueth pleasure more waies that is in the auoyding of her owne seede and also in the attraction of the mans for which cause the Tyresian Priest who had experience of both sexes preferred The answere the woman in this kinde but the pleasure of the man is more intense partly because his seede is more hot and spirituous partly also because it yssueth with greater violence and with a kinde of Almaine leape or subsultation And thus much concerning the first principle of generation that is the seed of both sexes Now we come to the second principle which is the Mothers blood QVEST. VIII Whether the Menstruall Blood haue any noxious or hurtfull qualitie therein COncerning the Nature of the Menstruall blood there hath been and yet is so hard hold and so many opinions euen among Physitians themselues that it were a shame to make mention of all their differences much more to insist vpon them But because we would pretermit nothing that were worthy of your knowledge wee will insist vppon the chiefe heads of the Controuersie The first of which shall bee concerning the matter of the Courses All men do agree that this blood is an excrement for like a superfluity it is euery month Of the matter of the courses driuen foorth of the wombe but because there are two kinds of excrements the one Naturall and profitable the other altogether vnprofitable and vnnaturall wee must enquire of which kinde this menstruall blood is That it is an vnprofitable excrement and of a noxious or hurtfull quality may bee proued by the authority of famous learned men as also by strong reasons Hippocrates in his That it is ill qualitied Hippocrates authority first Booke De morbis mulierum expresseth the malignant quality thereof in these words It fretteth the earth like Vineger and gnaweth the body of the woman wheresoeuer it lighteth and vlcerateth the parts of generation Aristotle in the 19. Chapter of his fourth Booke De Natura Aristotle Galen Animalium writeth that that kind of blood is diseased and vitiated Galen in the eight Chapter of his Booke de Atra bile saith that euery moneth a superfluous portion of blood vnprofitable not onely in quantity but also in quality is auoided Moses that great Law-giuer as we read in holy Scripture made an Edict that no Menstruous woman should come Moyses into the Sanctuary Let her touch no holy thing nor enter into the Sanctuary whilst the dayes of her purgation be fulfilled By the Lawes of the Zabri those women that had their courses The lawes of the Zabri were interdicted the company and society of men and the places where she did stand were cleansed by fire Hesiodus forbiddeth that any man should frequent those bathes vvhere menstruous women haue bathed themselues Pliny also in the 28. Chapter of his 7. booke Pliny Columella doe think that this bloud is not only vicious but poysonous For by the touch thereof the young vines do wither the buds of hearbes are burnt vp yea glasses are infected Columella with a kinde of tabes If a Dogge licke of it he will run mad and wanton women are wont Reason and experience to bewitch their Louers with this bloud whence Outd calleth it Lunare virus the Moone poyson wherefore it is not onely superfluous in quantity but in the whole quality a noysom excrement This poysonous quality thereof women haue dayly and lamentable experience of in their owne bodies for if it bee suppressed it is a wonder to see what horrible and how many symptomes doe arise there-from If sayeth Hippocrates in his first Booke de morbis mulierum it bee stabled without the wombe it ingendereth Inflamations Cancers
inconueniences before named doe happen in a diseased woman so we deny that there is any such in a sound haile and well disposed womans body And if at any time the suppression of the courses in a sound body doeth bring forth any of those fore-mentioned symptomes that commeth to passe because of the stay abode of it or else because euill humors doe fall together with the blood vnto the wombe which is a common sinke as it were of the body by the permixtion of which humours the blood acquireth a malignant quality Those incommodities of the menstruous blood before remembred are great arguments The discomodities of the courses proue their purity of the purity thereof for those thinges which are most pure are soonest vitiated and being once taynted are most offensiue so the symptomes of suppressed seede are more grieuous then those that come from the suppression of the courses because the seede is the purer and fuller of spirits Hence it is that the carkasse of a man casteth a worse stench or sauour then the carkasse of any other creature because a mans body is of all other the most temperate And Hippocrates in his Booke de morbis sayth that by how much the Aliment is better and more pure by so much is their corruption worse and more offensiue And thus much of the Nature and quality of the menstruous blood QVEST. IX Whether the menstruous bloud be the cause of those Meazels and small Pocks which are wont once in a mans life to trouble him IT belongeth not to this place to dispute of the Nature differences and all the causes of the small pockes as also whether the varioli morbilli exanthemata and ecthymata be of one and the same Nature or no wee will onely touch that which pertayneth to our present purpose It is a very obscure question which hath a great while exercised the wits The question of many men Whether the small Pocks and Meazels which are wont once in a mans life to happen vnto him doe come by reason of the impurity of the menstruall bloud I will not heere enlarge my selfe to reckon vp vnto you all the opinions of all men which haue written of this question but onely tell you what we thinke and that as shortly and perspicuously as the Nature of the cause will giue leaue It is a sure thing that among ten thousand All men haue once the smal-pox men and women there can bee scarce one found who once in their life are not afflicted with this disease Auenzoar writeth that it is almost a miracle if any man escape them It is therefore a common disease because it taketh hold of all men Now it is Hippocrates resolution in his Booke de Natura hominis that common diseases haue also common causes When many men at the same time labour of the same disease wee determine that the cause of that disease is common But what cause may this be that is so common to all men Not the ayre for we doe not all breath the same ayre one man liueth in an impure ayre another in a pure one inhabiteth in the North another in the South wherfore The opinion of the Arabians that they come of the impurity of the courses it must be some Principle which is this common cause This Principle the Arabians first of all men acknowledged to be the Menstrual blood as Auicen Auenzoar Halyabas and Auerrhoes wherof the Parenchymata of the bowels are gathered and the particular particles of the Infant are nourished For though this blood bee pure and laudable yet by the permixtion of the humours which fall from all the partes of the body vnto the wombe as it were into the common poomp or sinke it becommeth impure whence it is that as well the spermaticall as the fleshie partes beeing defyled with that corruption are of necessitie once in a mannes lyfe cleansed and depurated no otherwise then VVine in the caske woorketh and cleanseth it selfe The trueth of this opinion that it may appeare more cleare we wil see what may be obiected to it and discusse the same as carefully as wee can that no scruple may bee lefte behinde The Infant is nourished with pure blood 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayeth Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri Reasons to the contrary First Answered 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It draweth out of the bloud that which is the sweetest and therefore there cannot any euill quality settle vppon the solide or fleshy partes I answere out of the sixt Chapter of Galens first Booke de causis Symptomatum That the Infant whilest it is young and small in the first monethes draweth the purest part of blood but when it becommeth larger then it draweth the pure and impure together promiscuously or we say that the blood that the Infant draweth out of the veynes wherewith it is nourished is of it owne Nature pure but is defyled by the humours which are wont to be purged by the wombe For Aristotle sayeth in his tenth Booke de Historia Animalium that the wombe is a seruile member ordained to expell those things of which the body behooueth to be purged Againe they obiect if the small poxe grow vpon the impurity of the menstrual blood Second why is not that ebullition or boyling of the bloud instantly in the first monethes when the Infant is tender and weake and there is the greatest disposition of the causes moouing thereunto but after many yeares yea sometimes not before olde age why doe not acute Agues or other diseases which happen in the life time cleanse the body of that corruption Wee answere out of Hippocrates that one age differeth from another and one Nature Answered from another A poyson wil sometimes lurke in the body more yeares then one which in the end will bewray it selfe and either oppresse Nature or bee ouercome by it and auoided So the virulency and poyson of the French disease and of the Leprosie will lie hid for some yeares and the poyson of a mad dog a great while before it shew it selfe Their third reason is That some men are troubled with the smal pox oftner then once yea Third many times and therfore they procced other-whence then from the infection of the menstruall blood But this is a childish argument for the disease doth therefore returne because Answered haply the expulsiue faculty is weak and thereupon there remaine some reliques of the matter of the disease so sayth Hippocrates in the 12. Aphorisme of the 2. Section The remaynders or reliques of diseases are wont to be the causes of relapses Their fourth reason is the menstruall blood is turned into the substance of the parts by nutrition now the parts do not suffer any ebullition but the humors onely it is therefore Fourth absurd to imagine that the pox should be generated of their heat or working to whom we answere thus The solid parts do not indeed worke or suffer
of themselues make the species of the Creature If it bee granted also according to Aristotle that they are imperfect essences or beings it is necessary that they should bee Aristotle mixed otherwise they cannot bee nourished or animated together as Hippocrates sayeth in Hippocrates his Booke de Natura pueri And in his first Booke de diaeta he blameth them that doubt whether of two fires a third may arise If any man sayth he deny that a Soule is mingled with a Soule that is one seede with another let him be held for an Idiot in Physicke And in the very beginning of his Booke de Natura pueri If the geniture proceeding from both the parents be retayned in the wombe of the woman they are presently mixed into one And thus much of the effusion of the seedes of both Sexes the pleasure thereuppon conceiued and the permixtion of the seeds themselues QVEST. XII Whether the wombe haue any operatiue or actiue power in the conformation of the Creature IT wil not be hard to vntie this knot According to the Philosophers rule there is a double agent one Principall another Helpfull or assistant onely A principall agent no man will say the wombe is because then a woman could conceiue A double agent alone without the helpe of the man and besides Females onely Males neuer should be formed The wombe therfore worketh as Causa sine qua non a cause not so much of the being as without which it could not be because it awaketh and stirreth vp the sleepy and hidden vertue of the seede The Physitians make three kindes of 3. kinds of Efficent causes among Physitians Efficient causes Principall Helping or that without which a thing cannot be done So in Purgations the principall cause is the propriety of the medicine the Helping cause is the hot Temper the cause sine qua non is our naturall heate without which the power of the medicine being drowsie would neuer be brought into act So in the conformation of the Infant the principal cause is the Seed I meane the spirits of the seed by which as by workemen the Soule which is the noble and chiefe Architect frameth a mansion fit for the performance of her different functions The Helping cause is a laudable Temper of the seedes and of the wombe The Causa sine qua non is the wombe For because the seeds are not actually Animated but only potentially they need another principle whereby their How many wayes the wombe worketh power may be brought into act the wombe therefore worketh diuerse wayes First of all it draweth the Seede of the man through the necke no otherwise then a Hart draweth a Snake by his nosethrilles out of the earth For the seede is not powred into the cauity of the wombe as some of the Auntients thought but into the necke thereof The bottome First by traction therefore of the wombe meeteth with the Seede halfe way and with his inward mouth as with a hand it snatcheth it vnto it selfe and layeth it vp safely in her bosome And euen as sayeth Galen in his first Booke de semine a hungery stomack runneth with his bottom euen vnto the throate to snatch the meate out of the mouth before it be halfe chewed so the wombe which is the very seat of Concupiscence being desirous and longing after the seed moueth it selfe wholly euen to the priuities and this is the first action of the womb to wit the traction of the Seede of the man The second action of the wombe is the permixtion of the seedes now they be mixed either 2. By mixtion by themselues or by another not of themselues because they are not alwayes auoided at the same time as we haue in the question before going proued out of Hippocrates Aristotle neither yet are they eiaculated into the same place for the mans seede is cast into the neck of the wombe the womans into the sides of the bottome which we call the horns of the wombe the wombe therefore maketh this permixtion of the seedes which the Barbarians call Aggregation The third action of the wombe is the Retention of the seedes in which the woman feeleth a manifest motion of the wombe for it gathereth crumpleth and corrugateth it selfe 3. By retention and so exquisitly shutteth his orifice that it will not admit the poynt of a Probe The last action of the wombe is the suscitation or raising vp of the seedes which wee 4. By conception commonly call Conception Now the faculty of the seed is raysed or rowsed not so much by the heate of the wombe as by his in-bred propriety for if the seede should be cast into any other part of the body though it were hotter then the vvombe it would not be conceyued but putrified After Conception the action of the vvombe ceaseth the vvhole processe of the vvorke of Nature in fourming nourishing and increasing is left vnto the Infant this one thing the vvombe performeth it conteyneth preserueth and cherisheth the Infant because the place is the preseruer of that which is placed therein QVEST. XIII Of vitious or faulty Conceptions and especially of the Mola THat Conception is made by the in-bred propriety of the Wombe this among the rest manifestly prooueth that into what part of the body soeuer sauing into this the seede is powred this power or efficacy is neuer stirred vp neither commeth into acte so that conception is as properly the action of the wombe as Chylification is the action of the stomacke But that conception may be perfect the seede which is yeelded and reteined must be pure and fruitfull What is required to perfect conception By pure I vnderstand with Hippocrates that which is not sickly or diseased neither yet mingled with blood For blood is not requisite to generation till after the description of the spermaticall parts is begun otherwise the seede being choaked by the aboundance of the blood neither at all attempteth his worke neither can it bring to perfection that it could haue well begun Againe if the seedes be vnfruitfull what hope can there be of a haruest To perfect conception there is further required an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or lawdable temper of the wombe for those whose wombes are either hot or colde or moyst or dry aboue measure do not conceiue as saith Hippocrates If therefore any of these things be wanting wee cannot hope for a lawfull conception but either there will bee none at all or a depraued and vitious such as is of the Moone-calfe or Mola For Nature rather endeauoureth an imperfect Nature endeuoureth a depraued conception rather then none why and depraued Conception then none at all because she is greedy of propagation and diligent to maintaine the perpetuity of he kindes of things wherefore rather then she will do nothing she will endeuour any thing how imperfect soeuer So when Nature maketh wormes in the stomacke and guts she doth
distinguish a Mola from an Infant out of Hippocrates Conception Hippocrates in his first Book de morbis mulierum and in his Book de Sterilibus conceiueth that the signes of the Mola are fetcht from these foure The tumor or swelling of the belly the motion milke and the time of the gestation For the first the belly sooner swelles vpon the conception of a Mola then of an Infant beside it is stiffer stretched The tumor of the belly and carried with more difficulty For the motion if after the third and fourth moneth the woman feele no motion the Conception is faulty for sayeth Hippocrates Male Infants do moue the third moneth and Females the fourth But the Mola is altogether immoueable vnlesse it be accidentally moued together with the wombe and if a woman in that case feele sometimes a trembling and panting motion The motion wee say it is not so much caused by the Mola it selfe as from the wombe which striueth to shake off so vnprofitable a burthen Beside the motion of the Mola and the Infant is altogether vnlike for the Infant of it owne accord turneth himselfe and mooueth euery way the Mola like a bowle or vnwealdy bulke is rowled to the right side or to the lefte as the wombe doeth incline to either hand A Mole pressed with the hand giueth way instantly but presently returneth thither againe the Infant as it yeeldeth not presently so after it hath giuen way it returneth not into the same place and position againe The third signe of the Mole Hippocrates taketh from the Nature of the Milke This is the greatest and most certaine argument of the Mola if there appeare no Milke in the Pappes But if the Conceptions be legittimate there is milke For this we haue a Golden saying in the Booke de Natura pueri As soone as the Infant beginneth to mooue euen then the Milk bewrayeth 3. signifi from the Milke Hippocrates it to the mother But if a Mola be conceyued there is no Milke generated Amongest all the rest there is indeede no signe so infallible as that which is fetched from the time of the Gestation For if the Tumor of the belly continue after the eleauenth month which is the vtmost limit of Gestation and yet there appeare no signes of a dropsie wee may bee bold to say it is not an infant but a Mola that is conceiued And Hippocrates saith That a woman may beare a Mola two yea three yeares Aristotle also in the 7. chapter of his fourth Booke De generatione Animalium saith that a Mola may endure in a womans body foure yeares yea the whole course of her life so that A Mol◠may lye long in the womb why she may grow old with it yea and dye with it of another disease and in the tenth Booke De Historia Animalium he rendreth the reason because saith hee being no creature it vrgeth not the wombe neither mooueth therein as doth the childe who by kicking seeketh a way out for himselfe Moreouer the Mola breatheth not neither needeth any aer at all and therefore seeketh not passage for it The late Writers add that the woman which hath conceiued a Mola becommeth pale looseth all her colour yea and pineth away in her whole body And thus much of the Mola his nature and the signes whereby it may bee distinguished from a Lawfull Conception QVEST. XIIII Of Monsters and Hermophradites TO depraued and illegittimate Conceptions must Monsters be referred concerning which it shall not be out of our way to giue you some briefe Notice Monsters Aristotle calleth Excursions and Digressions of Nature taking his Metaphor from Trauellers who wander out of their way yet go stil on their intended iourney For when Nature cannot accomplish and bring to perfection that shee intendeth least she should be idle which is a thing incompetent to The definitiō of a Monster her disposition she doth what she can And in the second Booke of his Physickes he defineth a Monster to be a fault or error or praeuarication of Nature working for some ende of which she is frustrated because of some principle corrupted Monsters happen many wayes and there are of them innumerable differences We will onely handle the chiefe in this place because haply in another work we may be in this kind The differences more particular Monsters happen either when the sexe is vitiated or when the Conformation is vnlawfull In the sex when they are of an vncertaine sex so that you may doubt Monsters in sexe whether it be a male or a female or both as Hermophradites Bi-sexed Hermophradites they call Androgynas 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In males that commeth to passe three How manie kinds of Hermophradites manner of wayes When in the Perinaeum or Interfaeminium that is the place betweene the cod and the fundament there appeareth a small womans priuity again when the same happeneth in the cod but without any auoyding of excrement by it and thirdly when in the same place the vrine issueth In females there is but one manner when a yard or virile member beareth out in the bottome of the share-bone aboue the top of the genitall in the place of the Clitoris Some add in men when there appeareth a small priuity of a woman aboue the roote of the yard In women when a yard appeareth at the Leske or in the Perinaeum In conformation Monsters are more ordinary To Conformation we referre Figure Monsters in conformation Magnitude Scituation and Number In Figure Monsters happen if a man haue a prone or declining Figure like a bruite beast if he haue the face of a Dogge of a VVolfe a Fox In Figure a Toad or such like In Magnitude Exceeding or Deficient if there be an vnequal proportion Magnitude of the parts as a great heade or againe so little that it agreeth not with the rest of the parts In Scituation as if the eyes be in the middle of the forehead the Nosethrilles in the sides the eares in the nowle or such like In Number Exceeding as when it is diuided into Scituation Number two bodies two heads foure armes or such like or Deficient if it haue but one eye no eares and the like Concerning the causes of Monsters diuers men are of diuers mindes The Diuine referres it to the iudgement of God the Astrologers to the Starres Alcabitius saieth there The Causes of Monsters are certaine degrees in which if the Moone be when a child is conceiued the birth becommeth monstrous We list not to exclude the iust vengeance of Almighty God which no doubt hath a great stroake in these things but to speake as a Physitian or Naturall Philosopher it must be granted that all these aberrations of Nature are to be referred vnto the The true causes Materiall and Efficient causes of generation The Matter is the seede the Efficient or Agent is either Primary or Secondary The Primary or principle cause is
of the infant by seauens Strabo Diocles and seuens alluding to that maiesty of the Septinary number which Plato conceiueth it to carry in it Others thinke that 45 dayes is the vtmost limit of Conformation For sixe dayes they ascribe spumificationi to the frothing of it foure Lineationi to the delineation eight to the Repletion of the lines fourteene Carnificationi to the generation of flesh finally thirteene Afformationi to the accomplishment The least time of this processe of Nature is thirty dayes sixe for Spumification two for Delineation foure for Repletion or filling of the Lines nine for Carnification and as many for Afformation Others thus in Verse Sex sunt in lacte dies ter sunt in sanguine terni Bis seni Carnem ter seni Membra figurant Sixe dayes it is in Milke in blood three thrice accounted Twelue figurate the flesh Members sixe thrice amounted Hippocrates much more diuinely and distinctly Males are formed at the vttermost the Hippocrates Why the male is sooner formed in the wombe 30. day and Females the fortieth or the 42. Now the reason why a man childe is sooner formed in the wombe then a woman and yet a woman out of the womb sooner commeth to perfection then a man is indeed worth the search This Hippocrates hath left vs in the second Section of his sixt Booke Epidemiωn Mas concreuit coaluitque citius vbi motus est conquiescit tardins augescit longioreque tempore A Male gathereth sooner and is sooner articulated after hee moueth hee stinteth his motion and groweth more slowly and in a longer time the same also he hath in the third Section of the third Booke Epidemiωn That which moueth sooner and is sooner articulated is longer increasing in his growth The demonstration of the trueth of this is to be fetched also from Hippocrates the Man-child is sooner formed in the wombe because he is hotter for conformation is the worke of heate and in the first Booke de Diaeta Males are generated of hotter seede Females of colder And in his Booke de Natura pueri in expresse words This is the reason why a Female is formed and articulated later then a Male because the seede of the one is moyster and weaker then the seede of the other Adde hereto the nature and condition of the place for Males for the most part are generated in the right side Females in the left as appeareth in the 48. Aphorisme of the first Section now the right side is hotter then the left But why the Female out of the womb is sooner perfected we must seek for a demonstration out of Aristotle in his Book de ortu adinteritu The times of perfection and imperfection Why the female is sooner perfected out of the wombe Aristotles reason ought to be proportionably answerable one to another corruption is an imperfection but accretion and generation are accounted kinds of perfection whatsoeuer sooner perisheth attayneth also sooner his perfection So an acute and short disease runneth suddenly through all his foure times and commeth sooner to his height or pitch then a chronicall or long disease Now for the most part and generally women die sooner then men as being of a shorter life because the principles of their life are weaker and therefore they also doe sooner attayne the perfection of their life To this wee may adde the softnesse of their bodies which makes them more apt for extension Hippocrates who was ignorant of nothing in his Booke de septimestripartu expresseth this briefly and plainly in these words After Females are separated from their mothers that is are borne they cotten sooner then men grow sooner wise and sooner old as well because of A double reason assigned by Hippocrates the weaknes of their bodies as by reason of the maner of their life He therefore acknowledgeth a double cause the first is weaknes so that that which in the wombe was the cause of their flower conformation and motion the same is the cause out of the wombe of their more sudden accelerated perfection For a Female is a thing more imperfect then a Male and hath her end nearer then he and therefore needeth not so long a worke of Nature The other cause is the manner of their diet and course of life for their life is idlie led in want of exercise Now slothfulnes sayeth Celsus dulleth the body labour strengthneth it the first maturateth Celsus or hastneth old age the second prolongeth youth Nether sayeth Hippocrates in his Book de victus ratione in morbis acutis can a man enioy perfect health vnlesse he labour his Hippocrates body and take paynes and in the fourth Section of the sixt Booke Epidemiωn The best way to maintaine health is to eate vnder satietie and to be free and diligent at labour QVEST. XX. Whence it commeth that children are like their Parents AS among Philosophers there is a three-fold forme of euery creature the first A threefold forme Specificall the second of the sexe and the third of the Indiuiduum or particular by which it is that no other thing So among Phisitians there is a threefold A threefold similitude similitude The first in specie i. in the kinde the second the sexe the third in the fashion or feature or indiuiduall figure The similitude of the kinde they call that when a creature of the same kinde is procreated What is the similitude of the species as a man of a man a dog of a dogge for euery thing worketh not vpon euery thing neither doth euery thing suffer by euery thing but euery agent worketh vpon his determinate patient and therefore of the seede and bloud of a man onely a man is made In this specificall similitude there is much attributed to the materiall cause and that is the reason why the of-spring is vniuersally liker to the Female then to the Male for the Female affordeth more matter to the generation then the Male so of a shee Goat and a Ramme is generated a Kid not a Lambe of a Sheep and a hee Goat a Lambe not a Kid. What is the similitude of the sexe and whence The similitude of the sex that is why a Male or Female is generated hath for cause the Temper of the seede his mixture and victory For if the seede of both Parents be very hot Males are generated if very cold Females If in the permixtion of the seedes the male seed haue the vpper hand a Male is procreated if the Female seede a Female This first of all Hippocrates taught in his first Booke de diaeta where he acknowledgeth in either sexe a double seede the one masculine hotter and stronger the other feminine that is colder out of the diuers permixtion of which both Males and Females are generated He therefore thus distinguisheth a threefold Generation of Males and Females If both A threefold generation of Males out of the Parents yeeld a masculine seede they breede
Male children of a noble and generous disposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nobly minded and strong of body If from the man there issue masculine seede from the woman feminine and the masculine preuaile a Hippocrates Male will be generated but lesse generous and strong then the former If from the woman there issue masculine seed from the man feminine and the masculine ouercome a Male wil be generated but womanish soft base and effeminate The very like may bee sayed of the Generation of Females For if from both the Parents doe issue feminine seede a Female will be procreated most weake and womanish VVhich Hippocrates in the first Section of his sixt Booke Epidemiωn calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aquescentes soft waterish and loose bodies If from the woman proceede a feminine seede and from the man a masculine and yet the feminine ouercome women are begotten bold and moderate If from the man proceede feminine seede and from the woman masculine and the womans A threefold generation of Females seede preuaile women are begotten 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is fierce and mannish The Temper therefore of the seede and the victory in the permixtion are the causes of the similitude of the sex that is of Males and Females which causes are also not a little assisted by the Temper of the wombe and the condition of the place for as I haue often said Male children are borne in the right side Females in the left The third similitude remayneth which consisteth altogether in the figure forme and accidents The similitude of the indiuiduum of the indiuiduum This Galen in his second Booke de semine will haue to consist in the differences of the partes and in the conformation of the members By this one is white another blacke one hawke nosed another flat or saddle nosed In this similitude of the Indiuiduum consisteth all the difficulty of this question which we will mince as small as we can that it may be disgested without labour from hence taking our beginning The Infant sometimes is altogether like the mother sometimes altogether like the Father other somtimes like them both that is in some parts resembling the mother in others the father Oftentimes he resembleth neither the father nor the mother but the grandfather or the great grandfather sometimes he will be like an vnknowne friend as for example an Aethiopian or such like who neuer had hand in his generation Of all these similitudes we haue many examples in authours of approued credit The people called Cammatae haue common wiues and euery man chuseth his childeren Diuers examples of this similitude or refuseth them as they are more or lesse like vnto himselfe Among the Chinians the children are like their fathers in their nose their eyes their forehead and their beard There haue beene in certaine stockes and Tribes signes which they called signa gentilitia that is Stocke-markes as to the Spartanes and Thebanes a Launce some had a Starre Thyestes a Crabbe which were imprinted in their bodies from their birth and these sometimes were extinguished in their children and grand children but after a long time appeared againe in their posterities Deleucus and his posterity had in their thighes the fashion and representation of an Anchor Iulia the daughter of Augustus Caesar although she playd false and had many copesmates yet all her children were like her husband Being asked what Art she had for that conuayance she answered wittily and in some sort honestly in respect of others of her profession That she neuer took in her passenger till her ship were fraughted I passe by what might be sayd of the Lentuli and the Macrocephali It will concerne vs more to spend our time in the search after the causes of these things The cause of this similitude or likenesse of the forme and feature is very obscure and The first opinion of them that refer this likenes to the imagination The Arabians opinion full of controuersie Empedocles the Pythagorean referreth the cause of this likenesse only to the Imagination whose force is so great that as it oftentimes changeth the body of the Imaginer so also it transferreth his efficacy into the seed conceiued The Arabians attributed so much to Imagination that they thought the Soule might so farre bee eleuated by imagination that it should not only worke vpon it own body but also vpon an others and that Soules so eleuated and enobled were able to change the Elements to heale diseases to weaken whom they listed to worke myracles and finally to exercise a kind of command ouer all kinds of matter Aristotle in the 12 Probleme of his tenth Section acknowledgeth this power of the Imagination in the Conception and Infant conceiued For he asketh Aristotles the question why the off-spring of men are so vnlike one to another and maketh aunswere because in man the swiftnesse of the cogitation and the variety of their wits did imprint many and diuers markes and seuerall impressions Galen in his Booke de Theriaca ad Pisonem I counselled saith hee an Aethyopian that hee A History out of Galen might beget a white and beautifull childe to set at his beds feete a faire picture vppon which his wife might wistly looke in the time of her conception He obeyed my counsell and obtained his desire And that was the reason why Hessodus forbad women to haue company vvith theyr husbands when they returned from a Funerall but when they came from bankets and disport For the illustration of this we haue a story of a Sabine wife of whome Sir Thomas More wrote an elegant verse And S. Hierom in his questions vpon Genesis maketh mention S. Ierom. of a woman who was suspected for an Adultresse because she brought foorth a childe no way like her husband but cleared her honesty because shee shewed a picture in her chamber like the childe she brought forth Thus Iacob in the 30. of Genesis cunningly made Iacob the greatest part of the flocke of a spotted fleece by laying before the Ewes spotted rodds Pliny in the 7. Booke of his Naturall History remembreth many examples to this purpose and Fernelius in the 7. Booke of his Physiologia conceiueth that the Imagination onelie is the cause of this similitude of the feature by which alone hee thinketh the Facultie vvhich Fernelius formeth the figure is led and gouerned But me thinkes it is very harde to make the Imagination the onely cause of this Similitude For neither the Imagination nor any other faculty which hath knowledge ioyned That it is not the imagination alone thereto is able to work vnlesse it haue his obiect present by which it may be mooued Now we know that a childe often resembleth one whom the mother neuer knew Adde heereto that in the coition all the Animall faculties are almost intercepted so as the forming faculty can scarse receiue or conceiue those Imaginations Againe if the Imagination alone
fit for generation yet is it sufficient to prouoke pleasure VVe acknowledge other causes of this disposition of women and those naturall For the Morall causes of which Lactantius writeth in his book de vero cultu we leaue to diuines The true causes thereof First The first is the scituation and conformation of the wombe for in other creatures when they are great with yong the wombe is nearer the outward parts and therefore more in danger to be violated by the Male whose genitals are of a great length and for the most part of a harder substance But a womans womb is scituated further inward and beyond the mans reach and therefore she beareth him the more easilier Again to beasts the vse of Venus Second is onely giuen for the preseruation of their kinde if therefore they conceiue the finall cause being satisfied their desire of coition is also appeased but man vseth these pleasures not onely to propagate his kind but also to sweeten and mittigate the tedious and irksome labors and cares of his life Poppea the daughter of Agrippa being asked this question why Poppea her accute answere beasts did not copulate after they had conceiued her answer was because they were beastes and truely the answere beside the quicknesse of it was not amisse for it is a prerogatiue which Nature hath giuen to man aboue other creatures but to returne to our question It appeareth therefore that the reason why superfaetation is more ordinary in women then in How superfoetation is all other creatures is because when shee hath conceiued yet shee may desire the society of the Male. Now let vs enquire how this superfaetation may be Most certaine it is that the wombe is so greedy of seede that after Conception it is so contracted that there is no void space left in it and the inward orifice so close shut that nothing can passe into it or issue out of it This Galen teacheth vs in many places and Hippocrates Hippocrates The opinion of some in the 51. Aphorisme of the 5. Section Those that are with child haue the mouth of their wombes closed How therefore can it be that the seede of the Male can ariue into the bosome of the wombe to make a second Conception There haue beene some of the Antients who dreamt that by a wonderfull prouidence of Nature the womb at certaine times did open it selfe to auoyde those things which might otherwise offend it at which times if a woman with child should accompany with a man the wombe might entertaine his seed Consuted and so breede a Superfoetation But I take these to be but idle and addle imaginations For if through the whole course of those nine months the wombe should at certaine times open it self to expell that that is superuacuous why then are the Lochia i those purgations which issue after trauel reteined all the time in the womb Or can the womb at the same time that it auoideth that wherewith it is offended receiue also the seede whereby it is pleased and conceiue the same Rather the seed would so be extinguished Among the late writers there are some who thinke that the wombe is neuer so exquisitly shut but that it may admit seede which their opinion they establish by these Reasons Another opinion of the new writers Reason 1. When women are with child they often auoide their Courses pallid Flegmatick or black which out of question lay lurking in the cauity of the VVombe and therefore the Orifice thereof is not so perfectly shut Againe a woman with childe in coition looseth seede which she perceyueth to yssue from her by her lap which way it could not yssue vnlesse it came thorough the necke from the cauity of the wombe because a woman eiaculateth her seede by the sides into the bottome of her wombe The orifice therefore of the wombe is alwayes open and so hapneth superfoetation the more easily With these arguments they think they haue won the cause Disproued whereas for want of skill in Anatomy they cast a mist ouer Hippocrates Sunshine For that I may answer their first argument It is manifest by this maner of reasoning that they are ignorant The first reason satisfied that there are two veines which disperse their branches through the wombe some of which are carried to the inward cauity thereof by which the infant is nourished others run to the outward part of the wombe euen vnto the necke and the lap it selfe By these all the time of their ingrauidation or in which they go with childe the bloode yssueth and the superfluities of the body are purged without interruption although the inward orifice of the wombe be neuer so closely shut Their latter reason would vrge more The second reason answered but that we finde two passages whereby the womans seede is auoyded The first passage determineth in the hornes or sides of the wombe by which the seede is eiaculated into the bosome of the wombe when a woman is not with childe for it is the shorter and the opener way The other passage was vnknown to the Ancients and to many also of the later Anatomists Two passages of seede but easie to be obserued in Dissection if it be diligently sort for It ioyneth vvith the former but is longer and runneth along the sides of the wombe and the necke and endeth in the lap By this passage we beleeue that women with childe do auoide their seede and therefore do conceyue greater pleasure in their husbands companies because the Seede runneth a longer course through the vessels and beside through the Membranous neck of the wombe both which are of exquisite sense The manner of Superfoetation Hippocrates first of all opened in his Booke de Superfoetatione where hee saith Superfoetation hapneth to those women the mouth of whose wombe after The manner of superfoetation out of Hippocrates their first Conception is not close shut For if at that time a woman do againe accompanie with her husband she will easily receyue his seede and lay it vp in the bosom of the womb from whence commeth a second Conception Now this must be vnderstood of the thirde or fourth day after the first conception for the wombe cannot abide open all the time of Conformation But a Question may be asked whither Superfoetation may happen after the first second Whether superfoetation may be after two or three moneths Answere or third month of the first conception as many men do write and alledge manie examples therefore We answere we thinke it may so happen but very rarely For the wombe may be so enraged that it may open againe and receiue new seede and yet the former conception not be violated if the woman be sound and the infant strong as well because it is firmly tied to the wombe by the mouths of the vesselles as also because as yet it seeketh not to bee enlarged This we sayth Laurentius haue sometimes obserued in
Some of the Interpreters that they might auoide these snares haue disallowed of his Booke de Septimestri partu as if it were not Hippocrates owne at least they boldly affirme that this place is corrupted But wee on the other side are as confident that it is truly Hippocraticall That Hippoc. Booke de Sept. partu is legitimate For not onely Galen Commented vpon it a few fragments of whose labour remaine to this day but also the Lawyers of that time vvhen Learning did most flourish at â—ome and Athens did translate this very sentence according as we at this day read it into the number of their Sanctions Wherefore these diuers not contrary places concerning the number of dayes we will thus reconcile The Latitude of the seauenth month is very great neither is the seauenth-moneth birth Hip. interpreted alwayes brought into the world in one and the same day There is a seauenth moneth beginning and a seauenth month perfected The Beginning consisteth of a hundred eighty daies a part the perfection consisteth of two hundred ten dayes Before an hundred eighty two dayes no infant suruiueth so that this is the first limit of the seauenth moneth After two hundred and ten daies it is no more called a seuenth-month but an eight-month birth The first births in the beginning of the seauenth moneth are indeede vitall yet verie languid and weake the latter are very strong Wherefore Hippocrates in the places before quoted expressed onely the two extreame times of the seauenth-month birth that is to say the first and the last The middle times he maketh no mention of as of two hundred foure daies because they are sufficiently knowne by the nature of that extreame vnto The vtmost time of the seuen-month birth which they approach the neerest And this is not my interpretation of Hippocrates but Hippocrates owne For as in his Booke de Octimestripartu he calleth those Decimestres not onely who accomplish ten whole months but also that reach a few dayes within the tenth month So those are called Septimestres who beside six full months do attaine some dayes of the seauenth And yet more plainly in his Book de Alimento after he hath described the Septimestres Octimesters Nonimestres and Decimestres partus at length he breaketh out into these words In these months are begotten or rather breede more and fewer according vnto the whole and the parts that is either in a part of the moneth or in the whole and full moneth And in his Booke de Septimestri partu he saith that the fiue months which come between the first and the seuenth must be numbred whole but the first and the seuenth it skilleth not much though they be imperfect So in the computation of the Critical dayes those daies which go before the Crisis must be accompted whole but the Criticall day it selfe wherein Nature endeauoureth the Crisis hath a great latitude for a Crisis yea a happy and prosperous one may fal out in the beginning The intermediate daies months are onely perfect in the middest or in the end of the seauenth or the fourteenth daies wherefore those months which go before the birth must be al accompted whol excepting the first againe the very month of the birth which is of the same nature for accompt with the Criticall day hath two extreames and many intermediate times In any of which if the infant be borne he may suruiue And thus I thinke you may cleare your selfe out of the Thornie and intricate passages of months and dayes in the Computation of the legitimate or illegitimate times of the birth QVEST. XXXI What are the vniuersall and particular Causes of the Birth DEmocritus a great Philosopher of his time complaineth that the truth is drowned in a deepe well The Pyrronij or Scepticke Philosophers thinke that all Democritus The Septickes Aristotle things are vncertaine and that nothing can be determinately knowne Aristotle the Father of the Schoole of Philosophers saith that the certaine and Naturall causes of all things naturall are onely knowne to Philosophers which before Philosophy it selfe was borne our admired maister Hippocrates in his Booke de Aere aquis locis hath thus expressed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nothing in Nature is done vvithout Hippocrates Nature that is without a naturall cause These causes if any man with Heraclitus shal deny he shall not onely entangle himselfe in a thousand Labyrinths of absurdities but also for feite Heraclitus all knowledge and assured demonstration for to know saith the Philosopher is to vnderstand the Causes of things Seeing therefore the birth is a naturall action and that the times therof are very different it shal not be amisse a little in this place to enlarge our selues in the disquisition of the causes thereof The Causes therefore of the birth are some of them vniuersall others particular The vniuersall causes are common not onely to man but also to al creatures and some of then The vniuersal causes of the birth are on the part of the birth others on the part of the Matrix or woombe because the byrth proceedeth from an equall contention of the birth and the bearer The Cause on the part of the birth Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri elegantly expresseth to be the defect of both sorts of aliment Spirituous and Solid on this manner When the Infant becommeth larger and stronger the Mother cannot supply it with fit and sufficient Aliment which while it seeketh with often kicking it breaketh the Membranes and being vnloosed from those bandes yssueth foorth On the partof the infant The Mola or Moone calfe may be carried in the womb many yeares because it is neither nourished nor doth transpire wherefore desiring neither Aliment nor ayre it is stil retayned Why the Mola and many monsters lie long in the womb There are ingendred oftentimes in the wombes of women Monsters and Creatures of diuers kindes as Serpents and Mould-warps which because they haue little bloud haue also little heate and being contented with transpiration alone doe lurke many yeares in the corners of the wombe neither would euer issue of their owne accorde vnlesse they were driuen forth either by the contention of the wombe or by the helpe of the Physitian The want therefore of nourishment is the first cause of the birth There is also another vniuersall cause on the part of the wombe for the wombe hauing The vniuersal cause of the birth on the part of the wombe Hippocratci a determinate quantity magnitude beyond which it cannot be extended when once vpon the increase of the Infant it is come to that extent it laboureth to lay downe the burthen wherby it is oppressed and according hereto Hippocrates saith in his first book de morbis mulierum that abortments do happen when the wombe is too little that is when the Infant is so encreased that it can be no longer contayned in the wombe The
come into the world he presently perisheth as hauing his Vitall heate nipped by the cold of that churlish Planet Add heereto that the weake infant is not able to beare or endure so sudden an alteration from the Moone to Saturne as if it were from the lowest staffe to the top of the Ladder because all sudden mutations are enemies to Nature But if he ouercome the eight month then to Saturne succeedeth Iupiter that benefical Planet by whose prosperous and healthfull aspect all the ill disposition that came by Saturne is frustrated and auoyded wherefore the ninth moneth the infant is borne vitall and liuely as also the tenth and the eleauenth because of the familiarity of Mars and Sol with the Principles of our life And this is the opinion of the Astrologers concerning the Causes of our birth which is indeed elegant and maketh a faire shewe but is in the meane time full of Error as picus Mirandula hath prooued in a Booke which he hath written against Astrologers The opinion of the Astrologians confuted For how may it be that Saturne should alwayes beare sway the first and the 8. months when as a women may conceiue in anie months of the yeare any day in the month or any houre in the day Why do Hindes calue the eight month and their yong suruine as Aristotle writeth in his sixt Booke De Natura Animalium Pliny is of opinion in the fifte Pliny his idle opinion chapter of his seuenth Book De Naturali Historia That only those children are Vital if they be borne the seauenth month who were conceyued the day before or after the Full of the Moone or in the New Moone But all these are idle and addle immaginations of vvanton braines The Geometricians referre the Causes of the birth vnto the proportion of the Conformation and motion of the Infant For say they there is a double proportion of the conformation to the motion and a trebble proportion of the motion to the birth which proportion The Geometritians proportions if the Infant holde then shall hee arriue aliue and liuely into the worlde So the seauenth month birth is vitall because it is formed the fiue and thirtith mooued the seuentith and borne the two hundred and tenth day And this opinion may be confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates for in the third Section of his second Book Epidemiωn he saith whatsoeuer is mooued in the seuentith day is perfected Hip. authority Auicen in the triplicities But Auicen confuteth this opinion For if onely the proportion betwixt the conformation and the motion of the infant were the cause that he suruiued thē should he aswell suruiue the eight as the seuenth moneth because they keepe the same proportion For instance Say that an infant be formed the fortith day then shall hee mooue the eightith and be borne the two hundred and fortith And in this birth the proportion is exquisitly held because twice forty make eighty and thrice eighty two hundred and fortie dayes Now Hippocrates in his Booke De Alimento saith that an infant borne at 240. daies which all men vnderstand to be the eight-month birth is and is not But the authority of Hippocrates may well stand with this opinion for it is not his meaning that this proportion Hip. explained is the cause of the life of the infant but simply and absolutely hee sayth that there is a certaine proportion betwixt the conformation Motion and Birth of the infant which no man will deny It remaineth now that wee acquaint you with the Philosophers and Physitians reasons The 5. opiniō of the Phylosophers and Physitians why the seuenth-month birth is Vitall and not the eight Nature although she be illiterate and vntaught yet hath she constant Lawes which her selfe hath imposed vppon her selfe definite also and limited motions which she alwayes keepeth without inconstancy or mutability vnlesse she be hindred by some internall or externall principle As therefore shee The Lawes of of Nature are certaine neuer endeauoureth any perfect Criticall euacuation vnlesse the humor bee before boyled and prepared So she neuer vndertaketh a Legitimate birth till the infant bee perfected and absolued in all his numbers And as in crudity no good Crisis is to be hoped for according to Hippocrates so before the infant be perfected the birth cannot bee ligitimate or Vitall For the birth saith Galen is a kinde of Crisis Now before the seuenth moneth the infant is No vital birth before perfection not perfected and therefore before the seauenth month he cannot be borne aliue But the seauen-month if he be strong he breaketh the Membranes maketh way for himselfe and suruiueth because he is perfect especially if it be a male child The eight month birth why not vital 1. Reason The eight month although he be perfect hee cannot survive because hee is not able to beare two afflictions one immediately succeeding in the necke of another For in the seuenth moneth he laboreth sore and repeateth his contention the eight before his strength is refreshed And this is Hippocrates opinion in the very beginning of his Booke de octimestri partu Concerning the eight-moneth birth I am of this iudgement that it is impossible that the Infant Hippocrates authority should beare two succeeding afflictions and therefore those Infants doe not suruiue For they are twice afflicted because to the euils they suffered in the wombe are added also the payne in the birth Again the eight-month birth is not vital because it commeth after the birth day which The 2. reason should haue beene the seauenth moneth and before the birth day which is to bee the ninth moneth Whence we may gather that some ill accident hath betided the Infant or the mother which hindred the birth the 7. month and preuented the ninth And hitherto belongeth that golden sentence of our admired maister Hippocrates in the eight Section of his sixt Booke Epidemiωn If nothing happen within the prescript time of the birth whatsoeuer is borne shall suruiue But now why a woman doth not beare her burthen beyond the tenth and the eleauenth Why a womā goeth not aboue 11. moneths months Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri referreth the cause to the want of Aliment Now the Aliment fayleth as well because a great part of the bloud flowes back vnto the Pappes for the generation of Milke as also because the Infant is nourished only with pure and sweete bloud which the mother can no longer in sufficient quantity supply vnto him Neither is that to bee passed ouer with silence which Hippocrates obserued in the Booke before named to wit that in some women the Aliment fayleth sooner in some later Those which are not accustomed to bring foorth haue lesse Aliment then others for What women destaud their Infants soonest their Infants because the bloud is not accustomed to turne his course toward the wombe Againe those women who haue lesse store of
an example propounded by Hippocrates for sayth he if you giue That it is part of our drinke a Pigge that is very dry water mingled with minium or vermilion and presently stick it you shall finde all his winde-pipes along dyed with this coloured drink some would haue it to be generated from moyst vapours and exhalations raysed from the humours of the heart and driuen forth by his perpetuall motion and high heate vnto the Pericardium by whose density they are turned into water and of that opinion are Falopius Laurentius Archangelus who remembreth sixe opinions concerning the matter of it which we shall hereafter make mention of This humour is found not onely in dead bodies as some would but also in liuing but That it is found in liuing bodies But more in dead and why more plentifull after death except in those that die of consumptions in whome it is little and yellowish because the many spirits which are about the heart the body being cold are turned into water euen as those vapors which are raysed from the earth are by the coldnes of the middle region of the ayre conuerted into water wee also affirme that it must of necessity be in liuing bodies and not onely in those that are diseased as they that are troubled with palpitation of the heart but also in all sound bodies yet in some more plentifull in others more sparing but in all moderate because if it bee consumed there followeth a In sound bodies as wel as in diseased consumption if it be aboundant palpitation of the heart and if it bee so much that it hinder the dilatation of the heart then followeth suffocation and death it selfe That it is in liuing bodies may be proued by the testimony of Hippocrates in his Book of the heart where he sayeth there is a little humour like vnto vrine as also by the example of our Sauiour out of whose precious side issued water and bloud It appeareth also by the dissection of liuing The example of our Sauior creatures which euery yeare is performed for further aduertisemēt especially a sheep or such like great with young Vesalius addeth an example of a man whose heart was taken out of his body whilest he liued at Padua in Italy Finally the vse and necessity of it doth euict the same For the vse of it is to keepe moyst the heart and his vessels a hot part it is so as the left The vses of it ventricle will euen scald a mans finger if it be put into it and so continually moued that vnlesse it were thus tempered it would gather a very torrifying heate by cooling it also it keepeth it fresh and flourishing It moystneth also the Pericardium wherein it is conteyned which otherwise by the great heate of the heart would bee exiccated or dried vp By it also the motion of the heart becommeth more facile and easie and this motion spendeth it and resolueth it insensibly by the pores as it is bred but if in the passage it bee stayed then saith Varolius are there many hairs found growing right against it on the brest Finally it taketh away the sense or feeling of the waight of the heart because the heart swimmeth as it The cause of haue vpon the brest were in it euen as we see the infant swimmeth in sweate in the wombe aswell to take away the sense of the waight of so great a burthē from the Mother as also that it might not fal hard to any part in her body you may add to this if you please that it helpeth forward the concretion of the fat about the heart In the cauity also of the Chest there is found such a like water mingled with blood with Another water and blood mingled in the Chest which the parts of the chest are continually moistned and cooled And thus much of these circumstances of the heart Now followe the Vesselles of the chest CHAP. IX Of the ascending trunke of the Hollow veine Tab 5. Fig. 1. sheweth the diuision of the Hollow-vein in the Iugulum or hollow vnder the Patel-bones On the right side is shewed how it is commonly beleeued to bee diuided into two trunkes the one called the Sub-Clauius the other Super-Clauius from whence came that scrupulous choise of the Cephalica and Basilica Veines in Phlebotomy or blood-letting On the right side is shewed how the trunke is but one out of which both the foresaid veines of the arme do proceede Fig. 2. sheweth a portion of the Hollow veine as much as ascendeth out of the right ventricle of the hart vnto the Iugulū wherin is exhibited the nature of the Fibres which are in the bodies of the veines TABVLA V. FIG I. FIG II. The 2. Figure FIG III. Fig. 3. sheweth a rude delineation of the Fibres in the bodies of the veines FIG IV. Fig. 4. sheweth the distribution of the Veine Azygos which we shal shew more distinctly in the 7. Table Before the diuision it sendeth out foure branches Table 6. sheweth the trunk and branches of the hollow vein as they are disseminated through al the three Regions of the body TABVLA VI. Afterward the Hollow-veine perforateth the Pericardium againe and againe groweth round but much lesse then before and riseth vp where the right Lung is parted from the left and so passeth to the Iugulum but aboue the heart in the middest of the bodye it parteth with a notable trunke or branch to be distributed to the Spondels and the spaces betweene the ribs And this is the third branch called Vena 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sine pari that is the vn-mated Veyne Vena 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which we haue before called Non-paril Tab. 5. fig. 1. C. fig. 2 B Fig. 4 B because commonly in a man it is but one as also in Dogges and hath not another on the other side like vnto it Although it shewe the Trunke of the hollowe verne disseminated thorough both the Bellies notwithstanding it serueth especially to exhibit the distribution of the veine Azygos and the coniunction of the branches thereof with the veynes of the Chest which heere is onely shewed on the right side TABVLA VII yyyy The outwarde Veines of the Chest which are vnited with the inner braunches of the Azygos z A branch of the Basilica which is ioyned with the Cephalica A. A branch of the Cephalica which is ioyned with the Basilica z B The veine called Mediana or the middle veine Commonly from the trunke of the veine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tab. 5. fig. 4. B Tab. 6. FF Tab. 7. d out of the backside of it as well on the left hand as on the right but on the right especially branches The branches of Vena sine pari are distributed to the distances sometimes of all but most what of the ten lower ribs Tab. 5. fig. 4 which are called Intercostales rami Tab. 6 GG braunches betweene the ribs This Veine also without his
life and sense but as being the fountaine of the Vitall Faculty and spirit the place and nourishment of naturall heat wherby the naturall heate of all the parts is preserued and by his influence repaired the seate of the Irascible or angry parts of the soule the root of the Arteries and Author of the Pulse It is called Coracurrendo because it seemeth continually to run for that it is continually Naâ—â—es mooued The Greekes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either of a worde which signifieth to beate or pante which is 〈◊〉 proper word for the beating of the heart or from a word which signifieth a Bakers moulding-boord because in it the Alimentary blood is as it were kneded wrought moulded and driuen out into thinnesse till it turne into a vitall spirite or finally from a word which signifieth principality because it is a principall part as well as the braine yet so The necessity of the Heart that as the Braine is of greater dignity so the heart is of greater necessity for the least hurt of this most what causeth death and Galen saith that death neuer happeneth but when the heart is immoderately distempered Whereupon also Aristotle saith There was neuer any creature seene without a heart because without it there can bee no Originall at all of heate It is scituated in the midst of the cauity of the chest in a Noble place as it were a Prince and after the manner of those which being but one do occupie the middest as well for security as that the body may be equally ballanced At the fift rib it is embraced by the lobes of the Lungs as it were with fingers Tab 3 N O P Q. Tab. 9. fig. 1 and 2. Table 10 fig. 1 and 2 round about that equally out of all the Lungs it might draw breath by the venall arterie and might againe deliuer ouer and diffuse blood by the arteriall veine and life and heat by the great Artery to all the outward parts it is locked vp in his owne Capcase Tab. 9. fig 1 D E F. Fig. 2 B D but so that the Basis resteth exactly in the middest whether we regard the right hand or the left the fore-part or the back the vpper or the lower but the point tab 9. fig. 2 E reacheth to the left hand yet forward as farre as the left Nipple so that in a liuing man it looketh directly forwarde with a kinde of strutting position to the Gristles of the sixt and seuenth ribs of the left side where they are ioyned to the brestbone that it may the better warme the forepart against which we moue And truly it behooued that it should encline to one side that it might giue way to the Midriffe and so neither of their motions Why it ought to encline to one side which are both perpetuall should be hindred but not vnto the right side for that the hollow veine takes vp as he ascendeth thorough the chest happely also Nature was heere of Aristotles minde in the fourth chapter of his third Booke de partibus Animalium for he was often of hers that the lefte side was the colder and therefore she placed this hot part in it for on the right are the hollow veine and the Non-paril which heate it sufficiently and so Why to the left both sides are prouided of heate and strength alike Notwithstanding the common people are deceyued who thinke it lyeth wholy on the left side because the motion and pulsation is most felt on that side when indeede it lyeth in the very middest as in the more Noble The common error of the multitude place but the left ventricle which is the Store-house of spirites and the great arterie vvere the cause of their error as Galen saith in the second chapter of his sixt Book de vsu partium Add heereto that in dead carkasses it is drawn somewhat to the left side partly by his own waight partly by the waight of the great artery which is fastned vnto it It is tied by the mediation of the Pericardium or purse to the Mediastinum Tab. 9. fig. 1. from F to G His connexioÌ„ and to the Midriffe as also by his vessels to other parts For Galen saith that principals in somâ—things are to be tied together and communicate one with another otherwise it is loose that it may mooue the more freely The Figure of it as Hippocrates saith in his Booke de Corde is Pyramidal expressed so in His Figure the Tab. 9. fig. 2 or rather turbinated and somewhat answering to the proportion of a Pine Kernell because a man is broad and short chested For the Basis aboue Tab. 9. fig 2 C D is large and circular but not exactly round and after it by degrees endeth Tab. 9 figu 2 I in a cone or dull and blunt round point for such a figure was fittest for his function beecause length maketh much for traction or drawing roundnes for amplitude strength so in great dilatations it is sphericall that it might hold more and in his contractions long and as it were Pyramidall especially in bruite beasts His superiour part which is called the Basis the head and the roote Tab. 9. fig 2 C D is The names of the Basis broader because of the vessels which in that place haue ingate and outgate haply also beecause of his motion that in this broad Basis the excauations or cauities might be the larger that when it is contracted both kindes of Blood arteriall and venall might haue place and room to retire to and not be too vehemently wrought or pent vp in too straight a room lest it should violate the continuity of his substance or of the fibres therein His lower part is called the vertex or top Mucro or point the Cone the heighth of the heart Hippocrates calleth it the taile Tab. 4. figure 2 E which Galen saith in the seauenth chapter of his 6. Booke de vsu partium is the basest part as the Basis is the noblest Before The names of the Lower end the heart is gibbous or bunching behinde hollow and in the sides prominent The Superficies or surface of it is smooth and pollished all ouer vvere it not that in some places the Fat in other the Coronarie vesselles strutting with bloode did make it vnâ—â—â—all His quantity or magnitude is not alike in all in a man proportionably as also the brain and the Liuer greater then in other creatures being as long as the bredth of sixe Fingers His quantitie or magnitude four broad and so many high But in fearfull creatures as the hare Hinde asse and such like it is proportionably very great for the heat when it hath too much scope or roomth sayth Aristotle is easily dissipated and vanisheth Table 9 figure 1. sheweth the heart included within his purse or Pericardium together with the Lungs and a part of the Medriffe Figure second sheweth the Pericardium opened and so the
as especially for matter to make the arteriall bloud and spirites afterward to bee perfected in the left ventricle The greater part of which is afterward sent out in the contraction of the heart by the arteriall veine Table 10. figure 5. P. To this orifice groweth a membranous Table 10. figure â— HH circle which addeth The circular membrane strength to the heart it passeth inward and not farre from the beginning is diuided or slitte into three small but strong portall membranes Table 10. figure 5. KLM or values whose Basis is large and they end in an obtuse or dull poynt and when they are shutte and doe as it were wincke together they are like broade headed Iaulins or broade arrowe heades triangular and euery angle forked all which forks consist and growe together of small threds of fibres Table 10. figure 5. NN which Aristotle mistooke for nerues ioyned together with fleshy breaches Table 10. figure 5. OO which by those fibres as by ligaments are stretched in the contraction of the heart and those being streatched the orifice is almost cleane shut Breaches vp But when this circle is open together with his fibres it resembleth a Crowne such as Princes in old time wore But these Values as also those of the venall Artery doe encline from without inwarde that the bloode in the contraction of the heart should not regurgitate into the Holloweveine how then is it possible that blood should bee laboured in the heart for the nourishment of the whole body when as no blood can passe out of this Ventricle into the hollow veine but onely into the Lungs Wherfore it was necessary that Nature should prouide away out of the Lungs into the hollow vein from whence branches might be dispersed thoroughout the whole body The other Vessell of the right Ventricle is the Arteriall Veine Tab. 9. figure 2 o. Tab. 10 figure 6 C D Tab. 11 figure 1 C The Arteriall Veine A veine by office An artery by substance his Originall or the arteriall vessell A veine it is because of the office it hath to transport blood an artery because his frame and substance is like that of an arterie It is fastned to the ventricle with a lesse orifice Tab. 10 figure 6 C D then the hollow vein Tab. 10 figure 5 CCC and from thence some say it hath his originall yet it may better be imagined to be a branch and off-spring of the great arterie because as saith Archangelus it is most likely that a veine should come from a veine and an artery from an arterie Archangelus his argument therefore the Venall artery which though it haue the vse of an Artery yet hauing the single coate but of a veine hath his Originall from the Hollow-veine made also of one single coat And so the arteriall veine hauing the vse of a veine but the double coat of an arterie most likely proceedeth from the great arterie which hath a double coate Of which opinion also are Varolius and Laurentius it is further confirmed by their Connexion which in the Infant vnborne is more conspicuous But the verie trueth as I conceiue is that it ariseth as other spermaticall parts do from The true original of the arterial veine the seede His coate is not simple as that of a veine but double Tab. 11 fig. 3. B C as an arterie and that for the vse as well of the Infant in the wombe as of the man afterward of the Infant that the Mothers arteriall blood and vitall spirit which it carrieth into the Lunges The vse of the single coat of this Arterie dooing therein the office of an arterie should not breath out as it would if it were as thin as a veine of the man afterward and in him it dooth onely the dutie of a veine not of an arterie partly because in respirations it was not fit it should bee easily dilated and contracted as it would haue beene if it had had the single coate of a veine for then there woulde not haue beene capacitie sufficient in the Chest for the instruments of breathing and beside the blood should haue had too free and full accesse to the heart partly because the Lungs which are of a spongy and light substance required to be nourished with a thinne and vaporous not with a thicke and crasse bloode for euery thing is nourished with aliment likest vnto it selfe which could not haue beene either so prepared or so conteined in a vessell with a single coate as in one with a double Wee will add also that cause whereof Hippocrates maketh mention that is that the right Hip. his good vse of this single coate ventricle which is not so hot as the left might not be as much cooled as the lefte and so at length his heate extinguished For seeing that the branches of the Weazon which drawe in the cold aer are diuided betweene the branches of the arteriall veine and venall arterie Tab. 11 figure 1 BCD if the coate of the arteriall veine were but one it would receyue as much aer as the venall artery whose coate likewise is but one and so both ventricles should be alike refrigerated whence it must needes follow that the lefte hauing more heate then the right the heat of the right must of necessity be in time extinguished the heat of the left remaining inviolate wherefore Nature made this vessell thicker and so narrower to carry aer not so much for refrigeration as for refection This is a verie notablâ— vessell that so much as it becommeth lesse by the thickenesse of his coates might be recompenced in the largenesse of the Vessell and so the Lunges haue sufficient nourishment It leaneth vpon the great Arterie and turning his bulke vnto the left side is diuided into two Table 10 figure 6 C D. Tab. 11 figure 3 FF trunkes which are carried to the lefte his amplitude His diuision and the right Lungs and there distributed quite through into inumerable Tab. 11 Fig. 3 GG branches The vse of this vessell is in the contraction of the heart to receyue the greater part of the blood out of the right Ventricle in which it is made thinner and lighter that it might His Vse passe out more forcibly and to carry it into the Lunges for their nourishment For the heart seemeth to make retribution to the Lunges yeelding them bloode for their nourishment because they sent aer vnto him for his refection Table 11. Figure 1. sheweth the fore-side of the Lungs taken out out of the Chest from which the Heart vvith his Membranes are cut Fig. 2. sheweth the backe and gibbous side of the Lunges as it lyeth vpon the backe Figure 3. Sheweth the Arteriall Veine Figure 4. Sheweth the Venall Arterie separated from the substance of the Lungs TABVLA XI FIG I FIG II FIG III FIG IV. These Values haue their Originall from the very coate of the Veine and beeing placed inward do looke outwarde and each of
small or shallow because the instrument of respiration is inflamed so that the chest How by the respiration cannot moue or be inlarged in all his demensions in inspiration nor yet be freely collected or gathered vp together in expiration as it may be in the former where the instrument of breathing is not taynted or violated but onely the brayne frequent also it is and quick often returning because of the necessity imposed by the flame of the ague for so the shallow breathing is recompenced by often breathing Secondly these phrensies are distinguished by the voyce for in the phrensie of the How by the voice brayne the voyce is base they cry out spurne and byte any that comes neere them contrariwise in the phrensie of the midriffe the voyce is acute or treble because the chiefe instrument of free respiration is affected and being drawne vpward by the inflamation the chest becommeth narrower for the magnitude and basenes of the voice followes the constitution of this instrument The last and most proper signe of this phrensie of the midriffe Hippocrates deliuereth in the 55. Aphorisme Coacarum poenotionum where he sayth In these men their Hypochondria How by the retraction of the Hypochondria appeare intro sur sum revulsa i. to be drawne inward and vpward the demonstration of which saying is to bee made by Anatomy thus The midriffe in the vpper side is couered with the pleura on the lower with the Peritonaum or rim of the belly which incloseth as in a sacke all the naturall instruments and parts conteyned in the lower belly and giueth The Anatomical demonstration euery one of them his owne coate The midriffe then being inflamed is drawne vpward and carrieth with it the peritonaeum with the peritonaeum are the hypochondria the Liuer the Spleene the Stomack and all the bowels retracted also hence comes that inward and vpward revulsion of the Hypochondria Hippocrates mentioneth wherefore these are the three proper and demonstratiue signes of the phrensie from the midriffe small or shallow and The three demonstratiue signes of the plurisie from the midriffe Why when the midriffe is inflamed there followeth a phrensy frequent respiration a shrill or treble voyce and the vpward and inward revulsion of the Hypochondria But why happeneth it that when the midriffe is inflamed there followeth a phrensie Some thinke that when the midriffe is inflamed the brayne is also presently alike affected for the inflamation of the midriffe hindering respiration the heat is increased in the chest and the heart the bloud is attenuated and groweth cholerick and flyeth vp into the brayn whence commeth an erisypelas that is a cholericke inflamation of the brayn the immediate cause of the true phrensie but these things are ridiculous For if it were so then whensoeuer the Lungs also are inflamed presently a perpetual phrensie would follow because there followeth both a difficulty of breathing and the Lungs are nourished with a bilious that is a very thin bloud moreouer if an Erisypelas should breede in the brayne then were the phrensie a true phrensie not depending vpon the inflamation of the midriffe Others referre the cause of the phrensie to an analogy or proportion in all correspondency betweene the midriffe and the brayne But because the marrow of the backe is more correspondent to the brayne and yet when that is inflamed there followeth not alwayes a perpetuall phrensie we doe worthily search farther for the cause Wee therefore vnderstand that there is a double concurring in this busines to wit a wonderfull connexion The true cause and society of these two parts and then the perpetuall motion of the midriffe The society is by nerues which communicate both heate and a vaporous spirite to the brayne And the continuall and strong motion of the midriffe driueth vp with force and violence smoaky vapours to the brayne For if you onely admitte the society or sympathy of the nerues why should not the same phrensie fall out when the mouth of the stomacke is inflamed which hath notable stomachicall sinewes which from the brayne are inserted into it QVEST. II. Of the motion of the Heart and the Arteries or Pulse a Philosophicall discourse THE busie wit of man obseruing the perpetuall motions of the heauens hath long trauelled to imitat◠the same and in making experiments hath framed excellent and admirable peeces of workmanship whilest euery one carried a perpetuall motion about himselfe which happly hee little remembred or Euery man carries a perpetuall motion about him thought vpon and that is the perpetuall motion of the heart which from the day of birth til the day of death neuer ceaseth but moueth continually by what engines pullies what poyses and counter-poyses what affluencies and refluencies this perpetuity is accomplished we imagine will neither be vnprofitable nor vnpleasant to vnderstand especially to those who desire to know and acknowledge the admirable workes of God in this little world of the body of man as wel as his great administrations in the greater We read of Aristotle that when hee was in banishment in Chalcide and obserued the seauen-fold Ebbing and Flowing in one day a night of the Euripus ornarrow Frith between Aulis and The cause of Aristot death the Iland Eubra and could not finde out the cause of it he pyned away euen to death with sorrow Me thinks therefore that euery man when he puts his hand but into his bosome and feeleth there a continuall pulsation by which hee knoweth his owne life is gouerned should also bee desirous to vnderstand what maner of engine this is which being so small that he may couer it with his hand hath yet such diuersities of mouing causes therein especially The heart cōpared to a smal watch considering that a little skill to cleere and dresse the wheeles may keepe this watch of his life in motion which otherwise will furre vp and stand in his dissolution We will therefore a little payne our selues to discourse of the manifold difficulties wherein the causes of this motion are so intangled that some not meerely learned haue thought that they are onely knowne to God and Nature and to none other The motion therefore of the heart is double one naturall the other depraued The The motion of the heart double The natural motion naturall we call the Pulse the other we call Palpitation the one proceedeth from a Naturall faculty the other from an vnnaturall distemper the one is an action of the heart the other a passion Our discourse shall be onely of the naturall motion which consisteth of a dilatation called Diastole a contraction called Systole and a double rest betweene them Aristotle imagined the onely cause of this motion to be heate but perpetuated by the Aristotles conceire of the cause continuall affluence of oylie moysture which as continually is consumed as it is ministred euen as oyle put to a lampe but the dilatation sayth hee commeth from
ebullition or boyling of the bloud whereby it riseth and occupieth a larger place yea and powreth it selfe out into all the cauity adioyning thereto and this he illustrateth by an example taken from boyling water water when it boyleth riseth vp and occupieth larger place then it did A pregnant example before but if you blowe cold ayre into it it presently falleth right so is it sayth he in the heart of a man the heate boyleth vp the bloud and the cold ayre we draw in by inspiration settleth it againe and this is farther proued because the pulses of yong men are more liuely and stronger then of old of whole men then of sicke of waking men then of sleeping Another instance because their heate is more vehement and the feruor or working of their bloud more manifest These things are very probable and carry I must needs say a great shew of trueth but if they be weighed in the ballance of Anatomy they will bee found but light Herein was the Philosophers error that he vnderstandeth the heart to be distended or dilated because Wherein was the Philosophers error it is filled contrariwise the Anatomist vnderstandeth the heart to bee filled because it is dilated In the depraued motion or palpitation of the heart it is distended indeede because it is filled either with water or with vapours but in the proper and naturall it is dilated by an inbred Comparison power of his owne and being dilated drawes in bloud and spirits and so is filled like as a Smithes bellowes being opened by the power of the smith is filled with ayre whether hee will or no bladders whilest they are filled are distended those fill in the dilatation these dilate in the filling Beside this conceite of Aristotles others haue diuersly deuised concerning this motion Erosistratus Hiracledus Erasistratus Hiracledus Erithreus conceiued that the motion of the heart was from the Animall and vitall faculties together Auerrhoes that it was from the appetent and sentient soule and that the heat was but the instrument which the appetite vsed others thought Auerrhoes that nature onely moued the heart because alone it is sayd to bee principium motus or beginning Other opinions of motion in those things that are moued others that the dilatation of the heart was from the soule and the contraction meerly naturall the sides of the heart falling down with their owne waight like as in the disease called Tremor or the shaking palsie the faculty The cause of the snaking palsie of the soule continually rayseth vp the heade and the waight beareth it downe againe whence the perpetuall shaking proceedeth But trueth is the motion of the heart is no trembling but a constant and orderly motion neither is the contraction caused by the waight of the heart it buckling vnder the burthen of it selfe but the greatest strength of the heart is in the contraction whereby it hurleth The kinds of motions forth as the lightning passeth through the whole heauen his spirites into the whole body and excludeth oftentimes not without violence the fumed vapours into the arteriall veine But before we set downe our resolution concerning this matter a few things are to Voluntary motions be first established There is a threefold motion Violent Animal and Naturall of violent motions none at all can be perpetuall whereupon wee may conclude that no Art can make a perpetuall motion Animall motions are all voluntary this Galen well describeth in the fifth Chapter of his second Booke de motu musculorum where he sayeth If thou canst settle and appease those things that are moued or done at thy pleasure and againe mooue or doe that was at rest or was not done that action or motion is truely voluntarie if moreouer thou canst doe any thing swifter or flower oftner or seldomer at thy pleasure these actions are obedient to thy will Finally the Naturall motion is manifold as a thing may diuers waies Natural motions manifold be sayd to be naturall There is one simple naturall motion which is accomplished only by nature and the Elementary forme with this motion heauy things moue downeward and light things vpward Secondly all motions are called Naturall which are opposed to violent motions so the motions of the muscles though they be voluntary are sayd to be naturall if they be naturally disposed Thirdly all motions are called Naturall which are not Animall that is voluntarie So Galen sayeth in the place before quoted that the motion of the heart is not of the soule that is of the will but of nature againe the motion of the heart is of Nature the motion of the chest of the Soule So that Galen in his 7. Book de vsu partium deliuering but two kinds of faculties the one Animall the other Naturall vnderstandeth all that to be Naturall which is not Animall or voluntary Now we conclude that the motion of the heart is Natural in the third acception The resolution of the question that is that it dependeth neither vpon the will nor simply vpon Nature but vpon the vitall faculty of the Soule which is Naturall not vpon the wil because wee can neither stay it nor set it going againe neither slacken nor hasten it at our pleasure not simply vpon Nature for in a body that is animated that is that hath a Soule nothing mooueth but the Soule otherwise there should be more formes then one and more beginners of motion then one which true and solid Philosophy will not suffer This Soule is the Nature it selfe of the Creature which that it may preserue the vnion between the body and it selfe moueth the heart concocteth in the stomacke reboyleth in the Liuer and perfecteth the bloud in the veines When we say therefore that the motion of the heart is Naturall wee meane that it is from a naturall faculty of the Soule which is not voluntary And that this motion is natural all the causes of it do euidently shew There be three immediate causes of the pulse the Efficient the End or finall cause and Three immediate causes of the pulse The efficient the Instrument all Naturall The Efficient cause is the vital faculty which imploieth it selfe wholly about the generation of spirits which by that perpetuall motion are brought foorth for in the Diastole or dilatation it draweth bloud and ayre In the Systole or contraction it draweth out the spirits already made and their excrements The Finall cause which you may call either the vse or the necessity at your pleasure The Final is three-fold the nourishment of the spirituous substance which is kept in the left ventricle of the heart the tempering and moderating of it for there was great danger that because of the continuall motions the heart should be inflamed vnlesse it had beene ventilated with ayre as with a fan and the expurgation of smoky or fumed vapors The Instruments also of this motion are Natural not Animall Galen
of his of the vse of the parts Let vs proceed to the other difficulties which concerne the motion of this heart and arteries QVEST. IIII. By or from what power the Arteries are moued THE motion of the Arteries Hippocrates first of all others called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that Hippocrates first found the pulse and so named it is the Pulse although he left indistinct precepts about it yet was it not vtterly vnknowne vnto him as some nouices would beare the worlde in hand which may be prooued by many places if it were necessary to wrastle in that floore but we list not insist in that but proceed That the forme of the motion The forme of the motion of this pulse is all one with that of the heart for it consisteth of a Diastole and a Systole and a double rest In the Diastole the Arteries draw and are filled and in the Systole they expell The rest is double vnlesse Nature bee prouoked either by a violent obiect or by some external cause for then the arteries may be moued together with an insensible rest as in the pulse called dicrotus ad vibrans so a stone which is throwne vpward if it meet with a falling Tower descends againe without any rest although Aristotle thinketh that no violence can tie Aristotle to contrary motions without some rest The vse of this pulsation is double one greater another lesser The greater is for the conseruation of the naturall heate as well of the heart as of other parts for by contractions The vse of pulsation double whatsoeuer is smoky the arteries auoyde and so the naturall heate is kept from suffocation by dilatation they draw outward ayre into the body by which the dissolution of the same heate is inhibited The lesse vse is that in the braine may be ingendered the Animal spirit for by the pulsation the spirits of life are carried into the plexus choroides There is therefore the same vse of the pulse that there is of respiration sauing that what respiration doth to the heart that the pulse of the arteries doth to other parts which as they neede lesse heate then the heart so are they not so soone offended for if the heart bee depriued of respiration presently the creature perisheth but the part dyeth not as soone as it wanteth the pulse The nature of the motion of these arteries is very obscure and many things must bee The nature of their motion obscure Prapagoras resolued of and known before we can attayne to the vnderstanding of so deepe a mystery First of all whence are the arteries moued from themselues or from some other Prapagoras thought the arteries did moue of their owne accord and that they had the same pulsatiue vertue that the heart hath in themselues not by influence But this Galen disproueth Galens instāce by an obseruation for sayth he if an artery be cut ouerthwart that part onely will pulse which remayneth ioyned to the heart but that which is separated from the heart will not beate at all Erasistratus was of minde that the arteries were not mooued by any proper power of Erasistratus their owne but by the constraint of the heart and that constraint hee meaneth not of any faculty but onely of some matter Aristotle thought they moued because of the feruour or Aristotle boyling of the bloud contayned in them whome some haue followed because they know The reasons that the spirits are those which make strife offer violence and again because the veines Neither heat nor spirits nor bloud are the immediate causes Not heat neere the hart do not moue which they would do say they if they had in them such bloud as the arteries haue but we will proue that neither heate nor spirite nor boyling bloud can be the immediate cause of this perpetuall motion For the heate it either hath a body or hath no body if it had a body then the arteries that are neerer to the heart would soonest be dilated if it be onely a naked quality then will it first heate those things that are neere hand and after that which is farther off For heate is not of the number of those formes which may in a moment be diffused as light but his contrary is cold which first must be expelled out of the subiect before it selfe bee receiued but the pulse is in a moment diffused through all the arteries it is not therefore only from heate It is not of spumous bloud for then it would follow that where the bloud is more plentifull Not bloud and hotter there the pulse should be not onely more vehement but more frequent also and so the pulses of the great arteries should bee quicker then the pulses of the small but experience teacheth that all the arteries both great and small doe mooue alike vnlesse there be some hinderance they are not therefore moued by the bloud contayned in them Furthermore intercept an arterie with a tye and the part below the tye though it strut An instance with spirits and thinne bloud yet will not beate because the continuity of the faculty with the heart is intercepted but as soon as the tye is vnloosed the artery will instantly beate againe but the heate nor the humour can in a moment or instant flow from the heart into the vtter arteries Adde to this that if the arteries should beate because of the bloud contayned in them then in all large pulses there should also be vehemencie which is nothing so For sayth Galen in his Booke de vsu pulsuum and in the fourth de causis pulsuum there is There may be great yet a faint pulse a pulse which is small yet vehement and there is likewise a pulse which is great but languid and faynt which variety cannot come from the heat Asclepiades acknowledgeth a faculty in the motion of the arteries but whereas this Asclepiades his opinion motion is in dilatation and constriction hee affirmeth that the distention onely is from the faculty and the contraction from nature that is from the predominant element and from the waight because when the creature is dead the arteries doe fall So bladders if they be filled with any thing they are distended but they fall of themselues and all round and hollow bodies are dilated by some facultie but afterward doe fall with the waight of their owne parts On the contrary those things that are contracted by any faculty that faculty ceasing they are againe dilated Therefore if the arteries bee dilated by a faculty then are they contracted by their grauity and so on the contrary wherefore they need not a faculty for both Herophylus quite contrary will haue the contraction to be performed by a faculty but the dilatation sayth he is nothing else but the returne of the arterie to his natural position Herophylus his opinion Because sayth he the arteries of dead carcasses being cast into hot water when
Authorities that the heart will not beare a disease Hippocrates Aristotle Aphrodisaeus Paulus Aegineta Pliny so soâ—d and dense that it is not offended with any humour and therefore it cannot be tainted with any disease Aristotle The heart can beare no heauy or grceuous discase because it is the originall of life Aphrodisaeus In the heart can no discase consist for the patient will dye before the disease appeare Paulus Any disease of the heart bringeth death head-long vpon a man Pliny Onely this of all the bowels is not wearied with discases neyther indureth it the greeuous punishments of this life and if it chance to bee offended present death insueth Yet how repugnant this is to experience many Histories doe beare witnesse Galen in his 2. Booke de placitis reporteth that a sacrificed Beast Manifold Histories proouing the contrary did walke after his heart was out and in his 7. Booke de Administra Anatom he maketh mention of one Marullus the sonne of a maker of Enterludes who liued after his heart was laide bare euen from the pursse or pericardium and in his 4. booke de locis affectus if a man be wounded in the heart and the wound pierce not into the ventricles but stay in the flesh he may liue a day and a night Beneuenius writeth that he hath seene many Apostemations in the heart We told you a story euen now out of Hollerius of a woman who had two stones and many Apostemations found in her heart Mathias Cornax Physitian to the Emperor Maximilian saith that he dissected a Bookseller and found his heart more then halfe rotted away Thomas a Vetga writeth that there was a red Deere found in whose heart was sticking an olde peece of an Arrow wherewith he had beene long before wounded in hunting But you shall reconcile these together How these are to be reconciled if you say the heart will beare all afflictions but not long or that it is subiect to all kinds of diseases but will beare none greeuous For example the heart will suffer all kindes of distemper but if any distemper be immoderate or notable the party presently dies so sayeth Galen in his fift Booke de locis affectis Death followes the immoderate distemper of the Heart When Galen saith in the fifte Chapter of his first Booke De Locis Affectis That Galen interpreted the heart will beare no Apostemations hee vnderstandeth such an Apostemation as comes by the permutation of an inflamation For the Creature will die before the inflamation Answeres to the examples will suppurate or grow to quitture Say that the Apostemations found by Beniuenius Hollerius and Mathew Cornace were Flegmaticke or say that rare things do not belong to Art or with Auerrhoes as in Nature so in diseases wee oftentimes finde Monsters That a creature can walke and cry when his heart is out I beleeue well so long as the spirits last in his body which it receiued from the heart when they faile hee presently dieth A strange story of a Florentine Ambassador in the Court of France Andreas Laurentius maketh mention of a strange accident which happened in the Court of France Guichardine a Noble Knight and Ambassador for the Duke of Florence beeing in good health and walking with other Noble-men and talking not seriously but at randon presently fell stone dead neuer breathing and his pulse neuer moouing Manie tolde the King some saide he was dead some that hee was but falne into an Apoplexie or a Falling sicknesse and that there was hope of his recouery The King saith Laurentius commanded me to take care of him when I came I found the man starke dead and auouched that the fault was not in his braine but in his heart The next day his bodye was opened and we found his heart so swelled that it tooke vp almost all his Chest when wee opened the Ventricles there yssued out three or foure pound of blood and the orifice of the great Veine was broken and all the forked Membranes torne but the Orifice of the great Artery was so dilated that a man might haue thrust in his arme So that I imagine that all the Flood-gates being loosened so great a quantity of bloode yssued into the ventricles that there was no roome for the dilatation or contraction whereupon hee fell suddenlie dead yet is it a great wonder how without any outward cause of a stroke or fall or vociferation or anger so great a vessell should be broken It may be he was poisoned for the Italians they say are wondrous cunning in that Art in the Contention of Nature that dilaceration hapned QVEST. X. Of the nature of Respiration and what are the Causes of it AND thus much of the proper motion of the Heart what causes it hath what manner motion it is what power or faculty mooueth the Arteries when and as the heart is mooued or after and otherwise Howe A briefe enumeration of the difficulties about the motion of the heart and where the vitall spirites are generated and their immediate matter prepared what is the temperament of the heart how it is nourished what his structure is how many the parts are of his substaÌ„ce with their vse and functions Finally howe able to beare and endure affectes and diseases Theresolution of which questions though they do not properly pertaine vnto Anatomy all of them yet do they so depend one vpon another as it seemeth necessary that he that would know one should also know all notwithstanding in our treating of them we haue verie often restrained our Discourse and conteyned it within such limites as are not farre distant from Dissection it selfe It remaineth now that we should a little stand vpon another motion in our bodies and Of Spiration the Instrument thereof which Nature hath ordained to be seruiceable to this motion of the heart and that is Spiration or breathing For the Heart being exceeding hot and therfore a part of great expence needed a continuall supply of nourishment for the spirites and of ventilation for himselfe For Hippocrates saith in his Booke De Naturapueri CaliduÌ„ omne Why necessary frigido moderato Nutritur fouet us That which is hot is nourished and cherished by that which is moderately colde which sentence Galen in his Book de vsu Respiration is thus elegantly expoundeth Euen as saith he a flame shut vp in a straite roome and not ventilated with the aer burnes dimmer and dimmer till it be extinguished so our naturall heate if it want cold to temper it growes saint and wasteth away to vtter confusion For it is like a flame mooued both waies vpward downward inward and outward vpper and outward because it is light as being of a fiery and aery nature downward and inward in respect of his nourishment either of these motions if they he hindred the heate either decayeth or is extinguished it decayeth for want of nourishment because it cannot be mooued
it is whitened After it is so praepared it is conveighed to the Epididymis thorough whose insensible passages it sweateth into the spongie and friable substance of the Testicles themselues where hauing atteined the forme and perfection of seede it is deliuered ouer by the eiaculatory or rather the Leading-vessels to the Parastatae and from them transcolated to the Prostatae which reserue the seed being now turgid and full of spirits for the necessary vses of Nature Hence it followeth that that power which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the seede-making Faculty or the Faculty of generation is from the Testicles immediately by which Faculty the parts being stirred vp do poure out of themselues the matter of the seede when Venus dooth so require This Faculty is the authour in men of Virility and in women of Muliebrity and breedeth in all creatures that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by which the heate being blowne vp is the cause 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so that the bloode being heated and attenuated distendeth the Veines and the bodie or bulke of that part groweth turgid and impatient of his place which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And thus much of the Lower Region In the Middle Region there are many parts of great woorth but the excellencie of the The Middle Region Heart dimmeth the light of the rest which all are to it but seruants and attendants The Heart therefore is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to beate because The Heart it is perpetually mooued from the ingate to the outgate of life This is a Pyramidal Bowell whose Basis is in the middle of the Chest the mucro or point reacheth toward the left side The magnitude but small that the motion might be more free and nimble the flesh very fast and exceeding hot intertexed or wouen with all three kinds of Fibres and nourished with bloode which it receiueth from two branches of the Coronary Veine On the out-side it hath a great quantity of fat and swimmeth in a waterish Lye which is conteyned in the Pericardium wherewith as with a purse the Heart is encompassed On the inside it is distinguished by an intermediate partition into two Ventricles The right is lesse noble then the left and framed most what for the vse of the Lungs It receiueth a great quantity of blood from the yawning mouth of the Hollow-vein and after it is prepared returneth the same blood againe through the Arteriall veine into all the corners of the Lunges This right ventricle hath annexed to it the greater care and sixe Values are inserted into the Orifices of his vessels The left Ventricle which is also the most noble hath a thicker wall then the right because it is the shop of thin blood and vitall spirites Out of this Ventricle do two vessels issue the first called the Venall artery which receyueth the ayer prepared by the Lungs and for retribution returneth vnto them vitall blood and spirits at which artery the left deafe care is scituated and in whose orifice there slande two Values bending from without inward The other vessell of the left Ventricle is the Aorta or great Artery which distributeth vnto the whole body vitall blood and spirits For according as the opinion of some is it draweth the better part of the Chylus by the Meseraicke Arteries into the bosome of the left ventricle for the generation of arteriall blood and at his mouth do grow three Values opening inward We say further that the Heart is the The Vitall faculty habitation of the vitall Faculty which by the helpe of Pulsation and Respiration begetteth Vital spirits of Ayer and Blood mixed in the left ventricle And this Faculty although it be vitall yet is it not the life it selfe and differeth from the Faculty of Pulsation both in the functions and in the extent and latitude of the subiect The Faculty of Pulsation is Naturall to the heart as proceeding and depending vpon the Vitall Faculty For it is not mooued 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or voluntarily as is the Animall Faculty but onely obeyeth the command of the necessity of Nature From the foresaide Faculty of Pulsation do proceede two motions the Diastole the Systole betweene which there is a double Rest These motions in the Heart and Arteries are the same and at the same time but so that the cause of the motion is supplied from the Heart vnto the Artrries as from a principle both mooued and moouing Finally to come vnto that which we are now in hand withall In the vpper Region wee meete with the Braine compassed with the strong battlements of the scull adorned with The vpper Region the Face as with a beautifull Frontispice wherein the Soule inhabiteth not onely in essence and power as it is in the rest of the body but in her magnificense and throne of state This Braine is the most noble part of the whole body and framed with such curiositie so many Labyrinthes and Meanders are therein that euen a good wit may easily bee at losse when it is trained away with so diuers sents in an argument so boundlesse and vaste Notwithstanding we will as briefely and succinctly as we can giue you a viewe of the Fabricke and Nature thereof referring the Reader for better satisfaction to the ensuing discourse wherein we hope to giue euen him that is curious some contentment The substance therefore of the Braine is medullous or marrowy but a proper marrow not like that of other parts framed out of the purest part of the seed and the spirites It is The Braine moouable and that with a naturall motion which is double one proper to it self another comming from without It is full of sence but that sence is operatiue or actiue not passiue For the behoofe of this braine was the head framed nor the head alone but also the whole body it selfe being ordained for the generation of animall spirits and for the exhibiting of the functions of the inward senses and the principall faculties in this brain we are to consider first his parts then his faculties The Braine therefore occupieth the whole cauity of the skull and by the dura mater or hard membrane is diuided into a forepart and a backpart The forepart which by reason of the magnitude retaineth the name of the whole and is properly called the Braine is againe deuided by a body or duplicated membrane resembling a mowerssy the into a right side a left both which sides are againe continued by the interposition or mediation of a callous body This callous body descending a litle downward appeareth to be excauated or hollowd into two large ventricles much resembling the forme of a mans eare through which cauities a thrumbe of crisped vessels called Plexus Choroides doth run wherein the Animal spirits receiue their preparation and out of these Ventricles doe yssue two swelling Pappes which are commonly called the Organes of smelling and do determine at the
the forme of the Braine and the vse it is diuersly formed so that one part is more dilated another more angustated or contracted therefore the Anatomists haue diuided it into certaine places The ventricles of the braine and the larger of them they cal ventricles the narrower they call meatus or passages The ventricles called by Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Antients and many of the new writers also following therein Herophylus haue reckoned foure In the Braine three two foreward a right and a left and the third in the middest The fourth they make common to the after-braine and the spinall marrow The first two of these called by Archangelus the Superior because they hang ouer the other by Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts the 10 11 and 12 chapters and diuers other places the Anterior ventricles are cut out of the marrow of the braine and are the largest of all the rest because saith Laurentius they containe a crasse spirit or rather aboundance of phelgme They are on eyther side one the right on the right hand and the left on the left alike each to other in scituation forme magnitude and vse They are scituate length wise in the marrow of the braine in the very middest thereof Tab. 9 fig. 4 Tab. 10 fig. 5 I fig. 6 the right is noted with D but the left in the 9 Table and the 4 figure and the 10. Table and the fift figure at M in the 6. figure at E whether you respect the length or the depth of it In their fore and hinder parts they are broader and more disioyned in the midst lesse where they are only diuided by that thin partition we spake of in the former chapter tab 10 fig. â— XX YY They runne obliquely or semicircularly saith Archangelus Tab. 9 fig. 4 from Their figure L to M for beginning about the temples where the marrow begins they are by little and little curued toward the center of the marrow and at the Region of the Eares they are bent againe and so seeme to make two Semicircles They are long winding somewhat large Their forepart is blunt and round tab 9 fig. 4 and tab 10 fig. 5 L and the lower M and in their inside they â—â—nke downe vnto the third ventricle Tab. 10 fig. 5 vnder S T V and in the 6. figure at H and I in the eleuenth table and the 7 fig. at H whereupon some who haue not diligently followed their curued passage haue thought that beside these two there are other two ventricles in the forepart of the braine and so haue made vp the number of sixe ventricles but we esteeme them to be portions of these vpper for they are indeede larger then vsually they are esteemed Backward also they are obtuse and round tab 9 fig. 4 the vpper L and M and do descend by degrees downeward into the substance of the brayne and foreward are straightened like the small end of a horne and so creepe on to the mammillary processes and the ingresse of the opticke Nerues tab 11 fig. 7 and 8. F G and the sleepy arteries Their vpper face is lined with a waterish moysture and they are often found full The water in them thereof Their vpper part tab 9 fig. 4 from L to L and from N to N according to the length of the braine is smooth and aequall the lower part is vnaequall tab 10 fig. 6 R or S because of the hollownesse prepared to receiue the defluxion of the phelgme which hollownes creepeth obliquely out of the backepart of the ventricles foreward into their common cauity Whether they bee lined with the Pia mater Vesalius against Galen For these two ventricles as we shall say by and by do determine into a common cauity Galen and the ancients after him do write that the superficies of the first three ventricles are as the brayne couered with the Pia mater Vesalius denyeth it and addeth a reason for saith he if the ventricles were lined within the Membranes would hinder the substance of the braine from working the matter conueyed into them into Animall spirits But Columbus and Archangelus side with Galen against him and Archangelus thinketh that the septum lucidum is made of the duplication of the Pia mater after it hath inuested these ventricles We leaue this to be farther scanned by the curious Dissectors sure we are that that which is called Plexus Chorides lyeth vpon them from whence small veines tab 9 fig. 4 PP tab 10 fig. 5 n figure 6 oo are deriued which grow in the forepart to their substance like vnto those which runne through the coate of the eye called Tunica Adnata Archangelus is of opinion that the Pia mater being it selfe of exquisite sense may by meanes of these small veynes suffer inflamation whence come those deepe paines which are sometimes felt in the Center The cause of deepe paines in the head of the brayne And indeed Galen maketh expresse mention both of the Pia mater compassing their cauity as we haue saide before as also of these veines which insinuate themselues into the ventricles in the second and third Chapters of the 9. Book of his Anatomicall Administrations so that Archangelus doeth but gather the conclusions out of Galens praemises It behooued sayeth Galen in the 8. Booke of the Vse of Parts and the 10. Chapter that Why two ventricles out of Galen there should bee two of these ventricles because the Braine and euery organ of sence is double for the braine is the first and most common cause of all those double organs that if one of them be violated the other might serue the turne and this hee prooueth by an instance of a young man of Smyrna who was wounded into one of these ventricles and yet A story by him cited escaped but sayth hee if both of them had beene wounded he could not haue liued a moment of time Vesalius as he is an importunate aduersary of Galens the lesse his thanke reproueth him Vesalius oppugneth him not without some reason for this alledging that though the braine be parted into two yet it is againe vnited before the ventricles are formed therein and to say trueth it is hard to conceiue how one ventricle should be wounded and the other not violated considering the thinnesse of the menbrane or partition that parteth them and beside the common cauity whereinto they both determine but experience often assureth vs of that which meere Reason and discourse wil not allow of or subscribe vnto The vse of these ventricles is according to Galen in his eight Booke of the Vse of Parts The vses of these ventritricles Galen Chap. 10. and 11. that of the ayre which we draw in conuayed into the brain by the organs of smelling of the vitall spirit ascending from the hart by the sleepy arteries the Animal spirites prepared before in plexu choroide might in those ventricles bee perfected
of these Opticke nerues is to leade the visible faculty from the braine which in the eies is gathered vnto the visible formes where the Nerue is dilated into the Membrans of the eie For if this Nerue be obstructed as it is in that disease which the Arabians call Gutta serena the cleare drop the action of seeing is altogether taken away or intercepted Gutta serena And so much concerning the Optick Nerues The Nerues of Motion are on either side one which sendeth a small surcle to eache Muscle by which it is mooued Tab. 2. fig. 3. 4. sheweth this as he may perceiue who diligently The Nerues of motion shall separate the beginning of the Muscles from the Nerue which also is spred abroad into the Membranes These moouing Muscles in their originall are continuall that is the right is ioyned with the left whence it commeth to passe that when one eye Where they are continual is mooued the other also followeth the same motion for they proceede ioyntly out of one point as it were in the fore-part of the spinall Marrow so that the same obiect and the same light after the same manner and at the same time insinuateth it selfe into either eye that the sense and discerning might be one and the same and this maketh much to the perfection of the sense that one and the same thing might not appear double which doubtlesse would happen if one eye might be mooued vpward and the other downward at the same time That this is true you may easily learne if with your finger you either Demonstrations heereof depresse or lift vp one of your eyes for then all obiects will appeare double one higher another lower But if you mooue your eye toward the side because the pupilla or Sightes are in the same line the obiects will not seeme double Wherefore Galen in the thirteenth chapter of his tenth booke de vsu partium writeth that the Diameters of the visible Cones must be placed in one and the same plaine least that which is one do appeare double Hence it is that in the palsye and convulsion of the Muscles of the eye the patient often seeth double Obiects because the eyes do depart from the same plaine So also when the Opticke Nerues are either conuelled or relaxed the pupilla or Sight not beeing in the same line all thinges appeare double which also for the same cause happeneth oftentimes to men when they are drunke From these Instrumentes Veynes Arteries and Nerues are deriued vnto the eye aboundance of Spirits Natural Vitall and Animall which are properly called visible spirits The spirits of the Eies wherfore acording to the plenty of the Spirits conteyned in the eyes their magnitude as also their splendor or brightnes is greater or lesse And hence it is that whē men are nere their death their eyes becom litle languid obscure as also those that do too much follow venerial combats haue their eyes smal and extenuated so also wee see that in liuing men the eyes are full and turgid but when they are deade they become lesse as also laxe and rugous for the presence and absence of the spirits maketh a difference betwixt a liuing and a dead eie Againe according to the diuers disposition of the spirites and of the eyes from them Diuers argumentes to proue there are spirites in them we are able by our sight to distinguish and iudge oftentimes of the affections of the mind which is a cleare argument and euen liable to our sense that the body of a man is ful of spirits which thing Galen also in the tenth booke de vsu partium prooueth by an elegant and demonstratiue argument For saith he if vpon the closing of one eye you do attentiuelie marke the pupilla or sight of the other you shall perceyue it in a verie moment to be dilated because a greater quantity of spirits do fall into the Grapie coate which we call Vuea through that coate which is called Reticularis or the Nette where they dilate the hole of the Vuea which hole is properly called Pupilla or the sight and Apple of the eye Finallie that the eyes are full of spirites is hence conuinced because they are sometimes obscure dull and languid or weake sometimes bright or shining quicke and apprehensiue But least these spirites which are of an admirable finenesse and subtiltye might exhale or euaporate they are kept in and retained by a thick thight and strong Membrane which is called the Horny coate CHAP. VI. Of the Membranes of the Eyes HAuing declared the Muscles the vessels of the eies now remoued them away the eye it selfe round like a bowl appeareth Ta. 2. fig. 3 4. Ta. 1. fi 2 3 which may be compared to the world an egge both for the figure construction To an Egge which consisteth of Membranes the shel which is an indurated Membrane a thin Membrane The eie compared to an Egge vnder it humors the white the yolke So the globe of the eye hath membranes humors Membranes that being of a watery nature it might better be conteined in his positiō and the humors by them encompassed which membranes had need to haue a more solid substance beside they are a great furtherance to the sight Humours onely for the sight Concerning the number of the Membranes the authors are at great difference Hippocrates The Membranes of the eie in his Booke De Locis in Homine acknowledgeth but three the vppermost thick the middlemost thinner and the third thinnest of all which conteineth the humors but in his booke De Carn he saith they are manie The later Grecians reckon four Siluius fiue Vesalius sixe Galen in the seuenth chapter of his tenth book De vsu part seuen vnto whō Fuchsius Aquapendens do consent We wil diuide them into two kinds some are common to the whole eie some are proper to the humors the common Membranes are the Their number verie diuerse according to authors Cornea and the Vuea the horny and the grapie coates The proper Membranes are the Cristaline and the glassye But whereas there are commonly reckoned seauen Adnata Cornea Dura Vuea Choroides Aranea and Retina whereto some haue added those which are called Vitrea and Innominata we wil runne thorough them al after our Anatomical order The first is called Adnata which is the seauenth according to Galen in the second chapter First Adnata of his tenth booke De vsu partium so called as it were Nata circa oculum bred about the eye Galen cals it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it cleaueth on the outside of the other mēbranes of the eye whereupon it is also called Adherens or the cleauing Membrane This is the vtmost Aquapendens supposeth that it ariseth from the Periostium tendons or chords of the Muscles It first offereth itselfe before Dissection together with the transparant part of the horny Membrane
because the inner circumference of the whole eye is inuested with this obscute and darke Membrane by whose shadow the cristalline is compassed so that his brightnesse returning backe from the blacknesse and obscurity of the membrane is vnited better into himselfe How the colour of the infide differeth from the colour of the out side And so as Aquapendens hath well obserued that light which is but weake or but moderately strong doth better appeare in the Christalline then that which is much stronger as whereby the inbred light of the humour it selfe is ouercome Againe we say that the darkenesse of the colour of this membrane maketh much to the collection and refection of the spirits For when the Cristalline is too much affected by a vehement light then we close our eyes and the spirits turning themselues vpon those darke colours are refreshed as before hath bene shewed in our Historie of the horny membrane Wherefore also about the pupilla it is thicker because it should cast a greater shadow vpon the Cristalline in that place where the light hath his accesse for on the backeside it is compassed with the thicke and fast horny coate And for this cause betwixt the horny membrane and the Cristalline humour this coate is blacke But this blackenesse on the inside of the coate where it respecteth the humours seemeth to bee bred with the coate it selfe but on the outside where it respecteth the horny membrane I conceiue it is but accidentary because it wold colour a mans finger that toucheth it and may easily be washed of so that the membrane will remaine white but the colour on the inside will not die or taint the finger for if it were so those bright bodies which it respecteth and compasseth would be foyled by that blackenesse and so loose their purity Some are of opinion that this blacknesse is the thick excrement which is separated in the nourishment of the Cristalline humour as also that the watery humor is the thin excrement of the same Now as this blackenesse is perpetuall in all creatures on the outside of this coate so on the inside especially where it respecteth the glassie humour the membrane is sometime browne sometime purple or skie coloured whence it was that Galen in the fourth chapter of his tenth booke de vsu partium called it a skie coloured coate and sometimes greene as in oxen but where it is perforated on the foreside and respecteth the shining or transparent part of the horny Membrane it is not in man of one and the same colour yet so that it is alwayes of that colour which we see in the Rainbow of the eye according wherto we say a man hath blacke or browne or skie coloured or a Goates eye which saith the Phylosopher is an argument of a good disposition so that the same Aristotle in the fifth booke de genaratione Animalium and the first chapter A mans eye is of diuers colours hath well obserued that among all creatures onely man hath eyes of diuers colours for other creatures all of the same kind haue eyes alike excepting horses who somtimes haue wayle eyes The Rainebow called in Greeke and Latine Iris hath his name from the similitude of the Rainebow which appeareth in the clouds because this greater circle of the eye The Rainbow of the eye Tab. 1. fig. 7. 8. f. Tab. 3. fig. 2. 3. f. is distinguished with diuers colours which shine through the horny Membrane Galen in the second chapter of his tenth booke de vsu partium saith that in this Rainebow there are seuen circles one within another all differing A nicite in diffection in thickenesse and colour which proceed from the Membranes But how nice a peece of businesses it were in dissection to offer to shew all these circles distinctly without confusion surely so hard a matter it were to accomplish as vaine whenit were performed Some haue called this Iris 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Crowne There are many opinions of the causes of so great variety of colours in this circle of the Diuers opinions of the cause of the Rainbow eye and if you will giue me leaue I will acquaint you with what other men haue conceiued and then deliuer that opinion which I follow my selfe First of all therefore Aristotle in the first chapter of his fifth booke de generatione animalium maketh mention of Empedocles his conceit who compoundeth the eye of fire and water The skie coloured eye saith he is when the fire beareth the sway and the blacke eye when the water exceedeth the fire Empedocles Aristotle Aristotle in the place before quoted refers the variety of the colours to the plenty or scarsity of humours and maketh demonstration of his opinion by the example of aire and water for saith he if you looke vpon a deepe water or a thicke aire they will seeme black and obscure But if there be but a little of either then will their colour appeare blewish bright This conceit of Aristotles Columbus reprehendeth but gratis for he addeth no reason against him Thirdly Galen in Arte medicinali is of opinion that the plenty of splendor and scituation Galen the chrystaline and watery humors is the cause of this variety of colours The eye saith he becommeth skye-coloured either because of the plentie or splendour of the Chrystaline humour or by reason of his prominent scituation whereto hee addeth the paucity and purity of the watery humour The eye is blacke when the Chrystaline is little or scituated somewhat too deepe or because it is not exquisitely bright or because the watery humour is somewhat more plentifull and yet not pure Vesalius reprehendeth Aristotle and Galen in these words which indeed are but bare words This colour sayeth he ariseth not from the plenty defect or tenuity of the humours of the eye neither yet from the collection or dilatation of the Apple and finally not from the depth of the eye or the tenuity thereof Fourthly Auicen referres the cause vnto the colour of the grapy coate which as it is diuersly Auicen depainted so it bringeth forth in the eye diuers colours if it be sky-coloured the eye is also sky-coloured if blacke the eye is blacke And him doth Vesalius follow Fiftly Auerhoes imagines that the whitenesse of the eye proceeded from cold and the Auerhoes blacknes from heat The sixt opinion is that of Varolius who sayth that the cause of the colour is to bee referred Varolius to the vnequall plenty of the spirit and of the watery humor which as it falleth in diuers parts of that place so it representeth diuers colours The colour sayth he which resulteth from the grapy membrane receding or giuing backe from the horny is wont to be called the Rayne-bow from a certaine appearing variety hee calleth it an appearing variety because in very trueth there is not in that place any true diuersity of colours but only in apparition because the
wisedome and the infinite goodnesse wherewith he hath compassed vs on euery side Moreouer that he would giue me power perspicuously to propound and lay open to your capacities a thing so diuersly and quayntly folded vp that the Eie is scarce able to follow the trayne thereof These instruments are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Aures ab hauriendis vocibus as sayth Lactantius in English Eares of hearing The names of the eares There are many parts of the Eares which serue as well for the reception of the sound into them as also for the intension thereof Some of them are such as without which there is no reception of sounds others are necessary for better reception and hearing Finally others were created for the conseruation of all the rest Wee will diuide the Eare according to Hippocrates in Coacis into an outward and an inward Eare and first we will entreate of the outward The Eares saith Aristotle are parts of the head by which we heare and therefore it may be immagined they are called Aures quasi audes ab audiendo from hearing Instruments The reasons of the name they are of Hearing indeede as Galen confesseth in the second chapter of his Booke De Instrumento Odoratus but not the principal organs because if the Eares be cut off close by the heade yet a man will heare notwithstanding as if the nose bee cut off a man shall smell though imperfectly The reason is because the principal instrument both of Hearing and of Smelling lies hid within the scul The outward Eares therefore are helping causes and when they are sound and whol they are of as great vse for the Hearing as the nosethrils are for the Smelling These outward Eares properly called Auriculae are in men beasts conspicuous but in Birds and Fishes it is not so for Birds haue onely holes whereby the sound entereth into their Brains because their skinne being harder they want matter whereof this Eare should be framed beside such eares as other creatures are furnished with would haue beene a hinderance vnto them in their flight as wee see a contrary winde blowing vpon a saile staieth the course of a Ship as for Fishes no man that I know hath yet found out the instruments of their Hearing Those holes which are placed before their eyes we doubt whither they serue for Hearing or for Smelling The outward Eares are placed in the same paralel or line with the eyes yet not so What creatures want outward eares much for the better reception of sounds which saith Cicero in his second booke De Natura Deorum of their owne nature do ascend vpward because they haue their consistence in the aire but rather from the commodity of those softe nerues within the scull which were to communicate the animall spirit dispersed through the substaunce of the Braine vnto the principal Organ of Hearing Otherwise if the eares had their scituation onely for the apprehension of sounds they might as well haue bene placed in any parte The reason of the situation of the Eares of the creature as where they are because the sounds are equally communicated to the whole aire that compasseth vs about But on the foreside they might not be placed because that roome was to be taken vp for the eies and the instruments of other senses For the Eies because we see by a right line but we may heare as wel on either side as directly forward as Aristotle saith in the tenth chapter of his second booke de Part. Animalium although I am not ignorant that Galen in the eight chapter of his tenth booke De Vsu partium is not altogether of Aristotles opinion Againe for the Mouth partly for the commoditie of receiuing meates and drinkes directly from the hand partly also because it was fit we should turne not our eies onely but our mouth also toward them with whom we discourse Thirdly for the Nose that the sauours of meates and drinks by which we iudge and discerne whither they be good or ill might more directly strike the sense of Smelling Moreouer the Eares were not placed in the backepatt of the head because there are no Nerues deriued thereunto not in the top of the head least the couering of the Heade should hinder the ingresse of the sound It remaineth therefore that it was most conuenient they should be placed in the sides of the head or the face iust against the region of the eies and also be in man immooueable In bruite beasts their scituation is somewhat otherwise to wit at the toppe of the Face because their heades hang alwayes downeward vnto the earth to seeke theyr Foode In Beastes also the eares are mooueable The Eares of Apes haue a middle position betwixt those of men and beastes because it is a creature of a middle figure betwixt the erected frame of a man the prone Apes Eares or bending posture of a beast And as their position so likewise is their motion not to bee immoouable as in Men nor so mooueable as in other beasts but betwixt both Table 4. Fig. 1. Sheweth the skin of the head together with the fat and the glandules vnder the eares and the muscles of the hinder part of the head and the eares Fig. 2. Sheweth the muscles of the eares of the eye-browes and a few of the iawes TABVLA IIII. FIG I. FIG II. The second Figure The truth hereof may be diuersly demonstrated first because all sounds are most exactly receiued in hollow and hard bodyes as bels and such like Againe those men whose eares are cut away do receiue sounds and articulated voices after an obtule dul or confused maner like the fall of water or chirping of a Grashopper in somuch that the other eare which is not vitiated is notwithstanding impaired vnlesse that which is wounded be quite stopt vppe Finally such as are halfe deafe that they may heare the better do set their hands to their eare with the palmes forward to gather in the sound as we reade that Adrian the Emperor Adrian the Emperour was wont to do Another vse of this refraction of the aire is least it should enter into the Eare too cold if it were not broken and beaten against the sides in the passage whereby it receiueth if not heate yet a mitigation of his coldnesse And finally if it were not for these breaches many violent sounds would suddenly rush into the eare to the great offence of the Hearing These Eares are not alwayes of one magnitude but in some greater in some lesse but most-what proportionable to the magnitude of the body and yet it hath beene obserued that where there is greater store of vitall heate there the eares are some-what the larger The magnitude of the Eares Howsoeuer they are small in man in respect of other creatures as well for ornament as because the head of a man saith Galen in the twelfth chapter of his eleauenth Booke De vsu partium
beare a pulsation which might affect the instrument of Hearing Wherefore Bony it behoued not to be for then the instrument of Sense would haue beene deafe because the in bred Ayre would not haue receiued the Sound and alteration Why not bonie of the externall ayre and if the bone had beene so thin that it could haue transmitted the affection of the ayre then also would it haue bin in danger of breaking It was not fit this couering or instrument should be fleshy because if that which receiued Why not fleshie the sound had beene laxe or loose it would not so well haue transmitted the impression for wee see that the strayter a drumme is braced the shriller sound it yeelds Againe if it had beene fleshy it would haue bin soft and full of moysture and by that meanes would haue admitted of many things to cleaue or sticke vnto it which now doe fall away from it because it is membranous This partition therefore or muniment or couering call it what you will is membranous and thinne withall for if in the first conformation it bee produced a thicke and fast membrane then is the party deafe incurably as Arantius and Laurentius haue well remembred But wee finde sometimes before this membrane on the outside that there groweth a certaine thicke coate beside the intent of Nature of which Aegineta maketh mention in How children become deafe and dumbe the 23. Chapter of his 2. booke and Aquapendens saith he found it twice but Aegineta teacheth also the way how to cure it yet it is much to be doubted that if it grow from the Natiuity such children will become deafe and dumbe Deafe because this coate hindreth the appulsion of the sound vnto the membrane Dumbe because they are not able either to conceiue with their minds or to vtter with their voices that they are altogither ignorāt of And as such a coate or filme before the membrane doth cause deafnesse so it sometime hapneth that immediatly behinde the membrane there is a collection of mucous matter or an affluence of some humour from whence proceedeth a great difficulty of Hearing hard to be cured but if the humour be thinne then the Hearing is not so much impeached as the patient is vexed with ringings singings whistlings and hissing murmures in his Eares Furthermore this membrane is thight and fast hauing in it no conspicuous pores but neruous strong the better to resist outward iniuries violent incusions of the ayre It is also very dry that it might more readily receiue the Sound and more distinctly Why the mēbrane is dry make represetation of the same For we imagine that the image of the Sound is receiued in this membrane without the matter euen as the images of colours are receiued in the horny membrane of the eye Beside Hippocrates sayth that drynesse is a great helpe to the conception or reception of Sounds because that which soundeth shrillest is farthest hard as we haue experience in small bells which are made of thin and fast Lattin plate This membrane is also translucide and pollished like a Looking-glasse both within without sauing that on the inside the processe of the bone cald the Mallet or Hāmer is extended vpward vnto the middest thereof like as we see in the tayle of a drumme there is a chord stretched ouerthwart through the midst The vse of this membrane is to close vp the hole of Hearing in a round compasse like a hedge or wall to distinguish it from the fourth cauity of the Stony-bone and therefore The diuers vses of the membrane Laurentius calleth it septum the partition It serueth also to distinguish the externall from the internall parts of the care but especially to separate the In-bred ayre whose duty it is to receiue the impressions of Sounds from the externall or the ayre that cometh from without for if these two ayres had beene mixed and confounded the outward ayre being oftentimes foggy and thicke must needes haue made the inward ayre also more vnfit for sensation Neither doeth it only keep the inward ayre from permixtion with the outward but also containeth it that it should not vanish of it owne accord or be dispersed and dissipated in vehement noyses or sounds Adde hereto that it keepeth out the externall aire so that neither the cold nor heate thereof can offend the nerues of the braine Finally it defendeth the inward parts from outward wrongs so that if a man be ouer head and eates in the water yet the water cannot passe beyond the Membrane In like maner it keepeth out flies and other such busie creatures dust and whatsoeuer else should happen to fall into the hole of hearing But because the thinnesse of this membrane made it subiect to bee violated or indangered by such outward accidents Nature for more security hath placed on the inside therof three bones a chord or string and two muscles wherby this membrane is made better able to endure the force of the ayre when it is beaten against it CHAP. XVIII Of the small bones of the Organe of hearing and of the Chord THe three bones of the Organe of hearing were not knowne to Anatomists till the age wherein we liue Those two which are knowne by the names of the Anuill or the Stithy and the Mallet or Hammer were inuented or The finders out of these bones found out by that restorer of Anatomie Iohannes Carpus of Bononia and the third Iohannes Phillippus Ingrassias challengeth vnto himselfe so doth also Columbus and Eustachius and well it may be that all these being so oculate Anatomists did find it out by their industry But now we haue them it shall bee more expedient precisely to describe them vnto you then to determine who were the first inuenters of them These bones therefore are scituated in the first cauity of the stony bone which before we called the Tympane that is the drume or Taber and because their figure is diuers they The scituatiō haue also diuers names giuen them partly from the similitude they haue with the things whose names they beare partly also from their vse The first is called Malleus or Malleolus the Mallet or the Hammer The second Incus the Anuill or the Stithy The third Stapes Their nerues the Stirrop Tab. 10. fig. 6. 7. 8. The Hammer or Mallet Tab. 10. fig. 4. r. fig. 5. C. fig. 8. q. Tab. 11. c. l. is seated in The Mallet the beginning of the first cauitie of the stony bone Tab. 10. fig. 2. neere to c. at the end of the hole of hearing This bone saith Coiter hath his name rather from his vse then from his forme because when the membrane is mooued the Mallet also is mooued therewithall or because like a hammer it lies vpon the Anuill and in the motion beates vpon the membrane Others doe liken it to the thigh-bone as Vessalius on this manner As the thigh neere the necke thereof hath two processes
is no election choyce or dignotion of one simple thing But there are no differences of Illumination nor Light nor of other thinges which wee haue rehearsed much lesse are there contrarieties For illumination doeth not truely differ from illumination nor Light from Light neyther is illumination contrary to illumination nor Light to Light but there are diuers differences of colours and one colour is contrary to another not those therfore but this to wit colour is the obiect of sight QVEST. XXXIII Whether Colour be Light BEcause Light as wel as Colour doth determine the Sight and hath in it selfe Of one faculty must there be one obiect a cause of visibility hence some thinking that there ought to be but one obiect of one knowing and discerning faculty haue esteemed Colour Light to be of the same Nature But this cannot bee for all Colour is not Light neither is all Light Colour whereas if they had beene of the same Nature they might haue beene conuerted reciprocally But they vrge thus Euery thing which is seene is colour but Light is seene therefore Light is colour I answere to bee seene may bee vnderstoode two wayes first commonly and improperly so as euery thing both colour and that which is proportionable thereunto is sayde to be seene And so Aristotle taketh it in the 2. Booke de anima and his Chapter de visu where in the beginning he sayeth That which is visible is colour and that which is without name as if he should say That which is proportionable vnto colour and after this manner Light is seene and yet is not therefore a colour because that on this manner many things may be seene which are not colour but onely proportionable vnto colour Secondly this word Seeing is taken properly and according to this acception nothing can be seene besides colours But they add yet further that the same effect belongeth to the same cause but whitenesse Obiection and light do performe the same effect for a white colour doeth dissipate the sight and weary the Eyes and the same effect doth the light worke wherefore light and a white colour doe not differ But we deny this argument For though there be great affinitie and likenesse between whitnesse and the light as also betwixt blacknesse and darkenesse yet no Identity nor vnity of the species or kind doth hence ensue for if the case were so two lucid bodyes would produce colours of two kinds in one and the same darke body because they can neuer shine equally and alike but to shine were to send forth a colour Againe when the light faileth that is when darknesse begins to come first a greene colour then a purple and so other intermixed colours must bee induced vppon the darke body till at length it attaine vnto the quite contrary colour to wit blackenesse euen as the light doth mediatly and by degrees degenerate into darkenesse But nothing can be more â—bsurd then this for wee see that a white colour remaineth white vntill the least part of it may bee seene yea it abideth white til it be so dark that we can see nothing all colours are taken away from our eyes Others with more shew of truth haue vndertaken to perswade that colour is Lumen or an That colour is an illumination illumination which opinion they strengthen with no small arguments First because when this illumination is absent colours cannot be present and againe at his arriuall or returne they are generated in the bodyes But this argument is of small force for Lumen or illumination doeth not generate colours in bodies neither when it departeth doeth it take them away but is onely the cause wherefore they are rather sensible when it is present and being absent they are not seene The reason is because without this splendour colours cannot mooue the tralucent bodie and so the night doth not take away the colour but the images of it which are as it were the deputies or instead of the colours but the reall colours which are by themselues visible doe remaine if not actually yet potentially Yet they vrge further that we see by experience that the cloudes by the diuers irtadiation or glittering of the Sunne sometime are of a white and sometime of a red colour as also is the Rainebow for which cause also we see the Sea sometime to waxe purple coloured sometime to become gray and a farre off to shew white and at hand blacke Finally the necks of Doues and the tayles of Peacocks doe wonderfully varry their colours by the diuers aspect of the Light But none of these are thus indeede and in trueth but doe so appeare by reason of the vehement splendor of the Sunne or of the leuity of the coloured bodie whereuppon the Sight is somewhat hindered that it cannot discenrne off and know the reall colours as they are Againe this hapneth not only from the direct or indirect irradiation of the Sunne but also from our beholding of the coloured thing from on the right hand or from on the left forward or backward For it is greatly to be respected whether the shadow of the coloured thing bee on our side or on the opposite and therfore according to the motion of the Peacocke so the colour of her trayne seemeth to be varried which thing Painters when they goe about to Limne any picture doe diligently obserue marking the place wherein the life is placed to wit in what part it doeth receiue the light Moreouer they consider the entraunce into the place where it is that they may resolue on what part they may best behould it well knowing that both our eye and the light should bee well disposed vnto the A good obseruation of Painters right perception and discerning of the reall colour For if a well painted picture be placed in an inconuenient place his forme will not appeare artificial but deformed and disordred not that it is so indeed but that it onely appeareth so by reason of the inconuenience of the place And thus also it is with the colours of Peacocks so that hence wee are taught that the illumination doeth not alter the colours but the disordered scituation of the coloured body and of him which beholdeth it are a great cause of the variation thereof QVEST. XXXIIII That the pure Elements are not coloured of themselues APerspicuum or Tralucent bodie being without all darknesse can neuer be so condensed that a colour should arise therefrom and therefore the simple Elements yea and the heauen it selfe haue absolutely no true colour for though the aire may be so condensed that it may degenerate into Water The pure Elements are not truly coloured yet it will neuer attaine vnto a colour no nor the earth it selfe nor yet that which is more condensed then the earth They therefore bee in an error which ascribe whitenesse vnto three Elements and blacknesse vnto the Earth Indeed perspicuitie and transparencie may be allowed to these three and a
or iustling one against another the medium wherein they are mooued endureth betwixt them a compression that compression endeth in attrition that attrition in fraction and that fraction kindleth as it were at resonance VVherefore Aristotle sayde well in the 78. text of his second booke de Anima that a sound is alwayes actuated when one thing moues against another in a third That the fraction is not the found But although the ayre thus beaten and broken makes a found yet the very fraction of the ayre is not the sound neither the next and immediate generation thereof and herein all Philosophers doe agree particularly Auicen But what shall wee stand vpon authorities we prooue it thus The fraction of the ayre is a motion but the sound is not a motion First because a Sound is the proper obiect of the Sense of Hearing but Motion is a common obiect not discerned by the sense of Hearing and therefore a Sound is not a Motion Secondly Motion is no quality but reduced vnto other Predicaments as wee say in Schooles that is to Action Passion or Place But Sound is a quality to witte one of the Nor the motion third kind to which the obiects of the Senses are referred Thirdly Sound is made by Motion so we see by experience so wee are taught by all Philosophy the same Philosophy teacheth vs That nothing produceth it selfe Seeing then that motion produceth Sound certainly Sound can be no Motion It may be obiected that Aristotle in the 58. Text of his Booke de sensu sensili and the Obiection Solution sixt Chapter sayth that Sound is a Motion but we answere that he speaketh not in a formall sense but in a casuall that is not indeuouring to giue the definition of a Sound but a casuall production as if he should say when some motion is made with such and such circumstances a Sound will result therefrom VVe will also add another Reason and that very strong which is on this maner Those things which haue a particular existence or being one without the other are in themselues seuerally distinct and diuers Now the sound and the breaking motion of the ayre haue seuerall and particular beings because the sound is diffused and attaineth to those parts of the Aire or water to which parts the motion cannot reach And this Aristotle in his fourth Booke De Historia Animalium prooueth by the example of Anglers who in the time of their disport are as silent as may be and yet the Fishes heare them Now saith Aristotle Aristotles instance it is not like that their whisperings can produce so vehement a motion that the partes of the Aire broken thereby should by succession mooue thorough the whole masse of water vnto the Sense of the Fish Againe that this fraction of the Aire is not the next and immediat generation of the sound may thus be euicted Locall motion of it selfe contendeth or striueth onelie vnto That sound is not imediately generated by motion Place neither of it selfe doth it make impression of any other reall Being vpon that which is mooued as Aristotle teacheth in the eight Booke of his Physicks the 7 chapter and the 59 Text. It followeth therefore that the generation of Sound is another action besides the motion which action I know not how to name yet we may wel conceiue a difference betweene the locall impulsion and the Sound as we may also perceiue that besides locall motion sometimes heate is engendred yet no man will say that motion is the immediate cause of heate After this manner also we may well conceiue how the influences of the Stars may be dispensed in this inferiour would To conclude therefore it is manifest that there must concurre three actions to the production of any Sound and these three do each accompany and succeede other The first action is the affront which is betwixt the two bodies which offend one against another The second is the fraction or breaking of the Medium The third and last is the sounding of the Medium for so you shall giue vs leaue to call it beecause wee can deuise no other name Immediately after this followeth the Sound QVEST. XXXIX The definition of a Sound HAuing as plainly as wee could deliuered the manner of the generation and production of a Sound we will now briefely set downe the definition of it Aristotle in the 65 Text of his second Booke de Anima defines a sound to bee A motion of that which may bee mooued with that motion wherewith those things are mooued which do rebound from the mutual percussion of two bodies Others do define it to be A sensatiue quality striking the hearing and the proper obiect of that Sense But we will thus define it A Sound is a passiue and successiue quality produced from the interception and breaking of the Aire or Water which followeth vpon the The definitiō of a Sound Obiection collision or striking of two sounding bodyes so fit to moue the Sense of Hearing If any should obiect that there is but one onely Nature of one thing as Arist saieth in the 4 chapter of his first Booke of Topickes and that a definition is an oration expressing the nature of a thing as the same Aristotle in the 5 chapter of his first Booke and the sixt chapter of his 5. Booke of Topicks saith There can be but one definition giuen of one and the same thing and therefore a Sound should not consist of one simple but of a threefolde Nature because we haue set downe three definitions one differing from another whereas wee promised but one definition in the Title of this Chapter It is therefore to be considered that three A threefolde definition of Accidents things may be obserued in all Accidents and from the knowledge of these their Nature may be better manifested these are the subiect the genus and the Cause By which three according to the diuers intention and end of the definer such accidentes are defined eyther with the mention of them all or of the subiect and genus onely the cause being lefte out or of the cause alone omitting the other two The first manner of defining satisfies the vnderstanding best the other affoords but a lame defectiue vnderstanding of that which is defined So in this definition of the Ecclipse that It is a priuation of the Light in the Moone by By the ecclips reason of the interposition of the Earth betwixt the Moone and the Sunne all three are contained Likewise the Thunder defined to be a Sound in a Clowd made by the extinction of Fire is a definition consisting of all three But this Thunder is onely defined by the subiect and Aud thunder the Genus if we say that Thunder is a Sound in a Cloud and by the cause alone when we say It is an extinction of the fire Now if the Nature of Accidents be such and so great variety be in their
Sense but hath all his being and essence in the mixt body That therfore which he calleth Gustabile is a mixt body which in respect of that quality which is called a Sapour is Gustile or may be Tasted Not but that a Sapour doeth by it selfe mooue the Sense but because it cannot subsist without the mixt body for considered euen without the mixt body it may be sayd to be the obiect of Tast because it is it alone in the mixt body which moueth that Sense QVEST. LVIII Of the matter of Sapours A Sapour is a quality arising out of the first qualities which alone by it selfe is able to mooue the Taste Now the first qualities are of two sortes some What a sapor is 2. kindes of first qualities Actiue as heate and cold others Passiue as moysture and drought Out of the Actiue qualities the Sapour hath his Efficient cause to wit heate out of the Passiue his Materiall cause to wit Moysture But least any man should wonder why wee make moysture which is nothing else but an incorporeall quality to bee the matter of Sapours We answere that wee vnderstand humidity not in the abstract but in the concrete So that haply it were more proper to say humidum then humiditas for to say trueth a Sapour is not made onely of humidity but of humidity ioyned with siccity yet so that the humidity is predominant Wherefore Aristotle sayth that a Sapour dwelleth in that which is moist as an odour Sapours are not made of simple humidity doth in that which is dry yet he doth not name humidity alōe nor simple siccity but both conioyned and therefore hee rather expresseth himselfe by humidum and Siccum then by hamiditas and siccitas so that in the one the moysture preuaileth ouer siccity in the other the siccity ouer moysture For thus much doth Aristotle intimate in his Booke de sensu sensili where he sayth that the vniuersall nature of Sapour is that it is a passion of the Sense of Tasting made by that which is earthy dry in that which is moyst Wherefore humidity being predominant in an earthy siccity is properly the matter of Sapors It may bee obiected if in Sapours the humidity must preuaile ouer the siccity then 1. Obiection those bodies wherein the siccity preuailes ouer the humidity should be insipide and without Tast Now there are many in which the siccity is predominant as ashes Pepper Ginger and such like which yet notwithstanding haue a very sharpe and quicke Taste Adde moreouer that if that were true then Sapors should not properly belong vnto Aliments 2. Obiection for Aristotle sayeth in the 28. Text of his third Booke de anima that hunger is an appetite of that which is hot and dry An Aliment therefore is not moyst but hotte and dry because it appeaseth hunger Seeing therefore all men confesse that Sapours doe properly belong to Aliments it should seeme also that Sapors haue their residence not in moystur but in siccity VVe answere that an Actuall Sapour that is such a Sapour which is instantly fitte to mooue the Taste must necessarily bee in moysture That which they obiect of Pepper Ashes and such like we answere on this manner VVee grant that of themselues they are insipide and haue no Sapour but that which is potentiall for they doe not Taste till they be chewed and that is by accident when as that humour which perpetually remayneth in the mouth and the tongue prouoketh or produceth their potentiall vertue into Act but because siccity is in them predominant therefore they yeeld a sharpe and quicke Tast That which they add concerning Aliment is easily answered For there are two kinds of Aliments one which satisfieth hunger another which satisfieth thirst That which satisfieth Solution 2. 2. kinds of Aliments thirst is exceeding moyst and in respect of it that which satisfieth hunger may bee called dry although it doe not follow that it should simply be dry yea it is necessary that it should haue so much moysture as the Sense of Tasting doth require otherwise it could not satisfie hunger Finally wahtsoeuer mooueth the Tast must of necessitie haue an inward moysture wherein it is steeped although it hath no outward the reason is that it may melt and diffuse it selfe through the organ of the Sense for those things that are hard and cannot bee dissolued cannot mooue the Sense of Tasting as wee may conceiue by a rough and torrified tongue such as we see is chopped and blacke in violent Agues which cannot make any certaine estimation of the difference of Sapors QVEST. LIX Of the efficient cause of Sapours OF the passiue qualities therefore moysture preuailing ouer Siccity is the matter Heate is the efficient cause of Sapor of Sapors Of the actiue qualityes they haue heate for their efficient cause For as the simple and pure Elements are of themselues without sapor or odor so also in the mixt body no such thing would result out of them if euery Element should reserue his owne quality to himselfe and therefore there is neede of heate to draw out the Sapors out of the concoction of the humidity and Siccity by which concoction these two are fitly mixed one with the other neither is it reason that How that is Cold cannot be any man should substitute cold to this office for dayly experience teacheth vs that fruites when they are frozen as Apples doe vtterly loose their tast yea although they be thawed Why frozen fruits loose their Tast and resume their former heate yet their tasts doe not returne So that cold is so farre from being the efficient cause of Tast that rather it doth vtterly destroy them Adde hereto that no fruite attaineth his natiue Tast till it grow ripe now this ripening is made by heat It remaineth therfore that heate in as much as it concocteth humidity and accomplisheth perfect mixtion is the true and onely efficient cause of Sapors QVEST. LX. Of the number and order of Sapors ARistotle in the 4. chapter of his book de sensu sensili going about to recite the diuers kinds of Tasts compareth them with colours not because there is any great affinty betwixt them but because there is iust as many of the one kinde as of the other and he concludeth them both vnder the number of seuen Some say there are eight kindes of Sapours and Plinie in the 21. chapter How many kinds of Sapors of his 15. booke reckons vp thirteene VVe with Aristotle will rather reduce them vnto the number of seauen because as there may be and indeede there are infinite varieties of mixtion so we should draw out of them infinite differences of Sapors if it were possible As many as of mixtures accurately to number them for nothing is so sure as that the differences of Sapors doe arise from the multiplicity of mixtion for example out of that wherein heate and moysture are
from membranes because the muscles also of the eie take their beginning from membranes Afterward they runne along the finger on the inside and with a neruous and small tendon they do adhere to the tendons of the Muscle next to be described which extendeth the foure fingers Their insertion is made about the middle of the first ioynt into the second Wherefore when these muscles are contracted to their originals the second and third ioynts of the fingers together with the help of the Muscles called Interossei are primarily extended although the Fingers also are extended by accident that in great constraynts they might serue to assist oblique motions For because the Tendons of these Muscles in their passage to their exterior part of the Fingers are tyed to the laterall or side-ligament of the first ioynt they are able also with a slender motion to leade the first knuckle vnto the thumbe and because the tendons of the next muscle to bee described are seated on the outside and therefore obnoxious to outward iniuries Nature placed these on the inside that if by mishap the outward Tendons were violated or wounded yet the fingers by the helpe of these might bee extended and this is the manner of the position of the first foure extending muscles Table 23. is the same with Table 19. Folio 781. The fift Extender Tab. 24. fig. 1. and 2. at the lower p which in the second figure hangeth downe ariseth with an originall mixed of a fleshy and neruous substance b from The 5. extender the outward protuberation of the arme Afterward it becommeth more fleshy and descending in the hinder part betwixt the Ell and the Wand is neere the wrest aboue b much narrower and for the most part clouen into three rarely into foure fleshy partes which presently degenerate into neruous Tendons exquisitely round for their better security which Tendons are tyed together by a membranous ligament arising from the appendix of the VVand so are together conueyed through a cauity exsculped or wroght in the externall part of the VVand into the wrest And least these Tendons should at any time fall out of that cauity or when the muscle is contracted strut vp as we see a broken veine doth they are inuolued with an annular or round ligament Tab. 22 fig. 2 and 4 charact 3 Presently after vnder the wrest they recede or depart one from another remaining Insertion no more round but becomming broad because the bone on the outside is round of it selfe and one runneth vnto the second and third ioynt of the fore-finger another of The cause of peine vnder the naile the middle finger and the third of the Ring-finger And hence it is that we feele so great paine if any thing get betwixt the nayles and the flesh Sometimes it is diuided into two Tendons onely which are inserted into the fore and middle fingers The vse of this muscle is to extend the second and third ioynts of those three fingers And the Tendons of it are long for the bellies do not reach vnto the wrist that the hand The vse might be lighter and more slender for agility in his motion The sixt extender Tab. 24 fig. 1 and 2 Q is slender and long hauing a sharpe and The sixt extender neruous originall which it taketh from the same protoberation of the arme with the former afterward becomming fleshy it is mingled with the former vnto the middle of his His originall belly so that in their originall they seeme to be but one muscle It passeth along the Cubit through a cauity common to the Ell and the VVand and running vnder the transuerse ligament is sometimes diuided into two neruous and round Tendons sometime it remaineth single If double one is implanted into the posterior part of three bones of the Implantation Ring-finger the other becomming broader is fastened into the backepart of the 3 bones of the little finger His vse is to extend these fingers and to leade them a little outward especially the little Vse finger The seauenth extender Ta. 24 fi 2 and 3 R lyeth vnder the two former ariseth exactly The seuenth extender His originall fleshy from the middle of the Ell where you shall meete with a long and rough line made of purpose for the rise of this muscle thence it descendeth obliquely vnto the Wand and climing ouer the appendix of the wrest is diuided into two tendons ta 24 fig 2 o p. which are transported through a proper cauity in the appendix of the Wand and vnder the transuerse ligament Tab. 22 fig. 2 3. charact 4. The vpper of these Tendons is inserted at the roote of the forefinger for the most part more rarely at the roote of the thumb the lower is inserted at the roote of the middle finger sometimes onely saith Fallopius of the Implantation fore-finger both their insertions are oblique and indeed the whole course of the muscle is oblique Their vse is to extend those fingers into which they are inserted beside that Vse in extending the fore-finger it also leadeth it from the Thumbe The eight extender The eight extender which is also the last not accounting the Interossei in this place Tab. 22 fig. 1 t and Tab. 24 fig. 1 â— is seated within the hand It ariseth short strong His originall Implantation and fleshy from the fourth bone of the wrest and passeth by the lower part of the After-wrist so ascending vnto the roote of the little finger to the outward side of the first bone in which it is inserted slender and neruous His vse is to extend the little finger withall Vse to leade it from the rest of the fingers when we desire to comprehend any round forme as a Ball or a Globe in our hands This muscle resembleth the fashion of a Mouse because in the beginning and the end it is slender but in the middest round and thicke And these are all the eight extending muscles There are also eight more extenders The interossei for we reckoned sixteene in the end of the 27 chapter called interossei of which we will intreate in the next chapter saue one because the method and order of dissection requires that we should first speak of those muscles that bend and extend the thumbe CHAP. XXXI Of the Muscles that bend and extend the Thumbe WEe saide before that there were seauen muscles which did bend the Thumbe foure that did extend it The first bender of the Thumbe Tab. 23 fig. 2 and 4. L is seated in the Cubit The 1 bender and beareth vpon the second bending muscle of the foure fingers Tab. 23 G to which it is a little continuated at the ioynt betwixt the arme and the Cubit but they cleaue together in their whole progresse It ariseth with a round and fleshy originall out of that part of the Ell which is nexte the ioynt of the Cubit where it receyueth the head
are not so vnited but that they remayne a good while two distinct Nerues contayned in one membrane which was the cause of the errour They get out of the Scull at the second hole of the Nowle-bone by which the greater branch of the internall Iugular veine did ascend into the braine The one of these Nerues is the anterior and the lesse the other is the posterior or the greater The lesser when it hath gotten out of the Scull descendeth directly vnto the muscles of His egresse the Tongue to whose roote it affoordeth a branch and to those muscles which occupy the Fauces or chops and into them most part of it is consumed The greater Nerue not farre from his egresse sendeth a branch backward tab 22. fig. 2. f which is distributed with many surcles into the muscles that occupy the necke especially into the Cowle muscle which is the second of the shoulder-blade The Trunke it selfe descending is connected or tyed to the seauenth Coniugation tab 22. fig. 2. â— to the Sleepy artery and to the internall Iugular veine by the interuening His descending trunke or interposition of a membrane and at the sides of the Larinx or Throttle it is increased by a branch from the seauenth Coniugation tabl 22. fig. 2. i with which branch notwithstanding it is not mixed for Platerus in this mixtion mist his marke but colligated or tyed thereto Presently after it sendeth surcles ouerthwart ta 22. fig. 2. g vnto the muscles of the Larinx especially those on the inside thereof It affordeth also a few small branches distinct from the former to the muscles of the Fauces or chops From thence it descendeth vnto the Chest and runneth quite through his capacity as also thorough the capacitie of the lower belly and distributeth many branches vnto the bowels of both bellies as wee haue partly declared already and shall do heereafter towards the end of this booke And because it runneth almost through all the bowels of the body it is therefore called Coniugatio vaga the gadding or wandering coniugation Falopius tels vs that the Membrane wherewith this sixt nerue is inuested as it falleth through the perforation assumeth vnto it selfe sometime manifestly sometime secretly a Falopius his conceit of the Oliue-like bodies few small and capillary fibres of the nerue and when it is out of the scul produceth a certaine long bodie resembling an Oliue which is sometimes single sometimes double in both sides and the colour fleshy although the substance be neruous and hard This Oliue-like body endeth into a certaine neruous fibre which falling down the neck together with some propagations of nerues coupled together which yssue from the first and second and fourth and fift and sixt or from the first and second and fift and sixte and seuenth paires of the necke doth make a texture or complication of vesselles like a little net which descendeth on either hand downe the forepart of the whole necke and in that complication saith he other new Oliue-like bodies do sometimes grow togither whose number is vncertaine consisting of no other substance but as it were a heape of nerues growing together into a callous or fast body like a scarre And this coniunction of nerues he calleth sexti paris plexum the texture or complication of the sixt coniugation from which texture many nerues saith he do descend vnto the basis of the heart Here from also very often doth a nerue take his originall which on both sides is conueyed vnto the midriffe although it receiue a further increment or encrease from the fourth and fift coniugations of the necke Hee affirmeth further that from this complication there yssueth a nerue which descending through the Chest along the rootes of the ribs is conueyed to the roots of the Mesentery Thus farre Falopius Now that from this sixt coniugation nerues are sent vnto the bowelles and not from Why the bowelles haue nerues from this coniugation and not from the spinall Marrow the marrow contained in the rack-bones this reason may be giuen because hauing not voluntary motion they did not stand in neede of so hard Nerues as doe arise out of the spinall marrow properly so called yet that they might not be altogether without Sense they receiue Nerues of Sense that is soft nerues issuing out of the marrow of the Braine whilst it is yet contained in the scull and the rather saith Galen in the 11 chap. of his ninth Booke de vsu partium because the substance it selfe of the bowels is but soft but because these Nerues were to go a long iourney least they should be offended they are inuested with strong membranes and besides fastned to the bodies by which they passe It is also worth the obseruation that the nerues which are disseminated from the sixt A notable obseruation coniugation into the trunke of the bodye are as large almost at their terminations after they haue bene diuersly diuided and subdiuided as they are in their originall which cannot be saide of any other vessell It hath bene also publickly deliuered I thinke from no other warrant but speculatiue Learning that this nerue descendeth into the ioynts and A nouell conceite in the feete is the cause of the great consent betwixt the feet and the head For mine own part I could neuer haue light of any such diuarications out of Classicke Anatomists beside what neede we search for an imaginary way of consent when we know that which is direct and agreed vpon by all which is the branches of the nerues of the spinal marrow wonderfully vniting themselues in the Tendons of the Muscles of the foote by which any annoyance may at the first hand be conueyed vnto the marrow of the backe and so vnto the Braine Moreouer Galens reason of the allowance of these Nerues of the sixte coniugation to the bowels in the place last before quoted were but of small moment if the feet also had nerues deriued therefrom But this onely by the way The seauenth Coniugation which Archangelus accounteth for the eight because he maketh the organs of smelling a coniugation of nerues the seauenth coniugation I say The seauenth coniugation Tab. 22. fig. 1 h fig. 2 H mooueth the tongue and is the hardest of all those that yssue out of the Braine within the scull and indeede it taketh his originall from a harder beginning that is to say in the bindpart of the Nowle-bone where the marrow of the Braine endeth saith Galen in the twelfth of his ninth Booke de vsu partium From the beginning of the His originall spinall marrow saith Vesalius but before it yssue out of the scull From the Braine not from the After-braine saith Columbus Archangelus saith from the backpart of the marrow where the cauity is that is compared to a writing pen. From the marrow of the Braine saith Bauhine when it is ready to fall out of the scull Tab. 22. fig. 1 2 E that is to say at the
a complication of veines arteries and nerues which imbibeth or sucketh vp the matter that falleth vpon it from whence come the greatest and most intolerable paynes of the tooth-ach And indeed this membrane is of most exact Sense and by it the Teeth are so apprehensiue of heate and cold yea sayeth Bauhine wee consent with Columbus herein that the flux of humor out of the Brain vnto this membrane is the true cause of the greatest pains in the teeth which do so long endure as the humour is detained in the Membrane or till the braine be purged and so the cause of the flux be taken away By reason of this cauity if the teeth be perforated by an affluence of sharpe humors How the teeth rottes which perforation dooth reach to the cauity then are the teeth quickly rotted euen vnto the roots againe in this cauity especially the erotion and putrifaction of the teeth doth begin In it groweth that dolourous rottennesse and in it somtimes are wormes gathered which do miserably excrutiate and punish the patient The vse of the cauity is that The vse of their cauities by it the teeth may be better nourished and receiue the faculty of sensation CHAP. XVIII Of the generation and vse of the Teeth COncerning the generation of the Teeth there are diuers opinions some thinke they are generated within the Wombe as Columbus and Eustachius some without the wombe as Aristotle some partly within and partly without as Hippocrates who maketh a threefolde time of their generation in his Booke de Carnibus of a threefolde Aliment which ministreth matter vnto them The first is from the sustenance they receiue in the womb the second is after birth by the Milke which the child sucketh the third is after he hath cast his teeth by the meat Diuers opininions concerning the generation of the teeth and drinke that he eateth whereby new teeth are engendred for saith he whatsoeuer is glutinous in the Aliment that maketh the Teeth but the fatty part which heere is more plentifull then in the matter of the rest of the bones is exiccated by the power of the heate So also saith Laurentius as this threefold kinde of Aliment differs in thicknesse so doth the solidity hardnesse and thicknesse of the teeth varye for those teeth that are engendred of the Aliment which the infant vseth in the wombe or when hee suckes his mothers brest are but soft and do easily fall away but those that are made of more solide meats are also firmer The truth is that they are generated in the womb together with the rest of the bones with which they are not delineated but formed and absolued by degrees wherefore they The truth lye for some time imperfect in the Iawes neyther do they all breake their prisons at the same time but some sooner some later according as the necessity of Nature dooth require And this is the cause why some made a double time of their generation one in the wombe another out of the wombe In the wombe after the generation of the Iawes there are twelue Teeth formed foure of which are Shearers two dog-teeth and six Grinders all which do want roots and lie hid in their sockets on euery side compassed therwith and the gummes whole aboue them And this may be seene in the raw of an abortiue infant or other creature yea if it dye presently after the birth for if you cut vp the Iaw you shall finde Teeth therein Some haue bene borne with their Teeth out of their gummes as of olde time M. Curtius Dentatus and Cn. Papyrius Carbo Of later times the same is reported of Richard Crooke-backe the Vsurper The substance of the Teeth being yet imperfect is partly mucous and partly bony for if you take away the husk of the Tooth for there is about euery Tooth such a white mucous and slimy substance somewhat membranous wherewith the tooth is couered which The substance of the Teeth diuers also is so much the more mucous by how much the tooth is the softer and the younger perforating it in the vpper part that the end of the Tooth may peepe out then shall you perceiue that the tooth is partly bony partly mucous for that part which was to rise aboue the gummes is fashioned into a white scale thin and excauated or hollowed like a Their hard part Hony-combe and so the vpper part of the Tooth is bony hard and hollow The other part which should haue remained in fixed in the Iaw is soft moyst and mucous like the The soft part substance that is in a young quill This substance seemeth to haue fibres and threds and to be couered as it were with a thin coate for the superficies thereof is like to a smooth tunicle fastned and conioyned to the substaunce that it containeth wherefore a resemblance of the generation of the teeth wee haue some what expressely in the generation of a quill for the part which is without the skin is horny and hard but that which is within the wing is softer and moyster yea sometimes like blood or congealed Phlegme This soft part of the teeth as they breake the flesh hardneth by degrees and by degrees becommeth bony Sometime also it is hollowed within and formed into roots The hull or huske of the Tooth whereof we spake euen now serueth insteade of a Ligament for by it the tooth is fastned as with glew to the socket and to the gums In Infancy the Teeth be within the Gummes that they might not byte the Nurses nipple the seauenth moneth they beginne to breake out or later sayth Hippocrates if the Infant do toothe with a Cough and then they are troubled with Agues Convulsions Scowrings and such like especially when they breede their Dog-teeth Galen rendereth a reason because when the Gummes are perforated by the Teeth the paine is as violent as if a goade were thrust into the flesh but indeed the teeth are more paynfull then goades for if a goade be once fastned it resteth but the tooth issueth still to the extent of his augmentation The Teeth breake out not altogether but the vpper sooner then the lower and the Shearers sooner then the Grinders that they issue later in men then in bruite beastes for The times of dentition the Elephant saith Aristotle in the 5. chap. of his 2. book de hist animal breedeth his teeth as soon as hee himselfe is borne the reason is saith Aristotle because a man aboue all creatures hath lesse of that earthy excrement whereof they are ingendred But because the first Teeth and those that follow them which are thought to bee regenerated do lie hidden The first in the iaw-bone therefore wee rather say that the cause of their late yssuing in men is to bee attributed to the good will and pleasure of him that made them who moderateth all things according to his owne wisedome yet when the childe comes to chewing that he might cease
guttur of the arme by Ginglymos and by this articulation both flexion and extention is made It hath in the vpper part two notable processes long and as it were triangular but the angles are obtuse or dull and these processes together with the cauity in the midst which His processes is called Sigmoides are in yong infants gristly yet the anterior processe together with the cauity do quickly become bones and the marke of the appendix is obliterated The Posterior processe beginneth not to harden till after the seuenth yeare and then it is agglutinated or fastened to the rest of the bone The Anterior and vpper of these fig. 3 5 13 C entreth into the Sinus or cauity of the Arme Fig. 1 N and is crusted ouer with a gristle on the inside the posterior D is the thicker and the larger which Hippocrates calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines call it Gibberum and we the Elbow it entereth into the posterior cauity of the arme figur 2 O The places of both these processes are rough Fig. 13 C D partly that the Ligaments The Elbovv might more strongly encompasse the ioynt partly for the insertion of some muscles of the cubit partly also to giue originall vnto the muscles that bend the Fingers for which cause also the bone is rough at the roote of the processe Figu 5 and 13 L the circumference also of the Sinus or cauity is rough Fig. 13 I K that from thence Ligaments might yssue for in the middle of these processes there is a great Sinus Fig. 3 5 ◠betwixte C D which receyueth the gutture of the arme This sinus is hollowed like a semi-circle and being concluded or closed vp by these swelling processes representeth the forme of the Greeke Sigma C. and therefore by Galen is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is crusted also ouer with a Gristle But because it might be fitted exactly to the gutture of the arme it hath in the middest an obtuse protuberation Fig. 13 betweene FF and at the sides on either hande is compressed fig. 13 GG HH so that it may be compared to a cord compassing the gutter or rim of a wheele that in it the cubit may be bent and extended and from it is separated by a swelling line least the Ell should slippe this way or that way hence comes the mutuall ingresse of the bones one into another which kinde of articulation is called Ginglymos which we know not how better to expresse then as the crookes of a paire of Hinges do receiue and are receyued one of another There is yet another Sinus at his outside smooth and crusted ouer with a gristle fig. 5 and 13 l which receyueth the heade of the Radius or Wand fig. 7 11 m From hence the Ell descending growes slenderer by degrees fig 3 from A to B and at the wrest is encreased with a small necke fig. 3 4 5 6 12 P It hath also a round Appendix or an obtuse head inclining inward fig. 3 4 5 6 12 Q about which the Wande is led vpward and downward Finally it determineth into an acute processe R in the same figures which is called Styloides because it is like a probe or writing pen which the Ancients were wont to vse not much vnlike a long Bodkin and from this Bodkin there groweth a Ligament which firmeth or fasteneth the ioynt of the wrest with the Ell. At the basis also of this appendix there is grauen another vnequall sinus Figu 12 S which distinguisheth the Appendix of the Ell from the wrest and to it there is adioyned a gristle which is placed betwixt this articulation fig. 3 4 7 8 9 10 T another sinus somwhat long is grauen on the outside betwixt the two protuberations fig. 4 6 12 V to guide direct the tendon of the first muscle that extendeth the wrest T Furthermore the Ell on the lower side vpon which it resteth when we lean is gibbous a good way Fig. 6. X Y Z and beside there are foure swelling lines which run throughout The Forme of the Bone his length made for the vse of the muscles of the wrest The first fig. 4 6 from zby a and fig. 1 aa The second ariseth or swelleth more toward the wrest fig. 3 5 6 * for the originall of the Square muscle The third is the sharpest and the roughest fig. 3 4 5 c c that from thence might arise a Ligament which like a membrane fasteneth together the Ell and the Wand The fourth is prominent indeede but obtuse or blunt fig. 4 6 g g from which three muscles haue their originall The vse of the Ell is that the Hand without danger might bee mooued outward and againe with facility returne inward His vse The other bone of the Cubit which is the vpper and the shorter and occupyeth almost the whole exterior part of the cubit fig. 7 and 8 is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by some Focile minus in Latine Radius in English the Wand This bone in respect of the Ell is oblique and The Radius or Wand is committed or ioyned thereto aboue and below fig. 3 h i so that aboue the Ell receyueth the wand below the wand receyueth the Ell but in the middest they stand off one from another a good distance fig. 3 kk partly that the wand might more readily be moued vpward and downward partly that a place might be made for the muscles which extend the Cubit This wand is articulated to the arme per Diarthrosin by Dearticulation hauing an oblique and slender necke fig. 7 8 11 M a round and depressed head fi 7 8 11 N crusted ouer with a gristle for more agility of motion but where it regardeth the arme it hath a round or superficiary bosome fig. 11 O into which the head of the arme entreth fig. 1. P and at this head the VVand when the Ell is at rest is turned downward and vpward A little aboue the necke it hath a rugged and abrupt processe or protuberation fig. 3 4 7 8 11 q into which is inserted the tendon of the anterior muscle that bendeth the Cubit so also through his length there runneth an acute and bunching line figu 3 4 7 8 rr vnto which is fastned a Ligament that ioyneth the Ell and the wand together on eyther side with which line the bone is compressed F. 3 7 s s and fig. 4 8 tt to giue way to the Muscles The bone also it selfe throughout the middest of his length is rough figu 4 7 8 u so made for the insertion of two muscles of the wand This wand below at the wrest is dilated and groweth thicker because of a bosome therein to be made for the articulation of the wrest with the cubit It also hath an Appendix fig. 3 7 n with a double bosom crusted ouer with a Gristle fig. 5 12 o that therein the head fig. 5 12 p of the appendix of
vppon by all men as well Physitians as Philosophers The reasons on the Physitians side that Nature endeuoureth nothing rashly or in vaine If therefore there bee all Organes for generating boyling and deriuing or leading seede to the parts of generation in Women as in men it must needs follow that they also doe generate boyle and leade downe seede Now for the preparation of seede they haue foure vessels two veines and two Arteries for the boyling and perfecting seede they haue testicles for the leading it down they haue eiaculatory vessels And this is agreed vpon by all Anatomists I know well that the Peripatetiks will Obiect that in those vesselles there is conteyned a kinde of waterish moysture and serous but nothing sufficiently boyled and that the Testicles Obiection Answere of women haue as much vse as the paps in men But how miserably they are deceiued good reader be thou iudge If those preparing vessels do containe nothing but a whaey and serous moisture crude and vndigested why are they contorted with so many Girations and Convolutions why so wreathed and plighted one with another Nature no where in all the body hath made any web or complication of vessels but onely for a newe coction and elaboration Add heereto that if these vessels do onely yeelde a waterish and serous humor why doth the spermaticall veine insinuate it selfe into the spermaticall artery That there is not the same reason or proportion in the paps of men and the Testicles of womē so that of two vessels they become but one as it is in men Is it not rather therefore that the double matter of the seede should be exquisitely mingled and one body made of the permixtion of blood and spirits As for the proportion betweene womens Testicles mens breasts we say it is not equall For the Pappes in men serue onely for ornament to strengthen the chest and defend the noble parts therein contained The Testicles of women vnlesse they make seede are altogether vnprofitable The Pappes of men haue no Glandules neyther do they generate milke the Testicles of women are perfect Glandules and their substance is mouable and hollow or cauernous as they are in men Moreouer why are the eiaculatory vessels which are inserted into the sides of the wombe which they An argument from the eiaculatory vessels commonly call the hornes more intorted in women then in men but only that the shortnes of the way might be recompenced by the variety of the complications What neede was there of so great curiosity in this admirable work of Nature if it had been only for the Generation or eiaculation of a crude and waterish humour This demonstration we take to be strong enough and indeed not to be gayn-sayed yet Another demonstration giue mee leaue to strengthen it yet more with another There is nothing more certayne then that woemen in their accompanying with men doe loose somewhat from whence comes their pleasure and delight That therefore which is auoyded is either bloud or a thinne and serous humour or perfect and laboured seed No man in his right wits will say it is bloud for when the courses flow there is no pleasure no delight followes thereuppon yea most commonly dire and terrible racking paynes That it is not a serous or vnconcocted humour is conuinced by the wonderfull structure of the preparing and by the complications of the eiaculatorie vessels VVherefore it remayneth that it must bee something well concocted and laboured in these complications which they loose And that is Seed which is prooued by the white colour the thicknesse and the spirites wherewith it is houed and turgid If you dissect the organs of women which haue long refrayned the vse of men you shall finde their vesselles and Testicles full of seede Adde hereto that those who of a long time haue intermitted the vse of the mariage bed or otherwise are wanton women doe in their sleepes auoyde great quantity of seede And are not women often troubled with the gonorrhaea or running of the reynes and that disease which we cal priapismus Yea sometimes when their genitalles are full of seede they grow into woodnesse and rage of lust and euen to bee starke mad indeede but after that seede is auoyded they come againe vnto themselues Continuall experience tels that those Females which are castrated or gelt will neuer Another opinion of some Peripateticks admitte the vse of the Male but the goads of lust are in them vtterly extinguished The strength and validitie of these arguments haue driuen many of the Peripateticks to confesse that women also doe auoyde seede but least they should depart from the opinion of their Maister Aristotle they say that that seede is vnfruitefull hauing in it no actiue or operatiue faculty or power So that all the actiue power of generation they attribute to men comparing the man to the Artificer and the woman to the wood which hee squareth and heweth and worketh into a shape or forme The man they say yeeldeth the Soule and the forme the woman onely the matter The principall of this sect are Auerrhoes and Albertus Magnus for say they whereas in euery Nature there must be a Patient correspondent and answerable to the agent it is most Auerrhoes Albertus Magnus likely that the passiue power is giuen to women which might answere to the actiue power in men And truely to receiue the seede to conceiue it to beare the burthen and to nourish the Infant are all arguments of a passiue faculty With this deuice they think they haue eluded and escaped the darts of the Physitians when yet alas they wallow still in the same myre For to auoyde white spumous thicke Womens seed is operatiue and well concocted seede is all one as to auoyde actiue and operatiue seede For will the spirites which are brought by the spermaticall arteries and are exquisitely mixed with the bloude in these mazy complications play them idlie in the conformation Or shoulde we not rather beleeue that the spermaticall partes are of them generated as of their proper matter I he seed therefore of vvomen is actiue as that of men but yet it is vveaker because it is lesse hot and hath in it fevver spirits I vvill giue you a taste of one or tvvo of Galens arguments vvhich shall manifest the foecundity and fruitfulnes of vvomens seede A strong reason of Galens That the childe is sometimes like the father sometimes like the mother no man vvill deny This similitude is either from the seede or from the menstruall bloud not onely from the menstruall bloud because then children should alvvaies be like their mothers neuer like How children become like their parents their fathers neither onely from the seede of the father for then children should alvvayes bee like the father and neuer like the mother the similitude therefore proceedeth from a common cause issuing from them both vvhich common cause is seede The
Peripateticks vvill ansvvere that sometimes the children are neither like father nor mother but like their grandfathers or great grandfathers vvho neither actiuely nor passiuely did contribute any thing to their generation But I cannot see what they can answere to that argument of hereditary diseases The woman that is troubled with the Gowt bringeth foorth a son subiect to the gowt if she be subiect to the Falling sicknesse she will bring foorth an Epilepticall infant or being troubled with the Stone a childe disposed to that disease these diseases I hope they wil not say come by reason of the fault of the blood For who euer was so mad to say that the Menstruall blood contained in it the Idea or forme of the particular parts The impurity of the blood wil indeede make the childe weake and sickly but to make a calculous impression in the Kidneyes or a gowty impression in the ioyntes is onely proper to the seede which conteyneth in it the fatall necessity of life and death Againe all formation and specification for you must giue vs leaue to vse our Schoole-tearmes in these matters of Art that is all power to set the seale or figure or difference vpon A third any thing proceedeth from the seede alone For the matter as it is a bare matter cannot chaunge the species or sorme of any thing but the species followeth rather the Dam then the Sire For if an Ewe be couered by a Goate she will not bring foorth a Kid but a Lamb with a hard and rugged wooll if a Tup couple with a she-Goat she will bring forth Note this Athenaeus not a Lambe but a Kid with a soft wooll as Athenaeus auoucheth There proceedeth therefore from the Dam a formatiue Faculty now all formatiue facultie as we said is from seed none at all from the blood But there is a place in Galen which seemeth to be against vs. For in the first chap. of his 14. Booke de vsu partium he denieth to the seede of the woman the power of procreation A hard place in Galen A woman saith he because she is colder then a man hath in her Parastatae a thin and vnconcocted humor which conferreth nothing to the procreation of the infant and therefore when it hath done his office it is cast foorth but another humour that is the seed of the man is drawne into the wombe Wee must thus vnderstand Galen that in women beside their seede there is another waterish moysture which delighteth tickleth and washeth Expounded their genitals and that indeede conferreth nothing to generation for so he saith a little after But in the time of coition that humor suddenly and together with the seede yssueth and therefore mooueth the sense at other times it yssueth also by little and litle and sometimes without any sense at all We conclude therefore that women do yeeld seede which hath in it some operatiue or actiue faculty The vse of this seede according to Galen in the eleuenth chapter of his fourteenth booke de vsu partium is manifold First for generation for by it as by a workman concurring together The vses of a womans seed with the seed of a man the parts are figurated and of it as of their matter the membranes are generated wherewith the infant is compassed The second vse is to be an Aliment for the hotter seede of the man For euery hot thing is norished by that which is moderately cold that is lesse hot as saith Hippocrates in his Booke De Alimento The thirde Hippocrates vse is to irrigate or moysten the sides of the wombe for all the parts of the womb could not be lined or moistened by the seede of the man The last vse Galen addeth which is to open the necke of the matrix Argenterius derideth these vses of the seede because nothing is nourished that doth not liue but the seede liueth not Againe the seede of the woman is not eiaculated into the Argenterius the Cauiller sides of the wombe because a womans wombe hath no hornes But he is indeed himselfe ridiculous endeuouring to correct Magnificat as we say when hee cannot sing Te Deum Neither shall you finde any man more forward to carpe at others then those who themselues lye most open to scorne and disgrace as that petulant Author doth in most passages of his workes But for your sakes who may haply learne something by it we will do him the Answered honesty to answer his cauils We say therefore that the seed is potentially Animated when it is cast into the womb that power by the heate of the womb is broght into an act and therefore presently it worketh the workes of the soule for it formeth and figurateth the parts If then it be animated Galen expounded it liueth but that life is the life of a plant Beside when Galen saith that the seed of a man is nourished by the seede of a woman we must not be so grosse as to vnderstand him as if he meant a perfect nourishment which is made by assimulation but because the seede of the man was hotter then the seede of the woman it is tempered and made more dilute or By Hippocrates fluxible by the cold and thin seede of the woman After the same manner we say that the spirits are nourished by the aer and so we must vnderstand Hippocrates where he saith That euery hot thing is nourished by that which is moderately cold That the seede is not eiaculated into the sides of the wombe because the womb hath no hornes sauoureth of Crasse and palpable ignorance of the insertion of the eiaculatory vessels into the sides of the bottome of the wombe and so we let it passe It remaineth now that we make aunswere to the arguments of the Peripatetickes First Answer to the Peripatetiks arguments therefore 1 That double secretion or profusion of blood and seede we do not thinke is made togither and at once but at diuers times that is of seed in the coition and conception of blood immediately after the first discretion or separation of the spermaticall parts 2 There is not the same reason of young boyes and of women For in Boyes there is no remainder of lawdable blood of which seede should bee made because one part of the blood is consumed in their nourishment and the rest in their growth but in women there is abundance of superfluous blood 3 Those women who do conceiue without pleasure haue ill affected wombes 4 Auerrhoes his History we take to be a right old wiues tale and no credit to be giuen thereto 5 That a woman is not an imperfect male but a perfection of mankinde wee haue abundantly prooued before 6 The last argument of Aristotle which carrieth most shew of truth we may thus answere Although a vvoman haue in her selfe the efficient and materiall causes of generation yet cannot she generate in her selfe without the helpe of the man I
vsu partium he thinkes that it is nourished by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Transumption by the coate which compasseth it about If then it be nourished it is a part We suppose the glassy humour to bee no lesse an animated part of the eye then the Cristalline for it hath a proper circumscription it is generated in the wombe of the purest part of the seed it is augmented as the other parts of the body it is nourished with blood it receiueth veyns from the hairie crowne it is couered with a proper coate and being once effused or spent it will neuer be recouered They which say that the Cristalline is nourished with the glassy humour doe speake improperly indeede it prepareth the blood for the Cristalline by changing it least the How the glassie humour doth nourish the cristalline pure Cristalline should be infected with a red colour and with veynes for it behooued that the Cristalline should be deuoyde of all colours yet the substance of the glassy humour doth not transforme it selfe into the cristalline nor is assimilated into it And saith Galen in his booke of the eyes the glassy humour is affected to the cristalline as the stomach is vnto the Liuer but the Stomacke doeth prepare and minister meate to the Liuer as a Cooke and so doth the glassy humour to the chrystaline Auicen thinks that the vvatery humour is an excrement of the chrystalline and therefore denies it to bee a part Adde moreouer that it is fluide like bloud and hath no proper Auicens opinion circumscription But vvee call it a part because it continually keepeth the same proprieties of figure purity and quantity because it performeth some vse vnto the chrystalline and is as it were a defence vnto it and like a spectacle to carry the images vnto the chrystaline wherefore Aristotle cals it the Porter or Cadger of Images This humour also if Auicen refuted it should flow out cannot be recouered such effluxion doth wholy extingush the sight But all these properties doe not agree with an excrement Moreouer it is heereby demonstrated that it is not an excrement of the chrystaline because the coate called Arachnoides or the Cobweb doth intercede or come betweene these two humours If they obiect and say that it flowes vp and downe like blood and doth not adhere to the whole I ansvvere that it flovveth vvhen it is out of the eye but not at all vvithin the eye neither doth it change his place but is continually contayned in a certayne and proper seate QVEST. XXIX Of the originall of the Opticks their meeting and insertion SOme thinke that this Opticke nerue is not a whit inferiour to the Chrystalline humour in dignity vse and necessity For Auicen is of opinion that the species and images of visible thinges are hereinto receiued Wee haue already taught with Galen that the chrystaline humour is the principall organ of Sight and that the Opticke nerue is the conuayer of the visiue faculty and the internall light to wit of the visiue spirit But that the history of the Opticks may be made more manifest there are foure things to be inquired into First what is their originall Secondly what is their insertion Thirdly how they meete or are conioyned And fourthly whether they be hollow Concerning their originall and beginning there bee diuers opinions Auicen thinkes they arise out of the forwarde ventricles of the braine others out of the Center of the Diuers opinions of the originall of the opticks brayne and some out of the After braine We haue obserued sayth Laurentius that out of the lower and hinder part of the brayn neare vnto the spinall marrow yea out of a part of the spinall marrow it selfe within the Scull two of the most large and soft nerues of all the braiÌ„ne doe arise They could not arise from the forward ventricles of the braine because there weere The true opinion the Mammillary processes nor from the middle Basis of the brayne because this place was appoynted for the purging thereof nor yet from the After-braine because the Sight requireth a very soft nerue but the After-braine is very hard and not white The Optickes therefore must arise from the lower and hinder part of the brayne out of each side one which being obliquely streatched out and separated do meete in one almost in the middest of their progresse Concerning this their meeting two questions are to be resolued to witte howe they Of the meeting â—f the opticks meet and secondly why they meet The manner of their meeting hath not beene knowne till of late dayes For almost all the ancient Physitians hold that in their contaction they thwart one another like a crosse which thwarting or intersection is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so the right nerue is carried to the left eye and the left to the right eye Others doe not thinke that they thus crosse and intersect one another but onely obliquely touch themselues But we saith Laurentius something more accuratly and diligently contemplating the manner of this coition or meeting of the Opticks do thinke that the marrow is mingled The manner of their coition and confused in the middle of either nerue For if they were only contiguous touching one another and not mixed and confused the Pupilla or Apple of the one eye woulde not so in a moment be dilated when the other is shut The Opticks therefore doe meet and are so mixed in the middle of their passage or iourney that the one cannot by any Art be seuered from the other this is the manner of the coition of the Opticke nerues Now it behoueth that we looke vnto the finall cause namely wherefore the Opticks doe meete First it was necessary that they should meete for strength to wit that by this coniunction or embracing one of another they might not suffer any violeÌ„ce in the whole length or tract of their iourney For being of all the nerues the most soft and creeping so long a iourney they would haue been loose and flaccid nor carried in a right line into the Pupilla or Apple vnlesse they had beene vnited in the middle of their passage So Nature is wont to strengthen those things which are more soft and weake as it were vvith knottes in the middest as may appeare in the right muscles of the Abdomen or Paunch 2. Reason Secondly it behoued that they should meete that they might keepe the same plaine and superficies in the Apple for vnlesse they had thus met they vvould haue departed from one and the same plaine So the eyes being deceiued would haue iudged a simple obiect to be double for it behooued as we haue declared euen now out of Galen in the 13 chapter of his tenth booke de vsu partium that the Axes of the Visiue Cones should be placed in one and the same plaine least the obiect which is simple and single should appeare double Galen in the 14. chapter
of his tenth book de vsu part acknowledgeth a third cause of this their meeting to wit that the formes Images of visible things may be vnited For The third though the species be carried through two organs yet they appeare single and not double And this was Aristotles minde in the first booke of his Problemes and the third Section where he demandeth why the eyes are together and at once mooued because saith he they haue one beginning of motion to wit the meeting of the Opticke Nerues And Auicen is of the same opinion But I sayth Laurentius doe not altogether approoue of this cause of theyr coition For Vesalius writeth that he obserued in a young man that these Opticke Nerues did no where meete and yet he neuer in the whole course of his life complained of any deprauation or infirmity of Sight Aristotle writeth in his second Booke De anima and in the 4. of his Metaphysicks that the Sense is neuer deceyued about his proper obiects What need is there then of this coniunction Againe if wee obtained this by the coition of these Nerues that the species and formes of either eie be vnited into one then why should not those many things which are seene together appeare but one In like manner though there be two eares and two nosethrils yet the obiect doth not appeare manifold to the sense It is not therefore from this coition of the Opticks that the obiect appeareth simple but because the Apples of the eyes are in the same plain and are turned toward the visible obiect at the same moment Fourthly some would haue the Optickes to meete to the end they might more fitly proceed out of the perforation in the Scull and so might be carried directly to the eies The 4. reason Lastly Galen in the 14. chapter of his tenth booke de vsu partium conceiueth that they meete that so the visiue spirit might passe from the one eye into the other in a moment The 5. reason for the perfection of the Sight so the one eye being shut wee doe see more accuratelie with the other And these are all the causes of this coition or meeting of the Opticke Nerues Let vs now follow on and declare the manner of their insertion The Opticke Nerue The insertion of the opticke Nerues dooth consist of a double substance an internall which is Marrowye and an externall which is membranous The inner Marrow when it attaineth to the Cristalline humour is dilated and so diffuseth Visiue spirits through the whole eye Out of this dilatation ariseth a coate which they cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Net-like coate which as Galen teacheth in the second chapter of his tenth Booke de vsu partium doth neither in colour nor substance deserue the name of a Coate but if you cast it into water you shal see it resemble the soft white and marrowy substance of the Braine But the outward part of the Opticke Nerue doth consist of two coates the one whereof is propagated from the thin Meninx the other from the hard the one is spent into the grapie coate the other into the horny membrane whence it is that by the continuitie of this Opticke nerue the Animall spirit is carried euen in a moment vnto the Apple of the eye Concerning the last question which is of the inner cauity of the Opticke nerue Galen Of the cauitie of the opticke Nerue writeth in the tenth Booke de vsu partium that they are manifestly hollow and therefore Herophilus called these nerues 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they are perforated or holed through But we do not admit this sensible cauity in Nerues yet we would haue them to be the most softe of all the Nerues and more spongie that they might receiue and transport a more copious and abundant sourse of Animall spirirs QVEST. XXX Whether the light be the obiect of the Sight THere be some which do determine that light is the obiect of Sight grounding their opinion vpon this foundation because euerie thing which is seen Their reasons which say light is the Obiect of Sight either is light or it is seene by the light or as Simplicius saith that vvhich is seene is either light or nere a Kin vnto it concluding hence that light is visible by it selfe but colours and other things onely by the meanes of light insomuch as light is the cause wherefore they are seene But none of these are true first of all that proposition may not be granted to wit that whatsoeuer is seene is either light or is seene by the light or is very like to it For if they take Seeing in so large a sense as to perceiue a thing with the Eyes as it is necessary that they must grant for else we will denie that the light it selfe may be seene then would also darknesse it selfe be seene which neyther is nor may be seene by the light neyther is it of a nature like vnto it Again all things are not seene by light for there are somethings which are made conspicuous Some things are seene in the darke onely by darknesse but in too cleere and splendide a light they flye from the Sense as the Scales and eyes of Fishes olde rotten wood yea I say the Stars themselues which therefore the vulgar imagine do fall because they be obscured by the light of the Sunne and so taken from our sight but at the returne of the Euening twylight to wit How the Starres are seene vvhen the light goeth avvay and the night approcheth they are by degrees restored to our sight again as in the morning tvvylight they after the same manner doe vvithdravv themselues by little and little from vs. Therfore euery thing vvhich is seen is not light or seen by the light Reason and Aristotles doctrine doe contradict this opinion for vvee are taught by both these that the Eye should be free from his owne obiect that so it may receiue it more Light is not the obiect of the Sight because it is in the eie sincerely but the Eye both in regard of his whole frame and composition and especially in respect of the cristalline humour where the reception of the obiect is properly made is especially light and cleare light therefore cannot be the obiect of the Sight Moreouer to see is not onely to know a thing with the Eyes for this is too large a a signification and agreeth to many things beside the proper obiect but wee doe properly see that in which when it is perceiued with the Eye the sight is determined and stayeth it selfe But the sight is not terminated in the light though the Eyes doe perceiue it but reacheth alwayes beyond it Seeing therefore the light cannot be truely seene it canot bee the true obiect of Sight Furthermore an incorporeall obiect cannot alter a corporeal Organ except it proceede The alteration of the Organ is requisite to vision from a body that