tracing out the footsteps of the beast in the snow unto the form which is in some steep or shadowed place where the windes blow over the snow for in such places doth the Hare seek her lodging having found it let him not come too neer lest he raise her from her seat but cast round about and if he find no footings from that place he may take it for granted that the Hare is found Having so done let him leave her and seek another before the snow be melt and the footings dashed having respect to the time of the day that so he may inclose and take them before the evening then let him draw his nets round about them compasing the whole plat wherein she resteth and then raise her from her stool if she avoide the net he must follow her by the foot unto her next lodging place which will not be far off if he follow her close for the snow doth weary her and clot upon her hinder feet so as the Hunter may take her with his hand or kill her with his staffe Blondus showeth another way of taking Hares The Hunters spread and divide themselves by the untilled and rough wayes leading a Gray-hound in a slip beating the dushes hedges and thorns and many times sending before them a quick smelling Hound which raiseth the Hare out of her muse and then let go the Gray-hound with hunting terms and cryes exhorting him to follow the game and many times the Dogs tear the Hare into many pieces but the Hunters must pull them bleeding from the mouth of their Dogs Others again lie in wait behinde bushes and trees to take the Hare on a sudden and some in the Vineyards for when they are fat and resty they are easily overtaken especially in the cold of Winter Cyrus as appeareth in Xenophon was taught to make ditches for the trapping of Hares in their course and the Eagles and Hawkes watch the Hare when she is raised and hunted by the Hounds and set upon her on the right side whereby they kill and take her so that it is true which was said at the beginning that Hares are hunted by Men and Beasts Having thus discoursed of Hunting and taking of Hares now it followeth also in a word or two to discourse of Parks or inclosed Warrens wherein Hares Conies Deer 〈…〉 ores and other such beasts may alwayes be ready as it were out of a store house or Seminary to serve the pleasure and use of their Masters Grapaldus saith that the first Roman that ever inclosed wilde beasts was Fulvius Harpinus and Gellius saith that Varro had the first Warren of Hares the manner was saith Columella that Richmen possessed of whole Towns and Lordships neer some Village inclosed a piece of land by pail mudwall or bush storing the same with divers wilde beasts and such a one there was in the Lordship that Varro bought of Marcus Piso in Tusculanum and Quintus Hortensius saw at Lauretum a wood inclosed containing fifty Acres wherein were nourished all sorts of wilde beasts within the compass of a wall Quintus Althea commanded his Forrester to call the beasts together before him and his guests sitting at Supper and instantly he sounded his pipe at the voice whereof there assembled together a great company of all sorts to the admiration of the beholders Quintus Fulvius had a Park in Tarquinium wherein were included not only all the beasts before spoken off but also wilde Sheep and this contained forty Acres of ground besides he had two other Pompeius erected a Parke in France containing the compass of three thousand paces wherein he preserved not only Dear Hares and Conies but also Dor-mise Bees and other Beasts the manner whereof ought to be thus first that the wals or pales be high or close joynted so as neither Badgens nor Cats may creep through or Wolves or Foxes may leap over Wherein ought also to be bushes and broad trees for to cover the beasts against heat and cold and other secret places to content their natures and to defend them from Eagles and other ravening Fowls In which three or four couple of Hares do quickly multiply into a great Warren It is also good to sow Gourds Miseline Corn Barly Peas and such like wherein Hares delight and will thereby quickly wax fat For their fatting the Hunters use another devise they put Wax into their ears and so make them deaf then turn them into the place where they should feed where being freed from the fear of sounds because they want hearing they grow fat before other of their kinde Concerning the use of their skins in some Countries they make sleeves and breeches of the 〈…〉 especially lynings for all outward cold diseases Heliogabalus lay upon a bed filled with flew or wool of Hares for than that there is nothing more soft for which cause the Gregians made soungat thereof to clense the eyes of men The Goldsmiths use the feet or legs of Hares in stead of brushes or brooms to take of the dust from their plate The flesh of Hares hath ever been accounted a delicate meat among all other four-footed beasts as the Thrush among the fowls of the air according to the saying of Marlial Inter aves Turdus si quis me judice cartet Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus In ancient time as Coelius saith the Britans were forbidden to eat Hares like as the Jews by the law of Moses Lev. 11. Deut. 14. Plutarch enquireth the reason why the Jews worship Swine and Hares because they did not eat their flesh whereunto answer was made that they abstained from Hares because their colour ears and eyes were like Asses wherein the ignorance of Gods law appeared for they abstained from Hares at Gods commandment because they were not cloven-footed for the Egyptians accounted all swift creatures to be partakers of Divinity Their flesh ingendereth thick bloud therefore it is to be prescribed for a dry diet for it bindeth the belly procureth urine and helpeth the pain in the bowels but yet it is not good for an ordinary diet it is hot and dry in the second degree and therefore it nourisheth but little being so hard as Gallen witnesseth The bloud is far more hot then the flesh it is thin and therefore watery like the bloud of all fearfull beasts the hinder parts from the loins are most delicate meat called in L 〈…〉 Pulpamentum it was wont to be dressed with salt and Coriander seed yet the forepart is the sweeter for the manner of the dressing whereof I leave to every mans humour It was once believed that the eating of the hinder loins of a Hare would make one fair or procure beauty whereupon Martial received a Hare from Gellia a friend of his with this message Fermosus septem Marce diebus eris And he retorted the jest in this manner upon Gellia Si me non fallis si verum lux mea diois Edâ—sti nunquam Gellia tu
Troy Sinon the counterfeit runnagate being then within the wals among the Trojans perswaded them to pull down their wals and pull in that wooden Horse affirming that if they could get it Pallas would stand so friendly to them that the Grecians should never be able to move war against them wherefore they pull down their gates and part of their wall and by that means do bring the Horse into the City while the Trojans were thus revelling and making merry with themselves and not thinking of any harm might ensue upon them the leaders of the Grecian Army who by deceit all this while kept themselves close hid ever since which time the Grecians are tearmed of all Nations deceitful on a suddain rose out of their lurking places and so going forward invaded the City being destitute of any defence and by this means subdued it Others are of opinion that the Poets fiction of the Trojan Horse was no other but this that there was a mountain neer Troy called Equus and by advantage thereof Troy was taken whereunto Virgil seemeth to allude saying Instar montis Equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant For they say that Pallas and Epeus made the Horse and therefore I conjecture that the Trojan Horse was nothing else but an engine of War like unto that which is called Aries For Pausanias saith that Epeus was the inventer thereof And Higinus saith that the Trojan Horse was Machina oppugnatoria a devise of war to overthrow the wals Of this Horse there was a brazen image at Athens in Acropolis with this inscription Chaeridemus Fuangeli filius caelen 〈…〉 dicavit When Alexander looked upon his own picture at Ephesus which Apelles had drawn with all his skill the King did not commend it according to the worth thereof It fortuned that a Horse was brought into the room who presently neighed at the picture of Alexanders Horse smelling unto it as to a living Morse whereat Apelles spake thus to the King Ho men Hippos â—oice sou graphicoteros cata polu That is to say The Horse is a better discerner of truth then you There was one Phormis which went from Maeâ—alus in Arcadia into Sioilla to serve Gelon the Son of Dinomenes under whom and his brother Hierâ— he arose to great estate of wealth and therefore he gave many gifts to Apollo at Delphos and made two brazen Horses with their riders at Olympia setting Dionisius the Grecian upon one and Simon Egineta upon the other Aemilius Censorinus a cruel Tyrant in Sicilia bestowed great gifts upon such as could invent new kinde of torments there was one Aâ—untius Paterculus hoping to receive from him some great reward made a brazen Horse and presented it to the Tyrant to include therein such as he should condemn to death at the receipt whereof Aemilius which was never just before first of all put the Author into it that he might take experience how cursed a thing it was to minister unto cruelty Apelles also painted Clytus on Horse-back hastening to war and his Armour-bearer reaching his helmet unto him so lively that other dumb beasts were affraid of his Horse And excellent was the skill of Nealces who had so pictured a Horse foaming that the beholders were wont to take their handkerchefs to wipe it from his mouth And this much for the moral uses of Horses Of the several diseases of Horses and their cures SEeing in this discourse I have principally aimed at the pleasure delight and profit of Englishmen I have thought good to discourse of the diseases of Horses and their cures in the words of our own Countreymen M. Blundevile and M. Markham whose works of these matters are to be recorded like the Iliads of Homer in many places and several Monuments to the intent that envy of Barbarism may never be able to bury them in oblivion or neglect to root them out of the world without the losse of other memorable labours Wherefore good Reader for the ensuing Tructure of diseases and cures compiled by them after that I had read over the labours of C. Gisner and compared it with them finding nothing of substance in him which is not more materially perspicuously profitably and familiarly either extracted or expressed by them in a method most fitting this History I have thought good to follow them in the description of the disease and the remedy first according to time declaring them in the words of M. Blund and afterwards in the words of M Markham methodically one after the other in the same place wherewithal I trust the living authors will not be displeased that so you may with one labour examine both and I hope that neither they nor any of their friends or Scholars shall receive any just cause of offence by adding this part of their studies to our labours neither their books imprinted be any way disgraced or hindered but rather revived renobled and honoured To begin therefore saith Master Blundevile after the discourse of the nature of a Horse followeth those things which are against nature the knowledge whereof is as needfully profitable as the other Things against nature be those whereby the healthful estate of a Horses body is decayed which are in number three that is the causes the sickness and the accidents of the two first in order and the other promiscuously as need requireth Of causes and kinds thereof THe causes of sickness be unnatural affects or evill dispositions preceding sickness and provoking the same which of themselves do not hinder the actions of the body but by means of sickness coming betwixt Of causes some be called internal and some external Internal be those that breed within the body of the Beast as evil juice External be those that chance outwardly to the body as heat cold or the stinging of a Serpent and such like In knowing the cause of every disease consisteth the chief skill of the Farriar For unlesse he knoweth the cause of the disease it is impossible for him to cure it well and skilfully And therefore I wish all Farriars to be diligent in seeking to know the causes of all diseases as well in the parts similar as instrumental and to know whether such causes be simple or compound for as they be simple or compound so do they engender simple or compound diseases Of sickness what it is and how many general kinds there be also with what order the diseases of Horses are herein declared And finally of the four times belonging to every sickness SIckness is an evill affect contrary to nature hindering of it self some action of the body Of sickness there be three general kinds where of the first consisteth in the parts similar the second in the parts instrumental and the third in both parts together The first kind is called of the Latins Intemperies that is to say evil temperature which is either simple or compound It is simple when one quality only doth abound or exceed too much as to be too hot or too
cold it is compound as when many qualities do exceed as when the body is too hot and too dry or too cold and too moist The second kind is called Mala constitutiâ— that is to say an evill state or composition which is to be considered either by the shape number quantity or sight of the member or part evill affected or diseased The third kind is called Vnitatis solutio that is to say the loosening or division of the unity which as it may chance diversly so it hath divers names accordingly for if such solution or division be in a bone then it is called a fracture if it be in any fleshie part then it is called a Wound or Ulcer in the veins a Rupture in the sinews a Convulsion or Cramp and in the skin an Excoriation Again of diseases some be called long and some sharp and short called of the Latins M 〈…〉 which be perillous and do quickly kill the body The long do 〈…〉 rry longer by it Yet moreover there is sickness by it self and sickness by consent Sickness by it self is that which being in some member hindereth the action thereof by it self Sickness by consent is derived out of one member into another through the neighbourhood and community that is betwixt them as the pain of the head which cometh from the stomach Thus the learned Physitians which write of Mars body do divide sickness But Absyrtus writing of Horse-leach craft saith of that sickness or rather malady for so he termeth it using that word as a general name to all manner of diseases that be in a Horse there be four kinds that is to say the moist malady the dry malady the malady of the joynts and the malady betwixt the flesh and the skin The moist malady is that which we call the Glanders The dry malady is an incurable consumption which some perhaps would call the mourning of the chein but not rightly as shall appear unto you hereafter The malady of the joints comprehendeth all griefs and sorentes that be in the joints And the malady betwixt the flesh and the skin is that which we call the 〈◊〉 U 〈…〉 which four kindes of maladies Vegetius addeth three others that is the Forcine the 〈◊〉 of the Reins or Kidnies and the con 〈…〉 ered Marginess most commonly called of the old writers the 〈…〉 sic and so maketh seven kindes of maladies under which all other perticular diseases are comprehended Again Laurentius Rusius useth an other kind of division of sickness Of Horses diseases saith he some be natural and some accidental The natural be those that do come either through the excesse or lack of engendring seed or by error of nature in misforming the young or else by some defect of the dam or sire in that perhaps they be diseased within and have their seed corrupted The accidental diseases be those that come by chance as by surfetting of cold heat and such like thing But forasmuch as none of these writers do follow their own divisions nor handle the parts thereof accordingly to avoid their confusion and to teach plainly I thought good and profitable therefore to use this my own division and order here following First then of diseases some be inward and some be outward The inward be those that breed within the Horses body and are properly called maladies and diseases whereof some do occupy all the whole body and some particular parts or members of the body Of those then that occupie all the body and not be accident to any private member I do first treat as of Agues of the Pestilence and such like and then of those that be incident to every particular member beginning at the head and so proceed orderly throughout all the members even down to the sole of the foot observing therein so nigh as I can the self same order that Galen useth in his book De locis male affectis declaring what manner of disease it is and how it is called in English and also in Italian because the Kings stable is never without Italian Riders of whom our Farriars borrowed divers names as you shall perceive hereafter Then the causes whereof it proceeds and the signes how to know it and finally the cure and diet belonging to the same and because I find not inward diseases enow to answer every part of the body I do not let to interlace them with outward diseases incident to those parts yea rather I leave out no outward disease belonging to any particular member and to the intent you may the better know to what diseases or sorances every part or member of the Horses body is most commonly subject And note by the way that I call those outward diseases that proceed not of any inward cause but of some outward cause as when a Horse is shouldered by means of some outward cause or his back galled with the saddle or his sides spurgalled or his his hoof cloid with a nail which properly may be called sorances or griefs Thirdly I talk of those diseases as well outward as inward that may indifferently chance in any part of the body as of Impostumes Cankerous Ulcers Wounds Fistulaes Burnings Bâ—usings Breaking of bones and such like Fourthly because most diseases are healed either by letting of bloud by taking up of veins by purgation or else by cauterisation that is to say by giving the fire I talk of those four necessary things severally by themselves and finally I shew you the true order of paring and shooing all manner of hoofs according as the diversity of hoofs require and to the intent you may the better understand me you have the perfect shapes of all necessary shooes plainly set forth in figures before your eyes Thus much touching mine order which I have hitherto observed Now it is necessary to know that to every disease or malady belongeth four several times that is to say the beginning the increasing the state and declination which times are diligently to be observed of the Farriar because they require divers applying of medicine for that medicine which was meet to be used in the beginning of the disease perhaps is not to be used in the declination thereof and that which is requisite and very needful to be applyed in the state or chiefest of the disease may be very dangerous to be used in the beginning And therefore the Farriar ought to be a man of judgement and able to discern one time from another to the intent he may apply his medicines rightly Hither of causes and sickness in general Now it is also meet that we speak in general of signes whereby sickness is known Of the signes of sickness in general SIckness according to the learned Physitians is known four manner of wayes First by inseparable or substantial accidents as by the shape number quality and sight of the part or member diseased For if it be otherwise formed or more or lesse in number or quantity or else otherwise placed then it ought to
his meat The cure whereof as Martin saith is in this sort First turn up his upper lip and jagge it lightly with a launceâ— so as it may bleed and then wash both that and all his mouth and tongue with Vinegar and Salt Of the tongue being hurt with the bit or otherwise IF the tongue be cut or hurt any manner of way Martin saith it is good first to wash it with Allum water and then to take the leaves of black Bramble and to chop them together small with a little Lard that done to binde it up in a little clout making it round like a ball then having dipt the round end in Hony rub the tongue therewith continuing so to do once a day until it be whole Of the Barbles or paps underneath the tongue THese be two little paps called of the Italians Barbole growing naturally as I think in every Horses mouth underneath the tongue in the neather jawes which if they â—hoot of any length Russius saith that they will hinder the Horses feeding and therefore he and Martin also would have them to be clipt away with a pair of sheers and that done the Horses mouth to be washed with Vinegar and Salt Of the pain in the teeth and gums of the Wolfsteeth and Jaw teeth A Horse may have pain in his teeth partly by descent of humors from his head down into his teeth and gums which is to be perceived by the rankness and swelling of the gums and partly having two extraordinary teeth called the Wolfs teeth which be two little teeth growing in the upper jawes next unto the great grinding teeth which are so painful to the Horse as he cannot endure to chaw his meat but is forced either to let it fall out of his mouth or else to keep it still half chawed whereby the Horse prospereth not but waxeth lean and poor and he will do the like also when his upper Jaw-teeth be so far grown as they overhang the neather Jaw-teeth and therewith be so sharp as in moving his jawes they cut and rase the insides of his cheeks even as they were rased with a knife And first as touching the cure of the pain in the teeth that cometh by means of some distillation Vegetius saith it is good to rub all the outside of his gums with fine chaâ—k and strong Vinegar mingled together or else after that you have washed the gums with Vinegar to strew on them of Pomegranate piles But me thinks that besides this it were not amisse to stop the temple veins with the plaister before mentioned in the Chapter of weeping and waterish eyes The cure of the Wolfs teeth and of the Jaw-teeth according to Martin is in this sort First cause the Horse head to be tyed up to some raster or post and his mouth to be opened with a cord so wide as you may easily see every part thereof Then take a round â—â—rong iron â—oole half a yard long and made at the one end in all points like unto the Carpenters goâ—ge wherewith he â—aketh his horseâ— to be bored with a wimble or aâ—ger and with your left hand set the edge of your â—ooâ— at the â—oot of the Wolfs teeth on the outside of the jaw turning the hollow side of the tool downward holding your hand steadily so as the tool may not slip from the aforesaid tooth then having a mallet in your right hand strike upon the head of the tool one prety blow and therewith you shall loosen the tooth and cause it to bend inward then staying the midst of your tool upon the Horses neather jaw wrinch the tooth outward with the inside or hollow side of the tool and thrust it clean out of his head that done serve the other Wolfs tooth on the other side in like manner and fill up the empty places with Sale finely brayed But if the upper jaw teeth do also overâ—ang the neather teeth and so cut the inside of his mouth as is aforesaid then keeping his mouth still open take your tool and mallet and pare all those teeth shorter running along them even from the first unto the 〈◊〉 turning the hollow side of your tool towards the teeth so shall not the tool cut the inside of his cheeks and the back or round side being turned towards the foresaid cheeks and that done wash an his mouth with Vinegar and Salt and let him go Why the diseases in the neck withers and back be declared here before the diseases in the throat HAving hitherto spoken of the diseases incident to a Horses head and to all the parts thereof natural order requireth that we should now descend into the throat as a part next adjacent to the mouth But forasmuch as the diseases in the throat have not only affinity with the head but also with the lungs and other inward parts which are many times grieved by means of distillation coming from the head and through the throat I will speak of the diseases incident to the neck withers and back of a Horse to the intent that when I come to talk of such diseases as Rheumes and distillations do cause I may discourse of them orderly without interruption Of the Crick in the neck BEcause a Crick is no other thing then a kinde of Convulsion and for that we have spoken sufficiently before of all kindes thereof in the Chapter of Convulsion I purpose not here therefore to trouble you with many words but only shew you Russius opinion and also Martins experience therein The Crick then called of the Italians Scima or Lucerdo according to Russius and according to Martin is when the Horse cannot turn his neck any manner of way but hold it still right forth insomuch as he cannot take his meat from the ground but by times and that very slowly Russius saith it cometh by means of some great weight laid on the Horses shoulders or else by overmuch drying up of the sinews of the neck The cure whereof according to Martin is in this sort Draw him with a hot iron from the root of the ear on both sides of the neck through the midst of the same even down to the brest a straw deep so as both ends may meet upon the breast then make a hole in his forehead hard under the foretop and thrust in a Cornet upward betwixt the skin and the flesh a handful deep then put in a Goose feather doubled in the midst and anointed with Hogs grease to keep the hole open to the intent the matter may run out the space of ten dayes But every day during that time the hole must be cleansed once and the feather also cleansed and fresh anointed and so put in again And once a day let him stand upon the bit one hour or two or be ridden two or three miles abroad by such a one as will bear his head and make him to bring it in But if the Crick be such as the Horse cannot hold his neck straight but clean
in a tub of cold water and then well and hard wrung and over that cast another cloth and gird it fast with a surcingle stuffing him well about the back with fresh straw continuing thus to do every day once the space of a week during which time give him no cold water but lukewarm and put therein a little ground Mault The wet sack will cause the back to gather heat it self and the skin to loosen from the flesh and if you will bestow more cost you may anoint all his body with Wine and oil mingled together according to the opinion of the old writers which no doubt is a very comfortable thing and must needs supple the skin and loosen it from the flesh Of the diseases in the throate and lungs and why the griefs of the shoulders and hips be not mentioned before amongst the griefs of the withers and back SOme perhaps would look here that for so much as I have declared the diseases of the neck withers and back that I should also follow on now with the griefs of the shoulders and hips But sith that such griefs for the most part doe cause a Horse to halt and that it requireth some skill to know when a Horse halteth whether the fault be in his shoulder hip leg joint or foot I think it is not good to separate those parts asunder specially sith nature hath joyned them together that is to say the shoulders to the forelegs and the hips to the hinder legs And therefore according to natures order I will treat of them in their proper place that is to say after that I have shewed all the diseases that be in the inward Horses body not only above the midriffe as the diseases of the throat lungs breast and heart but also under the midriffe as those of the stomach liver guts and of all the rest And first as touching the diseases of the throat the Glaunders and Strangullion to all Horses is most common Of the Glanders and Strangullion so called according to the Italian name Stranguillion MOst Farriars do take the Glanders and Strangullion to be all one disease but it is not so for the Glanders is that which the Physitians call Tonsillae and the Strangullion is that which they call in Latine Angina in Greek Gynanch and we commonly call it in English the Squinaâ—cy or Quinsie Tonsillae is interpreted by them to be the inflamations of the kirnels called in Latine Glandes the Italian Glandulae which lie on both sides of the throat underneath the root of the tongue nigh unto the swallowing place of which word Glandes or Glandulae I think we borrow this name Glanders for when the Horse is troubled with this disease he hath great kirnels underneath his jawes easie to be seen or felt paining him so as he can not easily swallow down his meat which cometh first of cold distillations out of the head But if such kirnels be not inflamed they will perhaps go away of themselves or else by laying a little hot horse-dung and straw unto them the warmth thereof will dissolve them and make them to vanish away But if they be inflamed they will not go away but encrease and wax greater and greater and be more painful every day then other and cause the Horse to cast continually filthy matter at his Nose The cure whereof according to Martin is this First ripe the kernels with this plaister Take of bran two handfuls or as much as will thicken a quart of Wine or Ale then put thereunto half a pound of Hogs grease and boyl them together and lay it hot to the sore with a cloth renewing it every day until it be ready to break then lance it and let out all the matter and tent it with a tent of Flax dipt in this salve Take of Turpentine of Hogs grease of each like quantity and a little wax and melt them together and renew the tent every day until it be whole Laurentius Russius saith that this disease is very common to Colts because in them doth abound fluxible moisture apt to be dissolved with every little heat and to turn to putrifaction and therefore if the Horse be not over young he would have you first to let him bloud in the neck vein and then to lay unto the same sore a ripening plaister made of Mallowes Linseeds Rew Wormwood ground Ivy Oyl of Bayes and Dialthea and to anoint his throat also and all the sore place with fresh Butter and the sore being ripe to lance it or else to rowel it that the matter may come forth But if the kernels will not decrease then pull them away by the roots and dry up the Ulcerous place with an ointment made of unsleck't Lime Pepper Brimstone Nitrum and Oyl Olive It shall be also good to purge his head by perfuming him every day once in such sort as hath been before declared And let the Horse be kept warm about the head and stand in a warm stable and let him drink no cold water but if you see that after you have taken away the kernels the Horse doth not for all that leave casting filthy matter at the Nose then it is to be feared that he hath some spice of the mourning of the Chine for both diseases proceed of one cause and therefore I think good to speak of it here presently But first I will set down a drink which I have seen proved upon a Horse that I thought could never have been recovered of the same disease and yet it did recover him in very short space so as he travelled immediately after many miles without the help of any other medicine A drink for the Strangullion or Glanders TAke of warm milk as it cometh from the Cow a quart or in stead thereof a quart of new Beer or Ale warmed and put thereunto of moulten Butter the quantity of an Egge and then take one head of Garlick first clean pilled and then stamped small which you must put into the milk or drink being made lukewarm and give it the Horse with a horn and immediately after the drink be given catch hold of his tongue with your hand and having broken two raw Egges either upon his foreteeth or against the staffe wherewith his head is holden up cast those broken Egges shels and all into his throat making him to swallow down the same that done ride him up and down till he begin to sweat then set him up covered warm with an old coverlet and straw not suffering him to eat nor drink for the space of two or three hours after and let his drink for the space of two or three dayes be somewhat warm whereunto it is good to put a handâ—ul or two of â—ran or ground Malt and in giving the said drink it shall not be amisse to powre some thereof into either Nostril Of the mourning of the Chine THis word Mourning of the Chine is a corrupt name borrowed of the French tongue wherein
to eat in Bals. Of the Disease in the Liver ALl the old Authors speak much of the pain in the liver but none of them do declare whereof it cometh or by what means saving that Hippocrates saith that some Horses get it by violent running upon some stony or hard ground I for my part think that the liver of a Horse is subject to as many diseases as the liver of a man and therefore may be pained diversly As sometime by the intemperateness of the same as for that it is perhaps too hot or too cold too moist or too dry sometimes by means of evill humors as choler or flegm abounding in the same according as the liver is either hot or cold for heat breedeth choser and cold flegm by means of which intemperature proceedeth all the weakness of the liver It may be pained also sometime by obstruction and stopping and sometime by hard knobs inflamation A postume or Ulcer bred therein sometime by Consumption of the substance thereof The signes of heat and hot humors be these loathing of meat great thirst and looseness of belly voiding dung of strong sent and leanness of body The signes of cold and cold humors be these appetite to meat without thirst a belly neither continually loose nor stiptike but between times no strong sent of dung nor leanness of body by which kinde of signes both first and last mentioned and such like the weakness and grief of the liver is also to be learned and sought out Obstruction or stopping most commonly chanceth by travelling or labouring upon a full stomach whereby the meat not being perfectly digested breedeth gross and tough humors which humors by vehemency of the labour are also driven violently into the small veins whereby the liver should receive good nutriment and so breedeth obstruction and stopping The signes whereof in mans body is heaviness and distension or swelling with some grief in the right side under the short ribs and especially when he laboureth immediately after meat which things I believe if it were diligently observed were easie enough to finde in a Horse by his heavy going at his setting forth and often turning his head to the side grieved Of an old obstruction and especially if the humors be cholerick breedeth many times a hard knob on the liver called of the Physitians Schirrus which in mans body may be felt if the body be not over fat and it is more easie for him to ly on the right side than on the left because that lying on the left side the weight of the knob would oppress the stomach and vital parts very sore by which signes methinks a diligent Farrier may learn whether a Horse hath any such disease or not The inflamation of the liver cometh by means that the bloud either through the abundance thinness boyling heat or sharpness thereof or else through the violence of some outward cause breaketh out of the veins and floweth into the body of the liver and there being out of his proper vessels doth immediately putrifie and is inflamed and therewith corrupteth so much fleshy substance of the liver as is imbrewed withall and therefore for the most part the hollow side of the liver is confumed yea and sometime the full side This hot bloudy matter then is properly called an Inflamation which by natural heat is afterward turned into a plain corruption and then it is called an Impostume which if it break out and run then it is called an Ulcer or filthy sore Thus you see of one evill Fountain may spring divers griefs requiring divers cures And though none of mine Authors nor any other Farrier that I know have waded thus far yet I thought good by writing thus much to give such Farriers as he wise discreet and diligent occasion to seek for more knowledge and understanding then is â—aught them and me thinks that it is a great shame that the Farriers of this age should not know much more than the Farriers of old time sith that besides that the old mens knowledge is not hidden from them they have also their own experience and time also bringeth every day new things to light But now to proceed in discoursing of the liver according to the Physitians doctrine as I have begun I say then of an inflamation in the hollow side of the liver the signes be these loathing of meat great thirst looseness of belly easie lying on the right side and painful lying on the left But if the inflamation be on the full side or swelling side of the liver then the patient is troubled with difficulty of breathing with a dry cough and grievous pain pulling and twitching the winde-pipe and to ly upon the right side is more painful than the left and the swelling may be felt with a mans hand But you must understand by the way that all these things last mentioned be the signes of some great inflamation for small inflamations have no such signes but are to be judged only by grief under the short ribs and fetching of the breath The signes of Apostumation is painful and great heat The signes of Ulcerations is decrease of the heat with feebleness and fainting For the filthy matter flowing abroad with evill vapours corrupteth the heart and many times causeth death The signes of the Consumption of the liver shall be declared in the next Chapter and as for the curing of all other diseases before mentioned experience must first teach it ere I can write it Notwithstanding I cannot think but that such things as are good to heal the like diseases in Mans body are also good for a Horse for his liver is like in substance and shape to a mans liver differing in nothing but only in greatness And therefore I would wish you to learn at the Physitians hands who I am s 〈…〉 first as touching the weakness of the liver proceeding of the untemperateness thereof will bid you to heal every 〈◊〉 untemperateness by his contrary that is to say heat by cold and driness by moisture and so contrary And therefore it shall be very necessary for you to learn the qualities natures and 〈◊〉 of hearâ—â— drugs and all other simples and how to apply them in time And for to heal the obstruction of the liver they will counsel you perhaps to make the Horse drinks of 〈◊〉 〈…〉 ples as these be Agrimony Fumitory Camomise Wormwood Licoras Anise seeds Smallage Parsly Spikenard Gentian Succory Endive Sperage Lupines the vertues whereof you shall learn in the Herbals but amongst all simples there is none more praised than the liver of a Woolf beaten into powder and mingled in any medicine that is made for any disease in the liver The cure of an inflamation consisteth in letting bloud and in bathing or fomenting the sore place with such herbs and Oyls as may mollifie and disperse humors abroad wherewith some simples that be astringent would be always mingled yea and in all other medicines that be applyed to
by taking of Swines dung mixed and made soft like morter with the urine of a man layed unto the root it is recovered and the Wormes driven away and if there be any rents or stripes visible upon trees so as they are endangered to be lost thereby they are cured by applying unto the stripes and wounds this dung of Swine When the Apple trees are loose pour upon their roots the stale of Swine and it shall establish and settle them and wheresoever there are Swine kept there it is not good to keep or lodge Horses for their smell breath and voice is hateful to all magnanimous and perfect spirited Horses And thus much in this place concerning the use of the several parts of Swine whereunto I may add our English experiments that if Swine be suffered to come into Orchards and dig up and about the roots of the Apple trees keeping the ground bare under them and open with their noses the benefit that will arise thereby to your increase of fruit will be very inestimable And here to save my self of a labor about our English Hogs I will describe their usage out of Mr. Tussers husbandry in his own words as followeth and first of all for their breeding in the Spring of the year he writeth in general Let Lent will kept offend not thee For March and April breeders be And of September he writeth thus To gather some mast it shall stand thee upon With servant and children yer mast be all gone Some left among bushes shall pleasure thy Swine For fear of a mischief keep Acornes fro kine For roâ—ting of pasture ring Hog ye have need Which being well ringled the better doth feed Though young with their elders will lightly keep best Yet spare not to ringle both great and the rest Yoke seldome thy swine while shacke time doth last For divers misfortunes that happen too fast Or if you do fancy whole eare of the Hog Give ear to ill neighbor and ear to his Dog Keep hog I advise thee from medow and Corne For out alowd crying that ere he was borne Such lawlesse so haunting both often and long If dog set him chaunting he doth thee no wrong And again in Octobers husbandry he writeth Though plenty of Acornes the Porkelings to fat Not taken in season may perish by that If ratling or swelling get once in the throat Thou losest thy porkling a Crown to a Groat What ever thing fat is again if it fall Thou venterest the thing and the fatnesse withall The fatter the better to sell or to kill But not to continue make proof if you will In November he writeth again Let Hog once sat lose none of that When mast is gone Hog falleth anon Still fat up some till Shrovetide come Now Porke and sowce bears tacke in a house Thus far of our English husbandry about Swine Now followeth their diseases in particular Of the diseases of Swine HEmlock is the bane of Panthers Swine Wolves and all other beasts that live upon devouring of flesh for the Hunters mix it with flesh and so spread or cast the flesh so poysoned abroad in bits or morsels to be devoured by them The root of the white Chamelion mixed with fryed Barly flour Water and oyl is also poyson to Swine The black Ellebor worketh the same effect upon Horses Oxen and Swine and therefore when the beasts do eat the white they forbear the black with all wearisomeness Likewise Henbane worketh many painful convulsions in their bellies therefore when they perceive that they have eaten thereof they run to the waters and gather Snails or Sea-crabs by vertue whereof they escape death and are again restored to their health The hearb Goosefoot is venemous to Swine and also to Bees and therefore they will never light upon it or touch it The black Night-shade is present destruction unto them and they abstain from Harts tongue and the great bur by some certain instinct of nature If they be bitten by any Serpents Sea-crabs or Snails are the most present remedy that nature hath taught them The Swine of Scythia by the relation of Pliny and Aristotle are not hurt with any poyson except Scorpions and therefore so soon as ever they are stung by a Scorpion they die if they drink And thus much for the poyson of Swine Against the cold of which these beasts are most impatient the best remedy is to make them warm sties for if it be once taken it will cleave faster to them then any good thing and the nature of this beast is never to eat if once he feel himself sick and therefore the diligent Master or keeper of Swine must vigilantly regard the beginnings of their diseases which cannot be more evidently demonstrated then by forbearing of their meat Of the Measels THe Measels are called in Greek Chalaza in Latin Grandines for that they are like hailstones spred in the flesh and especially in the leaner part of a Hog and this disease as Aristotle writeth is proper to this Beast for no other in the world is troubled therewith for this cause the Grecians call a Measily Hog Chaluros and it maketh their flesh very loose and soft The Germans call this disease Finnen and Pfinnen the Italians Gremme the French Sursume because the spots appear at the root of the tongue like white seeds and therefore it is usuall in the buying of Hogs in all Nations to pull out their tongue and look for the Measels for if there appear but one upon his tongue it is certain that all the whole body is infected And yet the Butchers do all affirm that the cleanest hog of all hath three of these but they never hurt the swine or his flesh and the Swine may be full of them and yet none appear upon his tongue but then his voice will be altered and not be was wont These abound most of all in such Hogs as have fleshy legs and shoulders very moist and if they be not over plentiful they make the flesh the sweeter but if they abound it tasteth like stock-fish or meat over-watered If there be no appearance of these upon their tongue then the chap-man or buyer pulleth off a bristle from the back and if bloud follow it is certain that the beast is infected and also such cannot well stand upon their hinder legs Their tail is very round For remedy hereof divers days before their killing they put into their wash or swill some ashes especially of Hasel trees But in France and Germany it is not lawful to sell such a Hog and therefore the poor people do only eat them Howbeit they cannot but engender evill humors and naughty bloud in the body The roots of the bramble called Ramme beaten to powder and cast into the holes where Swine use to bath themselves do keep them clear from many of these diseases and for this cause also in antient time they gave them Horse-flesh sodden and Toads sodden in water to drink the
be well disposed nor can this be unlesse the whole body be so and this is excellent well performed by good diet wherefore that in the first place must be well ordered for without that all helps are in vain for the preserving and repairing our health For this is so famous and almost the best part of Physick that that admirable Cous Celsus Galen Pliny and almost all the old Physicians could never give it commendations enough Asclepias formerly esteemed it so much that he almost took away the method of curing by Physick and wholly turned all curing upon diet Now this consists not only in the quantity and quality of meats and drinks but also in all those things that befall us whether we will or no as in sleeping and waking motion and rest as also in the repletion and emptinesse of the whole body and of every part and in the affects of the minde but chiefly in the Air that is about us which not only sticks fast to us outwardly but continually enters into the inmost parts of our body by the drawing in of our breath As for what concerns those things that we take because they are such things that every man knows I shall say nothing of them For there is no man ignorant that divers meats and of ill and naughty juice and disorderly taken will breed crudities and that gluttony and drunkenness do our bodies great hurt yet many kinde of meats that are hurtfull in other diseases are profitable in these Wherefore we shall as it were besides our purpose and by the way touch upon these first adding what Paulus writes Let the meats of those that have Worms be of good juice that may easily be dispersed and passe to the parts and neither foster the cause nor weaken our forces Wherefore we grant them wine mingled with water and let them eat often both for their need and that the Worms may not gnaw them If there be a scowring of the belly it is a sign that many are bred the meat being not dispersed and in that case Pears or Quinces must be mingled with our broths Wheaten bread is a wonderfull help having Anniseed mingled with it or Fennel or Salt or bread that is between Bran and Wheat called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because there are joyned together in it the Bran the Hulls and the Flour Men call also this bread 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because all the Wheat without taking any thing from it is made into bread Also the wheat it self that the meal is taken from must be the best for some of these have much Bran which is the courser wheat but the finer wheat is the best But wine that is mingled with water because it gently bindes is held to be very convenient Mountain birds are fit for their meat and young wood Pigeons green Groundsel and Goats-beard the broth of black Chiches and Coleworts and Capers and pickled Olives eaten and if there be no Feaver let them eat their other meats with Mustard also sowr and oyly things are commended Also Panick which Diocles called the honey of Corn is most durable if so be it may be reckoned amongst Corn. Also Spelt in the decoction of Myxie and a Ptisane with a great quantity of Oyl of unripe Olives besides these Lupines Cresses Betes Mints Smallage Radish and sawce eaten are good Give children before all meat a decoction of Sebestens with Mints Milk is very hurtful as also Fish and Pulse and whatsoever is of a cold grosse substance and hard to be digested Bread unleavened breeds Worms for it is good for no man and so are all moyst meats that easily turn to corruption within For all kinde of Worms it is most convenient to use abstinence from such things as breed them And when they are bred it is good to eat often a little at a time and that is best when they leave off gnawing But those that have Ascarides must eat meats of good juice and of easie digestion that the force of them may not reach so farre as the right gut For the matter fit to breed them is so consumed Thus far for meats and drinks to be taken But the other five kindes that are not so manifest shal be handled by us also with all brevity And we shal begin from sleep It must not be too little nor too much and in the night rather than in the day at least two hours after meat Moreover to be long idle is naught let exercise precede meats and rest after meats Nor is every motion to be taken for exercise but that which makes us breath more unlesse it be when we have taken Physick against Worms for then we must ride or run to shake our bodies for they are more easily cast forth by hard exercise or labour but children will hardly observe these rules Care also must be had that the belly may twice be unburdened and if that will not do of it self we must use a Suppository or Clyster to provoke it made of such ingredients that are fit for this purpose All affections of the minde whatever they be must be set aside as quarrelling anger sorrow great cares and thoughts sadnesse fears envy and all such kinde of perturbations and chiefly after meat For these change and turn the body from its natural state Let men beware of cold North windes and let them not go barefoot The air because it alwayes is about us cannot be chosen at our pleasure for it is sometimes a defence for us and sometimes the cause that makes Worms or fosters them It wil be a defence if it be very hot and dry pure clear and calm and it wil chiefly foster the disease when it is very cosd or moyst or moved by the North or South winde or by too great heat dissolves our forces and then by art it must be thus prepared To burn in our Chambers wood of Juniper tree or of Citrons or Peach-trees and such wood as is against Worms Also to perfume the place with tops of Worm-wood Peach-tree leaves Citron pills roots of Pomegranate-trees also with Fern and Ivy. But that is the best that is made with Myrrhe and Aloes Another remedy that succours the fainting spirits by reason of Worms Amber-greece two penny-weight Musk one peny weight Gum Arabick four peny-weight Roses Sanders Cloves Privet Frankincense of each one peny-weight Gallia Moschata so called six peny-weight Lignum Aloes burnt to a cole twenty peny-weight the quenched coles of Vine-branches what is sufficient make them up with Rose Vinegar Worms are oft-times exasperated with vehement remedies that they bring children to Convulsions swoundings and death wherefore they are not rashly to be given and at all adventures But because that remedies by reason of their different qualities are thought to be good to kill and bring forth Worms therefore in general such remedies as heat drie cut and are sharp bitter salt or sowr and attenuating are to be used For either they kill the
upon the belly of a Beaver wherein also the vulgar sort are deceived taking those bunches for stones as they do these bladders And the use of these parts both in Beavers and Hares is this that against rain both one and other sex suck thereout a certain humor and anoint their bodies all over therewith and so are defended in time of rain The belly of a Sow a Bitch and a Hare have many cels in them because they bring forth many at a time when a Hare lyeth down she bendeth her hinder legs under her loins as all rough-footed Beasts do They are deceived which deliver by authority of holy Scriptures that Hares love to lodge them upon Rocks but we have manifested elsewhere that those places are to be understood of Conies They have fore-knowledge both of winde and weather Summer and Winter by their noses for in the Winter they make their forms in the Sun-shine because they cannot abide frost and cold and in the Summer they rest toward the North remaining in some higher ground where they receive colder air We have shewed already that their sight is dim but yet herein it is true that Plutarch saith they have Visum indefessum an indefatigable sense of seeing so that the continuance in a mean degree countervaileth in them the want of excellency Their hearing is most pregnant for the Egyptians when they signifie hearing picture a Hare and for this cause we have shewed you already that their ears are long like horns their voyce is a whining voyce and therefore Authors call it Vagitum as they do a young childes according to the verse of Ovid Intus ut infanti vagiat ore Puer They rest in the day time and walk abroad to feed in the night never feeding near home either because they are delighted with forein food or else because they would exercise their legs in going or else by secret instinct of nature to conceal their forms and lodging places unknown their heart and bloud is cold which Albertus assigneth for a cause of their night-feeding they eat also Grapes and when they are overcome with heat they eat of an herb called Lactuca Leporina and of the Romans and Hetrurians Ciserbita of the Venetians Lactucinos of the French Lacterones that is Hares-lettice Hares-house Hares palace and there is no disease in this Beast the cure whereof she doth not seek for in this herb Hares are said to chew the cud in holy Scripture they never drink but content themselves with the dew and for that cause they often fall rotten It is reported by Philippus Belot that when a Hare drunk Wine she instantly dyed they render their urine backward and their milk is as thick as a Swines and of all creatures they have milk in udders before they deliver their young They are very exceedingly given to sleep because they never wink perfectly some Author's derive their name Lagon in Greek from Laein to see and thereupon the Graecians have a common proverb Lagos Catheudon a sleeping Hare for a dissembling and counterfeiting person because the H 〈…〉 seeth when she sleepeth for this is an admirable and rare work of Nature that all the residue of her bodily parts take their rest but the eye standeth continually sentinel Hares admit copulation backward and herein they are like to Conies because they breed every moneth for the most part and that many at that time the female provoking the male to carnal copulation and while they have young ones in their belly they admit copulation whereby it cometh to pass that they do not litter all at a time but many dayes asunder bringing forth one perfect and another bald without hair but all blinde like other cloven-footed-beasts It is reported that two Hares brought into the Isle Carpathus filled that Island with such abundance that in short time they destroyed all the fruits whereupon came the proverb Carpathius Leporem to signifie them which plow and sow their own miseries It falleth out by divine Providence that Hares and other fearfull Beasts which are good for meat shall multiply to greater numbers in short space because they are naked and unarmed lying open to the violence of men and beasts but the cruel and malignant creatures which live only upon the devouring of their inferiours as the Lyons Wolves Foxes and Bears conceive but very seldom because there is less use for them in the world and God in his creatures keepeth down the cruel and ravenous but advanceth the simple weak and despised when the female hath littered her young ones she first sicketh them with her tongue and afterward seeketh out the male for copulation Hares do seldom wax tame and yet they are amongst them which are neither Plaoidae nor Ferae tame nor wilde but middle betwixt both and Cardane giveth this reason of their untameable nature because they are perswaded that all men are their enemies Scaliger writeth that he saw a tame Hare in the Castle of Mount Pesal who with her hinder legs would come and strike the Dogs of her own accord as it were defying their force and provoking them to follow her Therefore for their meat they may be tamed and accustomed to the hand of man but they remain uncapable of all discipline and ignorant of their teachers voyce so as they can never be brought to be obedient to the call and command of their teacher neither will goe nor come at his pleasure It is a simple creature having no defence but to run away yet it is subtile as may appear by changing of her form and by scraping out her footsteps when she leapeth into her form that so she may deceive her Hunters also she keepeth not her young ones together in one litter but layeth them a furlong one from another that so she may not lose them all together if peradventure men or beasts light upon them Neither is she careful to feed her self alone but also to be defended against her enemies the Eagle the Hawk the Fox and the Woolf for she feareth all these naturally neither can there be any peace made betwixt her and them but she rather trusteth the scratching brambles the solitary woods the ditches and corners of rocks or hedges the bodies of hollow trees and such like places then a dissembling peace with her adversaries The wilde Hawk when she taketh a Hare she setteth one of her talons in the earth and with the other holding her prey striving and wrestling with the Beast untill she have pulled out his eyes and then killeth him The Foxes also compass the poor Hare by cunning for in the night time when he falleth into her foot-steps he restraineth his breath and holdeth in his savour going forward by little and little untill he finde the form of the Hare and then thinking to surprize her on a sudden leapeth at her to catch her but the watchful Hare doth not take sleep after a careless manner delighting rather in
time some use at the second time to dip such sops in sweet Sallet Oil. Thus far Vâ—getius Of the Pestilent Ague IT seemeth by Laurentius Russius that Horses be also subject to a Pestilent Fever which almost incurable is called of him Infirmitas Epidemialis that is to say a Contagious and pestiferous disease whereof there dyed in one year in Rome above a thousand Horses which as I take it came by some corruption of the air whereunto Rome in the chief of Summer is much subject or else corrupt humours in the body ingendered by unkind food by reason perhaps that the City was then pesteted with more Horse-men then there could be conveniently harbored or fed Laurentius himself rendreth no cause thereof but only sheweth signes how to know it which be these The Horse holdeth down his head eateth little or nothing his eyes waterish and his flanks do continually beat The Cure First give him this Glyster Take of the pulp of Coloquintida one ounce of Dragantum one ounce and a fals of Ceutaury and Wormwood of each one handful of Castore 〈…〉 half an ounce boil them in Water then being strained dissolve therein of Gerologundinum six ounces of Salt an ounce and a half and half a pound of Oil-olive and minister it lukewarm with a horn or pipe made of purpose Make also this Plaister for his head Take of Squilla five ounces of Elder of Castoreum of Mustard seed and of Eusorbium of each two ounces dissolve the same in the juice of Daffodil and of Sage and lay it to the Temples of his head next unto his eares or else give him any of these three drinks following Take of the best Triacle two or three ounces and distemper it in good Wine and give it him with a horn or else let him drink every morning the space of three dayes one pound or two of the juyce of Elder roots or else give him every morning to eat a good quantity of Venus hair called of the Latins Capillus Veneris newly and fresh gathered but if it be old then boil it in Water and give him the decoction thereof to drink with a horn Martins opinion and experience touching a Horses Fever THough Martin have not seen so many several kinds of Fevers to chance to Horses yet he confesseth that a Horse will have a Fever and saith that you shall know it by these signes For after the Horse hath been sick two or three dayes if you look upon his tongue you shall see it almost raw and scalt with the heat that comes out of his body and he will shake and trembles reel and stagger when his fit cometh which fit will keep his due hours both of coming and also 〈◊〉 continuance unlesse you prevent it by putting the Horse into a heat which would be done so soon as you see him begin to tremble either by riding him or tying up his legs and by chasing him up and down in the stable untill he leave shaking and then let him be kept warm and stand on the bit the space of two houres that done you may give him some hay by a little at once and give him warm water with a little ground malt twice a day the space of three or four dayes and once a day wash his tongue with Alomwater Vinegar Sage But if you see that all this prevaile not then purge him with this drink after that he hath fasted all one night Take of Aloes one ounce of Agarick half an ounce of Licoras and Annis seeds of each a dram beaten to powder and let him drink it with a quart of white wine likewarme and made sweet with a little hony in the morning fasting and let him be chafed a little after it and be kept warm and suffered to stand on the bit meatlesse two or three hours after and he shall recover his health again quickly Of sickness in general and the Fever IN general sickness is an opposite foe to nature warring against the agents of the body and mind seeking to confound those actions which uphold and maintain the bodies strength and livelyhood Who coveteth to have larger definition of sickness let him read Vegetius Rusius or excellent Master Blundevile who in that hath been admirably well-deserving painful For mine one part my intent is to write nothing more then mine own experience and what I have approved in Horses diseases most availeable and first of the Fever or Ague in a Horse though it be a disease seldom or not at all noted by our Mechanical Horse Farriars who cure many times what they know not and kill where they might cure knew they the cause yet I have my self seen of late both by the demonstrate opinions of others better learned and by the effects of the disease some two Horses which I dare avouch were mightily tormented with a Fever though divers Leeches had thereof given divers opinions one saying it was the Bots by reason of his immoderate languishment another affirmed him to be bewitched by reason of great shaking heaviness and sweating but I have found it and approved it to be a Fever both in effect nature and quality the cure whereof is thus for the original cause of a Fever is surfet breeding putrifaction in the bloud then when his shaking beginneth take three new laid Egges break them in a dish and beat them together then mix thereto five or six spoonfuls of excellent good Aquavitae and give it him in a horn then bridle him and in some Close or Court chafe him till his shaking cease and he begin to sweat then set him up and cloath him warm And during the time of his sickness give him no water to drink but before he drink it boil therein Mallowes Sorrel Purslain of each two or three handfuls As for his food let it be sodden Barly and now and then a little Rie in the sheaf to clense and purge him chiefly if he be dry inwardly and grow costive This I have proved uneffectless for this disease and also much availeable for any other inward sickness proceeding either of raw digestion too extream riding or other surfet Divers have written diversly of divers Agues and I could prescribe receipts for them but since I have not been experimented in them all I mean to omit them intending not to exceed mine own knowledge in any thing Of the Pestilence THe Pestilence is a contagious disease proceeding as Pelaganius saith sometime of overmuch labour heat cold hunger and sometime of sudden running after long rest or of the retention or holding of stale or urine or of drinking cold water whiles the Horse is hot and sweating for all these things do breed corrupt humors in the Horses body whereof the Pestilence doth chiefly proceed or else of the corruption of the air poisoning the breath whereby the Beasts should live which also happeneth sometime of the corruption of evill vapors and exhalations that spring out of the earth and
with Wool and make him this purging drink Take of Radish roots two ounces of the root of the herb called in Latine Panex or Panaces and of Scammony of each one ounce beat all these things together and boyl them in a quart of Honey and at sundry times as you shall see it needful give him a good spoonful or two of this in a quart of Ale luke-warm whereunto would be put three or four spoonfuls of Oyl It is good also to blow the powder of Motherwort or of Pyrethrum up into his nostrils and if the disease do continue still for all this then it shall be needful to pierce the skin of his fore-head in divers places with a hot iron and to let out the humors oppressing his brain Of the Night-mars THis is a disease oppressing either Man or Beast in the night season when he sleepeth so as he cannot draw his breath and is called of the Latines Iucubus It cometh of a continual crudity or raw digestion of the stomach from whence gross vapours ascending up into the head do oppress the brain and all the sensitive powers so as they cannot do their office in giving perfect feeling and moving to the body And if this disease chancing often to a man be not cured in time it may perhaps grow to a worse mischief as to the Falling-evil Madness or Apoplexy But I could never learn that Horses were subject to this disease neither by relation nor yet by reading but only in an old English Writer who sheweth neither cause nor signes how to know when a Horse hath it but only teacheth how to cure it with a food foolish charm which because it may perhaps make you gentle Reader to laugh as well as it did me for recreation sake I will here rehearse it Take a flint stone that hath a hole of his own kinde and bang it over him and write in a bill In nomine patris c. Saint George our Ladies Knight He walked day so did he night Vntil â—e her found He her beat and he her bound Till truly her trâ—ath she him plight That she would not come within the night There as Saint George our Ladies Knight Named was three times Saint George And hang this Scripture over him and let him alone with such proper charme as this is the 〈◊〉 Fryers in times past were wont to charm the money out of plain folke purses Of the Apoplexy THe Apoplexy is a disease depriving all the whole body of sense and moving And if it deprive but part of the body then it is called of the Latines by the Greek name Paralysis in our tongue a Palsie It proceeds of cold gross and tough humors oppressing the brain all at once which may breed partly of crudities and raw digestion and partly by means of some hurt in the head taken by a fall stripe or otherwise As touching Apoplexy few or none writing of Horse-â—leach-craft do make any mention thereof but of the Palsie Vegetius writeth in this manner A Horse saith he may have the Palsie as well as a man which is known by these signes He will go 〈…〉 ing and 〈◊〉 like a Crab carrying his neck awry as if it were broken and goeth crookedly with his legs beating his head against the wals and yet forsaketh not his meat nor drink and his provender seemeth moist and wet The cure Let him bloud in the temple vein on the contrary side of the â—rying of his neck and anoint his neck with comfortable Oyntment and splent it with splents of wood to make it stand right and let him stand in a warm stable and give him such drinks as are recited in the next chapter following But if all this profiteth not then draw his neck with a hot iron on the contrary side that is to say on the whole side from the neather part of the ear down to the shoulders and draw also a good long strike on his temple on that side and on the other temple make him a little star in this sort * and from his reins to his mid back draw little lines in manner of a ragged staffe and that will heal him Of the Cramp or Convulsion of the Sinews and Muscles A Convulsion or Cramp is a forcible and painful contraction or drawing together of the sinews and muscles which do happen sometime through the whole body and sometime but in one part or member only And according as the body may be diversly drawn so do the Physitians and also mine Authors that write of Horse-leech-craft give it divers names For if the body be drawn forward then they call it in Greek Emprosthotonos in Latine Tensio ad anteriora And if the body be drawn back it is called in Greek Opisthotonos in Latine Tensio ad posteriora But if the body he stark and strait bowing neither forward nor backward then it is called simply in Greek Tetanos in Latine Distensio or Rigor which names also are applyed to the like Convulsions of the neck Notwithstanding Vegetius writing of this disease entituleth his chapters de Roborosis a strange tearm and not to be found again in any other Author A Convulsion as I said before may chance as well to one part or member of the body as to the whole body as to the eye to the skin of the fore head to the roots of the tongue to the jaws to the lips to the arm hand or leg that is to say whensoever the sinew or muscle serving to the moving of that part is evill affected or grieved Of which Convulsions though there be many divers causes yet Hippocrates bringeth them all into two that is to say into fulness and emptiness for when a Convulsion proceedeth either of some inflamation of superfluous eating or drinking or for lack of due purgation or of overmuch rest and lack of exercise all such causes are to be referred to repletion or fulness But if a Convulsion come by means of over-much purging or bleeding or much watching extream labour long fasting or by wounding or pricking of the sinews then all such causes are to be referred unto emptiness And if the Convulsion proceed of fulness it chanceth suddenly and all at once but if of emptiness then it cometh by little and little and leisurely Besides these kindes of Convulsions there is also chancing many times in a mans fingers legs and toes another kinde of Convulsion which may be called a windy Convulsion for that it proceeds of some gross or tough vapour entred into the branches of the sinews which maketh them to swell like a Lute string in moist weather which though it be very painful for the time yet it may be soon driven away by chasing or rubbing the member grieved with a warm cloth And this kinde of Convulsion or Cramp chanceth also many times to a Horses hinder-legs standing in the stable For I have seen some my self that have had one of their hinder-legs drawn up with the Cramp almost to the belly
if every day with hard ropes of hay or straw you rub and chafe that part exceedingly and apply there to a little quantity of the Oyl of Pepper If the Convulsion be accidental proceeding of some hurt whereby the sinew is wounded or prickt then shall you incontinently take up the sinew so wounded searching the wound with great discretion and cut it clean in sunder then shall you endeavour to heal up the same with unguents plaisters and balms as shall be hereafter mentioned in the chapters of wounds and ulcers of what kinde or nature soever Of the Cold in the Head ACcording as the cold which the Horse hath taken is new or old great or small and also according as humors do abound in his head and as such humors be thick or thin so is the disease more or less dangerous For if the Horse casteth little or no matter out of his nose or hath no very great cough but only heavy in his head and perhaps lightly cougheth now and then it is a sign that he is stopped in the head which we were wont to call the pose But if his head be full of humors congealed by some extream cold taken of long time past and that he casteth foul filthy matter out at the nose and cougheth grievously then it is a sign that he hath either the Glaunders or the Strangullion mourning of the chein or Consumption of the Lungs For all such diseases do breed for the most part of the rheume or distillation that cometh from the head Of the cures thereof we leave to speak until we come to talk of the diseases in the throat minding here to shew you how to heal the pose or cold before mentioned Martin saith it is good to purge his head by perfuming him with Frankincense and also to provoke him to neeze by thrusting two Gouse feathers dipt in Oyl-de-bay up into his nostrils and then to trot him up and down half an hour for these feathers will make him to cast immediately at the nose Lautentius Russius would have him to be perfumed with Wheat Pennyroyal and Sage sodden well together and put into a bag so hot as may be which bag would be so close fastened to his head that all the savour thereof may ascend up into his nostrils and his head also would be covered and kept warm and to provoke him to neeze he would have you to binde a soft clout anointed with Sope or else with Butter and Oyl-de-bay unto a stick and to thrust that up and down into his nostrils so high as you may conveniently go and let him be kept warm and drink no cold water Yea it shall be good for three or four days to boil in his water a little Fenigreek Wheat meal and a few Anise-seeds And every day after that you have purged his head by perfuming him or by making him to neeze cause him to be trotted up and down either in the warm Sun or else in the house half an hour which would be done before you water him and give him his provender Of the Cold in the Head THe pose or cold in a Horse is the most general disease that hapneth and is the easiest perceived both by stopping ratling in the nose and coughing the cure thereof is in this sort If it be but newly taken by some-careless regard and immediately perceived you shall need no other remedy but to keep him warm every morning and evening after his water to ride him forth and to trot him up and down very fast till his cold break and then gently to gallop him a little which moderate exercise with warm keeping will quickly recover him again but if the cold hath had long residence in him and still encreaseth then you shall give him this drink three days together Take of strong Ale one quart of the best Treakle six penny-worth of long Pepper and grains of each as much beaten to powder of the juyce of Garleek two spoonfuls boyl all these together and give it the Horse to drink so warm as he may suffer it and then trot him up and down by the space of an hour or more and keep him warm giving him to drink no cold water Of the diseases of the Eyes HOrses eyes be subject to divers griefs as to be waterish or bloud-shotten to be dim of sight to have the Pin and Web and the Haw whereof some comes of inward causes as of humors resorting to the eyes and some of outward as of cold heat or stripe Of Weeping or Watering Eyes THis as Laurentius Russius saith may come sometime by confluence of humors and some-time by some stripe whose cure I leave to recite because it doth not differ from Martins experience here following Take of Pitch Rosen and Mastick a like quantity melt them together Then with a little stick having a clout bound to the end thereof and dipt therein anoint the temple veins on both sides a handful above the eyes as broad as a Testern and then clap unto it immediately a few flocks of like colour to the Horse holding them close to his head with your hand untill they stick fast unto his head then let him bloud on both sides if both sides be infected a handful under the eyes Russius also thinketh it good to wash his eyes once a day with pure pure white wine and then to blow therein a little of Tartarum and of Pumice stone beaten into fine powder Of Watering Eyes WAtering eyes come most commonly in some stripe or blow and the cure is thus Lay unto his temples a plaister of Turpentine and Pitch molten together then wash his eyes with white Wine and afterward blow the powder of burnt Allum into the same Of Bloud-shotten Eyes also for a blow or itching and rubbing in the Eyes MArtin never used any other medicine then this water here following wherewith he did always heal the foresaid griefs Take of pure Rose water of Malmsie of Fennel water of each three spoonfuls of Tutia as much as you can easily take with your thumb and finger of Cloves a dozen beaten into fine powder mingle them together and being luke-warm or cold if you will wash the inward part of the eye with a feather dipt therein twice a day untill he be whole Russius saith that to bloud-shotten eyes it is good to lay the white of an Egge or to wash them with the juyce of Celidony Another of Bloud-shotten Eyes or any other sore Eye coming of rheume or other humor FOr any sore eye make this water Take of the water of Eye-bright of Rose water and Malmsey of each three spoonfuls of Cloves six or seven beaten to fine powder of the juyce of Houseleek two spoonfuls mix all these together and wash the Horses eyes therewith once a day and it will recover him Of dimness of sight and also for the Pin and Web or any other spot in the Eye IF the Horse be dim of sight or
another but betwixt every squirting give him liberty to hold down his head and to blow out the filthy matter for otherwise perhaps you may choke him And after this it shall be good also without holding up his head any more to wash and rub his nostrils with a fine clowt bound to a white sticks end and wet in the water aforesaid and serve him thus once a day untill he be whole Of bleeding at the Nose I Have seen Horses my self that have bled at the nose which have had neither sore nor ulcer in their nose and therefore I cannot choose but say with the Physitians that it cometh by means that the vein which endeth in that place is either opened broken or fettered It is opened many times by means that bloud aboundeth too much or for that it is too fine or too subtil and so pierceth through the vein Again it may be broken by some violent strain cut or blow And finally it may be fretted or gnawn through by the sharpness of some bloud or else of some other humor contained therein As touching the cure Martin saith it is good to take a pinte of red Wine and to put therein a quartern of Bole Armony beaten into fine powder and being made luke-warm to pour the one half thereof the first day into his nostril that bleedeth causing his head to be holden up so as the liquor may not fall out and the next day to give him the other half But if this prevaileth not then I for my part would cause him to be let bloud in the breast vein on the same side that he bleedeth at several times then take of Frankincense one ounce of Aloes half an ounce and beat them into powder and mingle them throughly with the whites of Egges untill it be so thick as Honey and with soâ—t Hares hair thrust it up into his nostril filling the hole so full as it cannot fall out or else fill his nostrils full of Asses dung or Hogs dung for either of them is excellent good to restrain any flux of bloud Of the bleeding at the Nose or to stanch Flux of bloud in any sort I Have known many Horses in great danger by bleeding and I have tryed divers remedies for the same yet have I not found any more certain then this take a spoonful or two of his bloud and put it in a Sawcer and set it upon a chafing dish of coals and let it boyl till it be all dryed up into powder then take that powder and if he bleed at the nose with a Cane or Quill blow the same up into his nostrils if his bleeding come of any wound or other accident then into the wound put the same powder which is a present remedy New Horse-dung or earth is a present remedy applyed to the bleeding place and so are Sage leaves bruised and put into the wound Of the diseases in the Mouth and first of the bloudy Rifts or Chops in the Palat of the Mouth THis disease is called of the Italians Palatina which as Laurentius Russius saith cometh by eating hay or provender that is full of pricking seeds which by continual pricking and fretting the furrows of the mouth do cause them to ranckle and to bleed corrupt and stinking matter which you shall quickly remedy as Martin saith by washing first the sore places with Vinegar and Salt and then by anointing the same with Honey Of the Bladders in a Horses mouth which our old Farriers were wont to call the Gigs The Italians call them Froncelle THese be little soft swellings or rather pustules with black heads growing in the inside of his lips next unto the great jaw-teeth which are so painful unto the Horse as they make him to let his meat fall out of his mouth or at the least to keep it in his mouth unchawed whereby the Horse prospereth not Russius saith that they come either by eating too much cold grass or else pricking dusty and filthy provender The cure whereof according to Martin is in this sort Slit them with a lancet and thrust out all the corruption and then wash the sore places with a little Vinegar and Salt or else with Allum water Of the Bladders in a Horses mouth SOme Horses will have bladders like paps growing in the inside of their lips next to their great teeth which are much painful the cure whereof is thus Take a sharp pair of shears and clip them away close to the gum and then wash the sore place with running water Allum and Honey boiled together till it be whole Of the Lampass THe Lampass called of the Italians Lampasous proceedeth of the abundance of bloud resorting to the first furrow of the mouth I mean that which is next unto the upper fore-teeth causing the said furrow to swell so high as the Horses teeth so as he cannot chew his meat but is forced to let it fall out of his mouth The remdy is to cut all the superfluous flesh away with a crooked hot iron made of purpose which every Smith can do Another of the Lampass THe Lampass is a thick spongy flesh growing over a Horses upper teeth hindering the conjunction of his chaps in such sort that he can hardly eat the cure is as follloweth Cut all that naughty flesh away with a hot iron and then rub the sore well with Salt which the most ignorant Smith can do sufficiently Of the Canker in the mouth THis disease as Martin saith is a rawness of the mouth and tongue which is full of blisters so as be cannot eat his meat Which proceeds of some unnatural heat coming from the stomach For the cure whereof take of Allum half a pound of Honey a quarter of a pinte of Columbinâ— leaves of Sage leaves of each a handful boyl all these together in three pintes of water untill a pinte be consumed and wash the sore places therewith so as it may bleed continuing so to do every day once untill it be whole Another of the Canker in the mouth THis disease proceedeth of divers causes as of unnatural heat of the stomach of foul feeding or of the rust or venome of some â—it oâ— snaâ—â—el undiscr 〈…〉 lookt unto The cure is thus Wash the sore place with warm Vinegar made thick with the powder of Allum two or three dayes together every time until it bleed which will kill the poison and vigor of the exulcerated matter then make this water Take of running water a quart of Allum four ounces of Hony four or five spoonfuls of Woodhine leaves of Sage leaves and of Columbine leaves of each half a handful boil all these together till one half he consumed then take it off and every day with the water warmed wash the sore until it be whole Of the heat in the mouth and lips SOmetime the heat that cometh out of the stomach breedeth no Canker but maketh the mouth hot and causeth the Horse to forsake
in the palat of his mouth that he may suck up the same then give him this drink Take of strong Ale a quart of the green or dure of Geese strained three or four spoonfuls of the juyce of Celandine as much of Saffron half an ounce mix these together and being warm give it the Horse to drink Of the evill habit of the Body and of the Dropsie AS touching the driness and Consumption of the flesh without any apparent cause why called of the Physitians as I said before Atrophia I know not what to say more then I have already before in the Chapter of Consumption of the flesh and therefore resort thither And as for the evill habit of the body which is to be evill coloured heavy dull and of no force strength nor liveliness cometh not for lack of nutriment but for lack of good nutriment for that the bloud is corrupted with flegm choler or melancholy proceeding either from the Spleen or else through weakness of the stomach or liver causing evill digestion or it may come by foul feeding yea and also for lack of moderate exercise The Evill habit of the body is next cousen to the Dropsie whereof though our Farriers have had no experience yet because mine old Authors writing of Horse-leech-craft do speak much thereof I think it good here briefly to shew you their experience therein that is to say how to know it and also how to cure it But sith none of them do shew the cause whereof it proceeds I think it meet first therefore to declare unto you the causes thereof according to the doctrine of the learned Physitians which in mans body do make three kindes of Dropsies calling the first Anasarca the second Ascites and the third Timpanias Anasarca is an universal swelling of the body through the abundance of the water sying betwixt the skin and the flesh and differeth not from the disease last mentioned called Cachexia that is to say Evill habit of the bloud saving that the body is more swoln in this then in Cachexia albeit they proceed both of like causes as of coldness and weakness of the liver or by means that the heart spleen stomach and other members serving to digestion be grieved or diseased Ascites is a swelling in the covering of the belly called of the Physitians Abdomen comprehending both the skin the fat eight muscles and the film or panicle called Peritoneum through the abundance of some whayish humor entred into the same which besides the causes before alleadged proceedeth most chiefly by means that some of the vessels within be broken or rather cracked out of the which though the bloud being somewhat gross cannot issue forth yet the whayish humor being subtil may run out into the belly like water distilling through a cracked pot Timpanias called of us commonly the Timpany is a swelling of the aforesaid covering of the belly through the abundance of winde entred into the same which winde is inge 〈…〉 ered of crudity and evill digestion and whilest it aboundeth in the stomach or other intrails finding no issue out it breaketh in violently through the small conduits among the panicles of the aforesaid covering not without great pain to the patient and so by tossing to and fro windeth at length into the space of the covering it self But surely such winde cannot be altogether void of moisture Notwithstanding the body swelleth not so much with this kinde of Dropsie as with the other kinde called Ascites The signes of the Dropsie is shortness of breath swelling of the body evill colour lothing of meat and great desire to drink especially in the Dropsie called Ascites in which also the belly will sound like a bottle half full of water but in the Timpany it will sound like a Taber But now though mine Authors make not so many kindes of Dropsies yet they say all generally that a Horse is much subject to the Dropsie The signes according to Absyrtus and Hierocles be these His belly legs and stones will be swoln but his back buttocks and flancks will be dryed and shrunk up to the very bones Moreover the veins of his face and temples and also the veins under his tongue will be so hidden as you cannot see them and if you thrust your finger hard against his body you shall leave the print thereof behinde for the flesh lacking natural heat will not return again to his place and when the Horse lyeth down he spreadeth himself abroad not being able to lie round together on his belly and the hair of his back by rubbing will fall away Pelagonius in shewing the signes of the Dropsie not much differing from the Physitians first recited seemeth to make two kindes thereof calling the one the Timpany which for difference sake may be called in English the Winde Dropsie and the other the Water Dropsie Notwithstanding both have one cure so far as I can perceive which is in this sort Let him be warm covered and walked a good while together in the Sun to provoke sweat and let all his body be well and often rubbed alongst the hair and let him feed upon Coleworts Smallage and Elming boughs and on all other things that may loosen the belly or provoke urine and let his common meat be grass if it may be gotten if not then Hay sprinkled with Water and Nitrum It is good also to give him a kinde of Pulse called Cich steeped a day and a night in water and then taken out and laid so as the water may drop away from it Pelagonius would have him to drink Parsly stampt with Wine or the root of the herb called in Latine Panax with Wine But if the swelling of the belly will not decrease for all this then slit a little hole under his belly a handful behinde the navil and put into that hole a hollow reed or some other pipe that the water or winde may go out not all at once but by little and little at divers times and beware that you make not the hole over wide lest the kall of the belly fall down thereunto and when all the water is clean run out then heal up the wound as you do all other wounds and let the Horse drink as little as is possible Of the Evil habit of the Stomach IF your Horse either by inward sickness or by present surfeit grow to a loath of his meat or by weakness of his stomach cast up his meat and drink this shall be the cure for the same First in all the drink he drinks let him have the powder of hot Spices as namely of Ginger Anise seeds Licoras Cinamon and Pepper then blow up into his nostrils the powder of Tobacco to occasion him to neese instantly after he hath eaten any meat for an hour together after let one stand by him and hold at his nose a piece of sowre leaven steept in Vinegar then anoint all his breast over with the Oyl of Ginnuper and Pepper mixt
together Of the diseases of the Guts of a Horse and first of the Colick THe guts of a Horse may be diseased with divers griefs as with the Colick with Costiveness with the Lax with the Bloudy flux and Worms The Colick is a grievous pain in the great gut called of the Physitians Colon whereof this disease taketh his name which gut because it is very large and ample and full of corners it is apt to receive divers matters and so becometh subject to divers griefs For sometime it is tormented with the abundance of gross humors gotten betwixt the panicle of the said gut and sometime with winde having no issue out sometime with inflammation and sometime with sharp fretting humors But so far as I can learn a Horse is most commonly troubled with the Colick that cometh of winde and therefore our Farriers do tearm it the winde Colick The signes whereof be these The Horse will forsake his meat and lie down and wallow and walter upon the ground and standing on his feet he will stamp for very pain with his fore-feet and strike on his belly with his hinder foot and look often towards his belly which also towards his flancks will swell and seem greater to the eye then it was wont to be The cure whereof according to Martin is in this sort Take a quart of Malmsie of Cloves Pepger Cinamon of each half an ounce of Sugar half a quartern and give it the Horse luke-warm and anoint his flancks with Oyl of Bay and then bridle him and trot him immediately up and down the space of an hour until he dung and if he will not dung then take him and if need be provoke him to dung by putting into his fundament an Onyon pilled and jagged with a knife cross-wise so as the juyce thereof may tickle his fundament and for the space of three or four days let him drink no cold water and let him be kept warm Russius was wont to use this kinde of cure Take a good big reed a span long or more and being anointed with Oyl thrust it into the Horses fandament fastning the outward end thereof unto his tail so as it cannot slip out and then having first anointed and chased all the Horses belly with some hot Oyl cause him to be ridden hastily up and down some hilly ground and that will make him to void the winde out of his belly through the reed which done let him be kept warm and fed with good provender and warm mashes made of Wheat-meal and Fennel seed and let him drink no cold water until he be whole Absyrtus would have you to give him a Glyster made of wilde Cowcumber or else of Hens dung Nitrum and strong Wine Of Costiveness or Belly-bound COstiveness is when a Horse is bound in the belly and cannot dung which may come by glut of provender or overmuch feeding and rest whereof we have talked sufficient before also by winde gross humors or cold causing obstruction and stopping in the guts The cure whereof according to Martin is in this sort Take of the decoction of Mallows a quart and put thereunto half a pinte of Oyl or in stead thereof half a pinte of fresh Butter and one ounce of Benedicte laxative and pour that into his fundament with a little Horn meet for the purpose that done clap his tail to his fundament holding it still with your hand whilest another doth lead him in his hand and trot him up and down that the medicine may work the better and having voided all that in his belly bring him unto the stable and there let him stand a while on the bit well covered and warm littered and then give him a little Hay and let his drink be warmed it shall not be amiss also to give him that night a warm mash Of the Lax. THe Italians call this disease Ragiatura and the Horse that hath this disease Cavallo Arragiato or Sforato It may come through the abundance of cholerick humors descending from the liver or gall down to the guts But Russius saith that it cometh most commonly by drinking overmuch cold water immediately after provender or by sudden travelling upon a full stomach before his meat be digested or by hasty running or galloping immediately after water If this disease continue long it will make the Horse very weak and feeble so as he shall not be able to stand on his legs Notwithstanding sith nature feeling her self oppressed endevoureth thus to ease her self by expelling those humors that grieve her I would not wish you suddenly to stop it lest some worse inconvenience grow thereof But if you see that the Horse looseth his flesh and waxeth more dull and feeble then he was wont to be then give him this drink often experimented by Martin and that shall stop him Take of Bean-flowre and of Bole Armony of each a quartern mingle these things together in a quart of red Wine and give it him luke-warm and let him rest and be kept warm and let him drink no cold drink but luke-warm and put therein a little Bean-flowre and let him not drink but once a day and then not over-much for the space of three or four days Of the Bloudy flux IT seemeth by the old Writers that a Horse is also subject to the Bloudy flux For Absyrtus Hierocles and Democritus say all with one voyce that the guts of a Horse may be so exulcerated that he will void bloudy matter at his fundament yea and his fundament therewith will fall out which disease they call Dysenteria which is as much to say as a painful exulceration of the guts under the which the old men as it seemeth by the words of Hierocles and Absyrtus would comprehend the disease called of the Physitians Tenasmus that is to say a desire to dung often and to do but little and that with great pain And also another disease called Procidentia ani that is to say the falling out of the fundament which the Physitians do account as several diseases Notwithstanding for so much as Dysenteria and Tenasmus do spring both of like causes yea and also for that the falling out of the fundament hath some affinity with them I will follow mine Authors in joyning them all together in this one chapter The Physitians make divers kindes of Bloudy flux for sometime the fat of the slimy filth which is voided is sprinkled with a little bloud sometime the matter that voideth is mixt with the scraping of the guts and sometime it is waterish bloud like water wherein flesh hath been washed and sometime bloud mixt with melancholy and sometime pure bloud and by the mixture of the matter you shall know in mans body whether the ulceration be in the inner small guts or no if it be the matter and bloud will be perfectly mixt together but if it be in the outward guts then they be not mingled together but come out several the bloud most commonly following the
matter Of this kinde is that disease called before Tenasmus for that is an ulcer in the right gut serving the fundament and doth proceed even as the flux doth of some sharp humors which being violently driven and having to pass through many crooked and narrow ways do cleave to the guts and with their sharpness fret them causing exulceration and grievous pain The flux also may come of some extream cold heat or moistness or by mean of receiving some violent purgation having therein over-much Scammony or such like violent simple or through weakness of the Liver or other members serving to digestion Now as touching the falling out of the fundament the Physitians say that it cometh through the resolution or weakness of the muscles serving to draw up the fundament which resolution may come partly by over-much straining and partly they may be loosened by over-much moisture for which cause children being full of moisture are more subject to this disease then men And for the self same cause I think that Horses having very moist bodies be subject thereunto Thus having shewed you the causes of the diseases before recited I will shew you the cure prescribed by the old Writers Absyrtus would have the fundament on the outside to be cut round about but so as the inward ring thereof be not touched for that were dangerous and would kill the Horse for so much as his fundament would never abide within his body and that done he would have you to give him to drink the powder of unripe Pomgranate shels called in Latine Malicorium together with Wine and Water which indeed because it is astringent is not to be misliked but as for cutting of the fundament I assure you I cannot judge what he should mean thereby unless it be to widen the fundament by giving it long slits or cuts on the outside but well I know that it may cause more pain and greater inflamation And therefore me thinks it were better in this case to follow the Physitians precepts which is first to consider whether the fundament being fallen out be inflamed or not for if it be not inflamed then it shall be good to anoint it first with Oyl of Roses somewhat warmed or else to wash it with warm red Wine But if it be inflamed then to bathe it well first with a spunge dipt in the decoction of Mallows Camomile Linseed and Fenigreek and also to anoint it well with Oyl of CÃ momile and Dill mingled together to asswage the swelling and then to thrust it in again fair and softly with a soft linnen cloth That done it shall be good to bathe all the place about with red red Wine wherein hath been sodden Acatium Galles Acorn cups parings of Quinces and such like simples as be astringent and then to throw on some astringent powder made of Bole Armony Frankincense Sanguis Draconis Myrrhe Acatium and such like yea and also to give the Horse this drink much praised of all the old Writers Take of Saffron one ounce of Myrrhe two ounces of the herb called in Latine Abrotonum named in some of our English Herbals Southernwood three ounces of Parsly one ounce of garden Rue otherwise called Herb Grace three ounces of Piritheum otherwise called of some people Spittlewort and of Hysop of each two ounces of Cassia which is like Cinamon one ounce Let all these things be beaten in fine powder and then mingled with Chalk and strong Vinegar wrought into paste of which paste make little cakes and dry them in the shadow and being dryed dissolve some of them in a sufficient quantity of Barly milk or juyce called of the old Writers and also of the Physitians Cremor Ptisanae and give to the Horse to drink thereof with a horn for the medicine as the Authors write doth not only heal the Bloudy-flix and the other two diseases before recited but also if it be given with a quart of warm water it will heal all grief and pain in the belly and also of the bladder that cometh for lack of staling And being given with sweet Wine is will heal the biting of any Serpent or mad Dog Of the Worms IN a Horses guts do breed three kindes of Worms even as there doth in Mans body though they be not altogether like in shape The first long and round even like to those that children do most commonly void and are called by the general name Worms The second little worms having great heads and small long tails like a needle and be called bots The third be short and thick like the end of a mans little finger and therefore be cald Troncheons and though they have divers shapes according to the diversity of the place perhaps where they breed or else according to the figure of the putrified matter whereby they breed yet no doubt they proceed all of one cause that is to say of a raw gross and flegmatick matter apt to putrifaction ingendered most commonly by foul feeding and as they proceed of one self cause so also have they like signes and like cure The signes be these The Horse will forsake his meat for the Troncheons and the Bots will covet always to the maw and pain him sore He will also lie down and wallow and standing he will stamp and strike at his belly with his hinder-foot and look often toward his belly The cure according to Martin is thus Take of sweet Milk a quart of Honey a quartern and give it him luke-warm and walk him up and down for the space of an hour and so let him rest for that day with as little meat or drink as may be and suffer him not to lie down Then the next day give him this drink Take of Herb-grace a handful of Savin as much and being well stampt put thereunto a little Brimstone and a little Soot of a Chimney beaten into fine powder and put all these things together in a quart of Wort or Ale and there let them lie steep the space of an hour or two then strain it well through a fair cloth and give it the Horse to drink luke-warm then bridle him and walk him up and down the space of an hour that done bring him into the stable and let him stand on the bit two or three hours then give him a little Hay Laurentius Russius saith that it is good to give the Horse the warm guts of a young Hen with a Salt three days together in the morning and not to let him drink untill it be noon Some say that it is good to ride him having his bit first anointed with dung coming hot from the man some again use to give him a quantity of Brimstone and half as much Rozen beaten into powder and mingled together with his provender which he must eat a good while before he drinketh I have found by often tryal that if you give the Horse with a horn a good pretty dishful of Salt brine be it flesh brine or Cheese
of the party so grieved The dust of a Horse hoof anointed with Oyl and Water doth drive away impollumes and little bunches which rise in the flesh in what part of the body soever they beâ— and the dust of the hoof of an Asse anointed with Oyl Water and hot urine doth utterly expell all Wens and kernels which do rise in the neck arme-holes or any other part of the body of either man or woman The genital of a gelded Horse dryed in an Oven beaten to powder and given twice or thrice in a little hot broth to drink unto the party grieved is by Pliny accounted an excellent and approved remedy for the seconds of a woman The soam of a Horse or the dust of a Horse hoof dryed is very good to drive away shamefastness being anointed with a certain titulation The scrapings of the Horses hoofs being put in wine and poured into the Horses nostris do greatly provoke his urine The ashes also of an Horses hoof being mingled with wine and water doth greatly ease and help the disease called the Colick or Stone as also by a perfume which may be made by the hoofs of Horses being dryed a childe which is still born is cast out The milk of Mares is of such an excellent virtue that it doth quite expell the poison of the Sâ—ahare and all other poison whatsoever drink also mingled with Mares milk doth make the body loose and laxable It is also counted an excellent remedy against the falling sickness 〈◊〉 drink the stones of a Boar out of a Mares milk or water If there be any filth or m 〈…〉 ying in the matrice of a woman let her take Mares milk boiled and througly strained and presently the 〈◊〉 and excrements will void clean away If so he that a Woman be barren and cannot conceive leb her then take Mares milk not knowing what it is and let her presently accompany with a man and she will conceive The milk of a Mare being drunk doth asswage the labor of the matrice and doth cause a still childe to be cast forth If the seed of Henbane be beaten small and mingled with Mares milk and bound with a Harts skin so that it may not touch the ground and fastened or bound to a woman they will hinder her conception The thinnest or latest part of the milk of a Mare doth very easily gently and without any daâ—ger purge the belly Mares milk being dayly anointed with a little Hony doth without any pain or punishment take away the wounds of the eyes being new made Cheese made of Mares milk doth represse and take away all wringings or aches in the belly whatsoever If you â—â—dint a co 〈…〉 wâ—th the foam of a Horse wherewith 〈◊〉 young man or youth doth use to comb his head it is of 〈…〉 as it will cause the hair of his head heither to encrease or any whit to appear The 〈…〉 a Horse is also very much commended for them which have either pain or difficulty of hearing in their ears or else the dust of Horse dung being new made and dryed and mingled with Oyl of Roses The grief or soreness of a mans mouth or throat being washed or anointed with the foam of a Horse which hath been sed with Oates or Barly doth presently expell the pain of the foreness if so be that it be two or three times washed over with the juyce of young or green Sea-crabs beaten small together but if you cannot get the Sea-crabs which are green sprinkle upon the grief the small powder which doth come from dryed Crabs which are baked in an Oven made of Brasse and afterward wash the mouth where the pain is and you shall finde present remedy The foam of a Horse being three or four times taken in drink doth quite expell and drive away the Cough But Marcellus doth affirm that whosoever is troubled with the Cough or consumption of the lungs and doth drink the foam of a Horse by it self alone without any drink shall finde present help and remedy but as Sextus saith the Horse will presently die after it The same also being mingled with hot water and given to one who is troubled with the â—ame diseases being in manner past all cure doth presently procure health but the death of the Horse doth instantly ensue The sweat of a Horse being mingled with Wine and so drunk doth cause a woman which it very big and in great labor to cast a still childe The sweat of any Beast but as Albertus saith only of a Horse doth breed wind in a man or womans face being put thereupon and besides that doth bring the Squince or Squincy as also a filthy stinking sweat If Swords Knives or the points of Spears when they are red fire hot be anointed with the sweat of a Horse they will be so venemous and full of poyson that if a man or woman be smitten or pricked therewith they will never cease from bleeding as long as life doth last If a Horse be wounded with an Arrow and have the sweat of another Horse and bread which hath been brent being mingled in mans urine given him to drink and afterwards some of the same being mingled with Horse grease put into the wound it will in short time procure him ease and help There are some which will assure us that if a man be troubled with the belly worms or have a Serpent crept into his belly if he take but the sweat of a Horse being mingled with his urine and drink it it will presently cause the Worms or the Serpent to issue forth The dung of a Horse or Asse which is fed with grasse being dryed and afterward dipped in wine and so drunk is a very good remedy against the bitings and blowes of Scorpions The same medicines they do also use being mingled with the genital of a Hare in Vinegar both against the Scorpion and against the Shrew-mouse The force is so great in the poyson of a mad Dog or Bitch that his pargeted Urine doth much hurt especially unto them that have a â—ore boil upon them the chiefest remedy therefore against the same is the dung of a Horse mingled with Vinegar and being warmed put into the scab or sore The dung as well of Asses as of Horses either raw cold or burned is excellent good against the breaking forth or issues of the bloud The dung of Horses or Asses being new made or warm and so clapped and put to a green wound doth very easily and speedily stanch the bleeding If the vein of a Horse be cut and the bloud do issue out in too much aboundance apply the dung of the same Horse unto the place where the vein is cut and the bleeding will presently cease wherefore the Poet doth very well express it iâ— these Verses following Sive fimus manni cum testis uritur ovi Et reprimit fluâ—dos miro 〈…〉 The same
Caesar when he was Dictator presented in spectacle four hundred Lions Quintus Scaevola caused Lions to fight one with another But Marcus Antonius in the civil War after the battail of Pharsalia did first of all cause Lions to be yoked and draw the Chariot of triumphs where he himself sate with one Citheris a Jester which thing was not done without shew and observations of a prodigious and monstrous action and especially in those times wherein it was interpreted that as the noble spirits of those Lions were so much abased and vassalaged in stead of Horses to draw a Chariot they being in nature the King of Beasts so it was feared that the ancient Nobility of Rome the grave Senators and gallant Gentlemen Commanders of the whole Common-wealth should in time to come through civil wars and pride of the people be deprived of all honour and brought down to the basest offices of the whole State Antoninus Pius nourished a hundred Lions Domitian the Emperor called for Acillius Gabrio the Consul into Albania about the time that the games were celebrated for the prosperity of youth and young men which were called Juvenalia to fight with a great Lion and Acillius coming wisely into the combate did easily kill him In ancient time when Lions could not be tamed they did discern them by their teeth and nails and so taking as it were the sting and poyson from the Serpent and the weapons wherein consisteth all their strength they were without all peril sent into the publick Assemblies at the time of their general meetings and great feasts Martial hath an excellent Epigram of the great Lion before exhibited in publick spectacle by Domitian wondering that the Massylian and Ausonian shepheards were so afraid of this Lion and made as great a noise and murmur about his presence as if he had been a heard of Lions and therefore he commendeth the Lybian Countrey for breeding such a beast and withal expresseth the joy of the shepheards for his death as are shown in these verses following Auditur quantum Massyla per avia murmur Iunumero quoties sylva Leone furit Pallidus attonitos ad plena mapalia pastor Cum revocat tauros sine mente pecus Tantus in Ausonia fremuit modo terror arena Quis non esse gregem crederet unus erat Sed cujus tremerent ipsi quoque jura Leenes Cui diadema daret marmore picta Nomas O quantum per colla decus quem sparsit honorem Aurea lunatae cum stetit unda jubae 〈◊〉 Grandia quam decuit lotum venabula pectus Quantaque de magna gaudia morte tulit Vnde tuis Lybie tam felix gloria sylvis A Cybeles nunquio venerat ille jugis An magis Hereulo Germanice misit ab astro Hanc tibi vel frater vel pater ipse feram We have shewed already that Lions although never so well tamed become wilde again and that through hunger which breaketh through stone walls according to the common proverb and therefore maketh them to destroy whatsoever cometh in their way according to these verses of Virgil Impastus ceu plena Leo per ovilla turbans Suadet enim vesena fames manditque trahitque Molle pecus mutumque metu fremit ore cruento Such a one was the Lion of Borsius Duke of Ferrara who being in his cave would devour Bulk Bears and Boars but with a Hare or little Whelp he would play and do them no harm at 〈◊〉 leaving all his tamable nature he destroyed a young wench who oftentimes came unto him to com 〈…〉 and stroke his mane and also to bring him meat and flowers upon whom Stroza made these two verses Sustulit ingratus cui quondam plurima debens Pectendasque jubas fera colla dabat The like unto this also was the tame Lion that Marital speaketh of who returning to his first 〈◊〉 ture destroyed two young children and therefore he saith justly that his cruelty exceedeth the cruelty of war the Epigram is this Verbera securi solitus Leo ferre magistri Insertamque pati blandus in ora manum Dedidicit pacem subito feritate reversa Quanta nec in Lybicis debuit esse jugis Nam duo de tenera puerilia corpora turba Sanguineam rastris quae renovabat humum Saevus infoelix furiali dente peremit Martia non vidit majus arena nefas Having thus spoken of the taming and taking Lions it also now followeth to entreat of the length of their life and the diseases that are incident unto them with their several cures first therefore it is held that they live very long as threescore or fourscore years for it hath been seen that when a Lion hath been taken alive and in his taking received some wound whereby he became lame or lost some of his teeth yet did he live many years and also it is found that some have been taken without teeth which were all fallen out of their head through age and Aelianus saith that a Lion and a Dolphin do both consume away through multitude of years The sicknesses wherewithal they are annoid are not very many but those which they have are continual for the most part their intrails or inward parts are never sound but subject to corruption as may appear by their spittle and also by their biting and scratching of their nails for a man lightly touched by them at some times is as much poysoned as the biting of a mad Dog also by reason of his extreme hot nature every each other day he suffereth one sickness or other at which time he lyeth prostrate upon the earth roaring not all the day long but at certain hours and in his wrath he is consumed through the heat inclosed in his own body And in his best estate he is afflicted with a quartane Ague even then when he seemeth to be in health and except this disease did restrain his violence and malice by weakning of his body he would be far more hurtful to mankinde then he is and this is to be understood in the Summer time he falleth into this disease sometime at the sight of a man and is cured by the bloud of Dogs according to Albertus and Physiologus when he feeleth himself sick through abundance of meat he falleth a vomiting either by the strength of nature or else helpeth himself by eating a kinde of grass or green corn in the blade or else rapes and if none of these prevail then he fasteth and eateth no more till he finde ease or else if he can meet with an Ape he devoureth and eateth his flesh and this is the principal remedy and medicine which he receiveth against all his diseases both in youth and age and when he groweth old being no more able to hunt Harts Boars and such beasts he exerciseth his whole strength in the hunting and taking of Apes whereupon he liveth totally and for these causes there is a comparison betwixt the Lion and
Aristotle saith if presently after copulation there fall a showre or if when they are great with young they eat Wallnuts or Acorns they will cast their Lambs and likewise if in time of Thunder the Ewe with young be alone in the field the claps of Thunder will cause abortment and the remedy thereof for the avoiding of that mischief is prescribed by Pliny Tonitâ—us saith he solitariis ovibus abortus inferunt remedium est congregare eas ut coitu juventur that is to call them together in times of Thunder is a remedy against abortment Therefore he requireth of a skilful shepheard a voice or whissel intelligible to the Sheep whereby to call them together if they be scattered abroad feeding at the first appearance and note of thunder It is also reported that there are certain veins under the tongue of a Ram the colour whereof do presage or fore-shew what will be the colour of the Lamb begotten by them for if they be all white or all black or all party coloured such also will be the colour of it that they engender Ewes bring forth for the most part but one at a time but sometimes two sometimes three and sometimes four the reason whereof is to be attributed either to the quality of the food whereof they eat or else to the kinde from which they are derived For there be certain Sheep in the Orcades which always bring forth two at one time and many of them six There are also Sheep in Magnetia and Africk that bring forth twice in the year And Aristotle in his wonders writeth that the Sheep of Vmbria bring forth thrice in a year and among the Illyrians there are Sheep and Goats that bring forth twice in the year two at a time yea sometimes three or four or five and that they nourish them all together with their abundance of milk and besides some of their milk is milked away from them Egypt is so plentiful in grass that their Sheep bring forth twice in a year and are likewise twice lipped so likewise in Mesopotamia and in all moist and hot Countries Many times times it falleth out that the Ewe dyeth in the yeaning of her Lamb and many times they bring forth monsters so also do all other Beasts that are multipara betwixt a Goat and a Ram is a Musmon begotten and betwixt a Goat-buck and an Ewe is the Beast Cinirus ingendered and among the Rhaetians many times there are mixed monsters brought forth for in the hinder-parts they are Goats and in the fore-parts Sheep for Rams when they grow strong old and wanton leap upon the female Goats upon which they beget such monsters but they die for the most part immediately after the yeaning Sometimes wilde Rams come to tame Sheep and beget upon these Lambs which in colour and wooll do most of all resemble the father but afterward when they bear young their wooll beginneth to be like to other vulgar Sheep when the Ewe is ready to be delivered she travaileth and laboureth like a Woman and therefore if the shepheard have not in him some Mid-wives skill that in cases of extremity he may draw out the Lamb when the members stick cross in the matrix or else if that be unpossible because it is dead in the dams belly yet to cut it out without peril and danger to the Ewe in such cases the Graecians call a shepheard Embruoulcos Having thus brought the Sheep to their delivery for the multiplication of kinde it then resteth to provide that the new born Lamb may be secured from Dogs Woolfs Foxes Crows Ravens and all enemies to this innocent Beast and also to provide that the Ewe may render to her young one sufficient food out of her udder therefore they must be well and extraordinarily fed We have shewed already the use of Salt and then also it is very profitable when the Ewe is newly delivered of her Lamb for it will make her drink and eat more liberally In the Winter time for the encrease of their milk in stead of green pastures and such other things as we have expressed it is requisite to give them corn and especially plenty of Beans For this cause some prescribe to be given unto their Sheep the herb Lanaria which they affirm to be profitable to be given to encrease milk some the stone Galacites to be beaten to powder and anointed upon the Ewes udder and some prescribe to sprinkle water and salt upon them every morning in the house or field before the Sun rising But herein I leave every man to his own judgement hoping it will not be offensive to any to relate those things before expressed and resting in opinion that both the food that is received inwardly and also the Ointments that are applyed outwardly will be sufficient means to procure abundance of milk in the Summer and Winter seasons Now therefore it followeth to entreat likewise of the Wintering of Sheep for as there is more cost to keep them in cold weather then in warm so it doth require at our hands some discourse thereof Then it behoveth you to provide for them warm folds and stables whereof the Poet writeth in this manner Incipiens stabulis edico in mollibus herbam Carpere oveis dum mox frondosa reducitur aestas Et multa duram stipula filicumque maniplis Sternere subter humum glacies ne frigida laedat Molle pecus scabiemque ferat turpeisque podagras Whereby it is evident that the cold Winters do beget in Sheep divers and many diseases and for that cause it was the counsel of a wise and learned man that our Sheep should not be turned out to feeding neither in cold or warm weather until the frost were dissolved and thawed from off the grass and earth The Tarentine Graecian and Asian Sheep were wont to be altogether kept in stables within doors lying continually upon plancks and boards bored through that so their precious fleeces might be the better safe-guarded from their own filth and urine and three times in the year they let them out of their stables to wash them and anoint them with Oyl and Wine and to save them free from Serpents they burned in their stables and under their cratches Galbanum Cedar-wood Womans hair and Harts-horns and of these Tarentine and Graecian Sheep Columella writeth in this manner It is in vain for any man to store himself with those Tarentine Sheep for they ask as much or more attendance and costly food then their bodies are worth for as all Beasts that bear wooll are tender and not able to endure any hardness so among all Sheep there are none so tender as the Tarentine or Graecian Sheep and therefooe the Keeper of them must not look to have any playing days nor times of negligence or sluggishness and much less to regard his covetous minde for they are cattel altogether impatient of cold being seldom led abroad and therefore the more at home
are delivered of their young which are apt to run away lest that some ravening beast or thief deceive the loitering shepheard by taking away from him the hindmost or formost There may also be more in a flock of Sheep then in a flock of Goats because the Goats are wanton and so disperse themselves abroad but the Sheep are meek and gentle and for the most part keep round together Yet it is better to make many flocks then one great one for fear of the pestilence In the story of the Dogs we have shewed already how necessary a shepheards Dog is to the flock to defend them both from Woolfs and Foxes and therefore every shepheard must observe those rules there expressed for the provision choice and institution of his Dog and to conclude this discourse of the shepheard when the Lambs are young he must not drive their dams far to pasture but seed them neer the Town Village or House and his second care must be to pick and cull out the aged and sick Sheep every year and that in Autumn or Winter time lest they die and infect their fellows or lest that the whole flock do go to decay for want of renewing and substitution of others and therefore he must still regard that when one is dead he supply the place with one or two at the least and if he chance to kill one at any time for the houshold the counsel of Antiphanes is profitable to be followed Illas tantum mactare debes oves ex quibus nullas amplius fructus vel casei vel velleris vellactis vel agnorum perveniet That is to kill those Sheep from whom you can never expect any more profit by their Lambs Milk Cheese or Fleeces Of the diseases of Sheep and their causes in general IN the next place it is necessary for the wise and discreet shepheard to avoid all the means whereby the health of his flock should be indangered and those are either by reason of their meat and food that they eat or else by reason of natural sicknesses arising through the corruption of bloud and the third way is by the biting of venemous beasts as Serpents and Wolves and such like and a fourth way scabs Gowts swellings and such like outward diseases Of venomous meats or herbs unto Sheep THere is an herb which the Latines call Herba Sanguinaria Pilosella Numularia and by the Germans and English cald Fenugreek and by the French because of the hurt it doth unto Sheep they use this circumscription of it L'herbe qui tue les brebis The herb that destroyeth Sheep It is called also Serpentine because when Snakes and Adders are hurt therewith they recover their wounds by eating thereof when a Sheep hath eaten of this herb the belly thereof swelleth abundantly and is also drawn together and the Sheep casteth out of his mouth a certain filthy spume or froath which smelleth unsavourly neither is the poor beast able to escape death except presently he be let bloud in the vein under his tail next to the rump and also in the upper lip yet is this herb wholesome to all other cattle except Sheep alone wherefore the Shepheards must diligently avoid it It is a little low hearb creeping upon the ground with two round leaves not much unlike to Parsley it hath no savour with it or smelleth not at all the flower of it is pale and smelleth strong and the stalk not much unlike the flower It groweth in moist places and near Hedges and Woods If in the Spring time Sheep do eat of the dew called the Hony-dew it is poyson unto them and they die thereof Likewise canes in the Autumn do make their belly swell unto death if they drink presently after they have eaten thereof for that meat breaketh their guts asunder The like may be said of Savine Tamarisk Rhododendron or Rose-tree and all kindes of Henbane The female Pimpernel doth likewise destroy Sheep except assoon as they have eaten of it they meet with the herb called Ferus-oculus Wilde-eye but herein lyeth a wonder that whereas there are two kindes of this herb a male and a female they should earnestly desire a male and eagerly avoid a female seeing that both of them have the same taste in the palat of a man for they taste like the raw roots of Beets There is an herb in Normandy called Duna not much unlike Rubarb or great Gentian but narrower leaves and standing upright the nerve whereof in the middle is red and it groweth about the waters and therefore I conjecture it may be Water-sorrel or Water-planton whereof when Sheep have eaten they fall into a disease called also Duna for there is bred in their liver certain little black Worms or Leeches growing in small bags or skins being in length half a finger and so much in breadth wherewithall when the Beast is infected it is uncurable and therefore there is no remedy but to take from it the life and that this is true the Butchers themselves affirm how many times they do finde such little worms in the Sheeps liver and they say they come by drinking of Fenny or Marshy-water And to conclude there is a kinde of Pannick also whereof when Sheep have eaten it destroyeth them and there be other herbs which every common shepheard knoweth are hurtful unto Sheep and the Beast it self though in nature it be very simple yet is wise enough to chuse his own food except the vehement necessity of famine and hunger causeth him to eat poysoned herbs In cases when their bellies swell or when they have worms in their belly which they have devoured with the Herbs they eat then they pour into their bellies the urine of men and because their bellies presently swell and are puffed out with winde the shepheards cut off the tops of their ears and make them bleed and likewise beat their sides with their staff and so most commonly they are recovered If Sheep chance to drink in their heat so as their grease be cooled in their belly which Butchers do finde many times to be true then the shepheard must cut off half the Sheeps ear and if it bleed the Beast shall be well but if it bleed not he must be killed and eaten or else he will starve of his own accord If at any time a Sheep chance to devour a leach by pouring in Oyl into his throat he shall be safe from danger Of the Colds of Sheep SHeep are known to be subject to cold not only by coughing after they have taken it but also by their strength before they take it for the shepheards do diligently observe that when any frost or ice falleth upon a Sheep if he endure it and not shake it off it is a great hazard but the same Sheep will die of cold but if he shake it off and not endure it it is a sign of a strong sound and hea 〈…〉 by constitution Likewise for to know the health of their Sheep they
broath of them The Bur pulled out of the earth without Iron is good also for them if it be stamped and put into milk and so given them in their wash They give their Hogs here in England red-lead red-Oker and in some places red loam or earth And Pliny saith that he or she which gathereth the aforesaid Burre must say this charm Haec est herba Argemon Quam Minerva reperit Suibus his remedium Qui de illa gustaverint At this day there is great praise of Maiden-hair for the recovery of Swine also holy Thistle and the root of Gunban and Harts-tongue Of leannesse or pining SOmetime the whole herd of Swine falleth into leannesse and so forsake their meat yea although they be brought forth into the fields to feed yet as if they were drunk or weary they lie down and sleep all the day long For cure whereof they must be closely shut up into a warm place and made to fast one whole day from meat and water and then give them the roots of wilde Cucumber beaten to powder and mixed with water let them drink it and afterward give them Beans pulse or any dry meat to eat and lastly warm water to procure vomit as in men whereby their stomacks are emptied of all things both good and bad And this remedy is prescribed against all incertain diseases the cause whereof cannot be discerned and some in such cases do cut off the tops of the tails or their ears for there is no other use of letting these beasts bloud but in their veins Of the Pestilence THese beasts are also subject to the Pestilence by reason of earth-quakes and sudden infections in the air and in such affection the beast hath sometime certain bunches or swellings about the neck then let them be separated and give them to drink in water the roots of Daffadill Quatit aegros tussis anbela sues Ac faucibus angit obesis tempore pestis Some give them Night-shade of the wood which hath great stalks like cherry twigs the leaves to be eaten by them against all their hot diseases and also burned snails or Pepper-wort of the Garden or Lactuca foetida cut in pieces sodden in water and put into their meat Of the Ague IN ancient time Varro saith that when a man bought a Hog he covenanted with the seller that it was free from sicknesse from danger that he might buy it lawfully that it had no manngie or Ague The signs of an Ague in this beast are these WHen they stop suddenly standing still and turning their heads about fall down as it were by a Megrim then you must diligently mark their heads which way they turn them that you may let them bloud on the contrary ear and likewise under their tail some two fingers from their buttocks where you shall finde a large vein fitted for that purpose which first of all we must beat with a rod or piece of wood that by the often striking it may be made to swell and afterwards open the said vein with a knife the blood being taken away their tail must be bound up with Osier or Elm twigs and then the Swine must be kept in the house a day or two being fed with Barly meal and receiving warm water to drink as much as they will Of the Cramp WHen Swine fall from a great heat into a sudden cold which hapneth when in their travel they suddenly lie down through wearinesse they fall to have the Cramp by a painfull convulsion of their members and the best remedy thereof is for to drive them up and down till they wax warm again and as hot as they were before and then let them be kept warm still and cool at great leisure as a horse doth by walking otherwise they perish unrecoverably like Calves which never live after they once have the Cramp Of Lice THey are many times so infested and annoyed with Lice that their skin is eaten and gnawn through thereby for remedy whereof some annoynt them with a confection made of Cream Butter and a great deal of Salt Others again anoynt them after they have washed them all over with the Lees of wine and in England commonly the Countrey people use Stavesaker red Oaker and grease Of the Lethargy BY reason that they are much given to sleep in the Summer time they fall into Lethargies and die of the same the remedy whereof is to keep them from sleep and to wake them whensoever you finde them asleep Of the head-aches THis disease is called by the Grecians Scotemia and Kraura and by Albertus Fraretis Herewith all Swine are many times infected and their ears fall down their eyes are also dejected by reason of many cold humours gathered together in their heads whereof they die in multitudes as they do of the pestilence and this sicknesse is fatall unto them if they be not holpen within three or four dayes The remedy whereof if there be any at all is to hold Wine to their nostrils first making them to smell thereof and then rubbing it hard with it and some give them also the roots of white Thistles cut small and beaten into their meat but if it fall out that in this pain they lose one of their eyes it is a sign that the beast will die by and by after as Pliny and Aristotle write Of the Gargarisme THis disease is called by the Latines Raucedo and by the Grecians Branchos which is a swelling about their chaps joyned with Feaver and Head-ache spreading it self all over the throat like as the Squinancy doth in a man and many times it begetteth that also in the Swine which may be known by the often moving of their feet and then they die within three dayes for the beast cannot eat being so affected and the disease creepeth by little and little to the Liver which when it hath touched it the beast dieth because it putrifieth as it passeth For remedy hereof give unto the beast those things which a man receiveth against the Squinancy and also let him blood in the root of his tongue I mean in the vein under the tongue bathing his throat with a great deal of hot water mixed with Brimstone and Salt This disease in Hogs is not known from that which is called Struma or the Kings evil at the first appearance as Aristotle and Pliny write the beginning of this disease is in the Almonds or kernels of the throat and it is caused through the corruption of water which they drink for the cure whereof they let them bloud as in the former disease and they give them the Yarrow with the broadest leaves There is a Hearb called Herba impia all hoary and outwardly it looketh like Rosemary some say it is so called because no beast will touch it this being beaten in pieces betwixt two tiles or stones groweth marvellous hot the juice thereof being mixed in milk and Wine and so given unto the Swine to drink cureth them of this disease
Wart they then set fire on it and so burn it to ashes and by this way and order the Warts are eradicated that they never after grow again Marcellus Empiricus taketh Spiders webs that are found in the Cypresse tree mixing them with other convenient remedies so giving them to a podagrical person for the asswaging of his pain Against the pain of a hollow tooth Galen in his first Book De Compos medicam secundum loca much commendeth by testimony of Archigenes the Egges of Spiders being tempered and mixed with Oleum Nardinum and so a little of it being put into the tooth In like sort Kiramides giveth Spiders egges for the curation of a Tertian Ague Whereupon we conclude with Galen in his Book to Piso that Nature as yet never brought forth any thing so vile mean and contemptible in outward shew but that it hath manifold and most excellent and necessary uses if we would shew a greater diligence and not be so squeamish as to refuse those wholesome medicines which are easie to be had and without great charges and travail acquired I will add therefore this one note before I end this discourse that Apes Marmosets or Monkies the Serpents called Lizards the Stellion which is likewise a venomous Beast like unto a Lizard having spots in his neck like unto stars Wasps and the little beast called Ichneumon Swallows Sparrows the little Titmouse and Hedge-sparrows do often feed full favourly upon Spiders Besides if the Nightingale the Prince of all singing Birds do eat any Spiders she is clean freed and healed of all diseases whatsoever In the days of Alexander the Great there dwelled in the City of Alexandria a certain young maid which from her youth up was fed and nourished only with eating of Spiders and for the same cause the King was premonished not to come neer her lest peradventure he might be infected by her poysonous breath or by the venom evaporated by her sweating Albertus likewise hath recorded in his writings that there was a certain noble young Virgin dwelling at Colen in Germany who from her tender years was fed only with Spiders And thus much we English men have known that there was one Henry Lilgrave living not many years since being Clerk of the Kitchen to the right Noble Ambrose Dudley Earl of Warwick who would search every corner for Spiders and if a man had brought him thirty or forty at one time he would have eaten them all up very greedily such was his desirous longing after them Of the STELLION THey are much deceived that confound the green Lizard or any other vulgar Lizard for because the Stellion hath a ru 〈…〉 colour and yet as Matthiolus writeth seeing Aristotle hath left recorded that there are venomous Stellions in Italy he thinketh that the little white Beast with stars on the back found about the City of Rome in the walls and ruines of old houses and is there called Tarantula is the Stellion of which he speaketh and there it liveth upon Spiders Yet that there is another and more noble kinde of Stellion 〈…〉 iently so called of the learned shall afterward appear in the succeeding discourse This Beast or Serpent is called by the Grecians Colottes Ascalobtes and Galeotes and such a one was that which Aristophanes faigneth from the side of a house eased her belly into the mouth of Socrates as he gaped when in a Moon-shine night he observed the course of the stars and motion of the Moon The reason of this Greek name Ascalabotes is taken from Ascalos a circle because it appeareth on the back full of such circles like stars as writeth Perottus Howbeit that seemeth to be a faigned Etymologie and therefore I rather take it that Ascala signifieth impurity and that by reason of the uncleannesse of this beast it was called Ascalabates or as Suidas deriveth it of Colobates because by the help and dexterity of the fingers it climbeth up the walls even as Rats and Mice or as Kiramides will have it from Calos signifying a piece of wood because it climbeth upon wood and trees And for the same reason it is called Galeotes because it climbeth like a Weasil but at this day it is vulgarly called among the Grecians Liakoni although some are also of opinion that it is also known among them by the words Thamiamithos and Psammamythe Among the vulgar Hebrews it is sometimes called Letaah and sometimes Semmamit as Munster writeth The Arabians call it Sarnabraus and Senabras a Stellion of the Gardens And peradventure Guarill Guasemabras Alurel and Gnases And Sylvaticus also useth Epithets for a Stellion And the general Arabian word for such creeping biting things is Vasga which is also rendered a Dragon of the house In stead of Colotes Albertus hath Arcolus The Germans English and French have no words for this Serpent except the Latine word and therefore I was justly constrained to call it a Stellion in imitation of the Latine word As I have shewed some difference about the name so it now ensueth that I should do the like about the nature and place of their abode First of all therefore I must put a difference betwixt the Italian Stellion or Tarentula and the Thracian or Grecian for the stellion of the Ancients is proper to Grecia For they say this Stellion is full of Lentile spots or speckles making a sharp or shrill shrieking noise and is good to be eaten but the other in Italy are not so Also they say in Sicilia that their Stellions inflict a deadly biting but those in Italy cause no great harm by their teeth They are covered with a skin like a shell or thick bark and about their backs there are many little shining spots like eyes from whence they have their names streaming like stars or drops of bright and clear water according to this verse of Ovid Aptumque colori Nomen habet variis Stellatus corpora guttis Which may be Englished thus And like his spotted hiew so is his name The body starred over like drops of rain It moveth but slowly the back and tail being much broader then is the back and tail of a Lizard but the Italian Tarentulaes are white and in quantity like the smallest Lizards and the other Grecian Lizards called at this day among them Haconi is of bright silver colour and are very harmful and angry whereas the other are not so but so meek and gentle as a man may put his fingers into the mouth of it without danger One reason of their white bright shining colour is because they want bloud and therefore it was an error in Sylvaticus to say that they had bloud The teeth of this Serpent are very small and crooked and whensoever they bite they stick fast in the wound and are not pulled forth again except with violence The tail is not very long and yet when by any chance it is broken bitten or cut off then it groweth again They live in houses and neer unto the dores
showres and very much rain a thing fatall to Islands do yeeld such extraordinary pure honey that it hath not the least mixture of venome and doth last a long time before it be corrupted or putrified that we do not speak of its excellent whiteness hardness sweetness hanging well together viscosity and ponderousness and other principal signs of the goodness of it But let us leave off to commend our own Countrey wherein good is to be found and set forth those Countreys which are infamous for the badness of it For the extreme bitterness the Cholchian honey and next the Corsican and in some places the Hungarian and the Sardinian hath an ill name For in Sardinia Wormwood in Corsica Rose-lawrel in Colâ—his the venomous Yew and all of them in Hungary Also the honey is venomous in Heraclea of Pontus and in the flowers of Goats-bane fading with the wetness of the spring for then the flowers contract that hurtfull venome which doth presently infect the honey-dew that falls upon them There is also another kinde of pernicious honey made which from the madness that it causeth is termed Mad-honey which Pliny conceiveth to be contracted from the flower of a certain shrub very frequently growing there in the woods Dioscorides and Aetius do not amiss impute this poyson to be caused of great plenty of the venomous herb called Libbardsbane or Wolf-wort which groweth there in that it is cured with the very same remedies as the venome of that herb is In Carina Persis Mauritania and Getulia bordering to Massesulia either by reason of vapours of the earth or by reason of the virulent and poysonous juice of the plants poysoned honey-combs are produced but are descried by their duskie or blackish colour In Trapezuntum in the Countrey of Pontus Pliny reports of a certain honey that is gathered of the flowers of the Box-tree which as it doth make those that are well sick with the noysome smell of it so those that are not well it restores to health On the trees of the Heptocometanes a people near unto Cholchis there growes a kinde of infectious honey The which poyson being drank makes men stupid and out of their wits This was sent by the enemy to the three Legions of Pompey with a token for the desire of peace they drinking very freely of it were put both besides their wits and their lives too as Strabo saith Ovid makes mention of the Corsick honey very infamous being extracted from the flower of Hemlock speaking thus I think it 's Corsick Honey and the Bee From the cold Hemlocks flowers gathered thee But yet it may seem to be not so much for Dame Natureâ— honour that she should bring forth a thing so desired of all men as honey is and so ordinarily to temper it with poyson Nay but in so doing she did not amiss so to permit it to be that thereby she might make men more cautious and lesse greedy and to excite them not only to use that which should be wholesome but to seek out for Antidotes against the unwholsomeness of it And for that cause she hath hedged the Rose about with prickles given the Bees a sting hath infected the Sage with Toad-spittle mixed poyson and that very deadly too with Honey Sugar and Manna The signs of poysoned honey are these it staines the honey-comb with a kinde of Lead-colour doth not become thick it looks of a bright shining glistering hew sharp or bitter in taste and hath a strange and 〈…〉 th smell it is far more ponderous then the other as soon as it is taken it causeth neâ—sing and a loosness of the belly accompanied with excess of sweating They which have drunk it dâ— tumble themselves up and down upon the cold earth very desirous of refrigeration The 〈◊〉 poy 〈…〉 honey hath the same symptomes with the poyson of Wolfâ—â—ane and hath the same way of cure Galen reports that two Physicians in Rome tasted but a very small quantity of poysoned honey and fell down dead in the open Market-place Against madness from eating honey Dioscorides prescribes Rue to be eaten and salt fish and honey and water to be drank but being taken they must be vomited up again and he prescribes the same remedie against this disease as he doth against Wolfs-bane and Rose-lawrel and Pliny agrees with him also he adds one singular antidote to eat a fish called a Gilt-head which also wonderfully corrects the loathing of good honey Gulielmus Placontia bids to cause vomit abundantly with syrup of Violets acetosus simplex and warm water eating salt fish before vo-miting Afterwards he gives Theriac with hot vinegar Christophanus de honest is perswades vo-miting and to set cold water under the nosthrils with the flowers of Violets Water-lillies and Fleawort But his Bezoar stone are Quince kernels bruised and given with hot water as Sanctus Ardoinas relates Avicenna hath prescribed nothing worth speaking of but what he had from others for I understand not what he means by his Aumeli But what if I a youth and an English man after so many grave and experienced Physicians should asseâ—t this for a certain Antidote viz. to take nothing down but the Bees themselves The likelyhood of the conjecture doth perswade and reason it self doth somewhat seem to favour it For unless that Dame Nature had given to these Bees a very marvellous power against poysoned honey as amongst men to the Psilli against Serpents to Storks and Peacocks amongst the Birds without all doubt with gathering of it swallowing of it and for some time keeping of it in their bodies yea concocting of it there they would be grievously pained and the poyson running and dispersing it self through all the parts would kill them Now the Terrestrial honey although it be not alwaies poysonous yet by reason of the blackness and clamminess of it 't is not much to be commended also it is often found to be subject to be infected by the venomous breath of Serpents Toads red Toads and therefore is carefully to be avoided Now let us come to the Qualities of Honey whereof some are first or primary others derived from them some formal some specifical which we deservedly call Energetical or operative In respect of the first Crasis or temper Honey is thought to be hot and dry in the second degree for which cause Galen did forbid those that are in Hectick Feavers and in all Feavers young men or those that have the yellow Jaundies to use it whereas in cold distempers he doth very much commend it and did prescribe it to those that were troubled with a raw and watry stomach whom if you gently anoint therewith it doth very much nourish and causeth a good colour and constitution of body If you desire to know the second qualities of honey viz. the smelling tasting visible tactile the best honey ought not to have the eminent quality of any herb or other thing whatsoever and therefore the honey that doth strongly smell of
admirable water to quench that fire and most effectual against it as Gesner received it from a friend Take fountain water one pound honey three spoonfuls shake them in a can and set them in an Emmets hill so that Pismires may easily fall into it when you find that so many are fallen in as will thicken the water shake the Can and as you use to do in making Rose-water so distill them The dose is half a spoonfull or more as the Patient can endure it by reason of his force more or lesse it will wonderfully provoke vomiting and will also evacuate the matter of the disease by Urine Pliny is the Authour from the old sayes that a Quotidian Tertian Quartan and all intermitting Fevers will be cured if the sick cause the parings of his nails to be cast before the entring of the Ant hill and if he catch the first of them that layes hold of them and bind him up and tie him about his neck Art thou troubled with pains in thy ears go to fill a glasse with Emmets and Emmets eggs and stop it well and bake it in an Oven with the bread till it be as hot as the bread that begins to heat then shall you find a water that is very usefull to cure the pains in the ears if it be dayly dropped in Is there a cloud before the sight 〈◊〉 presse out the juyce of the red Emmets and drop it in it doth corrode with some pain and wholly extirpate it Erotus Trotula Theophrastus Emmets egges beaten and put into the ears remove all deafness quickly Marcellus Some bruise them and press out the watry substance and drop it in Some infuse them in a glasse vessell in Oyl and boyl that on the fire and powre that into the ears If Urine be retained and cause the Dropsie drink twenty Pismires and so many egges with them in white wine and they shall help you Also their egges distilled do much when Urine is stopped Leo Faventinus A Maid that cares for her beauty and would make the circles of her eye-lids black Emmets egges bruised with Flies will perform that and give them their desire Some again either through age or disease to use the Poets phrase are beaten in their property and have lost their generative power that they cannot do the office of a husband if they would Some Authours commend to these oyl of Sesamum with Emmets egges bruised and set in the sun if the yard and testicles were anointed with it To this oyl some add Euphorbium one scruple Pepper Rew seed of each one dram Mustard seed half a dram and again they set it in the sun Rasis Arnoldus in this case commends black Ants macerated with oyl of Elder Nicolaus mingleth it with roots of Satyrium and others do give the distilled water thereof to those that are fasting Gesner in Euonymus describes a water conducing thereunto Take saith he a pot besmeered within side with honey and half full of Ants then add long Pepper Nutmegs Cardamon Pellitory of Spain each one pugil Butter what may suffice and digest them fourteen dayes in horse dung then distill them in a Bath and give a little duly to be drank fasting Others saith Merula add Comfery to oyl of Pismires others Borax or root of Masterwort with Wine when the impotent man goes to bed and thus they affirm that men may be cured of feeblenesse and women of barrenness But I wonder at the force of Pismires in this case for Brunfelsius writes that but four Ants taken in drink will make a man unfit for venery and abate all his courage thereunto yet he will maintain that Emmets with common salt and egges and old hogs grease wrapt in a cloth and laid on will cure the pain of the Hip-gowt Marcellus saith that if they be applyed with a little salt they are a present remedy for a Tetter Also as Serenus relates they are good against scabs and itch from an inflamation of bloud The dust in Emmets hils doth deep ly Being mingled with oyl will help it by and by Also Arnoldus reckons Emmets egges amongst such things as take off hair and commends water distilled from them against Noli me tangere and all corroding Ulcers Albertus thinks that drank with Wine they do powerfully dissipate winde Reckon how many Warts you have and take so many Ants and bind them up in a thin cloth with a Snail and bring all to ashes and mingle it with Vinegar Take off the head of a small Ant and bruise the body between your fingers and anoint with it any impostumated tumour and it will presently sink down Nonus Also God that I may omit nothing by the biting of Ants called Solipugae it is a kind of venomous Ant drove the Cynamolgi a slothful and idle people of Aethiopia from their habitations and destroyed them quite Pliny Some think they should be called Solifugae but Cicero cals them Solipugas I have a few things to speak from Authors as from Anthologius Apthonius Natalis Comes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Moichea a witty Book of the same argument And Aratus Herodotus Strabo Aristophanes Rasis Aggregator Beroldus Ryffius Zetzes Arnobius have by the by run over the natures of them and their polite life But because they add but little to what hath been said I would no longer play the Pismire lest seeming to be eloquent I might grow impertinent and searching every creek too narrowly I should make more gaps God grant that we whom God hath commanded to learn of Ants when we are idle and mind nothing but our bellies may by his good guiding learn of them and he instructing us we may perform our duty It is a small creature and contemptible for its magnitude yet we must know that goodness is not in greatness but what is good is to be accounted great I have said CHAP. XVII Of the Gloworm and the female Melo and of Anthremus and the field Chislep OFt-times those that are of a great faction and of noble descent will scorn to marry with one of a common family Yet the Poets write that Jupiter did not disdain to imbrace ordinary women and the Cicindela or Gloworm and the oyl Beetle or Meloe though they are of the winged order are not ashamed to couple with others that want wings And for as much as these females are endowed with the same force and dignity by nature which is seen in males I know not why they should refuse or be weary of their chance and of their females when as if their wings be taken off they agree in the same endowments of their minds and bodies We spake abundantly in the first Book concerning their form figure manners virtues use when we speak of their males that have wings and though this Treaty is allotted for Insects without wings yet I would not artificially separate the females from their males whereas naturall love hath from the beginning united them together From the similitude this Insect
I thought good to write these histories out of Pennius A woman thirty six years old had great pain of an Apostume in her reins and she consumed at length she cast forth little Worms a fingers breadth long which I first saw in the bottome of her urine Anno 1582. Randulph a London Physician very learned and pious when he looked on at the dissection of the body of one that was dead of the Stone in the kidneys he sound in one of the kidneys that was corrupted it was wrinkled and putrefied a Worm of a full length Timothy Bright a very skilful Physician and to whom we are much indebted for the Epitomie of the Ecclesiastical History saw a Scholar at Cambridge when he lived there that pissed out a Worm an inch and half long but it was not without feet as Worms are but it had many feet and was very nimble Aloysius Mundella Medicina Dialog 4. Argenterius cap. de vesic morb Rondeletius lib. de dign morb c. 17. Scholiastes Hollerii lib. de morb in t cap. de vesic affec to say nothing of Levinus Cardan and my own experience do sufficiently testifie that such Creatures breed also in the bladder That Worms come forth of the matrix like to Ascarides I did not only see at Frankfurt in a German woman at eighty years of her age but Aloysius confirms the same in his Epistle to Gesner and Hippocrates 2. de m. mulier and Avenzoar lib. 1. tract 2. have said the like Kiranides writes that there is a Worm to be found in the matrix of a Mule which tied to a woman will make her barren In India and the Countreys above Egypt there are some living Creatures like to Worms in form they are commonly called Dragons they are in the Arms Legs Shanks and other brawny parts also in young children they breed in secret places under their skin and more apparently When they have stayed there for some long time at some end of this Dragon the place comes to supputation and the skin being opened out comes this Dragons head Paulus lib. 4. c. 59. Soranus granteth this but he questions whether they be living creatures Moreover in the bloud it self some living creatures breed like to Worms that feed on the body as Pliny writes Hist 26. c. 13. Plutarch 8. Sympos who writes that a young man of Athens voided Worms with his seed Aegineta saw them come forth at the groins and buttocks as he saith lib. 4. to whom Benevennius subscribes c. 100. Also they breed under Sheeps clawes saith Columella and such I have seen under the nails of those that were troubled with a Whit-flaw And thus farre concerning Worms in the bodies of living Creatures But such as breed in dead and corrupt bodies whether it be from the disease or the Chirurgeons fault want a Latin name but the Greeks call them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as appears by Hippocrates The English call them Maggots Coelius would also have them called Eulas in Latin borrowing the word from the Greeks We will speak of these in order And first concerning Worms of the guts the descriptions whereof the causes signs symptomes and cure wil bring much light to the History of the rest CHAP. XXXI Of the Description of Worms in the Intestines VVEE shewed before that there are three sorts of Worms that are bred in the guts It will be worth our labour to describe what each of them is The round Worms are the first difference and that manifest to all men because these are the most common and are so called because they are indeed round and smooth not unlike to those worms that breed in dunghils and gardens which we said before are called by the Greeks the bowels of the earth These as all other Worms are blinde without any eyes and they are a hand length or something more yet Benivennius c. 〈◊〉 affirms that a Smith did vomit up a Worm with grosse flegm almost a foot and half long very plain with a red head that was smooth and about the bigness of a pease but the body of it was downy and the tail crooked like the half-moon Also at Rome anno 1543. one that was now upon his youthful years when as for many daies as Gabucinns tels the story he had been in great torments of his belly at last he voided by stool a great black Worm with black hair five feet long as big as a cane He saw one also that did not exceed the hands length like to the round Worms but that the back of it was hairy and set as it were with red hairs but this being cast forth by using good remedies he grew very well One Antonianus a Canon as Hieronymus Montuus tels the story voided a green Worm but he died shortly after he had voided that But for the most part they are smooth and not hairy a hand long and not a foot at both ends pointed as it were with a nib And they differ so far from Earth-worms that they wear no collar nor girdle what concerns their colours I have seen some red yellow black and partly white or gold colour Green ones are seldom seen yet Montuus saw some Gourd-worms are those quick Worms that are like unto Gourd-seeds concerning which the question is so great between Gabucinus and Mercurialis for when he treats of a broad VVorm that is made of an infinite number of Gourd-seeds shut up in a skin he saith thus I saith he think a broad Worm to be nothing else but according to Hippocrates as it were a white shaving of the guts that comprehends all the intestines between which some living creatures are bred like unto Gourd-seeds which may then be seen to be voided when all that shaving is voided yet oft-times it is voided by parts which if they break when they are voiding then you may behold these Worms like to Cucumer-seeds voided by themselves sometimes many of them being folded together sometimes but a few But if any man shall see all that portion let him know that that scraping off like a Worm doth not live but the creatures that are in it like Cucumer-seeds I once saw this Worm called a Broad Worm that pants to have been of a wonderful length and it crawled a woman in a Quotidian Feaver voided it by siege and when I did with admiration much view it and sought to finde the cause of its motion that other man who said he voided a portion of a broad Worm some daies before which he would shew unto me for a wonder did shew it me with incredible des I had to see it for this portion did move it self whence I was more desirous to know the cause of that At last searching diligently I observed through the whole hollow part of it a rank of living creatures like to Cucumer-seeds which crept forth of it as out of some bed some-times one sometimes two folded together oft-times four or more and that part of the shaving of the
of bitter choler innumerable worms are oft-times found And I see no reason why Worms may not breed from yellow choler as well as in Wormwood from melancholy as well as in stones from bloud as well as in sugar But if they be not bred from them whence have they matter that they breed of The Physician of Padua will answer It remains therefore that they can breed only of raw flegm which either ariseth from too great quantity of the best meats for want of heat or quantity of bad meats corrupt by depravation which opinion though it well agree with Galen Aegineta Aetius Avenzoar Avicenna Coluâ—nella Celsus Alexander and chiefly with our Mercurialis yet in my judgement Hippocrates is in the right who thought that living creatures are bred in the little world as well as they are in the great Therefore as in the earth there are all kinde of humours heat and spirit that it may nourish living creatures that breed so hath man all kinde of moisture that mourisheth things that breed Moreover when as these living creatures do represent perfectly Earth-worms no man in his wits will deny but that they have both the same original What flegm is there in the earth yet it breeds round Worms and Gourd-fushioned and Ascarides and all sorts of Worms and the best and warmest earth abounds with them so far is it that they should breed only of raw and corrupt humours Do we not also daily see that Worms are voided by men that are in health For I knew a woman of Flanders that at Francfort on the Main which from her youth till she was forty years old did daily void some round Worms without any impairing of her health and she was never sick of them I conclude therefore that from every raw humour of the body Worms may breed and not only from crude or corrupted flegm The formal cause depends from internal heat which is weak gentle pleasing and fit to breed living creatures wherein that plastick force of Caleodick Nature to use the word of Avicennas doth make the colours by the degrees of secret heat and sporting her self doth make that broad form of Gourd-worms and some-times of Lizards Toads Grass-worms Catterpillers Snakes Eels as we read in Histories This doth give them taste feeling and motion this gives them that force of attracting whereby they forcibly draw forth with greediness the juices that slip into the guts If it were not so that heat that consumes all things might perhaps dispose the matter that is changed by putrefaction but it would never give the form and figure of a living creature For it is not because the guts are round that round Worms are bred in them as some men dream but the external form depends from the internal and the spirit drawn forth of the bosome of the soul it self doth frame the shapes without a Carver or Smith This spirit is the mediate efficient cause but God himself is the principal cause in this and other things in whom as well as we the Worms are move and have their being The final cause shewes their use which declares Gods omnipotency Natures majesty and the singular providence of both for mans good For there are collected in us some putrefied excremental superfluous parts which the more bountiful hand of Nature changeth into Worms and so cleanseth our bodies as we account it a good sign of health to be full of lice after a long disease also they consume much superfluous moisture in mans body and unless they grow too many for then they feed on our nutrimental juice they are a great help to the guts so far is it that they should be accounted by physitians amongst diseases or the beginnings of diseases Amongst the concomitant causes I reckon the place and the countrey For though they are more common to children than to those that are of years to women than men in a pestilential than a healthful time in Autumn than in the Spring to such as use an ill diet rather than to those that keep an exact diet yet they accompany all ages sexes conditions seasons diets for no man is priviledged from them yet some places or climates are free for according to the nature of them in some many in others no Worms will breed for all kinde of Worms will not breed in each part of the guts but round Worms only in â—he small guts Ascarides in the Longanum the Gourd-worms only are bred in all Also as Theophrastus and Pliny testifie there are no small differences amongst Nations and Countreys lib. hist pl. 9. c. 2. Lib. Nat. hist 27. cap. 13. For broad or Gourd-worms are common amongst the Egyptians Arabians Syrians and Cilicians again they of Thracia and Phrygia know them not And though the Boeotians and Athenians are under the same Confines they are frequently full of Worms and these are by a priviledge as it were freed from them He only will admire at this or think it a Fable who knowes not that the nature of Countreys vary according to the position of the stars the nature of the winds and the condition of the earth There is a River saith Aristotle lib. de nat anim c. 28. in Cephalenia that parts an Island and on one side of it there is great abundance of Grashoppers but none on the other In Prodoselena there is a way goeth between and on one side of it a Cat will breed but not on the other side In the Lake Orchomenius of Boeotia there are abundance of Moles but in Lebadius that is hard by there are none and brought from other parts they will not dig the earth In the Island Ithaca Hares cannot live nor in Sicily flying Ants nor in the Countrey of Cyrene vocal Frogs nor in Ireland as we know any kinde of venomous creature The reason of all this he can only tell who hath hanged the earth in the air without a foundation for it is not my eye that can see so far nor have I any minde to affect to know things above my understanding I leave that work to those that dare aspire To know Gods secrets let me them admire CHAP. XXXIII Of the signs and cure of Worms out of Gabucinus LEt us therefore shew the signs of Worms beginning from those that are called round Worms both because these do more frequently vex children and because they produce more cruel symptomes of which Paulus writes thus they that are troubled with round Worms are cruelly torn in their bellies and guts and they have a tickling cough that is troublesome and somewhat tedious some have a hickop others when they sleep leap up and rise without cause sometimes they cry out when they rise and then they fall asleep again their Arteries beat unequally and they are sick of disorderly Feavers which with coldness of the outward parts come thrice or four times in a day or a night without any reason for them Children will eat in their sleep and put forth their tongues
Pliny Aristotle Oppianus Their love of Wine Use of their parts Avicenna Albertus Rasis Arcteus Galen Aelianus Aeue Silvi The several names Bellonius Bellonius The quils and spears The den and food The use of the flesh and other parts Of the several names The colour and several parts A preface to the succeeding story That there is such a beast as the Rhinoceros The name and reason thereof Oppianus The quantity and several parts The several names The description of dives kinds of Sheep according to their Country Strabo The description of the Arabian sheep Flocks of wilde sheep Oppianus The several parts of sheep The food of Sheep and institution of shepheards Pliny Areanus * * * Oves capras The descripaâ—on of a shepheards care out of Virgil The reason why the sheep of England do not drink Of the copulation of Sheep Aristotle Albertus Helps for the copulation of Sheep Means to make the Rams get males or females Albertus The yeaning of Lambs Bathius Albertus Custody of Ewes and young Lambs and means to encrease their milk Of the wintering and stabling of sheep Palladius Pet. Crescent The fashion of sheep-coats or stables The manner how in old time they bought and sold sheep The general discipline of shepheards Of the diseases of Sheep The original cause of scabs Coelius Herodotus Of the several commodity utility coming by Sheep and first of their flesh Of their milk Columella Palladius Celsus Shearing time in England The value of English wool and the use thereof The wool of other Countries Of the colours of Wool The lasting of Wool The use of Sheep skins Ruellius Of the dung of Sheep The inward qualities of Sheep and their moral uses Hermolaus Aratus Love and hatred of Sheep Aristotle Coelius The several names of Rams The chief of Rams for breed Palladius Crescentius Golumella Albertus The resemblance betwixt the Sun and the Ram. Macrobius Coelius The sign of the Ram in the Zodiack Poetical sictions riddles Didymus Aristotle The best time of copulation Their rage in Ramming time Martial and warlike inventions called Rams Moral uses of Rams horns Aelianus Plutarch Coelius Cardan The story of Phryxus and the Ram with a golden fleece Apollonius Hermolaus Apollonius Gyraldus The fleece of Colchis Tzetzes Transmutation of Rams Herodotus Strabo Sacrificing of Rams among the Genules Gyraldus Pliny Festus The several names Aristotle Aelianus Of the meek disposition of Lambs Didymus Varro Pliny Democritus Pliny Galen Pliny Marcellus Pliny Marcellus Dioscorides Hippocrates Rasis Pliny Marcellus Hippocrates Pliny Albertus Pliny Marcellus Galen Pliny Marcellus Furnerius Crescentien Pliny Marcellus Dioscorides Pliny Vegetius Pliny Obscurus Rasis Pliny Albertus Pliny Sylvaticus Columella Marcellus Galen Pliny Serenus Galen Serenus Pliny Galen Marcellus Dioscorides Marcellus Pliny Avicenna Sextus Marcellus Marcellus Sextus Aesculapius Marcellus Pliny Sextus Aetius Pliny Hippocrates Marcellus Pliny Marcellus Pliny Marcellus Pliny Bellonius Sylvaticus Alunnus Erythraeus The â—tim 〈…〉 gy of the Greek and Latine names A history of the family of Scrosa Coelius Names of men taken from Swine Alex. ab Ale A fiction of a Hogs will and and testament The epithets of Swine Countries wherein Swine do not breed Pet Martyr The anatomy and several parts Aristotle Aristotle The choice or outward marks of the best Swine The food of Swine Nigidius Pliny Places of their abode Varro Aelianus Albertus Aelianus Columella The great fatness of Swine The meat and best manner to fatten Hogs Aelianus Albertus Of the copulation and breed of Swine The times of a Sows Boaring Pliny Niphus Aristotle The number which a Sow beareth The office and first institution of Swine-herds Columella Palladius Pliny Festus Abnezoor The nature of this beast Adamantius Pliny Aelianus Horus Calcagninus Varro Pliny Sextus Xenophon Coelius Gillius Erasmus Macrobius Vobiscus Palladius The use of their skins Theophrastus Tuss Husb. Pliny Aelianus Aetius Marcellus Aelianus Galen Marcellus Pliny The Epithets Of the wilde Boars parts and other accidents Oppianus Gillius The places of their abode The generation of wilde Swine The fight of Boars Swimming of Boars Of the hunting of wilde Boars Politick means to take Boars Men that have perished by Boars in hunting Pliny Marcellus Sextus Sextus Marcellus The names of Tigers Of the Riv 〈…〉 Tigris Countries breeding Tigers Quantity of Tigers The several parts Oppianus The Epithes Their food A history Their copulation and generarion The taking and killing of Tigers Plutarch Calistenes Philostratus Eating of Tigers Many beasts with horns improperâ—y called Unicorns Solinus Aelianus Oppianus Whether there be any Unicorns in the World The Hebrew names in Scripture prove Unicorns The kindes of Unicorns Countries of Unicorns The use of a Unicorns horn Oâ—her diâ—couâ—sâ—s of the horn Philes Gerbellius A second History of a Unicorns born A third History of a Unicorns horn Another description of the Unicorn Of adulterated Unicorns horns Of the Unicorns horns found in â—olonia The natural properties of Unicorns Philes Aelianus The taking of Unicorns Albertus Alunnus Tzetzes The several names The several parts Places of their abode Countreys of their breed Their stature Use of their parts Histories of other wilde Oxen. Aelianus Leo African Pliny Strabo Paul Venet. Aelianus Pliny Aristotle Silvaticus Scopa Albertus Niphus The etymology of Weasels The epithets colour and several parts Of the Lemmar Places of their abode Their copulation and conception The signification of a Weasels occurrence Vâ—sinus Aetius Avicenna Theophrastus Dioscorides Galen Pliny Albertus Serenus Myrepsus Pliny Galen Dioscorides Rasis Archigenes Isidorus Galen Sextus Pliny Kiranides Aeginetta Avicenna Aelianus The severall names Aesculopius The notation of Lupus and Lycos Named apellatives derived from a Wolf Countreys breeding Wolves The severall kindes of Wolves Oppianus Wolves are not wilde Dogs The voices of Wolfs The several parts Coelius Stumpsius The meat and voracity of Wolfs Aelianus Philes Albertus Textor Albertus Aelianus The harm of Wolfs Orus A history Men destroyed by Wolls Câ—lius Tzetzes The taking of Wolfs and the reward of the hunters Divers policies and inventions to take Wolfs Poysoning of Wolves The enemies of Wolves Their copulalation and procreation The Epithets and natural disposition The apology of Wolves and Lambs The particular disposition of Wolves Of tamed Wolves Albertus The Wolf hath no friend but the Parrot Bellonius And. Bellu. Arrian Pliny Sextus Blondus Avicen Dioscorides Galen Pliny Sylvius Albertus Rasis Marcellus Galen Avicenna The first fault is in this Edition amended Augustine Epiphan Zanchius Textor Mr. Will. Morley of Glynde in Suffex Plutarch Ca. Oppius Iul. Higinus Gellius Pierius Pierius Pliny Galen Plutarch Pierius Textor Macrobius Coelius Rho. Pliny Obsequens Pliny Aristotle Aelianus Hâ—linshed Aelianus Isidorus Mela. Pliny Megasth Solinus Textor Strabo Aelianus Alosius Gellius Scaliger Cardan P. Fagius Venetus Hatthonus Pierius Solinus Aelianus Cor. Celsus Pierius Scaliger Olaus Mag. Eupâ—lides Diod. Sicul. Arrianus Suetonius Pliny Epist 5. Aelianus Grevinus Olaus Mag. Textor Pliny Mercurialis Pliny Aelianus