which we should here speak of is Muscular Motion but having already Publish'd my Thoughts conerning that Phaenomenon in my Myotomia Reformata I shall not trouble the Reader here with a Repetition since no Experiment nor Observation besides that mention'd in Tab. 64. Fig. 2. concerning the Fleshy Fibres has since Occur'd which should Add to those Conjectures or Favour any other To the READER THE Fate of Authors when they appear on the Publick Stage of the World is extreamly uncertain Good or Ill Success Reputation or ' Disgrace frequently depend more on the Humor and Prejudice of the Reader than the Merit of the Performance This hard Fortune of all Writers has made it Dangerous for any Book to venture Abroad without some Harangue or Apology before it to bespeak a favourable Treatment For my Part I have no Excuse to offer for not Complying with this reasonable Custom but wholly resign my Cause to all Well-wishers to the Advancement of Anatomy the proper Iudges of this Matter whose Candor and Indulgence I doubt not will be a better Protection from the Defects that shall be Discover'd in this Work than any Reasons I shall be able to alledge in my Defence This Volume contains a General Description of the Fabrick of Humane Bodies after the Manner of a Commentary on the Tables which Represent their several Organs The present and last Age have been Industrious in making Discoveries in the Animal Machine by Detecting the Structure of the Heart and Artifice of the Circulation the Origin and Course of the Lymphe-ducts the several Salival Glands and their Channels the Texture of the Bones and Medullary Cells the Mucilaginous Glands of the Ioints the Organs and Process of Generation the Organs of the External Senses in reforming the Myology an Essay on the Last of These with some Remarks on the Structure and Erection of the Penis I some time since Publish'd all which the Reader will find in the following Descriptions with my own Observations and Conjectures which in many Places differ from the General receiv'd Opinions Besides the History of the Natural Structure I have thro' the whole Series of the Work Inserted some Phaenomena I have found in Dissecting Morbid Bodies and such Practical Instructions as I hope will be Useful in many Cases to the Chirurgical Operator The whole is dispos'd in this Order In the first Hundred and Five Tables after a Prospect of the Body with the Teguments Hair c. the Parts of the Head Neck Brain Medulla Spinalis follow and so proceeds to those of the Breast Back Loins Lower-belly Uterus with the Foetus and its Adjuncts next the Muscles of the Limbs and lastly the Osteology These Figures were Drawn after the Life by the Masterly Painter G. de Lairess and Engrav'd by no less a Hand and Represent the Parts of Humane Bodies far beyond any Exstant and were some time since Publish'd by Dr. Bidloo now Professor of Anatomy in the University of Leyden I shall take the Liberty here to acquaint the Reader That in these Tables I have added above Seven-hundred References all which are Letter'd with a Pen in the several Figures among which it is hardly possible but Mistakes may occur in some Places by those who have Inserted them which I hope will not be imputed to my Inadvertence The Parts which in many Places had their Nomenclature barely annex'd are here Copiously Describ'd to which as I before Noted are added such Observations of the Male Conformation and Vitiated Structure as may Illustrate the Pathology or History of Diseases their Symptoms and Causes I have likewise interspers'd several Remarks on the usual Method of Chirurgical Operations with Directions for performing them in a more Exact and Successful Manner and lastly given an Account of several Cases and Accidents rarely occurring and not at least commonly observ'd by Authors The Appendix is partly a Supplement to the preceding Tables and partly a Correction of such Things as are not well Exprest for Instance The two First Tables present a Prospect or General View of the whole Body both on the Fore and Back-side Denuded of its Teguments and Clear'd from its Fat where the External Muscles with their Tendons Fasciculi and Series of Fibres Appear on the Surface These are not Drawn by Invention but are Touch'd on after an Original Cast from the Life in Plaister of Paris which I have now by me The Third Table contains a System of the Arteries Dissected from a Foetus with their several Trunks and Ramifications Delineated from the Life which I have also by me Injected with VVax how much this differs from that Describ'd Tab. 23. may be soon Discover'd In two other Figures of the same Table are the Prospects of the Extremities of the Veins and Arteries as they Appear in the Transparent Finns of a Grigg and Flounder view'd thro' a Microscope Here the Method of Circulation the Continuity of the Venous and Arterious Channels the Globuli passing them in an uninterrupted Current is Demonstrated In another Figure is Exprest our Conjecture of the Rise of those Ducts which Export the Lympha and redundant Nutriment In the Fourth Table the Receptaculum Chyli is Represented Fill'd with Mercury with the Various Course of the Chyle-Vessels and Lymphe-ducts their Communicant Branches the Lumbal Glands the Triple-Division of the Receptacle hitherto Unobserv'd at least not Delineated In the remaining Tables I fear the tedious Enumeration of Particulars may tire the Reader 's Patience are the Organs of Hearing with the Meatus à Palato ad Aurem and that from the Inner Ear to the External Meatus the Foramina of the Tonsils which Evacuate the Pituita the several Parts of the Tongue and Aspera Arteria the Basis of the Brain that of the Cranium the Muscles of the Face and Lips several of which are not Describ'd and the rest Erroneously In this Undertaking I have been Oblig'd to my Learned Friend Dr. Tancred Robinson in Revising as many Sheets as his Leasure would give him leave In the last Place to render the whole more Useful a Copious Index is added at the End which if the Reader finds Useful he is Oblig'd to return his Thanks to the Deserving Mr. James Fern the Surgeon who was at the Trouble of digesting the Contents of this Work into an Alphabetical Order which my Avocations would by no means permit me to do If the Reader happens to Discover any Literal Errors of which some may be found it is hop'd he will Excuse them upon Account of the Haste and Distance of the Press the Practice in my Profession not suffering me always to Revise every minute Passage THE ANATOMY OF HUMANE BODIES BEFORE we enter on the Anatomical Description of Humane Bodies let us take a View of their External Parts as they appear in the Living State Here we shall First briefly take notice of their most remarkable Appearance in the Embryo and Foetus of the Womb and thence proceed to observe the
Basis and Foundation of their Art Without a due Knowledge of the Animal Mechanism I doubt all our Attempts to Explain the Multiform Appearance of Animal Bodies will be Vain and Ineffectual and our Ideas of the Causes of Diseases and their Symptoms as Extravagant and Absurd as those of the Chinese and Indians nay I am afraid the whole Art of Physick will be little better than Empirical But if the Knowledge of our Bodies do's so much conduce to advance true Philosophy and Medicine it is not less required in the Practice of Surgery In this Case it seems not meerly convenient but absolutely necessary I mean so far as concerns the External Parts since the Artist here do's not as in the former Instances Acquiesce in Contemplating his Subject and the Manner how it is Affected but is often oblig'd to Perform some Difficult and perhaps Hazardous Operation on it For my Part I cannot forbear wondring at the Confidence of Ignorant Men who dare Attack a Humane Body make Incisions apply Causticks Actual and Potential without a due Knowledge of the Site Position Dependance and other necessary Considerations of the Parts concern'd The Fatal Consequences of these bold Practices are frequently felt an Instance or Two of which are Accidentally shewn Tab. 13. Fig. 1. Tab. 15. Fig. 2. I must confess frequent seeing and assisting at Chirurgical Operations may dispose Men to Perform the like again when Circumstances in all Points shall agree but without a Competent if not Accurate Knowledge of Anatomy and actual Administration of Dissection such Persons must be a long Time Spectators before they can Arrive at a tolerable Pretence to a General Practice And therefore as I cannot but deplore the Profound and Universal Ignorance which prevails so I would candidly recommend it to most of the Surgeons in this vast and populous City to apply themselves with more Industry than they have hitherto done to so Useful a Part of their Art who would soon then be convinc'd this was no Dishonour to themselves and cease to Reproach others who have spent some of their vacant Hours in these Exercises But this is foreign to my purpose and therefore I shall Address my self to the Business now before me which is to Present the Reader with a Brief and General Plan of the Animal Oeconomy as an Introduction to the following Tables All the Functions of an Animate Body may be well enough divided into Natural and Animal by Natural I mean all which Terminate in the Body and Conduce to the preservation of the Individual or Propagation of the Species by Animal I understand such in which the Soul is concern'd which in Regard of the Body to which it is United are Passive or Active the First is Sense the Latter Voluntary Motion For the more Orderly Distribution of the Whole we shall first Treat of the Former leaving the Animal Functions to succeed and here we shall follow the Process of Nature beginning with the First Reception of the Aliment in the Mouth and pursuing it thence thro' its several Stages After the Aliment is taken into the Mouth for the more Commodious doing of which the Dentes Incisorii are often Employ'd it here suffers Comminution and is mixt with Saliva which is Previous to the Second Preparation it receives in the Stomach This Operation is call'd Mastication and is perform'd by the Lower Jaw Variously mov'd by its Proper Muscles and Assisted by the Tongue Cheeks and Lips which last still apply the Less divided Parts of the Mass to the Dentes Molares for it 's due Comminution while all the Neighbouring Muscles in their several Actions Compress the Parotid Maxillary Sublingual Salivary Glands and those of the Lips Cheeks c. and force them to Discharge their Contents to mix with the Masticated Aliment now ready for Deglutition The Aliment after it has undergone this Alteration do's not Descend into the Stomach by its own Weight but is convey'd thither by the joint Action of the Muscles of the Tongue Os Hyoides Fauces and Oesophagus all which Conspire in Deglutition by Raising and Dilating the Gula and Protruding the Meat into it The whole Action do's very much resemble the pouring Corn into a Sack and is done in the Manner I shall just now Describe The Root of the Tongue being Deprest by means of its Muscular Fibres its Tip and Sides are applied in a Semicircular Manner to the Insides of the whole Range of Teeth of the Upper Jaw or Gums when these happen to be wanting and the Whole in this Position is drawn Upwards by the Musculi Styloglossi and Stylohyoidei Tab. 14. Fig. 1. Tab. 15. Fig. 1. At the same Time the Fauces are Rais'd by the Musculi Stylopharyngaei which by their Oblique Position as is Noted App. Fig. 38. draw open their Mouth and Dilate that Cavity Now Two Thirds at least of the Upper Surface of the Tongue being applied to the Roof of the Mouth and drawn as we have now Describ'd Upwards and Inwards the Epiglottis is Deprest in such Manner that the Aliment is Protruded over it as on a Bridge into the Dilated Cavity of the Fauces and thence by the Contraction of the Musculus Pterygopharyngaeus and Oesophagaeus App. Fig. 38. it is Deprest into the Gulae which Helps its Descent into the Stomach by the Action of its Muscular Fibres We must not omit to observe here That in the Instant the Aliment passes thro' the Isthmus of the Throat the Gargareon is drawn Upwards and Backwards by the Musculi Sphaenostaphylini Exprest Append. Fig. 8. and the Foramina Narium by this means occluded while the Epiglottis below covers the Rimula as was above Noted and by this means the Matter in its Passage is hindred from Reverting by the Nose or Descending into the Wind-Pipe The first happens when the Gargareon is wanting whether by Venerial Exulcerations or otherwise or Intumified and Inflamed as in the Small Pox and cannot yield to this Motion We may likewise Note That the Musculus Mylohyoideus T. 15. F. 1. in its Action does press the Sublingual and Maxillary Glands and force them to discharge their secreted Liquors by the Papillae situated at the Fraenum or Ligament of the Tongue and that the Muscles which Contract the Fauces have the same Effect on the Tonsills and other Glands of that Part all which Liquors discharged from the Mouths of their Excretory Channels do facilitate the Passage thro' the Gula and serve to Compose the Stomachick Menstruum of which further in the next Paragraph After the Aliment thus alter'd by Comminution and Admistion with the Saliva is received into the Stomach we proceed next to consider how its Second Preparation is perform'd The great Agent in Digestion is the Stomachick Juice secreted from the Blood by numerous Glands in this Part and discharged into its Cavity in Conjunction with the Spittle This is that which acts promptly upon the Meat lodg'd in the Capacity of the Stomach
1. Pons Varolii v. Annular Procuberance Pores v. Scarf-Skin Polypus of the Ear T. 90. F. 5. Procidentia Ani how Caus'd T. 39. F. 7. a Case ib. Prostates their Fore-part Divided T. 47. F. 1. T. 48. F. 1. Back-part T. 44. F. 2. their Inside Exhibited T. 47. F. 3. Inflated F. 4. their Ostiola T. 47. F. 1. T. 4â— F. 1. Pubis Os v. Bones Pudendum of Women T. 2 50. Open'd T. 51. F. 3. the Labia T. 50. Open'd T. 51. F. 3. how Extended T. 51. F. 1. Punctum Lachrymale T. 11. F. 1. Pupil v. Eye Pylorus v. Stomach Orifices R. RAdius v. Bones Receptacle of Chyle T. 40. F. 2. Fill'd with Mercury Ap. F. 10 11. Consist in Humane Bodies of Three Trunks Describ'd Ap. F. 11. Region of the Navel T. 1. Ribs v. Bones S. SArum Os v. Bones Salival Glands v. Glands Parotid Maxillary Sublingual Salival Ducts ib. Scapula v. Bones Scarf-Skin of several Parts of the Body view'd with a Microscope T. 4. F. 1 2 3 4. Compos'd of divers Strata of Scales F. 1. how to shew them ib. Scrobiculus Cordis T. 1. Scrotum T. 41. Septum dividing it ib. Secondine T. 59. what it is ib. Sensation by what Medium perform'd T. 10. F. 6. Introd Sesanoidea Ossa v. Bones Shoulders T. 1. Similar Parts what T. 4. F. 6. Sinus Longitudinal of the Dura Mater Open'd T. 6. F. 1. Dried and Open'd T. 8. F. 1. Part of it Open'd T. 6. F. 3. Back-part Open'd T. 6. F. 2. Blown up and Dried T. 8. F. 2. cut Transversly T. ead F. 4. Orifices of Veins in it T. 6. F. 2 3. T. 8. F. 1. Lateral Open'd T. 6. F. 2. Dried T. 8. F. 1 2. Injected with Wax App. F. 30. its Tortuous Part Open'd T. 6. F. 4. Injected with Wax App. F. 26. cut off below it App. F. 28. Bylbous Part T. 6. F. 4 5. its Use ib. Transverse Ligaments T. 6. F. 2. Fourth T. 8. F. 2. Fill'd with Wax App. F. 30. Falcis Inferior Dried T. 8. F. 1 4. Superior App. F. 26. Inferior ib. Circular ib. Skeleton v. Bones Skin its Outer Surface as it Appears to the Naked Eye T. 4. F. 5. View'd with a Microscope F. 6. its Papillae made up of Glands and Nerves T. 4. F. 6. Sudoriferous Glands of Two Sorts Pyramidal and Miliary ib. Sweat-Vessels Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphe-ducts ib. Sâ—ull v. Bones Smelling how perform'd Introd Sâ—â—ff much of it may be pemicious T. 89. F. 1. Specâ—â— of the Vertebrae v. Bones Vertebrae Specus of the Os Petrosâ—um v. Bones of the Temples Spina of the Back v. Bones Skeleton Spines of the Vertebrae v. Bones Vertebrae Spâ—â—ginsâ—â— Os v. Bones of the Upper Jaw and Taâ—â— Spleen Lower-part in Situ T. 41. of a Foetus T. 63. Concave Part T. 36. F. 1. Partly made bare ib. External Membrane T. 36. F. 1. of a Quadrupede F. 4. Proper Membrane â—â— Inâ—ide of it F. 5. Cells in a Brute T. 36. F. 4. Existent in Men and the Difference ib. Fibres T. ead F. 4 6. Arteries Injected T. 36. F. 1 3 6. App. F. 3. Veins T. ead F. 1. Injected F. 3 6. Nervous Plexus T. 36. F. 6. Lymphe-ducts T. ead F. 1 6. whence they Arise F. 1. its Office Introd Sphaemâ—â—â—er Os v. Bones Sâ—yloiâ—es Process v. Bones of the Temples Ulna Sâ—â—peâ— v. Bones Ear. Scaggers a Disease in Bâ—â—tes the Cause and Cure of it T. â—9 F. 1. Stomach in 〈◊〉 T. 33 4â— taken out T. 34. F. 5. its Orifices T. 34. F. 5. T. 35. F. 8. Instated F. 9 10. External Membrane T. 34. F. â— a Pâ—â—ation of it T. 35. F. 1 2. Muscular Membrane T. 35. F. 4 5. Orders of Fishes ib. Inner Membrane may be Divided into Three viz. Villous and how to Demonstrate it T. 35. F. 6. Glâ—â—dalous how to shew it ib. Tendinous or Nervous F. 7. Superior and Inferior Coronary Blood-Vessels T. 34. F. 5. T. 35. F. 5. Inosculating T. 35. F. 1 2. Plexus F. 3. Plexus of Blood-Vessels on the Inside F. â— Nervous Plexus T. 34. F. 5. Wounds of it not always Mental their Symptoms Two Cases Related T. 35. F. 10. 〈◊〉 v. Bones Suture Coâ—â—nal Saâ—ital Laâ—doidâ—l T. 91. F. 1. often irregular ib. as they Appear on the Inside of the Skâ—ll F. 2. in Infants and Children T. 101. E E. Satures Bastard or False T. 92. T. TAâ—â— v. Bones Taâ—sus v. Bones Tactus Organa Introd Tasting how perform'd ib. Testicles T. 41 42 44. F. 2. T. 45. F. 1. Divested of their Tunicles T. 45. F. 2. T. 46. F. 1 2. cut Transversly T. 46. F. 3. proportionably Larger in Quadrupedes than Men Reason of it T. 45. F. 2. Tunica Vaginalis T. 45. F. 1 2. Tunica Albuginea T. 45. F. 2. T. 46. F. 1 2 3. Glandulous Part T. 45. F. 2. T. 46. F. 1 2 3. Seminal Vessels T. 46. F. 1 2 3 4. Epididymis T. 42 45. F. 1 2. how Compos'd T. 4â— F. 3. T. 46. F. 2. Vas Deferens T. 42 44. F. 2. T. 45. F. 1 2 3. T. 46. F. 1. T. 47. F. 1. its Contortions T. 45. F. 2 3. T. 46. F. 1. Vaginal Tunick T. 45. F. 1 2 3. Origin Progress Insertion Describ'd T. 46. F. 5. Arteries v. Arteries Spermatick Veins v. Veins Spermatick Extremities of both Less than in other Parts T. 46. F. 4. Nerve T. 45. F. 1. T. 46. F. 1. Lymphe-ducts T. 45. F. 2. their Origin T. 36. F. 1. Teeth v. Bones Testes of the Brain T. 10. F. 1. Ap. F. 31. Thalami Nervorum Optitorum T. 10. F. 1. Ap. F. 30. Thighs F. 1 2 3. Thoracick-duct fill'd with Mercury Ap. F. 11. its Insertion T. 40. F. 3 4. Fill'd with Wax Ap. F. 12. Divisions and Valves Ap. F. 11. Lymphe-ducts Entring it Ap. F. 12. its Advantagious Situation Noted Ap. F. 11. Thorax Open'd T. 21. in a Foâ—tus T. 63. it s Viscera taken out T. 24. F. 1. Cavity T. 26. Wounds in it may be suddenly Mortal without Hurting the Viscaera Reason of it and the Cure T. 52. External Air must be kept out an Observation to confirm it ib. Thymus in Situ T. 21. in a Foetus T. 63. Observations of its Bigness in different Ages and Persons T. 21. never wanting ib. its Use ib. Tibia v. Bones Tongue T. 13. F. 1. its External Covering in Brutes view'd with a Microscope T. 13. F. 2 3 4 5. Subjacent Membrane its Superior Part F. 6. Lower-part F. 7. Small Vessels ib. Nervous Papillary Plexus and Glands F. 8. Appears alike in Men except the Horny Covering F. 2. Villous and Nervous Bodies and Glands in a Humane Tongue Ap. F. 24. Various Orders of Fibres T. 13. F. 9. Muscles v. Muscles Tonsils in Situ T. 13. F. 1. External Surface Ap. F. 9. Torcular Herophisi T. 6. F. 2. T. 8. F. 2. Ap. F. 30. Vein Empâ—ying it self at it T. 8. F. 2. Tradaea or Wind-pipe its Fore-part T. 15. F. 2. T. â—4 F.